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Linear and Nonlinear
Linear and Nonlinear
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What’s the best software for structural engineers
to analyse structures? I need a software with a
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straightforward interface, that continually ...
acting on the beam if the deflection is 2D? It will be 2M. Quite simple right? This Structural Analysis: Can you compare force
analysis is called linear analysis. All the principle of superposition are also valid. method and displacement method with suitable
examples?
Let us say dead load is causing a beam deflection the beam by 1" and live load is How hard is structural analysis?
causing a deflection of 0.5" and if I ask you what will by the sum of deflection
What are different types of elements used in
cause by the two loads? It will be 1 + 0.5 = 1.5". This is pretty simple, principle of structural analysis?
superposition.
What is the best structural analysis program for
engineers?
This all can happen because the stresses are proportional to strains. Take an
example of mathematical equation of a straight line. Ask New Question
Now if I say that the value of slope is known and I give a particular value of x, Question Stats
can you figure out the value y? Of course yes. And this can be done in a single
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step. No repetition is required. Now replace x with strain and y with stress and m 77,762 Views
is the stiffness of material. The equation of the same straight line becomes: Last Asked Mar 6, 2016
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[math]\sigma = E_s \ \epsilon[/math]
So this is why linear analysis is simple. If you know the deformation for 1 unit of
load and if you wish to find out the deformation for 5 units of load, you just
multiply the deformation by 5 and you have your results. This will reduce the
time and effort put into analysis. It will give you sometimes conservative results
and sometimes inaccurate as well. (I will justify inaccurate in Nonlinear
analysis)
2
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Whatever we lean in under grad is linear analysis. You calculate the forces, you
design the section and you are done. We do not consider any cracking effects not
do we look for strength loss.
We are still doing linear analysis because we also consider material safety
factors and specified properties. The actual strength of material is actually
greater than the specified strength and specified strength is the strength without
considering any factors of safety.
Nonlinear analysis
1. Material Nonlinearity
When the materials move into the zone beyond it's yield strengths, it no longer
behaves in a linear fashion. There are many things that happen when material
go into this zone:
These were a few generalized things that came to my mind while looking at
nonlinear analysis.
Linear analysis using equation {F} = [K]{Δ}. What does it mean? It mean that the
correlation of Force and Displacement is linear. But this is only valid for
material that has elastic linear property. But in real material, steel for example
(see the picture above). The property is elastic linear, until at some point, the
steel is yielding and become non-linear.
So, to obtain the accurate and identical with real situation, you need non-linear
analysis. Non-linear analysis is not easy, but thank you to computer and
analysis software that available now. You can calculate non-linear analysis
with that software.
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Basically,
Linear analysis: Plane sections remain plane, stress-strain curve is linear (and so
is force-displacement).
2) Because it is fast. (You get your answer in a single step, solving a single
equation)
3) Because it is on the safe side. (Elastic analysis gives upper bound forces. In
reality, the observed forces can only be less than or equal to elastically obtained
forces because the stiffness matrix always 'decreases')
When you create a model, basically three matrices are generated (Load matrix,
stiffness matrix and displacement matrix).
In linear elastic analysis, all that happens is [F] = [K][X] equation is solved and
that's the end.
One major assumption made here is that Axial force and Bending moment are
independent of one another !
Geometrical non-linearity:
What is the axial stiffness of a curved bar ? EA/L ?? Something doesn't feel
correct, right ?
Just like how presence of axial force reduces bending stiffness, presence of
bending moment also reduces axial stiffness. And once again, this interaction
renders the analysis non-linear and there is no F=KX anymore.
Material non-linearity:
Damn, if the material starts to yield, then the stress-strain curve changes !
OK now I'm confused. What the hell happens inside my software when I
perform a geometric and material non-linear analysis ?
For a small increment of force, find [x]. Using [x] find [p], [m] and iterate till they
converge, updating stiffness matrix and update [x].
Check, using final values of [x] whether any yielding occurred. If so, update [k]
and re-do.
For the practicing engineers out here (like myself), I doubt this is all useful info,
but it is nice to know at least a little bit of what happens inside that black box of
ours that we use for 8 hours every day :)
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