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Double Cyclone Group Kita
Double Cyclone Group Kita
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIONS
1.1 Objectives
To have a better understanding on the working principle of double cyclone as one of the
air pollution control devices.
To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon the collection efficiency.
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Besides, cyclones also can be classified into two, which namely as single-cyclone or multi-
cyclone. And when comparing these two technologies, multi-cyclone which consist of
several small cyclones working in parallel mode bring the greatest collection efficiency. This
is due to the fact that multi-cyclone are much longer and smaller in diameter. As the length
increases, it may enhance residence time for the particles to be trapped inside the device.
Even more, longer in size may increase the surface area between the particles and the wall or
surface of the cyclone. Meanwhile, at the smaller diameter, it may increase the centrifugal
force. Therefore, the combination of these two factors may results in higher efficiency of the
particles collection.
Apart from that, the cyclones also can be categorized into three classes which namely as high
throughput, conventional or high efficiency. The determination of these kinds of cyclones
usually depends on the industrial requirement or the manufacturers’ interest as well. The
comparison between these devices is as following figure.
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Figure 1.3: Efficiency versus particle diameter for different types of cyclones
Along with the above figure, standard cyclone dimensions have been developed in order to
ease the manufacturing of the equipment itself. The standard dimension is as illustrated in the
next following diagram.
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Alike with any other air pollution control devices, cyclones also equipped with its advantages
and disadvantages. The advantages and disadvantages for this device are presented in the
following table:
CYCLONES
Advantages Disadvantages
Low capital cost Low collection efficiency – especially for
No moving parts: lack of maintenance very small particles (< 10μm)
requirements and low operating cost High operating cost – due to power
Temperature and pressure limitations required to overcome pressure drop
only dependent on the materials of Unable to handle sticky or tacky
construction materials
Small space requirements
Dry collection and disposal
Therefore, in industry, there are two analyses that are required to be performed by the
engineers. The analyses are basically comes in two forms, which namely as
i. Performance analysis
While conducting an experiment or works related to air pollution control devices, the
main goal of applying these devices are to check the collection efficiency, η.
Therefore, prior of calculating the efficiency, the dimension for each of the
parameters should be known and established.
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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
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2.1 Experiment 1: To study the effect of cyclone body diameter upon collection
efficiency
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centrifugal force Vp ρp d p
η = =
drag force R μg
18. After that, the experiment will be repeated by using the small cyclone.
CHAPTER 3
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Pressure drop and collection efficiency are the two major criteria used to evaluate cyclone
performance. Both properties are functions of cyclone dimensions: inlet height (W), inlet width
(H), gas outlet diameter (De ), outlet duct length (S), cyclinder height (Lb), cyclone height (Lc),
and dust outlet diameter (Do).
Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 show the result for flowrate, velocity and pressure difference for big and
small cyclone. As shown in the tables, the bigger cyclone has higher velocity compared to the
smaller cyclone. This phenomenon proves that object with greater speed will have greater force
and as the distance from the center goes further, the greater the force.
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the mass of the object, the speed of rotation, and the distance from the center. More massive
object will have greater force. Object with greater speed will have greater force and as the
distance from the center goes further, the greater the force.
The centrifugal force is created when dust filled air enters the top of the cylindrical collector at
an angle and is spun rapidly downward in a vortex (similar to a whirlpool action). As the air flow
moves in a circular fashion downward, heavier dust particles are thrown against the walls of the
collector, collect, and slide down into the hopper. As exhibited in Figure 3, big cyclone has
higher velocity than small cyclone. Therefore, it will have greater centrifugal force. More dust
will be thrown and collected into the hopper.
Parameter Data
Experiment 1(a) (big cyclone) 1(b)(small cyclone)
Initial weight of sample in feed container, A 909.40 591.74
Final weight of sample in feed container, B 956.26 627.93
Initial weight of dust hopper, C 804.05 523.63
Final weight of dust hopper, D 813.51 530.19
Weight of sample collected in dust hopper, E 9.46 6.56
Collection efficiency, (%) 20.2 20.0
Table 3.3: Collection efficiency
From both experiment, we can see that the collection efficiency for Experiment 1(a) with large
cyclone is much higher than Experiment 1(b) (See Table 3.3). The collection efficiency is given
by,
This results obviously violate the theory which increase the cyclone size will decrease the
efficiency. From the literature, longer cyclone in relation to its diameter will provide more vortex
revolutions and thus more chances for particle collection. However, taking into consideration on
the length of the cyclones makes the results became logic. This is due to the fact that the bigger
cyclone has longer body than the smaller one. It has been reported in the literature that a longer
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cyclone in relation to its diameter will provide more vortex revolutions and thus more chances
for particle collection. To further support the result, Table 3.4 below indicate the Overall cyclone
collection efficiency(Stern, 1955)
High efficiency
Particles (μm) Conventional Cyclone
Cyclone
<5 <50 50 – 80
5 – 20 50 – 80 80 – 95
15 – 20 80 – 95 95 - 99
> 40 95 - 99 95 - 99
The collection efficiency obtained from this experiment does not reach the overall collection
efficiency which had been published by Stern (1955). Referring Table 3.4, flour is considered 5-
20μm in particle size. The conventional cyclone efficiency is around 50 to 80% and for high
efficiency cyclone is 80-95%. The results obtained in this experiment are far from the efficiency
published by Stern (1955). There are few factors that caused this error for example unsteady state
flow rate and low maintenance of the equipment itself. The flour used in this experiment also
needs to be known the exact size so that we can estimate the efficiency of the cyclone correctly.
CHAPTER 4
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3.2 Recommendations
In order to obtain the better results for the future work undertakings, some recommendation
steps have been proposed for the implementation. These steps may be explained in detailed
in the following:
i. The handling of the dust sample should be properly managed so that, any spill over of
the dust into the floor may bring an error while calculating for its actual efficiency.
ii. The particle size for the dust sample, which is flour in this case, should be uniform
while conducting the experiment. This is due to the reasons that, varying the size of
the particle may results an inaccuracy which is in terms of collection efficiency.
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
1. EPA Air Pollution Technology Fact Sheet. Retrieved on Oct 5, 2010 from
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/10/09866.pdf.
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