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Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
Structures
! Idealized Structure
! Principle of Superposition
! Equations of Equilibrium
! Determinacy and Stability
! Beams
! Frames
! Gable Frames
! Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
! Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear
Wall Systems Problems
1
Classification of Structures
• Support Connections
weld
stiffeners
weld
typical “pin-supported” typical “fixed-supported”
connection (metal) connection (metal)
P
P
A
B A B
3
Table 2-1 Supports for Coplanar Structures
Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol
(2)
rollers One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
F
rockers
(5) Fy
Fx Two unknowns. The reactions
are two force components.
Smooth pin or hinge
(6)
M Two unknowns. The reactions
slider F are a force and moment.
fixed-connected collar
(7)
Fy Three unknowns. The reactions
M
Fx are the moment and the two force
components.
fixed support
5
• Idealized Structure.
3m 3m
B B
F
4m F 4m
A A
6
C
D girder
joist A
slab column
idealized framing plan
7
idealized framing plan
8
• Tributary Loadings.
slab veihicle
stringer
slab
stringer
girder
girder
floor beam
floor beam
deck girder
pier
9
spandrel
beam
beam joist slab
2nd floor
joist
beam
supported slab
1st floor
foundation stairs
wall
landing
slab on grade column
basement
wall
footing
spread
footing
10
One-Way System.
4m
A B
A 1m
C 0.5 kN/m2
C 1m
B D
E
D 1m
F 1m
4m 2m E F
2m
idealized framing plan
1 kN 2 kN 1 kN
1 kN/m
C D F B
2 kN 2 kN 2m 2m
4m
idealized girder
idealized beam
11
column
A
beam
girder
concrete slab is L2
reinforced in two
directions, poured A B
on plane forms L1
L1/2 C D
L1/2
L1
E F
12
Two-Way System. L2/L1 = 1
4m
A A B
1 kN/m
4m 0.5 kN/m2 45o 45o
2m
A B
C B 4m
2m 2m
4m
D C D idealized beam, all
idealized framing plan
L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2
6m
A B
1kN/m
1 kN/m
2m 45o 45o
4m
A B A C
C D 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
idealized framing plan idealized beam
13
Principle of Superposition
P = P1 + P 2
σ = P/A
δ = PL/AE
d
2. The geometry of the structure must not
+ undergo significant change when the loads are
P2 applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies.
Large displacements will significantly change
and orientation of the loads. An example would
be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at
d its end.
14
Equations of Equilibrium
V
M M
N N
internal loadings
15
Determinacy and Stability
• Determinacy
16
Example 2-1
hinge
hinge
17
SOLUTION
hinge
19
SOLUTION
21
Example 2-3
B C
A D
22
SOLUTION
B C
A D
Partial Constrains
P P
A
A
MA
FA
24
Improper Constraints
O O
A B C A B C
d FA d
FC
P P FB
P P
A B C A B C
FA FB FC
25
Example 2-4
Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The
structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.
B
A
A
hinge
A B
C
B
A
B D
A C
C
26
SOLUTION
The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel.
It is also statically determinate.
hinge
A B
C
B
A C
The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.
27
A
B
A
D
C
The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can
be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.
28
Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
Ay
D A
B Dx
Bx
Ax
P1
By Dy
P2 E
Dx
C
P1
By Ex
Ay
Bx Ey
Ax
P1 Ex
P2 Cx
P2 Cx
29
P1 P1 Ay
A
B Bx
Ax
By
P2 Bx
C
P1 P2 Cx
Ay
B Cy
Ax
P2 Cx
Cy
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2); statically determinate
30
Example 2-5
150 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m
31
SOLUTION
265 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m
Ay 3m 1 m By 70 kN•m
+ ΣF = 0: Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN , →
x
15 kN/m
5 kN/m
A
12 m
33
SOLUTION
(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN
15 kN/m
(5)(12) = 60 kN
5 kN/m 10 kN/m
5 kN/m
A Ax
12 m MA 12 m
Ay
4m
6m
+ ΣF = 0: Ax = 0
x
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 60 - 60 = 0
Ay = 120 kN , ↑
34
Example 2-7
Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at
B is a roller (smooth surface).
7 kN/m 3m
A
4m 2m
35
SOLUTION B
7 kN/m 3m
A
4m 2m
28 kN 90o-56.3o = 33.7o
3m
NB
Ax tan-1(3/2) = 56.3o
Ay 2m
6m
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0
Ay = 22.67 kN , ↑ 36
Example 2-8
6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m
37
SOLUTION
6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m
36 kN
Ax 8 kN•m
Bx Bx
MA By By
Ay Cy
3m
6m
Member BC Member AB
+ ΣF = 0: Bx = 0 + ΣF = 0: Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0
x x
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy - By = 0; + ΣFy = 0: Ay - 36 + 2 = 0
By = Cy = 2 kN , ↑ Ay = 34 kN , ↑ 38
Example 2-9
The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized
model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a
roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted
to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as
shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The
boat’s mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports.
1.6 m 1.8 m 2m
6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D
G A B
roller pin
39
SOLUTION
1.6 m 1.8 m 2m
6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D + ΣF = 0:
G A B x
roller pin
4 - Bx = 0
Bx = 4 kN , ←
+ ΣMB = 0:
6(3.8) = 22.8 kN
22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4)
1.9 m -4(0.3) = 0
4 kN Ay = 630.2 kN , ↑
0.3 m C D
Bx
G 2m + ΣFy = 0:
Ay By
-225.6 + 630.2 - 22.8 + By = 0
23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN By = 382 kN , ↑
5.4 m
40
Example 2-10
8 kN 3 kN/m
5
4 B
3 C
2m
2m
1.5 m
A
2m
41
SOLUTION Member BC
8 kN 3 kN/m + ΣMC = 0:
5
4 B -By(2) +6(1) = 0
3 C By = 3 kN , ↑
2m
2m Member AB
1.5 m
+ ΣMA = 0:
Bx Cx Ax + (3/5)8 - 14.7 = 0
1m 1m
Ax = 9.87 kN , →
(4/5)8 By By Cy ΣFy = 0:
8 kN +
Bx Ay - (4/5)8 - 3 = 0
(3/5)8
Ay = 9.4 kN , ↑
1.5 m Member BC
+ ΣF = 0: Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN , ←
Ax x
2m ΣFy = 0: 3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN , ↑
Ay + 42
Example 2-11-1
From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.
3m
15 kN
3m
A C
3m 3m
43
SOLUTION
B
3m
15 kN
3m
Ax A C
Cx
Ay Cy
3m 3m
Entire Frame
Cy = 7.5 kN , ↑
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay + 7.5 = 0
Ay = -7.5 kN , ↓
44
B B
Bx 3.75 kN= Bx
3m 3m
By 7.5 kN = By
15 kN
3m 3m
Ax A C
Cx
7.5 kN
3m 7.5 kN
3m
Member AB Member BC
Ax = -11.25 kN , ← Cx = 3.75 kN
+ ΣF = 0: − 11.25 + 15 − Bx = 0
x
Bx = 3.75 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: − 7.5 + By = 0
By = 7.5 kN 45
Example 2-11-2
The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that
creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction
pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable
arch.
2m
2m
B
3m
3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind
46
SOLUTION
2m
2m
B
3m
3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind
B
A uniform distributed load on the 6 kN/m
2 kN/m
windward side is 3m
Entire Frame
+ ΣMA = 0: -(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5)
+ (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0
Cy = 24.0 kN , ↑
48
25.46 sin 45
8.49 sin 45
25.46 kN
8.49 kN
Bx Bx
45o 1.5
25.46 cos 45 45o
By 8.49 cos 45
3 By
18 kN 6 kN
Ax 1.5
1.5 1.5 Cx
Ay= 12.0 kN Cy = 24.0 kN
Member AB
+ ΣMB = 0: (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0
Ax = -28.5 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x x
Bx = 7.5 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: -12 - 25.46sin 45o + By = 0
By = 30.0 kN , ↑
Member CB
+ ΣF = 0: 7.5 + 8.49 cos 45o + 6 - Cx = 0
x
Cx = 19.50 kN , ← 49
Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and shear Wall Systems
A B
B
A
A
B
B A
F
F/8
F/8
phragm
of dia F/8
ro F/8
F/2
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8
A A
A A
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8
F/8
F/8 F/8
floor diaphragm
F/8
F/2 50
roof diaphragm
A F/16
C B F/16
D C A
phragm
dia
D B
second floor roof F/16
Wind F F/4 F/16
diaphragm F/16
shear walls A F/16
F/16 F/16 3F/16 F/16
2 st floor
3F/16
F/16
3F/16
F/2
3F/16 3F/16
B
3F/16 3F/16
F/4 3F/16
3F/16 1 st floor
F/4
3F/16
F/4
F/4
F/4
51
Example 2-12
Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown
in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and
flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors
and the shear along the columns.
30 m 20 m
4m
A
C 4m
B
1.2 kPa D C A
D B
3m
3m
0.8 kPa
52
SOLUTION
30 m 20 m
12 kN
4m 12 kN
A
phragm
C 4m dia
1.2 kPa C A
B roof 12 kN
D FR2 /2 F/8 = 12 kN
D B = 48 kN 12 kN
3m A
3m 12 kN
FR2 32 kN 12 kN
0.8 kPa 12 kN 2 floor
s t
FR1 32 kN
12 kN
32 kN
FR1 /2 = 32 B
32 kN 32 kN
FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN
40 kN 32 kN
32 kN 1 st floor
FR2 /2 = 48 40 kN
32 kN
40 kN
FR1 /2
= 32 kN 40 kN
53
12 kN
Fv Fv 4m + ΣM = 0:
12 kN Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0
Fv = 16 kN
3m
32 kN
+ ΣM = 0:
F´v F´v 4m
F´v(3) - 32(4) = 0
32 kN F´v = 42.7 kN
3m
54