Highway engineering

(Reference-Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering –Dr.L.R.Kadyali, Dr. N.B.Lal)

TOPICS
- Detailed Classification of Roads
- Cross section of Road and its Elements
- Camber

Prepared by-SHUBHAM P.SADH,

Civil Engineering-5th sem,
H.J.D. Institute, Kera
 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS

TYPE OF
TYPE OF
GENERAL SEASONS PAVEMENT MODIFIED
CARRIGE WAY
SURFACE

1) ALL
1) URBAN WEATHE
1) PRIMARY
2) NON- R 1) PAVED 1) SURFACE
2) SECONDRY
URBAN/ 2) FAIR 2) UNPAVED 2) UNSURFACED
WEATHE 3) TERTIARY
RURAL
R

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(1) GENERAL:-Universally/Generally, roads are classified in two
main categories:
(i) Urban Roads, (ii) Non-Urban/Rural Roads.
(i) Urban Roads:-Roads which are located within cities, towns
and other inhabited areas and come under the jurisdiction of
municipalities, cantonment boards and Post trusts.
- These roads are further classified into the following classes:
(a) Expressways:-Superior types of roads facilities designed
for high speed, high traffic volumes and safety.
(b) Arterial Roads
Arterial and sub-arterial are roads primarily for
(c) Sub-arterial Roads through traffic on a continuous route.
(d) Collector Roads:-Provide access to arterial streets and
they collect and distribute traffic from and to local streets.
(e) Local Roads:-Provide access to abutting property.

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(ii) Non-Urban/Rural Roads:-Roads which are located in the non-
urban areas and connect cities and towns across the country.
- Rural roads are further classified into five categories:
(a) National Highways (NH):- Connect capitals of States, ports,
foreign highways, large towns and industrial centers.
(b) State Highways (SH):- These are arterial roads of a state
connecting up with the national highways of adjacent state, district
head quarters and important cities within the state.
(c) Major District Roads (MDR):- They are the important roads
within a district, serving areas of production and markets and
connecting those with each other or with the main highways.
(d) Other District Roads (ODR):- Serving rural areas of
production and providing them with outlet to market centers, taluka
head quarters, district head quarters or other main roads.
(e) Village Roads (VR):- Connecting villages or groups of villages
with each other to the nearest road of a higher category.
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(2) Depending on use during different seasons:-
-All weather roads
-Fair weather roads
(3) Based on the type of the carriage way:-
-Paved roads
-Unpaved roads
(4) Based on the type of pavement surface:-
-Surface roads
-Unsurface roads
(5) Modified classification of road by third 20-year
RoadDevelopment Plan (1981-2001)
-Primary System
-Secondary System
-Tertiary System
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CROSS-SECTION OF ROAD AND ITS
ELEMENTS

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 The various components of highway cross-section are as under:
1. Carriage way
2. Formation width
3. Right of way
4. Road shoulders
5. Side slope
6. Berm
7. Boundary stone
8. Side drain
9. Building line
10. Control line
11. Spoil bank
12. Borrow pits
13. Kerbs
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 KERBS:-The boundaries between pavement and shoulders or
footpaths are known as Kerbs.
OR
A Kerb is a vertical or sloping member along the edge of a
pavement or shoulder, forming part of gutter, strengthening or
protecting the edge and clearly defining the edge to vehicle
operators.
• The Functions of Kerb are:
- To facilitate and control drainage
- To strengthen and protect the pavement edge
- To present a more finished appearance
- To assist in the orderly development of the roadside

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 Functionally they could be of three types:
1. Low or mountable kerbs: These kerbs are indicators
between the bundary of a road shoulder.
2. Semi-barrier kerbs: It prevent encroachment of slow speed
or parking vehicles to the foot path.
3. Barrier type kerbs:They are mainly provided to cause
obstructions to the vehicles leaving the carriage way under
emergency.

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Camber Or Cross slope

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 Camber:- Camber or Cross slope is the slope provided to the
road surface in the transverse direction to drain off the rain water
from the road surface.
 Camber is provided for the following purpose
- To Remove the rain water from the pavement surface as quickly as
possible.
- To prevent entry of water into the bituminous pavement layers.
- To prevent the entry of surface water into the sub grade soil through
pavement.
- To make the pavement surface attractive.
 The camber can be provided in three ways as shown in figure.
1. Parabolic camber
2. Straight camber
3. Combination of straight and parabolic camber.

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THANK YOU

Prepared by-SHUBHAM P. SADH,

Civil Engineering Department-5th semester,
H.J.D. Institute of Technical Education and Research, Kera