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FY, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Jaipur (India)
ABSTRACT: Over 1.3 billion metric ton of plastic is being environment as it takes several years to decompose
may contain some other additives to enhance the capabilities of Materials) D5033-00 [1], plastic recycling methods are of
the final product. Plastic is an important material which is four types on the basis of final products. The tertiary or
strong, durable, and cheap and has numerous other properties. chemical recycling degradation is one of the categories.
Disposal of waste plastic is of great concern for everybody as it From this method of chemical degradation, liquid fuels and
takes decades to decompose if left at its own. On the other high value added chemicals are produced by waste plastic
hand, continuous increase in industrialization and
fragments. One of tertiary recycling method is pyrolysis.
urbanization has created measurable rise in the demand of
fuels. Nowadays it has become the need to seek the alternate Pyrolysis
energy sources in the place of conventional fuels. In this
Pyrolysis is a process of decomposing plastics by heating in
scenario, Conversion of plastics to fuel is a hope to solve both
absence of oxygen generating gaseous and liquids products
the problems. Pyrolysis is a process which involves
which can be utilized as fuels. This process can be thermal
thermochemical decomposition of organic matter at high
temperature (>370◦C) in the absence of oxygen. Products of
or catalytic and is an alternative that allows the conversion
this process are Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black, and of polymers into gas and liquid hydrocarbons. The plastic
Hydrocarbons. This review paper is focusing the most efficient waste is processed to produce petrochemical compounds.
and widely used method of converting plastics to fuels:
‘Pyrolysis’ and its effectiveness on resolving the both issues of 1.1 Thermal Pyrolysis
waste plastic management and the requirement of a good
alternative fuel for use. The temperature of pyrolysis ranges from 350°C to 900°C
[2] and generally following products are derived.
KEYWORDS: Pyrolysis, Decomposition, Plastic Waste,
Green Technology, Waste Management Non condensable gases
Liquid fraction (paraffin, olefins, naphthenes, and
1. INTRODUCTION aromatics)
From liquid fraction following range products are obtained,
In the world a total of over 100 million tonnes of plastic is
Gasoline range (C4-C12)
manufactured to meet global plastic demand. This much
Diesel Range (C12-C23)
production and consumption of plastic is a threat to
Kerosene Range (C10-C18)
Motor Oil Range (C23-C40) one of the largest and busiest ship-breaking yards in the
Solid waste world. When a ship is dismantled it results in release of
pollution causing components like Asbestos, PCB’s,
1.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis: PVC and PBB’s, which are directly dumped into the sea
[6]. All the recyclable plastic is sent to recycling units.
The homogeneous catalysts used are Lewis acids, as AlCl3,
fused metal tetrachloro-aluminatos (M (AlCl4) n), where the 2.3 Tyre Waste Management: Tyre consists of vulcanized
metal may be lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, rubbers (including styrene butadiene (SBR), natural
calcium or barium and n can be 1 or 2). Heterogeneous rubber (NR) and polybutadiene (BR)), carbon black,
catalysts used are conventional solids like zeolites, silica- steel, textile cord and small amount of other additives.
alumina, alumina and catalysts for fluid bed and fluidized The disposal of waste tyres is one of the important
bed Catalytic Cracking, mesostructured catalysts (such as environmental concern throughout the world. More
MCM-41 etc.), and Nano crystalline zeolites (such as n- 6
than 3.4 x 10 tonnes of end-of-life tyres are generated
HZSM-5) [3]. annually in European Union, 2.5 x 106 tonnes in North
America and 1 x 106 tonnes in Japan. India had over
2. PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
100 million vehicles registered on its roads in the year
In India, during the period 2010-11 on general a total of 2008. Pyrolysis of tires can produce oils, chars, and
over 3500 tonnes per day [4] of plastic waste was generated gases. Oil obtained from pyrolysis have high gross
in sixty major cities only. calorific value (GCV) of around 41-44 MJ/kg. In
addition to fuels, these oils can be used as source of
2.1 Industrial and domestic Plastic waste management: light aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylene.
Mostly it is done by recycling the waste and when it Active carbon also can be prepared from tires. Carbon
becomes unsuitable for recycling it is used for Black obtained from this can also be used as additive
pyrolysis. for road bitumen. It is being found that pyrolysis gas
fraction contains high concentrations of methane,
2.2 Marine Plastic Waste Management: Marine waste
ethane, butadiene and other hydrocarbon gases with a
commonly known as Marine Debris or Marine Litters is
GCV of approximately 37 MJ/m3 [7]. Different
generally non-repairable/out of use products of shipping
procedures can be used to obtain oils from tires like
industries. Every year about 10,000 containers are
fixed-bed reactors, fluidized-bed pyrolysis units,
accidentally been lost in the sea because of storms.
vacuum pyrolysis units, spouted-bed reactors, etc.
These types of waste kept floating in sea until it gets
settled on a seashore. About 8.8 million metric tons of 3. EXPERIMENTAL
waste plastic is dumped in the oceans every year [5].
Mass concentrations of marine debris in high seas ‘sink’ Dr. L Nageshwara Rao and team [8] has performed an
areas, such as the equatorial convergence zone, are of experiment for detecting the properties of the pyrolysis oil.
particular concern. In some such areas, ‘rafts’ of A mixture of 1 ton of plastic waste is subjected to produce
assorted debris, including various plastics, ropes, oil. The process involves washing of waste for several time
fishing nets, cargo-associated wastes such as dunnage, to ensure dust elimination. After which the waste is dried up
pallets, wires and plastic covers, drums and shipping to room temperature to remove moisture content. The
containers can be seen spreading widely [5]. In India reaction is carried out in presence of catalyst ‘Aluminum
ship-breaking operations are carried out over a distance silicate’. The volume of catalyst is kept to 2.5% of the mass
of about -10 km on the beaches of Alang in Gujarat – of waste. The mixture is heated at 603-723K. As a result of
this pyrolysis, three products are obtained Pyrolysis Oil (60- Al ratio which leads to an increase in thermal stability and
70%), Gas (15-20%) and Carbon Black (20-30%). Further acidity.
various mixture containing 40% oil+60% petrol, 10% oil +
Table 1.Yield in thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of HDPE with ZSM-5 [12]
90% diesel, 30% oil + 70% diesel and 50% oil + 50% diesel
are subjected to various characteristic tests and are found
Thermal Catalytic
similar to that of pure fuel oils Product Yield (% wt.)
Pyrolysis Pyrolysis
conventional fuel and in various test run by Dr. Rao and [10] C. Muhammad, J. A. Onwudili and P. T. Williams, "Catalystic
Pyrolysis of waste plastic from electrical and electronic equipment,"
team [8] it is found that the oil when blended with Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2015.
conventional fuel like petrol & diesel, shows same
[11] Y. Seo, K. Lee and D. Shin, "Investigation of catalytic degradation of
characteristics as pure fuel dose. It is worth mention to HDPE by hydrocarbons group type analysis," Journal of Analytical
and Applied Pyrolysis, pp. 383-398, 2003.
notify that not only pure plastics but also plastics in which
[12] I. Ofoma , "CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF POLYOLEFINS," 2006.
additives were used can be treated to form equally good oil
[9]. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis has their own yield [13] X. Zhang, H. Lei, L. Zhu, M. Qian, G. Yadavalli, J. Wu and S. Chen,
"From plastics to jet fuel range alkanes via combined catalytic
aspects for different products. It has been found that can be conversion".
opted thermal pyrolysis for Liquid products and to catalytic
pyrolysis can be preferred for Gaseous products [13].
5. CONCLUSION:
REFERENCES: