C E M E N T

Created by :
Dinar Asteria (4111010012)
Gigih Muslim P. (4111010015)
Muhammad Arief R. (4111010005)
Nindia Andani I. ( 4111010021)
Okky Irawan (4111010006)
Talita Amanda P. (4111010023)

Civil Engineering
Road and Bridge Construction
2011
A. Definition
Cement is one of the adhesive building material when mixed
with water is able to bind to solid material such
as sand and stone into a compact unit.
Cement used in construction is characterized
as hydraulic or non-hydraulic.
i. Hydraulic cements (e.g., PORTLAND CEMENT) harden
because of hydration, chemical reactions that occur independently
of the mixture's water content; they can harden even underwater or
when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction
that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with
water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble.

ii. Non-hydraulic cements (e.g. GYPSUM PLASTER) must be

kept dry in order to retain their strength.
B. Function and Uses
Functions of cement :
1. Cement is able to bind to solid when mixed with water.
2. Restriction of fluid movement between permeable zones
3. Provision of mechanical support of the casing string
4. Protection of casing from corrosion
5. Support of the well-bore walls to prevent collapse of formations

Uses of cement :
1. Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar,
panels, plaster)
2. Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, sleepers, viaducts,
tunnels, stabilization, runways, parking)
3. Water (pipes, culverts, kerbing, drains, canals, weirs, dams, tanks,
pools)
4. Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles,
pylons, fencing)
5. Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, feedlots, irrigation).
 C. Composition
The main ingredient is contained in cement :
1. lime (CaO),
2. silicate (SiO2),
3. alumunia (Al2O3),
4. ferrous oxide (Fe2O3),
5. magnesite (MgO),
6. Tricalcium silicate (C3S),
7. Dicalsium silicate (C2S), as well as small amounts of other oxides
8. Kalium dioxides (K₂O)
9. Natrium dioxides (Na₂O)
K₂O, Na₂O, and MgO can’t more than 5%

Main chemical compound constituents of Portland Cement.:

Chemical Chemical Shorthand Percent
Function
Name Formula Notation by Weight

Fastest hydration
Tricalcium Overall and early
3CaO×SiO2 C3S 50
Silicate strength Protect
Sulphate attack

Slow reacting
Dicalcium
2CaO×SiO2 C2S 25 Responsible for gradual
Silicate
increase in strength
Tricalcium Initial set and early
3CaO×Al2O3 C3A 12
Aluminate strength

Initial set and early

Tetracalcium 4CaO×Al2O3×
C4AF 8 strength Low heat of
Aluminoferrite Fe2O3
hydration

Gypsum CaSO4×H2O CSH2 3.5 Low hydration

Figure 3.45: Typical Oxide Composition of a General-Purpose Portland Cement

(Mindess and Young, 1981)
D. Types of cement
 Type I :
Ordinary cement (normal) is used for concrete that is
not influenced by the environment,such
as sulfate, extreme temperature differences.
 Type II :
Used for the prevention of sulfate attack from the
environment, such as for underground structures.
 Type III :
The resulting concrete pavement has a time of
rapid (high early strength).
 Type IV :
Concrete is made will provide a low heat of
hydration, suitable for mass concrete work.
 Type V :
Cement is suitable for holding the concrete with high levels
of sulfate attack.

Ignition
Cement C3S C2S C3A C4AF MgO SO3 CaO
Loss

Type I 55% 19% 10% 7% 2.8% 2.9% 1.0% 1.0%

Type II 51% 24% 6% 11% 2.9% 2.5% 0.8% 1.0%

Type III 57% 19% 10% 7% 3.0% 3.1% 0.9% 1.3%

Type 28% 49% 4% 12% 1.8% 1.9% 0.9% 0.8%

IV

Type V 38% 43% 4% 9% 1.9% 1.8% 0.9% 0.8%

E. Physical Properties of Cement
a. Fineness
Fineness, or particle size of portland cement affects hydration
rate and thus the rate of strength gain. The smaller the particle
size, the greater the surface area-to-volume ratio, and thus, the
more area available for water-cement interaction per unit volume.

b. Soundness
When referring to portland cement, "soundness" refers to the
ability of a hardened cement paste to retain its volume after setting
without delayed destructive expansion (PCA, 1988). This
destructive expansion is caused by excessive amounts of free lime
(CaO) or magnesia (MgO). Most portland cement specifications
limit magnesia content and expansion. The typical expansion test
places a small sample of cement paste into an autoclave (a high
pressure steam vessel).

c. Setting Time
Setting tests are used to characterize how a particular cement
paste sets. For construction purposes, the initial set must not be
too soon and the final set must not be too late.
Normally, two setting times are defined (Mindess and Young,
1981):
 1. Initial set. Occurs when the cement mixing with water from
plastic condition become stiffen.
2. Final set. Occurs when the cement mixing with water from
plastic condition become hardened (just shape) it can’t sustain
some load.
d. Strength
Cement paste strength is typically defined in three ways:
compressive, tensile and flexural. These strengths can be affected
by a number of items including: water-cement ratio, cement-fine
aggregate ratio, type and grading of fine aggregate, manner of
mixing and molding specimens, curing conditions, size and shape
of specimen, moisture content at time of test, loading conditions
and age.

F. Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of Cement :
1. Cement is used as a binding material
2. Cement is easy to handle and apply
3. They are suitable to contact with water.
Disadvantages
From an environmental standpoint cement has a negative impact,
because manufacturing it emits about a ton of greenhouse gas (CO2)
into the atmosphere for every ton of cement manufactured. Then you
need to add the use of fuel and emissions in transporting the heavy
cement from the factory to wherever it is used. Cement is also a rather
cold, unyielding material to live in.