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Zootaxa 3082: 1–88 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
www.mapress.com / zootaxa/
Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press
Monograph ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
ZOOTAXA
3082
Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil
JOSÉ L. LUQUE1, JULIO C. AGUIAR2, FABIANO M. VIEIRA3, DAVID I. GIBSON4

& CLÁUDIA PORTES SANTOS5
1
Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 74508, Seropédica, RJ, 23851-
970, Brazil. Corresponding author. E-mail: jlluque@ufrrj.br.
2
Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
3
Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
4
Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
5
Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio
de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil.
Magnolia Press
Auckland, New Zealand
Accepted by G. Pérez-Ponce de León: 03 Oct. 2011; published: 28 Oct. 2011

JOSÉ L. LUQUE, JULIO C. AGUIAR, FABIANO M. VIEIRA, DAVID I. GIBSON & CLÁUDIA PORTES
SANTOS
Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil
(Zootaxa 3082)
88 pp.; 30 cm.
28 Oct. 2011
ISBN 978-1-86977-813-2 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-86977-814-9 (Online edition)
FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY

Magnolia Press
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ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition)

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2 · Zootaxa 3082 © 2011 Magnolia Press LUQUE ET AL.

Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Materials and methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Key to Adult Nematoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Key to Larval Nematoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Parasite-Host List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Host–Parasite List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Abstract
Seventy-four genera comprising approximately 140 named and 75 undetermined species of adult and larval nematodes are
associated with about 330 named and 50 undetermined species of marine, brackish and freshwater fishes from Brazilian waters.
These are listed with information on their hosts, habitat, distribution and records. A key to these parasites at the generic level is
provided.
Key words: Biodiversity, Nematoda, fish parasites, checklist, key, Neotropics, Brazil
Introduction
The phylum Nematoda represent a taxonomically, ecologically and geographically diverse helminth group, with an
enormous number of species, both parasitic and freeliving forms, a huge economic and ecological impact, and a
number of individuals estimated at 1022 (Hodda, 2007). Because of the enormous abundance and diversity of the
group, only an estimated 2–10% of the world fauna has been formally described, despite its importance (Hodda
2007). Nematodes represent a conspicuous component of the parasite assemblages in fishes. According to Luque
& Poulin (2007), nematodes are the second group, after digeneans, in terms of the number of parasite associations
recorded in fishes from the Neotropics.
Studies on nematodes parasitic in Brazilian fishes began with the description of Trichocephalus gibbosus
Rudolphi [now Oncophora melanocephala (Rudolphi)] by Rudolphi (1819) based on specimens collected from
Thunnus thynnus (L.) off the coast of Brazil by Pohl in 1817. The first freshwater records appear to be of Lecano-
cephalus spinulosus Diesing [now Goezia spinulosa (Diesing)] and Cheiracanthus gracilis Diesing [now Gnathos-
toma gracile (Diesing)], both of which Diesing (1839) recorded from Arapaima gigas (Schinz). However, not until
the work of Travassos et al. (1928), which recorded numerous nematodes from freshwater fishes, were detailed
studies undertaken. Subequently, a large number of papers by many authors, especially in recent years, have added
to our knowledge of this fauna. Compilations of records have been published by Thatcher (1991, 2006), restricted
to the Amazon River basin, and by Vicente et al. (1985), supplemented by Vicente & Pinto (1999). Moravec
(1998), in his monograph on nematodes parasites of Neotropical freshwater fishes, also included numerous records
from Brazil. Some of these compilations have included taxonomic keys, descriptions and/or aspects of the biology
of the different taxa. Most recently, Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009) included records of nematode species in a checklist
of helminth parasites of threatened vertebrate species from Brazil, and Eiras et al. (2010) published an account of
the nematode species associated with Brazilian freshwater fishes.
Here we provide a checklist of the nematode species associated with both marine and freshwater fishes from
Brazil, including detailed information on locality, habitat, site of infection and life cycle stage. The information is
presented as parasite-host and host-parasite lists, with a key to the generic level. We have attempted to include
information from all published reports and have added a small number of original records.
NEMATODA IN BRAZILIAN FISHES Zootaxa 3082 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 3

Materials and methods
This bibliographic review of the nematode species reported from fishes in Brazilian waters was based on informa-
tion collected from two main sources. Firstly, searches of the Host–Parasite Catalogue of the Natural History
Museum in London for 1920 to 1997 and, for the years 1988–2003, the Host–Parasite Database, a partial imple-
mentation of which is now available on–line (Gibson et al., 2005). Secondly, searches of the Zoological Record,
Biological Abstracts and Helminthological Abstracts, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Aquatic Sciences and
Fisheries Abstracts, Biological and Agricultural Index Plus and the Scopus databases were undertaken up to July,
2010 (with an update from Web of Knowledge in September, 2011). Original data from our own studies are also
included. The checklist follows the parasite classification and systematic arrangement of Moravec (1998, 2006),
Anderson et al. (2009) and Gibbons (2010), with some modifications based on recent records. The nematodes are
arranged according to class, order, suborder, superfamily, family and subfamily, within which the species are pre-
sented in alphabetical order. Host species are given followed by their predominant habitat (marine—MAR, fresh-
water—FW or brackish water—BW) and site of the infection; when possibe these are grouped. Localities are given
in alphabetical order of Brazilian states (AM—Amazonas, AP—Amapá, BA—Bahia, CE—Ceará, ES—Espírito
Santo, MA—Maranhão, MG—Minas Gerais, MS—Mato Grosso do Sul, MT—Mato Grosso, PA—Pará, PB—
Paraíba, PI—Piauí, PR—Paraná, RJ—Rio de Janeiro, RO—Rondônia, RN—Rio Grande do Norte, RS—Rio
Grande do Sul, and SP—São Paulo) preceded by the localities when possibly and, records in chronological
sequence.
The fish species names were updated according to Froese & Pauly (2010), supplemented by Eschmeyer
(2010). The nematode species names have been updated to agree with the recent literature, but inclusion in the par-
asite or host lists does not imply that the authors necessarily agree with their validity. The species of fish in the
host–parasite list are arranged according to the higher level classification of Nelson (2006).
Results
The nematodes parasitic in Brazilian fishes listed below are distributed in 74 genera comprising 142 named and 75
undetermined species of adult and larval nematodes. The total number of host-parasite associations listed is 1,688.
These worms were recorded from 324 named marine, brackish and freshwater fish species, and from 50 undeter-
mined host species.
Key to Nematoda associated with Brazilian fishes (based on Moravec 1998, Anderson et al. 2009, and Gibbons
2010)
Key to Adult Nematoda
1. Oesophagus cylindrical or forming stichosome or trophosome. Phasmids and deirids absent. Eggs with plug at either pole or
hatching in utero .............................................................................................................Class Adenophorea, Order Enoplida (2)
- Oesophagus never forming stichosome. Phasmids and deirids present. Eggs without polar plugs. Third larva stage infective to
final host ..................................................................................................................................................... Class Secernentea (7)
2. Oesophagus cylindrical and well developed; stichosome or trophosome absent. Male tail modified to form ventral sucker .........
. ............................................................................. Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea, Family Dioctophymatidae, Eustrongylides
- Oesophagus with oesophageal glands forming stichosome or trophosome. Male tail not modified to form ventral sucker...........
. ....................................................................................................................Superfamily Trichinelloidea, Family Trichuridae (3)
3. Spicule absent. Male distal end rounded, laterally expanded ............................................................................ Freitascapillaria
- Spicule present. Male distal end not laterally expanded ...........................................................................................................(4)
4. Spicular sheath with spines . ......................................................................................................................................... Capillaria
- Spicular sheath without spines .................................................................................................................................................. (5)
5. Pseudobursal membrane absent or very reduced ............................................................................................... Pseudocapillaria
- Pseudobursal membrane well developed ...................................................................................................................................(6)
6. Dorsolateral projection of pseudobursal margin narrow or digitiform ...................................................................Paracapillaria
- Dorsolateral projections of pseudobursal margin very wide (in ventral view) .............................................Capillostrongyloides

7. Anterior extremity not bilaterally symmetrical (triradiate). Oesophagus not divided into short anterior muscular part and long
posterior glandular part ..............................................................................................................................................................(8)
- Anterior extremity bilaterally symmetrical. Oesophagus divided, with anterior muscular part shorter than posterior glandular
part; division sometimes indistinct ............................................................................................................... Order Spirurida (35)
8. Male with reduced number of caudal papillae. Generally only one spicule. Eggs often flattened on one side..............................
. .................................................................................... Order Oxyurida, Superfamily Oxyuroidea, Family Pharyngodonidae (9)
- Male with large number of caudal papillae. Generally two spicules. Eggs not often flattened on one side....................................
. .................................................................................................................................................................... Order Ascaridida (15)
9. Oesophageal bulb without sclerotized apparatus .......................................................................................................... Travnema
- Oesophageal bulb with sclerotized apparatus ..........................................................................................................................(10)
10. Corpus of oesophagus conspicuously dilate posteriorly .........................................................................................................(11)
- Corpus of oesophagus almost cylindrical, not markedly dilate posteriorly ........................................................................... (12)
11. Buccal capsule present, armed with basal teeth ..................................................................................................... Cosmoxynema
- Buccal capsule absent........................................................................................................................................Cosmoxynemoides
12. Vulva anterior to middle region of body ................................................................................................................................ (13)
- Vulva posterior or in middle region of body (excluding tail) ..................................................................................... Ichthyouris
13. Lateral alae present. Buccal capsule present. Eggs with filaments .........................................................................................(14)
- Lateral alae absent. Buccal capsule absent. Eggs without filaments ................................................................ Parasynodontisia
14. Buccal capsule small, without teeth. Male genital cone well developed. Male lateral alae terminate posterior to cloaca...............
. .....................................................................................................................................................................................Spinoxyuris
- Buccal capsule well developed, with three teeth. Male genital cone poorly developed. Male lateral alae terminate anterior to
cloaca ......................................................................................................................................................................... Brasilnema
15. With three well-defined lips, sometimes separated by interlabia. Eggs thick-shelled and not embryonated when deposited. Pre-
cloacal sucker absent in male ....................................................................................................... Superfamily Ascaridoidea (17)
- Small lips present or absent, when present variable in number and form. Eggs hatch in utero or eggs with delicate shells
deposited by female. Pre-cloacal sucker may be present in male ...........................................................................................(16)
16. Oesophagus composed of a cylindrical corpus, with distinct pharyngeal part, subspherical or elongate isthmus and valvate bulb
. ................................................................................................................................................ Superfamily Cosmocercoidea (26)
- Oesophagus short, simple or divided into two parts with or without same diameter. Isthmus and bulb absent...............................
. ........................................................................................................................................................ Superfamily Seuratoidea (31)
17. Oesophagus with oblong to cylindrical posterior ventriculus, or with small globular ventriculus giving off one or two
posteriorly directed appendices. Excretory pore situated between base of subventral lips or near nerve ring ................................
. ..................................................................................................................................................................Family Anisakidae (18)
- Oesophagus lacking ventriculus or with globular to ellipsoidal ventriculus from which two anteriorly and three posteriorly
directed appendices may arise. Excretory pore situated near nerve ring. Family Ascarididae, Multicaecinae, Brevimulticaecum
18. Cuticular annules with posterior spines ......................................................................................... Subfamily Goeziinae, Goezia
- Cuticular annules without spines .............................................................................................................................................(19)
19. Excretory pore usually between subventral lips or at base of ventral interlabium ............................ Subfamily Anisakinae (20)
- Excretory pore opens at the level of nerve ring .......................................................................................................................(21)
20. Ventriculus very elongate ........................................................................................................................................ Pulchrascaris
- Ventriculus slightly elongate .........................................................................................................................................Terranova
21. Head with low lips. In elasmobranchs .......................................................................Subfamily Pseudanisakinae, Pseudanisakis
- Head with well-developed lips. In teleosts...............................................................................Subfamily Raphidascaridinae (22)
22. Lips surrounded posteriorly by ring with small anteriorly directed curves between lips .......................................Lappetascaris
- Lips not surrounded posteriorly by ring ...................................................................................................................................(23)
23. Interlabia absent ..................................................................................................................................................... Raphidascaris
- Interlabia present …… .............................................................................................................................................................(24)
24. Intestinal caecum absent …................................................................................................................................Raphidascaroides
- Instestinal caecum present ...................................................................................................................................................... (25)
25. Cuticle with overlapping annulations giving serrate appearance but without spination ........................................ Iheringascaris
- Cuticle without overlapping annulations ........................................................................................................... Hysterothylacium
26. Oviparous. Didelphic ............................................................................................................................. Family Kathlaniidae (27)
- Viviparous with larvae in utero at advanced stage of development and capable of endogenous development. Monodelphic.......
. ...................................................................................................................................................................Family Atractidae (30)
27. Pharyngeal part of oesophagus armed with anterior, hexagonal sclerotized ring ................................................. Chabaudinema
- Pharyngeal part of oesophagus simple or armed with three small teeth .................................................................................(28)
28. Anterior extremity of oesophagus differentiated into pharyngeal region ................................................................... Falcaustra
- Anterior extremity of oesophagus simple, not differentiated into pharyngeal region ............................................................(29)

29. Cephalic extremity with six lips. Cephalic region continuous with body proper. Oesophageal isthmus not expanded.
Postcloacal lobe-like formation with horns absent.......................................................................................................... Spectatus
- Cephalic extremith with three lips. Cephalic region separated by transverse cuticular fold from wider portion of body.
Oesophageal isthmus expanded. Postcloacal lobe-like formation with two horns present ........................................ Myleusnema
30. Cephalic end armed with eight Y-shaped sclerotized pieces. ..................................................................................Klossinemella
- Cephalic end without sclerotized pieces ........................................................................................................................ Rondonia
31. Buccal capsule absent. Buccal cavity, when present, lined by cuticle (cheilostome) similar to that of body wall.........................
. ..............................................................................................................................................................Family Quimperiidae (32)
- Pseudobuccal capsule present, formed as modification of oesophagus (oesophastome) with wall surrounded by oesophageal
tissue ..................................................................................................................................................... Family Cucullanidae (33)
32. Cephalic region simple, without longitudinal bands of inflated cuticle. Anterior end of oesophagus with bulbous inflation.
Male without precloacal muscle bands.....................................................................................................................Paraseuratum
- Cephalic region with numerous longitudinal bands of inflated cuticle. Anterior end of oesophagus not inflated. Male with
precloacal muscle bands .....................................................................................................................................Neoparaseuratum
33. Intestinal caecum present ............................................................................................................................................... Dichelyne
- Intestinal caecum absent ..........................................................................................................................................................(34)
34. Mouth not surrounded by membranous collarette with denticles. Male tail conical, without small terminal caudal alae...............
. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Cucullanus
- Mouth surrounded by membranous collarette with denticles. Male tail short and rounded, with small caudal alae. ....................
- .................................................................................................................................................................................Neocucullanus
35. Pseudolabia absent. Buccal capsule present or not. Oesophagus divided into muscular and glandular portions or muscular
throughout. Larvae without cephalic hooks ....................................................................................... Suborder Camallanina (36)
- Pseudolabia present. Buccal capsule present, usually tubular. Muscular and glandular portions of oesophagus well
differentiated. Larvae usually with cephalic hooks or spines.................................................................. Suborder Spirurina (47)
36. Buccal capsule and buccal cavity well developed. Buccal capsule orange-brown, simple or with two valves; tridents may be
present. Parasites of digestive tract.........................................................Superfamily Camallanoidea, Family Camallanidae (37)
- Buccal capsule reduced or absent; buccal cavity poorly developed; Buccal capsule colourless, rounded, not divided into
valves; tridents absent. Not usually parasites of digestive tract ................................................Superfamily Dracunculoidea (40)
37. Buccal capsule divided into two lateral valves ........................................................................................................................(38)
- Buccal capsule rounded, continuous, not separated into two valves .......................Subfamily Procamallaninae, Procamallanus
38. Buccal cavity reduced or absent ..................................................................................................... Subfamily Camallaninae (39)
- Buccal capsule of adults subdivided into two almost equal parts, with large buccal cavity present................................................
. ..............................................................................................................................Subfamily Paracamallaninae, Paracamallanus
39. Longitudinal bands supporting buccal valves transformed posteriorly into two rows of spines or several combs .... Oncophora
- Longitudinal bands supporting buccal valves continuous .......................................................................................... Camallanus
40. Vulva in gravid females atrophied or poorly developed (except Alinema), situated in middle to posterior part of body.
Oesophagus without free posterior glandular appendix .......................................................................................................... (41)
- Vulva in gravid females well developed, situated in anterior part of body. Oesophagus with free posterior glandular appendix.
.. ............................................................................................................................................................ Family Guyanemidae (42)
41. Oesophagus divided into anterior muscular and posterior glandular portions or undivided. Oesophageal gland multinucleate.
Anterior end of oesophagus never inflated. Tail of both sexes conical, pointed.............................................................................
....................................................................................................Family Micropleuridae, Subfamily Micropleurinae, Philonema
- Oesophagus short, undivided or with large unicellular dorsal oesophageal gland containing large cell nucleus; anterior end of
oesophagus often bulbously inflated. Tail of both sexes blunt, sometimes rounded ........................... Family Philometridae (43)
42. Oesophagus with very long glandular portion, several times longer than muscular portion, without free posterior appendage.....
. ............................................................................................................................................ Subfamily Guyaneminae, Guyanema
- Oesophagus with short glandular portion, not longer than muscular portion, with free posterior appendage..................................
. ............................................................................................................................. Subfamily Travassosneminae, Travassosnema
43. Gravid females with atrophied vagina and vulva. Oral aperture unarmed......................................Subfamily Philometrinae (44)
- Gravid females with well-developed vagina and vulva situated near posterior extremity. Oral aperture with small, sclerotized
formations supporting peribucal rim ...........................................................................................Subfamily Alineminae, Alinema
44. Body surface with cuticular ornamentations ........................................................................................................................... (45)
- Body surface without cuticular ornamentations ......................................................................................................................(46)
45. Cuticle with cone-shaped protuberances. Oesophagus cylindrical, not swollen at anterior end. Caudal end pointed ... Nilonema
- Cuticle without cone-shaped protuberances, but with small bosses often present in oesophageal region of body. Oesophagus
usually bulbous or somewhat swollen near mouth. Caudal end rounded or blunt ................................................. Philometroides
46. Caudal end conical. Cephalic end with apical outgrowths. Oesophagus cylindrical anteriorly, not swollen near mouth,
markedly expanded posteriorly ........................................................................................................................................... Rumai

- Caudal end rounded or blunt, sometimes with pair of papilla-like caudal projections. Cephalic end without apical outgrowths.
Oesophagus usually has bulbous inflation at anterior end ............................................................................................Philometra
47. Buccal cavity well cuticularized ............................................................................................................................................. (48)
- Buccal cavity poorly cuticularized .......................................................................................................................................... (49)
48. Oral opening hexagonal or oval. Pseudolabia absent. Internal labial papillae well developed........................................................
. ............................................................................................................. Superfamily Thelazioidea, Family Rhabdochonidae (50)
- Oral opening with well-defined bilateral symmetry. Pseudolabia present. Internal labial papillae small or absent........................
.. ..............................................................................................................................................Superfamily Habronematoidea (51)
49. Pseudolabia trilobed. Cephalic and outer labial papillae separate. Cuticle on inner face of each pseudolabium thick, generally
folded into rounded, tooth-like formations which fit into corresponding folds on adjacent pseudolabium.....................................
. .................................................................................................Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea, Family Gnathostomatidae (55)
- Pseudolabia unlobed. Cephalic and outer labial papillae fused. Variable number of teeth on free borders of pseudolabia. Body
cuticle immediately posterior to pseudolabia, often expanded to form collarete……...………………………………….…
Superfamily Physalopteroidea, Family Physalopteridae, Subfamily Proleptinae ....................................................................(57)
50. Buccal capsule armed with longitudinal sclerotized rods projecting anteriorly as teeth. Pre-anal papillae numerous...................
.. ................................................................................................................................................................................ Rhabdochona
- Buccal capsule without sclerotized rods. Oral opening unarmed. Pre-anal papillae not numerous.................Johnstonmawsonia
51. Median lips (ventral and dorsal) present, extending over lateral pseudolabia. Cephalic papillae on lateral pseudolabia.
Oesophagus simple. Tail of female modified as attachment organ ..................................................Family Hedruridae, Hedruris
- Median lips (ventral and dorsal) not extending over lateral pseudolabia. Cephalic papillae never on lateral pseudolabia.
Oesophagus divided. Tail of female not in form of attachment organ ................................................ Family Cystidicolidae (52)
52. Pseudolabia relatively large, without teeth, but with enlarged anterior border covering greater part of oral opening............(53)
- Pseudolabia very small, each sometimes armed with one or two teeth; anterior border slightly enlarged and not covering
greater part of oral opening ......................................................................................................................................................(54)
53. Body without rows of spines. Pharynx generally long...........................................................................................Cystidicoloides
- Anterior region of body with rows of spines or combs. Pharynx generally short......................................................... Spinitectus
54. Pseudolabia each with single tooth. Vulva post-equatorial.......................................................................................... Ascarophis
- Pseudolabia each with armed with two teeth. Vulva anterior ................................................................................. Parascarophis
55. Cephalic bulb absent ................................................................................................Subfamily Ancyracanthinae, Ancyracanthus
- Cephalic bulb present ............................................................................................................... Subfamily Gnathostomatinae (56)
56. Body unarmed ...................................................................................................................................................... Echinocephalus
- Body partly or entriely armed with posteriorly directed spines ............................................................................... Gnathostoma
57. Vulva near anus .............................................................................................................................................................. Proleptus
- Vulva slightly pre-equatorial....................................................................................................................................... Heliconema
Key to Larval Nematoda
1. Oral aperture surrounded by 12 or 18 papillae arranged in two or three circles of six papillae each. . . . . . . . . . . Eustrongylides
- Oral aperture without these characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
2. Oral aperture without pseudolabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
- Oral aperture provided with pseudolabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(11)
3. Ventriculus with several short anterior and posterior appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brevimulticaecum
- Ventriculus without appendices or with only one, usually long, posterior appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(4)
4. Anterior intestinal caecum present and posterior ventricular appendix absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
- Anterior intestinal caecum and posterior ventricular appendix present, or both caecum and appendix absent . . . . . . . . . . . . .(7)
5. Excretory pore at about level of nerve ring or just posterior to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Porrocaecum-like” larvae
- Excretory pore near ventral interlabium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
6. Tail with mucron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudoterranova
- Tail without mucron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Terranova
7. Cuticular rings of older larvae provided with numerous small posterior spines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goezia
- Cuticular rings always lack spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(8)
8. Both posterior ventricular appendix and anterior intestinal caecum present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(9)
- Only posterior ventricular appendix or only anterior intestinal caecum present, or both absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(10)
9. Excretory pore at level of nerve ring or just posterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hysterothylacium
- Excretory pore at base of ventral interlabium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contracaecum
10. Posterior ventricular appendix and anterior intestinal caecum absent. Excretory pore at base of ventral interlabium . . Anisakis
- Posterior ventricular appendix present; anterior intestinal caecum absent. Excretory pore at or posterior to level of nerve ring .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raphidascaris
11. Mouth provided with two large, lateral, triangular pseudolabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiroxys
- Cephalic end bears helmet-like cuticular structure with thickened, free posterior region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudoproleptus

Parasite-Host List
Nematoda gen. sp.—adult and larva

Hosts, and site of infection: Ageneiosus inermis (FW—adult—intestine), Aphyocharax anisitsi (FW—
adult—intestine), Astronotus ocellatus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Astyanax bimaculatus (FW—
unspecified—unspecified), A. eigenmanniorum (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Brycon microleps (= B.
hilarii) (FW—unspecified—unspecified), B. orbignyanus (FW—larva), Brycon sp. (FW—unspecified—
unspecified), Catathyridium jenynsii (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Choanoscolex abscissus [Cestoda]
in Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW—larva—intestine), Coryphaena hippurus (MAR—unspecified—
unspecified), Crenicichla britskii (FW—adult, larva—intestine), C. niederleinii (FW—adult—intestine),
Cyphocharax gilbert (FW—unspecified—unspecified), C. nagelii (FW—unspecified—unspecified),
Cynopotamus kincaidi (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Cynoscion leiarchus (MAR—unspecified—
unspecified), Diplodus argenteus argenteus (MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Epinephelus sp. (MAR—
unspecified—unspecified), Galeocerdo cuvier (MAR—unspecified—stomach), Genypterus brasiliensis
(MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Geophagus brasiliensis (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Gymnotus
carapo (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (FW—larva—unspecified),
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (FW—adult—intestine), Hoplias malabaricus (FW—unspecified—
unspecified), Hypophthalmus edentatus (FW—adult—intestine), Hypostomus regani (FW—unspecified—
unspecified), Iheringichthys labrosus (FW—adult—intestine), Leporellus vittatus (FW—adult—intestine),
Leporinus elongatus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), L. friderici (FW—adult—intestine), L. lacustris
(FW—adult—intestine), L. obtusidens (FW—adult—intestine), L. octofasciatus (FW—unspecified—
unspecified), Leporinus sp. (FW—adult—intestine), Lophiosilurus alexandri (FW—adult—intestine),
Lophius gastrophysus (MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Loricariichthys platymetopon (FW—adult—
intestine), Megalonema platanum (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR—
unspecified—unspecified), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Myctoperca sp.
(MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Myletes sp. (FW– unspecified—unspecified), Myleus levis (FW–
unspecified—unspecified), Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (FW—larva—intestine), Pachyurus
squamipennis (MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—unspecified—unspecified),
Pellona castelnaeana (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Piaractus brachypomus (FW—unspecified—
unspecified), Pimelodus maculatus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Pinirampus pirinampu (FW—adult,
larva—intestine), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW—larva—mesentery), Pomatomus saltator (MAR—
unspecified—unspecified), Potamorhina squamoralevis (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Potamotrygon
motoro (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR—unspecified—unspecified),
Proloricaria prolixa (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Pseudopercis numida (MAR—unspecified—
unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma sp. (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Pseudupeneus maculatus (MAR—
unspecified—unspecified), Rhamphichthys hahni (FW –adult—intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW—
adult—intestine), Rhinodoras dorbignyi (FW—adult—intestine), Roeboides paranensis (FW—
unspecified—unspecified), Satanoperca pappaterra (FW –adult—intestine), Serrasalmus spilopleura
(FW—unspecified—unspecified), Synbranchus marmoratus (FW –adult—intestine), Tetragonopterus
argenteus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Thyrsitops lepidopoides (MAR—unspecified—unspecified),
Triportheus angulatus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), T. nematurus, T. paranaensis (FW—
unspecified—unspecified).
Localities: Pentecoste—CE; off ES; São Francisco River—MG; MT; Itaipú reservoir, Maringá, Saraiva
Lagoon, Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Travassos (1940a, b, 1945), Travassos & Freitas (1941, 1942, 1943, 1948), , Rêgo & Gibson
(1989), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Brasil-Sato (2003), Kohn et al. (2003, 2004), Arci et al. (2006), Graça
& Machado (2007), Takemoto et al. (2009).
Remark: Choanoscolex abscissus [Cestoda] in Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (larva—intestine). This record
from a cestode represents a case of hyperparasitism.

Class Adenophorea Linstow
Order Enoplida Schuurmans, Stekhoven & Deconinck
Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea Railliet
Family Dioctophymatidae Castellani & Chalmers
Eustrongylides ignotus Jägerskiöld—adult and larva—FW

Hosts and site of infection: Auchenipterus nigripinnis (larva—body cavity), Brycon hilarii (larva—body
cavity), Galeocharax humeralis (larva—body cavity), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (larva—mesentery,
muscle), Hoplias aff. malabaricus, H. malabaricus (larva—body cavity), Hoplias sp., Loricariidae gen. sp.,
Paratrygon sp. (larva—body cavity), Pinirampus pirinampu (larva—body cavity), Poeciliidae gen. sp.
(larva—body cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (adult and larva—body cavity, intestine), P. fasciatum
(larva—body cavity), Pygocentrus nattereri (larva—body cavity), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (larva—body
cavity), Salminus brasiliensis (larva—body cavity), Serrasalmus maculatus (larva—unspecified), S.
marginatus (larva—body cavity), S. spilopleura (larva—body cavity), Synbranchus marmoratus (larva—
body cavity).
Localities: Cuiabá River—MT; Cachimbo—PA; Upper Paraná River—PR; Rio de Janeiro—RJ;
Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos (1925), Rêgo & Eiras (1988), Rêgo & Vicente (1988a, b), Eiras & Rêgo (1988,
1989), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Guidelli et al. (2003),
Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Rocha (2011).
Eustrongylides tubifex Nitzsch in Rudolphi—larva—FW
Syn.: E. perpapillatus Jägerskiöld
Hosts and site of infection: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (mesenteries).
Locality: Piracicaba River—SP.
Reference: Lordello & Monteiro (1959).
Eustrongylides sp.—larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Arapaima gigas (tumour on skin),
Auchenipterus nigripinnis (muscle), Brycon hilarii (body cavity), B. microleps, (mesentery, muscle),
Callichthys callichthys, Calophysus macropterus, Charax gibbosus, Cichla kelberi, C. monoculus, C.
ocellaris (body cavity), C. piquiti, Galeocharax humeralis (mesenteries), Gymnotus carapo, Hoplerythrinus
unitaeniatus (mesentery, muscle, stomach wall), Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity, liver serosa, mesentery,
muscle, stomach wall), Leporinus copelandii (mesenteries), L. obtusidens (body cavity), Lepthoplosternum
pectorale, Oligosarcus sp. (body cavity), Paratrygon sp., Pimelodus maculatus (body cavity), Pirinampus
pirinampu (mesentery, muscle), Plagioscion squamosissimus, Poecilia vivipara, Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans (intestine, mesenteries), P. fasciatum (mesenteries), Pseudoplatystoma sp., Pygocentrus
nattereri (body cavity, mesentery, muscle, swim bladder), Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Salminus brasiliensis
(body cavity, mesenteries), Steindachneridion parahybae (mesenteries), Synbranchus marmoratus,
Tetragonopterinae gen. sp.
Localities: São Francisco River—MG; Cuiabá River, Pantanal—MS, MT; Maicurú, Mexiana Island,
Amazonas River Basin—PA; Upper Paraná River—PR; Aguaí, Paraná River, Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Lordello & Monteiro (1959), Travassos & Freitas (1964), Travassos &
Kohn (1965), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Thatcher (1991),
Brasil-Sato (2003), Carvalho et al. (2003), Santos et al. (2003), Adriano et al. (2005), Barros et al. (2006,
2007, 2009a, 2010), Saraiva et al. (2006a), Martins et al. (2009), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Santos &
Moravec (2009b), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Eustrongylides sp. 1—larva– FW
Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesenteries).
Locality: Baía River—MS.
Reference: Isaac et al. (2004).

Eustrongylides sp. 2—larva– FW
Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesenteries).
Locality: Baía River—MS.
Reference: Isaac et al. (2004).
Superfamily Trichinelloidea Railliet
Family Trichuridae (Ransom)
Capillaria (Neocapillaria) carioca Freitas & Lent—adult—MAR

Syn.: Echinocephalus carioca Lopes Neyra; Thominx carioca Skrjabin & Shikhobalova
Hosts and site of infection: Sphoeroides testudineus (intestine).
Locality: Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985),
Moravec (2001).
Capillaria sp.—adult
Hosts and site of infection: Astyanax fasciatus (FW—intestine), Hypostomus derbyi (FW—intestine),
Leporellus vittatus (FW—intestine), Leporinus copelandii (FW—intestine), Menticirrhus americanus
(MAR—intestine), Pseudupeneus maculatus (MAR—musculature) Pseudopercis numida (MAR—
intestine), P. semifasciata (MAR—intestine), Serrasalmus marginatus (FW—intestine).
Localities: Iguaçú River Basin, Upper Paraná River—PR; off Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Kohn et al. (1988), Chaves
& Luque (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Luque et al. (2006), Lima et al. (2008).
Capillariidae gen. sp.—FW
Hosts: Serrasalmus maculatus, S. marginatus, S. spilopleura.
Locality: Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009).
Capillariidae gen. sp. 1—adult—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Schizodon fasciatus (intestine).
Locality: Paraná River, Guaíra—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1992a), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moravec (2001).
Remark: Vicente & Pinto (1999) referred this taxon as Trichuridae sp. Moravec (2001) considered this taxon
to be a species inquirenda.
Capillariidae gen. sp. 2—adult—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (intestine).
Localitiy: Paraná River, Guaíra—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1992a), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moravec (2001).
Remark: Vicente & Pinto (1999) referred this taxon as Trichuridae sp. Whereas, Moravec (2001) considered
it to be a species inquirenda.
Capillariinae gen. sp.—adult
Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus carapo (FW), Hoplosternum littorale (FW—intestine), Rhamdia
quelen (FW– unspecified).
Locality: Guandu River—RJ.
References: Abdallah et al. (2006), Azevedo et al. (2010).
Capillostrongyloides arapaimae Santos, Moravec & Venturieri—adult—FW
Host and site of infection: Arapaima gigas (intestine, pyloric caeca).
Locality: Mexiana Island, Amazonas River Basin—PA.
References: Santos et al. (2008), Eiras et al. (2010).
Capillostrongyloides sentinosa (Travassos)—adult—FW

Syn.: Capillaria minima Travassos, Artigas & Pereira; C. zederi Freitas & Lent; C. sentinosa Travassos

Hosts and site of infection: Anostominae gen. sp. (stomach), Astyanax fasciatus (stomach), Hoplias
malabaricus (stomach), Leporinus elongatus (intestine, stomach), Leporinus sp. (stomach), Schizodon
nasutus (intestine, stomach).
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Grande River, Parnaíba, Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos (1927), Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos
& Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernades (1987), Thatcher (1991),
Moravec (1998, 2001), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Freitascapillaria maxillosa (Vaz & Pereira)—adult—FW
Syn.: Capillaria maxillosa Vaz & Pereira; Pseudocapillaria nuda Mendonça
Host and site of infection: Salminus brasiliensis (intestine, stomach, pyloric caeca).
Locality: Piracicaba River, Pirassununga—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Mendonça (1963), Travassos &
Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Moravec (1998,
2001), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) argentinensis Timi, Rossin, Lanfranchi & Etchegoin—adult—MAR—intestine
Hosts: Pinguipes brasilianus, Pseudopercis numida, P. semifasciata.
Localities: Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Luque et al. (2008), Timi et al. (2010).
Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) piscicola (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)—adult—FW
Syn.: Capillaria piscicola Travassos, Artigas & Pereira
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus falcatus (stomach), Acestrorhynchus sp. (intestine),
Galeocharax humeralis (intestine, stomach), G. knerii (stomach), Hoplias malabaricus (intestine, stomach),
Hypostomus affinis (unspecified), Leporellus vittatus (stomach), Leporinus copelandii (stomach),
Oligosarcus sp. (stomach), Salminus brasiliensis (stomach), S. hilarii (stomach), Trachelyopterus striatulus
(stomach).
Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná and Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Mendonça (1963), Travassos
& Kohn (1965), Buhrheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987),
Moravec et al. (1992a), Moravec (1998, 2001), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Thatcher (2006), Takemoto et al.
(2009), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011).
Pseudocapillaria (Pseudocapillaria) magalhaesi (Lent & Freitas)—adult—MAR—body cavity and intestine
Syn.: Trichosoma da “corvina” of Lent & Freitas (1937); Capillaria magalhaesi Lent & Freitas; Pseudocapillaria
(Ictiocapillaria) magalhaesi (Lent & Freitas)
Hosts: Micropogonias furnieri, M. undulatus.
Localities: Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Cassino Beach—RS.
References: Lent & Freitas (1937), Vicente et al. (1985), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a, 2001b),
Moravec (2001), Almeida et al. (2008), Luque et al. (2010).
Class Secernentea Dougherty
Order Ascaridida Skrjabin & Schulz
Superfamily Ascaridoidea Baird
Ascaridoidea fam. gen. sp.—larva—FW

Hosts: Electrophorus electricus, Hoplias malabaricus, Pseudoplatystoma sp., Salminus brasiliensis.
Localities: Salobra—MG; Maicurú—PA.
Reference: Travassos (1940a), Travassos & Freitas (1964), Vicente et al. (1985).
Filocapsulariinae gen. sp.—adult—FW—swim bladder
Hosts: Galeocharax knerii, Hoplias malabaricus, Leporellus vittatus, Leporinus copelandii, L.
octofasciatus, L. striatus, Leporinus sp., Salminus hilarii.

Locality: Pirassununga—SP.
References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985).
Family Anisakidae Railliet & Henry
Anisakidae gen. sp.—larva

Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (FW—unspecified), Auchenipterus nigripinnis
(FW—mesentery), Brycon orbignyanus (FW—mesentery), Conorynchus conirostris (FW—mesentery),
Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR—unspecified), Katsuwonus pelamis (MAR– unspecified), Micropogonias
furnieri (MAR—unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—lateral muscle), Prochilodus lineatus (FW—
unspecified), Pseudopercis numida (MAR– unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW—
unspecified), P. fasciatum (FW—unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (FW—mesentery).
Localities: São Franciso River—MG; Pantanal—MT; Upper Paraná River—PR; off Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Brasil-Sato & Santos (2005), Pereira
Cardoso et al. (2006), Saad & Luque (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009).
Subfamily Anisakinae Railliet & Henry
Anisakis physeteris Baylis—larva—MAR—mesentery

Hosts: Auxis thazard thazard, Genypterus brasiliensis.
Localities: Brazilian coast; Niterói, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Knoff et al. (2007), Iñiguez et al. (2009).
Anisakis typica (Diesing)—larva—MAR—intestine
Syn.: Cercocephalis typicus Diesing
Hosts: Auxis thazard thazard, Thunnus thynnus.
Locality: Brazilian coast.
References: Mattiucci et al. (2002), Mattiucci & Nascetti (2006), Iñiguez et al. (2009).
Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi)—larva—MAR
Hosts and site of infection: Genypterus brasiliensis (mesentery, stomach serosa, intestinal serosa, ovary,
musculature), Paralichthys isosceles (abdominal cavity, intestine, stomach serosa).
Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a).
Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget & Biocca—larva—MAR
Host: Thunnus thynnus.
Locality: Brazilian coast.
References: Mattiucci & Nascetti (2006).
Anisakis sp.—larva—MAR
Hosts and site of infection: Aluterus monoceros (mesentery), Bagre bagre (mesentery), Balistes vetula
(mesentery), Brevoortia aurea (mesentery), Caranx latus (mesentery), Carcharhinus signatus (spiral valve),
Dipturus trachydermus (spiral valve), Euthynnus alletteratus (mesentery), Galeorhinus galeus (spiral
valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (intestinal serosa, mesentery, muscles, stomach), Heptranchias perlo (spiral
valve), Hexanchus griseus (spiral valve), Katsuwonus pelamis, Merluccius hubbsi (mesentery),
Micropogonias furnieri (mesentery), Mullus argentinae (mesentery), Mustelus canis (spiral valve), Nebris
microps (mesentery), Pagrus pagrus (liver, mesentery, lateral muscle), Paralichthys isosceles (mesentery),
Percophis brasiliensis (mesentery), Pomatomus saltatrix (intestine), Prionotus punctatus (liver, mesentery),
Pseudopercis numida (mesentery), Scomber japonicus (mesentery), S. scombrus (mesentery),

Scomberomorus cavalla (stomach serosa), Selene setapinnis (mesentery), Sphyraena guachancho
(mesentery), Squalus megalops (spiral valve), Squatina sp. (spiral valve), Trichiurus lepturus (coelomic
serosa, mesentery), Urophycis mystacea (mesentery).
Localities: Fortaleza—CE; PR; Rio de Janeiro—RJ; RS.
References: Rêgo et al. (1983), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Vicente et al. (1985), Barros & Amato (1993), São-
Clemente et al. (1994), Marques et al. (1995), Luque & Chaves (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002, 2008,
2010), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Knoff et al. (2001, 2003a,b, 2007), Luque &
Alves (2001), Abdallah et al. (2002), Alves et al. (2002c, 2003, 2005), , Cordeiro & Luque (2004), Luque &
Poulin (2004), Tavares et al. (2004b), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Padovani et al. (2005), Alves & Luque
(2006), Tavares & Luque (2006), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Dias et al. (2010,
2011).
Anisakis sp. 1—larva—MAR—mesentery
Host: Katsuwonus pelamis.
References: Alves & Luque (2006).
Anisakis sp. 2—larva—MAR—mesentery
References: Alves & Luque (2006).
Contracaecum sp.—adult and larva
Hosts and site of infection: Oligosarcus macrolepis (FW—larva—body cavity), Acestrorhampus sp. (=
Oligosarcus sp.) (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Acestrorhynchus lacustris (FW—larva—mesentery),
Ageneiosus inermis, Aluterus monoceros (MAR—larva—mesentery), Astronotus ocellatus (FW—larva—
mesentery), Astyanax altiparanae (FW—larva—body cavity, mesentery), A. bimaculatus (FW—larva—
body cavity, mesentery), A. fasciatus (FW—larva—body cavity, mesentery), A. schubarti (FW—larva—
body cavity, mesentery), Balistes capriscus (MAR—larva—mesentery), B. vetula (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Bergiaria sp. (FW—larva—body cavity), Brevoortia aurea (MAR—larva—mesentery),
Brycon microleps (= B. hilarii) (FW—larva—mesentery), Caranx hippos (MAR—larva—mesentery), C.
latus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Carcharhinus brachyurus (MAR—larva—spiral valve), C. signatus
(MAR—larva—spiral valve), Centropomus undecimalis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Cephalopholis fulva
(MAR—larva—mesentery), Cichla kelberi (FW—larva—unspecified), C. monoculus (FW—larva—
mesentery), C. ocellaris (FW—larva—mesentery), Crenicichla lepidota (FW—larva—body cavity),
Curimata sp. (FW—larva—body cavity), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR—larva—mesentery), Diapterus
rhombeus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Dipturus trachydermus (MAR—larva—stomach, spiral valve),
Euthynnus alletteratus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Galeocharax humeralis, G. knerii (FW—larva—body
cavity), Galeorhinus galeus (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Genidens barbus (MAR—larva—mesentery),
Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Geophagus brasiliensis (FW—larva—body cavity,
mesentery), Gymnotus carapo (FW—larva), Heptranchias perlo (MAR—larva—spiral valve),
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (FW—larva—unspecified), Hexanchus griseus (MAR—larva—spiral valve),
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (FW—adult—mesentery, muscle), Hoplias malabaricus (FW—larva—body
cavity, intestinal, liver, stomach serosa, mesentery, muscle), Iheringichthys labrosus (FW—larva—
unspecified), Leporellus vittatus (FW—larva—body cavity), Leporinus copelandii (FW—larva—body
cavity), L. elongatus (FW—larva—mesentery), L. friderici (FW—larva—mesentery), L. lacustris (FW—
larva—body cavity, mesentery), L. obtusidens (FW—larva—mesentery), Loricariichthys castaneus (FW—
unspecified—unspecified), Macrodon ancylodon (MAR—larva—mesentery), Menticirrhus americanus
(MAR—larva—intestine), Metynnis lippincottianus (FW– unspecified—unspecified), Micropogonias
furnieri (MAR—larva—mesentery), Mullus argentinae (MAR—larva—mesentery), Mustelus canis
(MAR—larva—spiral valve), M. schmitti (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Oligoplites palometa (MAR—

larva—gills), Oligosarcus paranensis, Oligosarcus sp. (FW—larva—body cavity), Oligoplites saliens
(MAR—larva—gills), O. saurus (MAR—larva—gills), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—larva—lateral muscle, liver
and mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR—larva—mesentery and intestine), Paralonchurus
brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Parona signata (MAR—larva—mesentery), Paulicea luetkeni (=
Zungaro zungaro) (FW—larva—mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR—unspecified—unspecified), Percophis
brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Pimelodella lateristriga (FW– unspecified—unspecified),
Pimelodus maculatus (FW—larva—mesentery), P. ortmanni (FW—larva—body cavity), Pirinampus
pirinampu (FW—larva—mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW—larva—mesentery), Pomatomus
saltatrix (MAR—larva—intestine), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Prochilodus lineatus
(FW—larva—body cavity, mesentery), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (FW—larva—mesentery), P.
fasciatum (FW—larva—mesentery), Psellogrammus kennedyi (FW—larva—unspecified), Pygocentrus
nattereri (FW—larva—body cavity, mesentery, swim bladder), Rhamdia quelen (FW—larva—mesentery),
Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW—larva—unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (FW—larva—body cavity,
mesentery), S. hilarii (FW—larva—mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR—larva—mesentery), Schizodon
nasutus (FW—larva—body cavity), Scomber japonicus (MAR—larva—intestine, mesentery, pyloric caeca,
swim bladder), Scomberomorus brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery) S. cavalla (FW—unspecified—
mesentery), Scyliorhinus haeckelii (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Selene setapinnis (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Serrasalmus altuvei (FW—unspecified—unspecified), S. marginatus (FW—larva—
mesentery), Sphyrna zygaena (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Squatina sp. (MAR—larva—spiral valve),
Tetragonopterus argenteus (FW– unspecified—unspecified), Trachelyopterus striatulus (FW–
unspecified—unspecified), Trachurus lathami (MAR—larva—mesentery), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR—
larva—coelomic serosa, mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Urophycis
mystacea (MAR—larva—mesentery).
Localities: Amazonas River Basin; off São Luiz—MA; Cuiabá River, Pantanal—MT; Iguaçú River, Upper
Paraná River—PR; Campos, Guandu River, Lajes Reservoir, Piraí, off Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Campinas,
Jaguari Reservoir, Paraná River—SP; MS; Paraná River, Pirassununga—SP; of RS.
References: Travassos & Freitas (1940), Kloss (1966), Vicente & Fernandes (1978), Fábio (1982), Rêgo et
al. (1983), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b),
Eiras & Rêgo (1989), Leão et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991), Barros & Amato (1993), Barros (1994), São-
Clemente et al. (1994, 1995), Marques et al. (1995), Takemoto et al. (1996, 2009), Pavanelli et al. (1997,
2004), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a, 2001b, 2006), Chaves & Luque (1999), Luque & Chaves (1999),
Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002, 2003, 2010), Machado et al. (2000), Paraguassú et al.
(2000, 2002, 2005), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Tavares et al.
(2001, 2004b), Abdallah et al. (2002), Alves et al. (2002a,b,c, 2003, 2004, 2005), Ribeiro et al. (2002),
Brasil-Sato (2003), Carvalho et al. (2003, 2010), Martins et al. (2003, 2005), Cordeiro & Luque (2004,
2005b), Luque & Poulin (2004), Tavares & Luque (2004a,b, 2006), Lizama et al. (2005), Madi & Silva
(2005), Azevedo et al. (2006, 2007a,c, 2010), Paraguassú & Luque (2006), Barros et al. (2007, 2009a,b,
2010), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Moreira et al. (2009, 2010), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad & Luque
(2009), Dias et al. (2010, 2011), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011), Vicentin et al. (2011), Rocha
(2011).
Contracaecum sp. 1—Larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus sp. (mesentery), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (mesentery),
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (unspecified).
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Baia River—MS.
References: Machado et al. (1996), Isaac et al. (2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004).
Contracaecum sp. 2—Larva—FW—mesentery
Hosts: Gymnotus sp., Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans.
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Baia River—MS.

References: Machado et al. (1996), Isaac et al. (2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004).
Contracaecum sp. Type A—FW– Unspecified site of infection
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, A. schubarti, Galeocharax knerii, Salminus brasiliensis, S. hilarii.
Reference: Bührnheim (1976).
Contracaecum sp. Type B—FW– Unspecified site of infection
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, Galeocharax knerii, Hoplias malabaricus, Leporinus copelandii, L. lacustris,
Salminus brasiliensis.
Reference: Bührnheim (1976).
Contracaecum sp. Type 1—Larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Astyanax altiparanae (mesentery), A.
fasciatus (body cavity), Brycon hilarii (liver, mesentery), Cichla kelberi, Cichla piquiti, Crenicichla
lepidota (body cavity), Galeocharax humeralis (intestine, body cavity), G. knerii (intestine, body cavity),
Gymnotus carapo (body cavity), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (mesentery),
Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity and mesentery), Leporinus friderici (gonads, mesentery, musculature of
intestine), L. lacustris (gonads, mesentery, musculature of intestine), Plagioscion squamosissimus (body
cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. fasciatum (intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (body cavity).
Localities: Juba River—MT; Aquidauna River—MG; Pantanal—MS; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Itaipú
Reservoir, Paraná River, Upper Paraná River—PR; Aguaí—SP.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Carvalho et al. (2003), Guidelli et al. (2003, 2006),
Saraiva et al. (2006a,b), Campos et al. (2008, 2009b,c), Eiras et al. (2010).
Contracaecum sp. Type 2—Larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (intestine), Astronotus ocellatus, Astyanax fasciatus
(body cavity), Brycon hilarii (liver, mesentery), Gymnotus carapo (body cavity), Hemisorubim
platyrhynchos (mesentery), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (body cavity), Hoplias malabaricus (body cavity),
Markiana geayi (body cavity), Pachyurus bonariensis (mesentery), Plagioscion ternetzi (mesentery),
Prochilodus lineatus (body cavity), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (body cavity), P. fasciatum (body cavity),
Pygocentrus cariba (body cavity), Rhamdia quelen, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Salminus hilarii, S. brasiliensis
(unspecified).
Localities: MA; Juba River—MT; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River—PR; Sinha
Mariana Lagoon—MG.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Carvalho et al. (2003), Guidelli et al. (2003), Martins
et al. (2005), Saraiva et al. (2006b), Lacerda et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe)—larva—MAR
Host and site of infection: Genypterus brasiliensis (mesentery, stomach serosa, stomach).
Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
Reference: Knoff et al. (2007).
Pseudoterranova sp.– larva—MAR
Hosts and site of infection: Galeorhinus galeus (spiral valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (intestine,
mesentery), Mustelus canis (spiral valve), M. schmitti (spiral valve), Pagrus pagrus (mesentery), Squalus
megalops (spiral valve), Trichiurus lepturus (mesentery).
Locality: Niterói, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; RS.
References: Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves
(2001), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009).
Pulchrascaris caballeroi Vicente & Santos—adult—MAR—stomach
Host: Squatina squatina.
Locality: Macaé—RJ.

References: Vicente & Santos (1972, 1973), Vicente et al. (1985).
Terranova rochalimai (Pereira)—adult—MAR—stomach
Host: “Cação Panan” (Carcharhinus longimanus ?).
Locality: Natal—RN .
References: Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente et al. (1985).
Terranova serrata (Drasche)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: Ascaris serrata Drasche; A. draschei Stossich; Porrocaecum draschei (Stossich)
Host: Arapaima gigas.
Localities: Amazon fish farm—AM; Amazonas River—PA.
References: Drasche (1884a), Baylis (1927), Travasos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Santos et al. (1979),
Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Araujo et al.
(2009b), Eiras et al. (2010).
Terranova trichiuri Chandler—adult—MAR
Hosts and site of infection: Bagre bagre (intestine), Macrodon ancylodon (intestine), Oligoplites saurus
(intestine), Squatina squatina (intestine, stomach).
Localities: São Luiz—MA; Macaé—RJ.
References: Vicente & Santos (1973), Vicente & Fernandes (1978), Vicente et al. (1985).
Terranova sp.—adult and larva
Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa tricolor (MAR—larva—mesentery), Balistes capriscus (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Brevoortia aurea (MAR—larva—mesentery), Caranx hippos (MAR—larva—mesentery), C.
latus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Cynoscion guatucupa (MAR—larva—mesentery), Genypterus
brasiliensis (MAR—adult and larva—mesentery and intestine), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR—adult and larva—mesentery), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—adult—
liver, mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR—adult—intestine, liver, mesentery, stomach mucosa),
Percophis brasiliensis (MAR—adult—mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW—larva—mesentery),
Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR—adult—intestine), Priacanthus arenatus (MAR—adult—mesentery),
Prionotus punctatus (MAR—adult—mesentery), Pseudopercis numida (MAR—adult, larva—mesentery),
P. semifasciata (MAR—adult, larva—mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR—adult—mesentery), Scomber
japonicus (MAR—Larva—intestine, gonads and pyloric caeca), Selene setapinnis (MAR—adult—
mesentery), Trachurus lathami (MAR—adult—mesentery), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR—adult—
mesentery), Tylosurus acus acus (MAR—adult—mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR—adult—
mesentery).
Localities: off Ilhéus—BA; off Fortaleza—CE; off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; off ES; off Cassino
Beach—RS; off Florianópolis—SC; Araguaia River—TO.
References: Rêgo & Santos (1983), Rêgo et al. (1983, 1985), Vicente et al. (1985), São-Clemente et al.
(1994), Marques et al. (1995), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a,b, 2006), Luque & Chaves (1999),
Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2008, 2010), Silva et al. (2000a), Luque & Alves (2001),
Tavares et al. (2001, 2005, 2007), Alves et al. (2002a,b, 2005), Paraguassú et al. (2002), Sabas & Luque
(2003), Cordeiro & Luque (2004), Luque & Poulin (2004), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Timi et al. (2005),
Tavares & Luque (2006), Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Eiras et
al. (2010).
Remark: These larval records could represent species of Pseudoterranova, Terranova or other anisakine
genera, as is the case with those listed below as Porrocaecum larvae.
Subfamily Goeziinae Travassos
Goezia brasiliensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW

Hosts and site of infection: Brycon hilarii (stomach), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (intestine).
Localities: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1994b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Eiras et
al. (2010).
Goezia brevicaeca Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—stomach
Hosts: Brycon hilarii, Leporinus friderici.
Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1994b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Guidelli
et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Goezia leporini Martins & Yoshitoshi—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus macrocephalus, Piaractus mesopotamicus.
Locality: Batatais—SP.
References: Martins & Yoshitoshi (2003), Martins et al. (2004), Eiras et al. (2010).
Goezia spinulosa (Diesing)—adult and larva—FW
Syn.: Lecanocephalus spinulosus Diesing
Hosts and site of infection: “Acará-açú”, Arapaima gigas (adult and larva—stomach), Astronotus ocellatus
(adult—stomach), Astyanax schubarti* (adult—stomach), Galeocharax knerii* (adult—stomach), Hoplias
malabaricus* (adult—intestine, stomach), Leporellus vittatus* (adult—stomach), Leporinus copelandii
(adult—stomach), L. elongatus, L. friderici (adult—intestine, caecum), L. obtusidens (adult—intestine),
Micropterus salmoides (adult—stomach), Pimelodus maculatus* (adult—stomach), Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans (unspecified—unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis* (adult—stomach).
Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Amazon fish farm—AM; Araguaia River — MT; Posto de Piscicultura
Lima Campos—CE; MG; Mexiana Island—PA; Upper Paraná River—PR; Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Guaporé
River—RO; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Diesing (1839), Travassos et al. (1928), Freitas & Lent (1946), Yamaguti (1961), Rasheed
(1965), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Bührnheim (1976), Santos et al. (1979), Thatcher (1981, 1991, 2006),
Vicente et al. (1985), Costa et al. (1995), Moravec (1998), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Guidelli et al. (2006),
Tavares & Luque (2006), Santos, C.P. et al. (2008), Araujo et al. (2009b), Santos & Moravec (2009),
Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Menezes et al. (2011).
Remark: According to Bührnheim (1976), larval specimens were found in the mesentery, wall of the
stomach and intestine in hosts marked with an asterisk.
Goezia sp.—adult and larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Ageneiosus militaris (larva—stomach), Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (adult—
intestine), Hoplosternum littorale (adult—intestine), Mylossoma duriventre (larva—stomach), Pimelodus
maculatus (adult—intestine), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (larva—stomach), Serrasalmus marginatus (larva—
stomach), Trachelyopterus galeatus (adult, intestine—larva, stomach).
Localities: São Francisco River—MG; Foz do Iguaçú, Guaira, Paraná River, Upper Paraná River—PR;
Guandu River—RJ.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Brasil-Sato (2003), Guidelli
et al. (2003), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Abdallah et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al. (2010),
Eiras et al. (2010).
Subfamily Pseudanisakinae Petter, Paradiznik, Radujkovic & Cassone
Pseudanisakis sulamericana Santos, Lent & Gibson—adult—MAR—spiral valve

Hosts: Psammobatis extenta, Rioraja agassizii
Locality: Ubatuba—SP.
References: Santos et al. (2004), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009).

Subfamily Raphidascaridinae Hartwich
Hysterothylacium fortalezae (Klein)—adult—MAR—intestine

Syn.: Contracaecum fortalezae Klein
Hosts: Harengula clupeola, Scomberomorus cavalla, S. maculatus.
Localities: Salvador—BA; Fortaleza—CE.
References: Klein (1973), Guimarães & Cristófaro (1974), Vicente et al. (1985).
Hysterothylacium eurycheilum (Olsen)—adult—MAR—intestine
Syn.: Heterotyphlum eurycheilum Olsen
Host: Epinephelus guttatus.
Locality: Guanabara Bay—RJ.
References: Rodrigues et al. (1971), Vicente et al. (1985).
Hysterothylacium sp.—larva
Syn.: Thynnascaris sp.
Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa marinii (MAR—mesentery), A. tricolor (MAR—mesentery),
Archosargus rhomboidalis (MAR—intestine), Balistes vetula (MAR—mesentery), Caranx latus (MAR—
mesentery), Cichla kelberi (FW—unspecified), Crenicichla lepidota (FW—body cavity), Cynoscion
guatucupa (MAR—mesentery), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR—mesentery), Galeocharax knerii (FW—
body cavity), Genidens barbus (MAR—mesentery), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR—mesentery),
Gymnotus carapo (FW—unspecified), Gymnotus sp. (FW—mesentery), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR—
mesentery), Hypophthalmus edentatus (FW—body cavity), Leporinus friderici (FW—mesentery, swim
bladder), Lophius gastrophysus (MAR—mesentery), Loricarichthys sp. (FW—body cavity), Macrodon
ancylodon (MAR—mesentery), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR—mesentery), Merluccius hubbsi (MAR—
mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri (MAR—intestine, intestinal caecum, stomach, coelomatic cavity, liver,
spleen), Mugil liza (FW—unspecified), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—lateral and ventral muscle, mesentery),
Paralichthys isosceles (MAR—abdominal cavity, abdominal musculature, intestine, heart serosa, kidney
serosa, liver serosa, mesentery, ovary, ovarian serosa, stomach, stomach mucosa, spleen serosa), Parona
signata (MAR—mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR—mesentery), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR—
mesentery), Pinguipes brasilianus (MAR—mesentery), Plagioscion squamosissimus (FW—body cavity),
Prionotus punctatus (MAR—liver, mesentery), Pseudopercis numida (MAR—mesentery), P. semifasciata
(MAR—mesentery), Pterodoras granulosus (FW—body cavity), Pygocentrus piraya (FW—unspecified),
Rhaphiodon vulpinus (FW—body cavity), Salminus brasiliensis (FW—body cavity), Selene setapinnis
(MAR—mesentery), Serrasalmus brandtii (FW—unspecified), Scomber japonicus (MAR—unspecified), S.
scombrus (MAR—mesentery), Trachelyopterus striatulus (FW—unspecified), Tetragonopterus chalceus
(FW—unspecified), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR—mesentery), Triportheus guentheri (FW—unspecified),
Tylosurus acus acus (MAR—mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR—mesentery), Uraspis secunda (MAR—
mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR—unspecified), U. mystacea (MAR—unspecified).
Localities: off Ilhéus—BA; off Fortaleza—CE; off Angra dos Reis, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; off
Cassino Beach—RS; off Florianópolis—SC; off RS; Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir, Upper Paraná River—
PR; Volta Grande Reservoir—MG.
References: Rêgo et al. (1985), Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et
al. (2000a, 2008, 2010), Martins et al. (2000), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Luque & Alves (2001), Alves et al.
(2002a,b, 2005), Sabas & Luque (2003), Isaac et al. (2004), Cordeiro & Luque (2004, 2005a,b), Luque &
Poulin (2004), Pereira Jr. et al. (2004), Tavares et al. (2004a. 2005), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Timi et al.
(2005, 2010), Alves & Luque (2006), Azevedo et al. (2007b, 2010), Guidelli et al. (2006), Tavares &
Luque (2006, 2008), Knoff et al. (2007), Felizardo et al. (2009a,b), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Saad &
Luque (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Mesquita et al. (2011).
Iheringascaris inquies (Linton)—adult—MAR—intestine, stomach and pyloric caeca

Syn.: Ascaris inquies Linton; Contracaecum inquies (Linton); C. (Thynnascaris) inquies (Linton); T. inquies
(Linton); I. iheringascaris Pereira; C. iheringascaris (Pereira); Thynnascaris iheringascaris (Pereira)
Host: Rachycentron canadum.
Locality: Natal—RN.
References: Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos et al. (1963), Vicente et al. (1985).
Lappetascaris lutjani Rasheed—adult—MAR—stomach
Host: Trachipterus jacksonensis.
Locality: Atlantic coast—RS.
References: Vicente et al. (2002).
Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) vicentei Santos—adult—MAR
Syn.: R. atlanticus Rodrigues; R. yamagutii Vicente & Santos; R. camura Deardorff & Overstreet
Hosts and site of infection: Lutjanus synagris (intestine), Harengula clupeola (intestine), Nebris microps
(intestine), Sardinella sp. (intestine, stomach).
Localities: Salvador—BA; Guanabara Bay, Macaé, Maricá—RJ.
References: Santos (1970), Rodrigues (1974), Vicente & Santos (1974), Guimarães et al. (1976), Feijó et al.
(1979), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1990), Luque et al. (2000b).
Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) hypostomi (Petter & Cassone)—adult—FW
Syn: Sprentascaris hypostomi Petter & Cassone
Hosts and site of infection: Ancistrus cirrhosus (intestine, stomach), Hypostomus sp. (intestine, stomach), H.
albopunctatus (intestine, stomach), H. cochliodon (unspecified), H. commersoni (intestine, stomach), H.
derbyi (intestine, stomach), Metynnis lippincottianus (unspecified).
Localities: Salto Osório—PR; Passo Fundo—RS.
References: Moravec et al. (1990), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Takemoto et
al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae Melo, Giese, Santos, Santos & Portes Santos—adult—FW
Host and site of infection: Satanoperca jurupari (intestine).
Localities: Guamá River—PA.
References: Melo et al. (2011b).
Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) mahnerti (Petter & Cassone)—adult—FW
Syn: Sprentascaris mahnerti Petter & Cassone
Hosts and site of infection: Pseudohemiodon laticeps (intestine), Loricariichthys brunneus, L. labialis, L.
platymetopon, Loricariichthys sp. (intestine), Metynnis lippincottianus (unspecified).
Localities: Paraná River—PR; Uruguai River—RS.
References: Moravec et al. (1990, 1993a), Fortes et al. (1999), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006),
Moreira et al. (2009, 2010), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) sp. of Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1993)—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Geophagus brasiliensis (larva—intestine), G. proximus (adult—unspecified).
Locality: Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Eiras et al. (2010). Menezes
et al. (2011).
Raphidascaris sp.—adult and larva
Hosts and site of infection: Anchoa marinii (MAR—larva—mesentery), Ancistrus cirrhosus (FW—larva—
body cavity, intestine), Atlantoraja castelnaui (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Balistes capriscus (MAR—
larva—mesentery) Caranx hippos (MAR—larva—mesentery), Cephalopholis fulva (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Cyphocharax gilbert (FW—larva—intestine), Dactylopterus volitans (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Diapterus rhombeus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Dipturus trachydermus (MAR—larva—spiral
valve), Euthynnus alletteratus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Galeorhinus galeus (MAR—larva—spiral
valve), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery), Geophagus proximus (FW— unspecified—

unspecified), Gymnothorax moringa (MAR—larva—mesentery), Harengula clupeola (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Hypostomus albopunctatus (FW—unspecified—intestine, stomach), H. commersoni (FW—
unspecified—intestine, stomach), H. derbyi (FW—unspecified—intestine, stomach), Lophius gastrophysus
(MAR—larva—mesentery), Merluccius hubbsi (MAR—larva—mesentery), Micropogonias furnieri
(MAR—adult and larva—mesentery), Mullus argentinae (MAR—larva—mesentery), Nebris microps
(MAR—larva—mesentery, pyloric caeca), Pagrus pagrus (MAR—larva—lateral and ventral musculature,
liver, mesentery), Paralichthys isosceles (MAR—larva—abdominal cavity, intestine, liver, mesentery,
stomach, stomach serosa), Parona signata (MAR—larva—mesentery), Peprilus paru (MAR—larva—
mesentery, pyloric caeca), Percophis brasiliensis (MAR—larva—intestine, pyloric caeca, mesentery),
Pinguipes brasilianus (MAR—adult—gills), Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR—larva—mesentery), Priacanthus
arenatus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Prionotus punctatus (MAR—larva—liver, mesentery), Prochilodus
lineatus (FW—larva—intestine), Pseudopercis numida (MAR—unspecified—mesentery), P. semifasciata
(MAR—unspecified—mesentery), Sarda sarda (MAR—larva—mesentery), “Sardinha Boca Larga”
(MAR—intestine, pyloric caeca), “Sardinha Maromba” (MAR—unspecified—intestine), Scomber colias
(MAR—larva—intestine), Scomber japonicus (MAR—larva—intestine, mesentery, pyloric caeca,
stomach), Scomber scombrus (MAR—larva—mesentery), Scombroides occidentalis* (MAR—larva—
intestine), Scyliorhinus haeckelii (MAR—larva—spiral valve), Selene setapinnis (MAR—larva—
mesentery), S. vomer (FW—larva—intestine, pyloric caeca), Sphyraena guachancho (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Thyrsitops lepidopoides (MAR—larva—intestine, pyloric caeca), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR—
larva—mesentery), Umbrina canosai (MAR—larva—mesentery), Uraspis secunda (MAR—larva—
mesentery), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR—larva—mesentery).
Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Ilhéus—BA; Fortaleza—CE; Iguaçú River Basin, Upper Paraná River—
PR; Cabo Frio, Guandu River, Macaé, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Florianópolis—SC; coast—PR; RS.
References: Vicente & Santos (1973, 1974), Rêgo & Santos (1983), Rêgo et al. (1983, 1985), Vicente et al.
(1985), Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Thatcher (1991), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Luque et al. (2000a, 2002,
2008), Silva et al. (2000a,b), Knoff et al. (2001, 2007), Luque & Alves (2001), Tavares et al. (2001),
Abdallah et al. (2002, 2005), Paraguassú et al. (2000, 2002), Alves et al. (2003, 2004, 2005), Cordeiro &
Luque (2004, 2005b), Luque & Poulin (2004), Bicudo et al. (2005a,b), Lizama et al. (2005), Alves & Luque
(2006), Tavares & Luque (2006), Azevedo et al. (2007b, 2010), Felizardo et al. (2009a), Muniz-Pereira et
al. (2009), Saad & Luque (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Timi et al. (2010).
Remark: Asterisk indicates a host not listed in FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2010); junior synonym of
Oligoplites saurus (Berg).
Raphidascaroides brasiliensis Moravec & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Pterodoras granulosus.
Locality: Janauacá Lake, AM.
References: Moravec & Thatcher (1997c), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Eiras
et al. (2010).
Family Ascarididae Baird
Ascarididae gen. sp.—FW - Unspecified site of infection

Hosts: Astyanax fasciatus (larva), Brachyplatystoma sp. (unspecified), Potamotrygon motoro (unspecified),
Hoplias malabaricus (unspecified), Loricaria sp. (larva), Rhaphiodon vulpinus (unspecified), Pygocentrus
nattereri (unspecified), Salminus brasiliensis (unspecified), Siluriformes fam. gen. sp. (unspecified)
Localities: Barra Seca River, Cupido River, Juruparanã Lagoon—ES; Salobra—MT; Maicurú—PA.
References: Travassos & Freitas (1942, 1943, 1948, 1964), Vicente et al. (1985).

Subfamily Angusticaecinae Skrjabin & Karokhin
Amplicaecum sp.—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Brycon orthotaenia (larva—intestine, swim bladder wall), Hoplias malabaricus
(unspecified—intestine), Leporinus copelandii (unspecified—intestine), Pseudoplatystoma sp. (larva—
swim bladder wall), Salminus hilarii (unspecified—intestine), Steindachneridion parahybae (larva—
intestine, swim bladder).
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes
(1987), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009).
Angusticaecum sp.—larva—MAR—intestine
Host: Centropomus parallelus
Locality: Rio de Janeiro—RJ
References: Lamothe-Argumedo et al. (1996)
Subfamily Multicaecinae Hartwich
Brevimulticaecum regoi Sprent—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Potamotrygon motoro.
Locality: Salobra—MS, MT.
References: Rêgo (1979), Sprent (1990), Bruce et al. (1994), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Brevimulticaecum sp.—adult and larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Gymnotus inaequilabiatus*, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos*, Hoplias
malabaricus*, Leporinus elongatus (larva—mesentery), L. friderici (larva—mesentery), L. lacustris
(larva—mesentery), L. obtusidens (larva—mesentery), Myleus levis*, Platydoras costatus (adult—
intestine), Potamotrygon falkneri (larva—stomach), P. motoro (stomach), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans*,
Pseudoplatystoma sp. (adult—intestine), Pygocentrus nattereri*, P. piraya (adult—intestine), Serrasalmus
marginatus (larva - stomach tissue, mesentery), Sorubim lima*.
Localities: Miranda River, Pantanal, Salobra—MS; Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Travassos et al. (1939), Rêgo (1979), Vicente et al. (1985), Lacerda et al. (2009), Takemoto et
al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Vieira et al. (2010), Vicentin et al. (2011).
Remarks: Asterisk indicates that the parasites were in the body cavity, liver, mesentery, muscles or stomach
wall.
Brevimulticaecum sp. larva of Moravec, Prouza & Royero (1997)—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Leporinus friderici (musculature of stomach and intestine, mesentery, adipose
tissue), L. lacustris (musculature of stomach and intestine, mesentery, adipose tissue), Potamotrygon
falkneri (external wall of stomach).
References: Guidelli et al. (2006), Lacerda et al. (2008).
Subfamily Toxocarinae (Hartwich)
Remark: Toxocarines are typically parasites of terrestrial higher vertebrates and the Brazilian records of Porrocae-
cum spp. are doubtful (Moravec, 1994, 1998). So, all records of Porrocaecum spp. from fishes are likely to be mis-
identifications of other ascaridiod, probably anisakid taxa, and, thus, can be considered as ‘Porrocaecum-like’
species.
Porrocaecum jardimfreire Fortes—larva—FW—intestine

Hosts: Cathorops agassizii, Genidens barbus, Genidens genidens.

Locality: Guaíba Lake—RS.
References: Fortes (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995).
Remark: Considered a species inquirenda by Moravec (1998).
Porrocaecum paivai Motta & Gomes—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Scomberomorus cavalla.
Locality: Fortaleza—CE.
References: Mota & Gomes (1968), Vicente et al. (1985).
Porrocaecum secundum Chandler—larva—MAR—intestine
Host: Oligoplites saurus, “Lanceta”.
References: Vicente & Santos (1973).
Porrocaecum sp.—larva
Hosts and site of infection: Chaetodipterus faber (MAR—intestine), Franciscodoras marmoratus (FW—
unspecified), Hoplias malabaricus (FW—unspecified), “Lanceta”(MAR?—unspecified), Leporinus
elongatus (FW—mesentery), Piaractus mesopotamicus (FW—mesentery), Platydoras costatus (FW—
intestine), Selene vomer (MAR—intestine).
Localities: Uberaba—MG; Miranda River—MS; Upper Paraná River—PR; off Macaé—RJ.
References: Travassos et al. (1939), Vicente & Santos (1973), , Vicente et al. (1985), Martins & Onaka
(2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Superfamily Cosmocercoidea Railliet
Family Atractidae Railliet
Klossinemella iheringi (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)—adult—FW—intestine, pyloric caeca

Syn.: Monhysterides iheringi Travassos, Artigar & Pereira; Klossiella iheringi (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)
Hosts: Hoplias malabaricus, Leporinus copelandii, L. fasciatus, Mylesinus paraschomburgkii, Myleus
asterias, Myleus sp., Piaractus brachypomus, Pterodoras granulosus, Salminus hilarii, Schizodon nasutus,
Tetragonopterinae gen. sp.
Localities: Capucapu, Pitinga, Uatuma Rivers—AM; Araguari River—AP; Cuiabá River, Paraguai River
Basin, São Lourenço River—MT; Trombetas River, Jari River—PA; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Costa (1960, 1961), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Costa
et al. (1968), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher
(1991, 2006), Moravec & Thatcher (1997b), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Klossinemella sp.—adult—FW
Syn.: Monhysterides sp.
Host: Pimelodus maculatus.
References: Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Rondonia rondoni Travassos—adult and larva—FW—intestine
Hosts: Acanthodoras spinosissimus (unspecified), Luciopimelodus pati (unspecified), Mylesinus
paraschomburgkii (unspecified), Myletes sp. (adult), Myleus asterias (adult), M. micans (adult), M.
torquatus (adult), Myleus sp. (adult), Oxydoras kneri (unspecified), Piaractus brachypomus (adult), P.
mesopotamicus (adult and larva), Pimelodus maculatus (unspecified), Pterodoras granulosus (adult),
Salminus sp. (unspecified), Synodontis clarias (unspecified), Trachydoras paraguayensis (adult), Zungaro
zungaro (unspecified).
Localities: Barra and Grande Rivers—BA; São Francisco River, Três Marias Reservoir—MG; Aquidauana,
Miranda and Paraná River, Porto Cabral—MS; Paraguai and São Lourenço Rivers, Pantanal—MT;

Amazonas, Cachimbo and Trombetas Rivers—PA; Porto Rico, Paraná River, Upper Paraná River—PR;
Porto Cabral, Paraná River, Pirassununga, Tietê River—SP.
References: Travassos (1920, 1923, 1945), Travassos et al. (1928, 1939), Baylis (1936), Gállego–Berenger
(1947), Yamaguti (1961), Costa (1962, 1963), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Santos et al. (1979, 2003),
Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Kohn et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b),
Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1992a), Martins & Urbinati (1993), Parra et al. (1997), Pavanelli et
al. (1997, 2004), Moravec & Thatcher (1997b), Moravec (1998), Brasil-Sato & Santos (2003), Brasil-Sato
(2003), Dias et al. (2004), Martins et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2004, 2009), Campos et al. (2007, 2009a),
Rondonia sp.—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Myletes sp. (unspecified—unspecified), Myleus sp. (unspecified—intestine),
Piaractus brachypomus (unspecified—unspecified).
Localities: Maicurú—PA; Mato Grosso; Salobra—MS.
References: Travassos (1940b), Travassos & Freitas (1943, 1964), Vicente et al. (1985).
Family Cosmocercidae Railliet
Cosmocercinae gen. sp.—adult—MAR—intestine

Host: Sardinella sp.
References: Feijó et al. (1979), Vicente et al. (1985).
Family Kathlaniidae Lane
Chabaudinema americanum Díaz-Ungría—adult—FW - intestine

Host: Piaractus mesopotamicus
Locality: Aquidauana and Miranda River, Porto Cabral—MS.
References: Campos et al. (2009a), Eiras et al. (2010).
Falcaustra mirandafroesi (Fortes)—adult—BW—intestine
Syn.: Spironoura mirandafroesi Fortes
Hosts: Cathorops agassizii, Genidens barbus, Genidens genidens.
References: Fortes (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Moravec (1998).
Remark: This species was considered to be a species inquirenda by Moravec (1998).
Myleusnema brasiliense Moravec & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Myleus sp.
Locality: Tocantins River—PA.
References: Moravec & Thatcher (1999), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Spectatus spectatus Travassos—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Myletes sp., Piaractus brachypomus, P. mesopotamicus, Pterodoras granulosus.
Localities: Porto Esperança, Porto São João, São Lourenço River and Pantanal—MT; Miranda River,
Salobra and Pantanal—MS; Paraná River and Porto Cabral—SP.
References: Travassos (1923, 1945), Travassos et al. (1928, 1939), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto
(1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Moravec (1998), Santos et al. (2003), Thatcher
(2006), Campos et al. (2009a), Eiras et al. (2010).
Spectatus sp.—FW—intestine

Hosts and site of infection: Mylossoma duriventre (adult), Piaractus mesopotamicus (adult, juvenile).
Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Superfamily Seuratoidea Hall
Seuratoidea gen. sp. larva of Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes (1997)—FW—stomach

Host: Zungaro zungaro.
Locality: Guaíra, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Family Cucullanidae Cobbold
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) brevispiculus Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—FW—intestine

Host: Auchenipterus nuchalis, Leporinus copelandii.
Locality: Itaipú Reservoir—PR, Guandu River - RJ.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a, 1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moreira et al. (2000),
Kohn et al. (2003), Thatcher (2006), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) grandistomis (Ferraz & Thatcher)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: Bacudacnitis grandistomis Ferraz & Thatcher
Host: Oxydoras niger, Mugil liza.
Locality: Amazonas River—AM, Guandu River - RJ, Solimões River – AM.
References: Ferraz & Thatcher (1988), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998),
Vicente & Pinto (1999), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010), Silva et al.(2011)
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) mogi Travassos—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus copelandii, Leporinus sp.
References: Travassos (1947, 1948), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981),
Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Moravec (1998), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) oswaldocruzi Santos, Vicente & Jardim—adult—FW—intestine
Locality: Curuá, Cachimbo Rivers—PA.
References: Santos et al. (1979), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006),
Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pauliceae Vaz & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
Locality: Piracicaba River—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985),
Moravec (1998), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pimelodellae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Pimelodella lateristriga.
Locality: Guaira, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai pinnai Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW

Hosts and site of infection: Ageneiosus militaris (intestine), Galeocharax knerii (unspecified), Leporinus
copelandii (intestine), Loricaria sp. (intestine), Luciopimelodus pati (unspecified), Megalonema platanum
(unspecified), Pimelodella gracilis (intestine), Pimelodus albicans (unspecified), P. maculatus (intestine),
P. ornatus (intestine), Pimelodus sp. (unspecified), Pseudopimelodus mangurus (unspecified),
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (unspecified), P. fasciatum (unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma sp.
(unspecified), Rhamdia quelen (intestine) Schizodon borelli (unspecified), Steindachneridion parahybae
(intestine), Synodontis clarias (unspecified), Zungaro zungaro (unspecified).
Localities: Pantanal—MS; Paraná River, Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP; Aquidauna River—
MG; Guandu River - RJ.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Bührnheim (1976),
Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Kohn et al. (1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987),
Moravec et al. (1993a, 1997), Moreira et al. (1994), Machado et al. (1994, 1995, 1996), Pavanelli et al.
(1997, 2004), Moravec (1998), , Brasil-Sato (2003), Thatcher (2006), Santos et al. (2007), Albuquerque et
al. (2008), Campos et. al. (2008, 2009c), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al.
(2010), Eiras et al. (2010), Venancio et al. (2010).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai pterodorasi Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Locality: Guaira, Itaipú Reservoir—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Eiras et al.
(2010), Silva et al. (2011).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pseudoplatystomae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum.
Localities: Pantanal—MS; Upper Paraná River—PR; Aquidauna River—MG.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Machado et al. (1994, 1995, 1996), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004),
Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Campos et al. (2008, 2009c), Takemoto et al.
(2009), Eiras et al. (2010)
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) zungaro Vaz & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Luciopimelodus pati, Zungaro zungaro.
Localities: Foz do Iguaçú, Upper Paraná River—PR; Piracicaba and Tietê Rivers—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Thatcher (1991,2006),
Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Guidelli et al. (2003), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al.
(2009).
Cucullanus (Cucullanus) sp.—adult—FW—spiral valve
Host: Potamotrygon falkneri.
Reference: Lacerda et al. (2009).
Cucullanus ageneiosus Giese, Furtado, Lanfredi & Santos—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Ageneiosus ucayalensis.
Locality: Guajará Bay, Belém—PA.
Reference: Giese et al. (2010).
Cucullanus carioca Vicente & Fernandes—adult—MAR– intestine
Hosts: Pinguipes brasilianus, Pseudopercis numida, P. semifasciata.
Locality: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Vicente & Fernandes (1978), Vicente et al. (1985), Luque et al. (2008), Timi et al. (2010).
Cucullanus cassinensis Pereira Jr. & Costa—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Micropogonias furnieri.
Locality: Coast, Patos Lagoon—RS.
References: Pereira Jr. & Costa (1996), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Pereira Jr. et al. (2002).

Remark: Considered to be a species inquirenda by Timi et al. (2009).
Cucullanus cirratus Müller—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Micropogonias undulatus, Urophycis mystacea.
Locality: Macaé, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Vicente & Santos (1973), Vicente et al. (1985), Alves et al. (2002c).
Cucullanus debacoi Sarmento, Fortes & Hoffmann—adult—FW—intestine
Locality: Guaíba Lake, Porto Alegre—RS.
References: Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Sarmento et al. (1995), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Remark: Considered to be a species inquirenda by Moravec (1998).
Cucullanus dodsworthi Barreto—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Sphoeroides testudineus.
Locality: Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Barreto (1922), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985).
Cucullanus fabregasi Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento—adult—FW—intestine
Locality: Guaíba Lake, Porto Alegre—RS.
References: Fortes et al. (1993b), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Cucullanus genypteri Sardella, Navone & Timi—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Genypterus brasiliensis.
References: Alves et al. (2001a, 2002a,b).
Cucullanus heliomartinsi Moreira, Rocha & Costa—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Trachelyopterus striatulus.
Locality: Central Lake, Doce River State Park—MG.
References: Moreira et al. (2000), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanus patoi Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento—adult—FW—intestine
References: Fortes et al. (1992), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Cucullanus pulcherrimus Barreto—adult—MAR—intestine
Hosts: Caranx hippos, C. lugubris, Micropogonias furnieri, Mugil platanus, Paralonchurus brasiliensis.
Localities: Trindade Island—ES; Marambaia Island, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Coast and Patos Lagoon—RS.
References: Barreto (1918, 1922), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente et al. (1985), Pinto et al. (1992), Pereira Jr. &
Costa (1996), Knoff et al. (1997), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Alves et al. (2000), Luque & Alves (2001),
Pereira Jr. et al. (2002).
Cucullanus riograndensis Fortes, Hoffmann & Sarmento—adult—FW—intestine
References: Fortes et al. (1993a), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Vicente & Pinto (1999).
Renark: Considered to be a species inquirenda by Moravec (1998).
Cucullanus rougetae Vicente & Santos—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Plagioscion auratus.
References: Vicente & Santos (1974).
Cucullanus schubarti Travassos—adult—FW—intestine

Localities: Amazonas River Basin; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos (1947, 1948), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981),
Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006).
Cucullanus sp.—adult
Host: Ariidae gen. sp. (MAR—intestine), Astyanax bimaculatus (FW—intestine), Brachyplatystoma sp.
(FW—intestine), Brycon hilarii (FW—intestine), Centropomus undecimalis (BW—pyloric caeca),
Cynoscion guatucupa (MAR—intestine), Geophagus brasiliensis (FW—intestine), Leporellus vittatus
(FW—intestine), Leporinus copelandii (FW—intestine), Macrodon ancylodon (MAR—intestine),
Micropogonias furnieri (MAR—intestine), Mugil curema (BW—intestine), Pimelodus blochii (FW—
intestine), P. maculatus (FW—intestine), Pimelodus sp. (FW—intestine), Potamotrygon falkneri (FW—
spiral valve), Prionotus punctatus (MAR—intestine), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (FW—intestine),
Pseudoplatystoma sp. (FW—intestine), Pterodoras granulosus (FW—intestine), Rhamdia quelen (FW—
unspecified), Serrasalmus maculatus (FW—unspecified), S. marginatus (FW—intestine), S. spilopleura
(FW—intestine), Sorubim lima (FW—intestine), Trachelyopterus galeatus (FW—intestine), T. striatulus
(FW—unspecified), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR—intestine), Zungaro zungaro (FW—intestine).
Localities: off Ilhéus—BA; off Fortaleza—CE; off São Luis—MA; São Francisco River, Aquidauana
River—MG; Bodoquena, Miranda River, Salobra—MS; MT; Bragança—PA; Paranaguá Bay, Upper Paraná
River—PR; Guandú River, off Rio de Janeiro—RJ; off Cassino Beach—RS; off Florianópolis—SC;
Cananéia, Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1939), Travassos & Freitas (1942), Kloss (1966), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente
& Fernandes (1978), Conroy & Conroy (1984), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Pavanelli
et al. (1997, 2004), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Brasil-Sato (2003), Sabas & Luque (2003), Santos et al. (2003),
Alves et al. (2004), Luque & Poulin (2004), Bicudo et al. (2005a), Timi et al. (2005), Lacerda et al. (2008),
Fujimoto et al. (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Campos et al. (2009b), Azevedo et al. (2010), Carvalho et al.
(2010), Mesquita et al. (2011).
Cucullanus sp. A of Bührnheim (1976)—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporellus vittatus, Schizodon nasutus.
Cucullanus sp. B of Bührnheim(1976)—Unspecified stage of development—FW—intestine
References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985)
Cucullanus sp. 1—adult and larva—FW—intestine
Locality: Paraná River, Guaira—PR.
Reference: Moravec et al. (1993a).
Remark: This species is C. pinna according to Moravec et al. (1997).
Cucullanus sp. 2—adult—FW—intestine
Cucullanus sp. 3—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Serrasalmus marginatus.
Cucullanus (Truttaedacnitis) rhamphichthydis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Rhamphichthys rostratus.
Locality: Itaipú Reservoir—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moreira et al. (2000), Kohn et
al. (2003), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) sciaenidicola Timi, Lanfranchi, Tavares & Luque—MAR—intestine
Hosts: Micropogonias furnieri, Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Umbrina canosai.
Localities: Ilhéus—BA; Fortaleza—CE; Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Patos Lagoon and Cassino Beach—RS;
Florianópolis—SC.
References: Pinto et al. (1970), Vicente et al. (1985, 1989), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Pereira Jr. & Costa
(1996), Pereira Jr. et al. (2002), Alves & Luque (1999, 2000, 2001a,b), Timi et al. (2009), Luque et al.
(2010).
Remark: Previously reported as Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) elongatus (Tornquist, 1931), D. (C.) amaruincai
(Freitas, Vicente & Ibañez, 1969), D. (C.) rodriguesi (Pinto, Fábio & Noronha, 1970) and D. (Dichelyne)
micropogonii Pereira Jr. & Costa, 1996.
Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) travassosi (Guimarães & Cristofaro)—adult—MAR—stomach, intestine
Syn.: Cucullanus travassosi Guimarães & Cristofaro
Hosts: Balistes vetula, Halichoeres radiatus.
Locality: Salvador—BA.
References: Guimarães & Cristofaro (1974), Vicente & Santos (1974), Vicente et al. (1985), Muniz-Pereira
et al. (2009).
Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) sp.
Hosts and site of infection: Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR—intestine), Trachelyopterus galeatus (FW—
adult).
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Marambaia Island—RJ.
References: Pinto et al. (1992), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Takemoto et al.
(2009).
Dichelyne (Dichelyne) leporini Petter—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus friderici, Leporinus lacustris, Schizodon fasciatus.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Guidelli et al. (2006),
Takemoto (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Dichelyne (Dichelyne) pimelodi Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus sp.
Locality: Guaíra, Itaipú Reservoir—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Dichelyne sp.—adult
Hosts and site of infection: Balistes capriscus (MAR—intestine), B. vetula (MAR—intestine), Pseudopercis
numida (MAR—intestine), P. semifasciata (MAR—intestine).
References: Alves et al. (2005), Luque et al. (2008), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009).
Neocucullanus neocucullanus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW
Syn: Cucullanus interrogativus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira; C. neocucullanus (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira);
Neocucullanus multipapilatus Petter
Hosts and site of infection: Brycon sp., Brycon hilarii (intestine, pyloric caeca), Characidae gen. sp.
(intestine), Salminus brasiliensis (intestine), S. hilarii (liver).
Localities: Das Velhas River Basin—MG; Juba River—MT; Pirassununga—SP.

Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec
(1998), Rodrigues et al. (2002), Brasil-Sato (2003), Saraiva et al. (2006b,c), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cucullanidae gen. sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Galeocharax humeralis.
Reference: Kohn & Fernandes (1987).
Family Quimperiidae Gendre
Neoparaseuratum travassosi Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine

Hosts: Pterodoras granulosus, Trachydoras paraguayensis.
Locality: Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1992c, 1993a, 1997), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher
(2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Paraseuratum albidum Kloss—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, Erythrinus erythrinus, Tetragonopterus argenteus.
References: Kloss (1966), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec
(1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Paraseuratum soaresi Fábio—adult—FW
Host: Hoplias malabaricus.
Locality: Campos—RJ.
References: Fábio (1982), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Paraseuratum sp.—Unspecified stage of development—FW
Syn.: “Paraseuratum luroris” of Bührnheim (1976)
Order Oxyurida Chabaud
Superfamily Oxyuroidea Cobbold
Family Pharyngodonidae Travassos
Brasilnema pimelodellae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine

References: Moravec et al. (1992a,b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Cosmoxynema vianai Travassos—adult—FW

Hosts and site of infection: Cyphocharax gilbert (intestine), Pseudocurimata sp. (intestine), Steindachnerina
brevipinna, S. elegans (intestine), S. insculpta (unspecified).
Localities: Barra Seca River and Juparanã Lagoon—ES; Guaíra, Low Paranapanema river, Paraná River,
Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.

References: Travassos (1948), Yamaguti (1961), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991,
2006), Moravec et al. (1992a), , Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Takemoto et al. (2009), Ceschini
et al. (2010a,b), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei Travassos—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, Curimatella lepidura, Cyphocharax gilbert, Geophagus brasiliensis, G.
steindachneri, Pseudocurimata sp., Steindachnerina elegans.
Localities: Barra Seca River and Juparanã Lagoon—ES; Guaíra, Paraná River—PR; Guandu River—RJ;
Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos (1948), Yamaguti (1961), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Vicente
et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1992a, 1994a), Moravec
(1998), Abdallah et al. (2005), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cosmoxynemoides sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Trachydoras paraguayensis.
References: Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Takemoto et al. (2009).
Ichthyouris brasiliensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Megalancistrus aculeatus.
(2010).
Ichthyouris bursata Moravec & Prouza—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Symphysodon aequifasciatus.
Locality: Brazil.
References: Moravec & Laoprasert (2008).
Ichthyouris laterifilamenta Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Trachydoras paraguayensis.
References: Moravec et al. (1992a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Thatcher
(2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Ichthyouris ovofilamentosa Moravec & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Cichlasoma sp.
Locality: Negro River—AM.
References: Moravec & Thatcher (2001), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Ichthyouris voltagrandensis Martins, Yoshitoshi & Umekita—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Myleus tiete.
Locality: Volta Grande Reservoir—MG.
References: Martins et al. (2001, 2003), Eiras et al. (2010).
Ichthyouris sp. of Moravec & Thatcher (2001)—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Cichlasoma sp.
Locality: Negro River—AM.
References: Moravec & Thatcher (2001), Eiras et al. (2010).
Parasynodontisia petterae Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Rhinelepis aspera.
(2010).
Spinoxyuris annulata Moravec & Thatcher—adult—FW—Unspecified site of infection
Host: Mylossoma aureum.

Locality: Guandu River—RJ.
Reference: Azevedo et al. (2010).
Spinoxyuris oxydoras Petter—adult—FW—Unspecified site of infection
Host: Metynnis lippincottianus, Oxydoras kneri.
References: Moreira et al. (2009, 2010), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Spinoxyuris sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Steindachnerina brevipinna.
Locality: Low Paranapanema river—PR.
Reference: Ceschini et al. (2010a,b).
Travnema araujoi Fernandes, Campos & Artigas—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Cyphocharax gilbert, Salminus sp., Steindachnerina elegans.
Localities: Amazonas River; Guandu River– RJ; Paraná River—PR; Ilha Solteira Dam—SP.
References: Travassos (1920, 1945), Travassos et al. (1928, 1939), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Santos et al.
(1979), Fernandes et al. (1983), Kohn et al. (1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rêgo
& Vicente (1988), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1992a), Martins & Urbinati (1993), Moravec &
Thatcher (1997b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Abdallah et al. (2005), Azevedo et al. (2010),
Travnema travnema Pereira—adult—FW —intestine
Hosts and site of infection: Astyanax bimaculatus, Cyphocharax gilbert, C. plumbeus, Steindachnerina
elegans, S. insculpta, S. brevipinna.
Localities: Fortaleza—CE; Guaíra, Itaipú Reservoir, Lower Paranapanema River, Paraná and Upper Paraná
River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Pereira (1938), Yamaguti (1961), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Kohn et al.
(1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1992a, 1994a), Moravec (1998),
Takemoto et al. (2009), Ceschini et al. (2010a,b), Eiras et al. (2010).
Travnema sp.—FW—pyloric caeca and intestine
Syn.: “Travnema incoptus” of Bührnheim (1976, unpublished)
Hosts: Cyphocharax gilbert, Steindachnerina elegans, Pseudocurimata sp.
Remark: According to Bührnheim (1976), this parasite differs from T. travnema.
Order Spirurida Chitwood
Suborder Camallanina Chitwood
Superfamily Camallanoidea Railliet & Henry
Family Camallanidae Railliet & Henry

Camallanidae gen. sp.—adult—FW
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus (intestine), Brycon hilarii (unspecified), Cyphocharax gilbert (intestine),
Moenkhausia doceana (intestine), Pimelodus fur (immature—unspecified), Pygocentrus nattereri
(unspecified).
Localities: Sooterama—ES; Salobra—MT; Ilha Seca—SP.
References: Travassos (1940a), Travassos & Feitas (1942), Travassos et al. (1964), Vicente et al. (1985).

Subfamily Camallaninae Railliet & Henry
Camallanus (Camallanus) acaudatus Ferraz & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Osteoglossum bicirrhosum.
Locality: Amazonas River Basin—AM.
References: Ferraz & Thatcher (1990), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999),
Camallanus cotti Fujita—adult—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Apistogramma cacatuoides (unspecified), Betta splendens (rectal lumen),
Poecilia latipinna (unspecified), P. reticulata (intestine), Pterophylum scalare (unspecified), Xiphophorus
helleri (unspecified).
Locality: Itaguaí, Niterói—RJ.
References: Alves et al. (2000), Menezes et al. (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Camallanus maculatus Martins, Garcia, Piazza & Ghiraldelli—adult and larva—FW—intestine
Host: Xiphophorus maculatus, Poecilia sphenops.
Locality: Araraquara—SP.
References: Martins et al. (2007), Eiras et al. (2010).
Camallanus (Camallanus) tridentatus (Drasche)—adult—FW
Syn.: Cucullanus tridentatus Drasche
Hosts and site of infection: Arapaima gigas (stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine), Osteoglossum bicirrhosum
(intestine).
Localities: Amazon fish farm—AM; Amazonas River Basin, Mexiana Island—PA.
References: Drasche (1884a), Baylis (1927), Travassos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto
(1981, 1999), Vicente et al.(1985), Ferraz & Thatcher (1990), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998),
Araujo et al. (2009b), Santos & Moravec (2009a), Eiras et al. (2010).
Camallanus sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Astronotus ocellatus, Charax gibbosus, Poecilia sphenops.
Locality: Bodoquena, Salobra—MS.
References: Travassos & Freitas (1942), Vicente et al. (1985), Eiras et al. (2010).
Oncophora melanocephala (Rudolphi)—adult—MAR—intestine
Syn.: Trichocephalus gibbosus Rudolphi; Cucullanus melanocephalus Rudolphi
Hosts: Auxis thazard thazard, Priacanthus arenatus, Sarda sarda, Thunnus albacores, T. atlanticus, T.
thynnus.
Locality: Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Rudolphi (1819), Diesing, 1851, Pinto et al. (1988), Moravec et al. (1999), Vicente & Pinto
(1999), Tavares et al. (2001), Alves & Luque (2006).
Subfamily Paracamallaninae Stromberg & Crites
Paracamallanus amazonensis Ferraz & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine

Hosts: Hypophthalmus edentatus, Pterodoras granulosus.
Localities: Marchantaria Island, Solimões River—AM; Itaipú Reservoir, Paraná River—PR
References: Ferraz & Thatcher (1992), Moravec et al. (1993b), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999),
Paracamallanus sp.—Unspecified stage of development—FW—intestine
Host: Hypophthalmus edentates.
Locality: Amazonas River Basin.
References: Thatcher (1991), Vicente & Pinto (1999).

Subfamily Procamallaninae Yeh
Procamallanus (Denticamallanus) dentatus Moravec & Thatcher—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Bryconops alburnoides.
Locality: Amazonas River Basin—AM.
References: Moravec & Thatcher (1997a), Moravec (1998), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Procamallanus) annipetterae Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: Procamallanus petterae Kohn & Fernandes
Hosts: Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. cochliodon.
Locality: Iguaçu River Basin—PR.
References: Kohn et al. (1988), Kohn & Fernandes (1988a,b), Moravec & Sey (1988), Rodrigues et al.
(1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Procamallanus) peraccuratus Pinto, Fábio, Noronha & Rolas—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Australoheros facetus, Cichla ocellaris, Crenicichla lepidota, Geophagus brasiliensis, Gymnotus
carapo, Hoplias malabaricus, Pimelodus ortmanni, Potamotrygon motoro, Schizodon nasutus,
Trachelyopterus striatulus.
Localities: Cupido, Engano, Itaunas Rivers and Juparanã Lake, Santa Tereza—ES; Guandú River—RJ;
Iguaçu River Basin—PR; Paraná; Pirassununga—SP; Upper Parana River.
References: Pinto et al. (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Kohn et al. (1985), Vicente et al. (1985),
Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1993b), Pavanelli
et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al. (2010), Carvalho et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010),
Mesquita et al. (2011).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) amarali Vaz & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus copelandii, L. elongatus, L. friderici, L. obtusidens, Leporinus sp.
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga, Tietê River, Salto—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti (1961), Pinto et al. (1974, 1975), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente
et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998),
Guidelli et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) barroslimai Pereira—Unspecified stage of development—FW—intestine
Hosts: Clupeidae gen. sp., “Sardinha”, Triportheus sp.
Localities: Amazonas River Basin—AM; Cruzeta—RN.
References: Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Pinto & Noronha (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et
al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) belenensis Giese, Santos & Lanfredi—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Ageneiosus ucayalensis.
Locality: Guajará Bay Belém—PA.
References: Giese et al. (2009).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) caballeroi Bashirullah—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Astyanax altiparanae.
References: Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) cruzi Guimarães, Cristofaro & Rodrigues—adult—MAR
Hosts and site of infection: Mullus argentinae (intestine), Polydactylus virginicus (intestine and stomach).
Localities: Salvador—BA; Rio de Janeiro—RJ.
References: Guimarães et al. (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Luque et al. (2002).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) freitasi (Moreira, Oliveira & Costa)—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Bergiaria westermanni, Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus sp..
Locality: São Francisco River—MG.

References: Moreira et al. (1991), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Brasil-
Sato (2003), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) halitrophus (Fusco & Overstreet)—adult—MAR—intestine
Hosts: Citharichthys macrops, Syacium papillosum.
References: Cárdenas & Lanfredi (2005), Cárdenas et al. (2005).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) hilarii Vaz & Pereira—adult and larva—FW—intestine
Syn.: Spirocamallanus hilarii Vaz & Pereira; Procamallanus (S.) cearensis Pereira, Dias & Azevedo; P. cearensis
Pereira, Dias & Azevedo; P. (Isospiculus) cearensis (Pereira, Dias & Azevedo); S. incarocai Freitas & Ibáñes
Hosts: Acestrorhynchus microlepis (unspecified), Astyanax bimaculatus (adult), A. fasciatus (adult), A.
parahybae (adult), Hoplias lacerdae (adult), H. malabaricus (adult), Oligosarcus macrolepis (adult),
Rhamdia quelen (adult), Salminus hilarii (adult), Steindachnerina elegans (adult and larva), Trichomycterus
piurae (unspecified).
Localities: Fortaleza, Porangaba, Soure, Tauapé—CE; Atuba, Santo Amaro, Curitiba, Iguaçú River,
Paraná—PR; Guandu River—RJ; Passo Fundo Reservoir, Uruguay River—RS; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Pereira et al. (1936), Yamaguti (1961), Pinto et al. (1974), Bührnheim
(1976), Pinto & Noronha (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes
(1987), Kohn et al. (1988, 1989), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Abdallah
et al. (2004), Azevedo et al. (2010), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) iheringi Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Anostominae gen. sp. (intestine, pyloric caeca), Astyanax fasciatus (intestine),
Characidae gen. sp. (unspecified), Hoplias malabaricus (intestine), Hoplias sp. (intestine, pyloric caeca),
Leporinus copelandii (intestine), L. elongatus (intestine), L. fasciatus (intestine), L. friderici (intestine), L.
obtusidens (intestine), L. octofasciatus (intestine), Leporinus sp. (intestine), Salminus hilarii (intestine),
Schizodon borellii (intestine), S. fasciatus (intestine), S. nasutus (intestine), Tetragonopterinae gen. sp.
(intestine, pyloric caeca), Tetragonopterus sp. (intestine), Zungaro zungaro (intestine).
Localities: Linhares—ES; Nova Ponte Dam, Perdizes—MG; Paraná, Upper Paraná River—PR; Paraná
River, Pirassununga, Porto Cabral—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Travassos & Freitas (1948), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn
(1965), Pinto et al. (1974, 1975), Pinto & Noronha (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Kohn et al.
(1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006),
Moravec et al. (1993b), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Feltran et al. (2004), Guidelli et al. (2006), Takemoto
et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)—adult—FW

Syn.: Spirocamallanus inopinatus (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira); Procamallanus fariasi Pereira; P. wrighti
Pereira; S. wrighti Olsen; P. (Isospiculus) wrighti Ali; P. probus Pinto & Fernandes; P. (S.) wrighti Pereira
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus falcatus (unspecified), Ageneiosus inermis (unspecified),
Astronotus ocellatus (intestine), Astyanax altiparanae (intestine), A.bimaculatus (intestine), A. fasciatus
(intestine), A. lacustris (unspecified), A. schubarti (intestine), Astyanax sp. (intestine), Brycon amazonicus
(intestine), B. cephalus (intestine), B. falcatus (intestine), B. hilarii (intestine, pyloric caeca), B. orthotaenia
(intestine), Brycon sp. (intestine), Calophysus macropterus (intestine), Charax gibbosus, Cichla keberi
(intestine), Crenicichla haroldoi (intestine), Galeocharax humeralis (intestine), Hoplias malabaricus
(intestine, pyloric caecum), Leporellus vittatus (unspecified), Leporinus agassizii (intestine), L. copelandii
(intestine), L. elongatus (intestine), L. fasciatus (intestine), L. friderici (intestine), L. lacustris (intestine), L.
obtusidens (intestine), L. octofasciatus (intestine), L. piau (intestine), L. reinhardti (intestine), L. striatus
(intestine), L. taeniatus (intestine), Leporinus sp. (intestine), Metynnis lippincottianus (unspecified), Myleus

asterias (intestine), M. schomburgkii (unspecified), Pimelodus blochii (intestine), Potamotrygon motoro
(intestine), Prochilodus lineatus (intestine), Pterodoras granulosus (intestine), Pygocentrus nattereri
(intestine), P. piraya (intestine), Pygocentrus sp. (intestine), Salminus brasiliensis (intestine), S. hilarii
(intestine), Schizodon borellii (intestine), S. knerii (intestine), S. nasutus (intestine), Serrasalmus brandtii
(intestine), S. gouldingi (unspecified), S. maculatus (unspecified), S. manueli (unspecified), S. marginatus
(intestine), S. spilopleura (intestine), Trachydoras paraguayensis (intestine), Triportheus paranensis
(unspecified).
Localities: Manaus, Negro and Solimões Rivers—AM; Juruparanã Lagoon—ES; Alfenas, Harmonia,
Perdizes, São Francisco River, Três Marias Reservoir—MG; Juba River, Pantanal, Salobra—MT;
Cachimbo, Curuá River—PA; Areia, Patos—PB; Paulistana—PI; Paraná, Upper Paraná River—PR;
Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Guandu River—RJ; Cruzeta, Caicó—RN; Machado River, Porto Velho—RO;
Aguaí, Campinas, Paraná River, Pirassununga, Porto Cabral—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Pereira (1935), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Kloss
(1966), Pinto & Fernandes (1972), Pinto & Noronha (1972, 1976), Pinto et al. (1974, 1975, 1976), Santos et
al. (1979), Vicente & Pinto (1981, 1999), Fábio (1982), Kohn et al. (1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn &
Fernandes (1987), Petter & Thatcher (1988), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al.
(1993b), Moreira et al. (1994, 2009, 2010), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Andrade et al. (2001), Brasil-Sato
(2003), Feltran et al. (2004), Adriano et al. (2005), Guidelli et al. (2006), Saraiva et al. (2006a,b), Andrade
& Malta (2006), Azevedo et al. (2007c, 2010), Araujo et al. (2009a), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al.
(2010), Takemoto & Lizama (2010), Vicentin et al. (2011).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) macaensis Vicente & Santos—adult
Syn.: P. macaensis Vicente & Santos
Hosts and site of infection: “Cara suja” (MAR—intestine), Chaetodipterus faber (MAR—intestine),
Dactylopterus volitans (MAR—intestine), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR—intestine), Micropogonias
undulatus (MAR—intestine), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR—intestine), Plagioscion auratus (FW—
intestine), Thyrsitops lepidopoides (MAR—intestine), Urophycis brasiliensis (MAR), Urophycis sp.
(MAR—intestine).
References: Vicente & Santos (1972, 1973), Pinto et al. (1974), Pinto & Noronha (1976), Vicente et al.
(1985), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Alves et al. (2004), Cordeiro & Luque (2005b).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) paraensis Pinto & Noronha—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Erythrinus erythrinus, “Jeju”.
Localities: Amazonas River Basin—AM; Cachimbo—PA.
References: Pinto & Noronha (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1991),
Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Remark: Thatcher (2006) suggested that the “Jeju” may be an erythrinid.
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pereirai Annereaux—adult—MAR
Hosts: Atlantoraja castelnaui (spiral valve), Menticirrhus americanus (intestine), Micropogonias furnieri
(intestine), Nebris microps (intestine), Paralonchurus brasiliensis (intestine), Porichthys porosissimus
(intestine), Stellifer brasiliensis (intestine), Symphurus tessellatus (intestine).
Localities: Araruama, Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Coast—RS.
References: Pinto et al. (1984), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Santos et al. (1999), Knoff et al. (2001), Ribeiro et
al. (2002), Luque et al. (2003).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pexatus Pinto, Fábio, Noronha & Rolas—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Pygidium brasiliensis.
Locality: Santa Tereza—ES.

References: Pinto et al. (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1991),
Remark: The host genus has been considered as a genus inquirendum (Pinna & Wosiacki, 2003; Ferraris,
2007; Eschmeyer, 2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pimelodus Pinto, Fábio, Noronha & Rolas—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: P. intermedius Pinto, Fábio, Noronha &. Rolas
Hosts: Iheringichthys labrosus, Pimelodella lateristriga, P. blochii, P. maculatus, P. ortmanni, Pimelodus
sp., Synodontis clarias.
Localities: Porto Esperança—MT; Pantanal—MT; Paraná, Upper Paraná River—PR; Paraná River,
Pirassununga—SP.
References: Pinto et al. (1974, 1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Kohn et al. (1988),
Rêgo & Vicente (1988b), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1993b), Moravec
(1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Moreira et al. (2005), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) pintoi (Kohn & Fernandes)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn. S. pintoi Kohn & Fernandes
Hosts: Corydoras aeneus, C. paleatus.
Locality: Paraná, Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Kohn et al. (1988), Kohn & Fernandes (1988a), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher (1991, 2006),
Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Ito et al. (2005), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) rarus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Ageneiosus ucayalensis, “Bagre”, Pimelodella lateristriga, Pimelodus albicans, P. maculatus,
Rhinodoras dorbignyi, Serrasalmus sp., Synodontis clarias.
Localities: Belém, Guajará Bay—PA; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Yamagutti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Pinto et al. (1974),
Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Rodrigues et al. (1991), Thatcher
(1991, 2006), Giese et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscensis (Moreira, Oliveira & Costa)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: S. saofranciscensis Moreira, Oliveira & Costa
Hosts: Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Astyanax fasciatus, Tetragonopterus chalceus, Triportheus guentheri.
Locality: São Francisco River—MG.
References: Moreira et al. (1994), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Brasil-Sato (2003), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) solani Pinto, Fábio, Noronha & Rolas—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Siluriformes fam. gen. sp.
Locality: Amazonas River, Maicurú—PA.
References: Pinto et al. (1975), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Rodrigues et al. (1991),
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp.—adult and larva—FW
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus (intestine), A. fasciatus (intestine), Auchenipterus osteomystax (unspecified),
Bivibranchia fowleri (unspecified), Bivibranchia velox (unspecified), “Cará-cachimbo” (intestine),
“Chimboré” (intestine), Colossoma macropomum (adult—intestine), Conorynchus conirostris (larva—
intestine), “Ferreirinha” (intestine), Hemiodus sp. (intestine), Leporinus friderici (unspecified), L.
obtusidens (adult—intestine), Pachyurus squamipennis (adult—intestine), “Peixe-cachorro” (intestine),
Paracheirodon axelrodi (intestine), Pimelodus maculatus (adult—unspecified), Prochilodus lineatus
(adult—intestine), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (adult—intestine), Rhinodoras dorbignyi (intestine),
Salminus hilarii (adult—intestine), Triportheus nematurus (intestine).
Localities: Amazonas River, Maicurú, Xingu River—PA; São Francisco River—MG; Iguaçú River, Upper
Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.

References: Pinto et al. (1976), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Kohn et al. (1988), Machado et al. (1996),
Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Fischer et al. (2003), Brasil-Sato & Santos (2005), Takemoto et al. (2009),
Tavernari et al. (2009), Costa & Camargo (2009).
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: "S. furcospiculum" of Bührnheim (1976)
Hosts: Pimelodus maculatus, Pimelodus sp.
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: "S. laticonchus" of Bührnheim (1976)
Hosts: Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Astyanax bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, A. schubarti, Hoplias malabaricus,
Salminus brasiliensis, S. hilarii.
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. A of Bührnheim (1976)—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus copelandii, L. lacustris, L. striatus, Pimelodus maculatus
Remark: Bührnheim (1976) claimed to have found only larva specimens.
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. B of Bührnheim (1976)—adult—FW—intestine
Hosts: Leporinus lacustris, L. octofasciatus, Leporinus sp.
Procamallanus sp.—adult and larva
Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (FW—adult—intestine), Astyanax bimaculatus
(FW—adult—intestine), A. fasciatus (FW—adult—intestine), Astyanax sp. (FW– unspecified—
unspecified), Australoheros facetus (FW– unspecified—unspecified), Brevoortia aurea (MAR—adult—
intestine), Brycon insignis (FW—adult—intestine, stomach), Calophysus macropterus (FW—unspecified—
intestine), “Cará-cachimbo” (FW—unspecified—intestine), Colossoma macropomum (FW—adult—
intestine), Genypterus brasiliensis (MAR—adult—intestine), Hemiodus sp. (FW—unspecified—intestine),
Hoplias malabaricus (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Leporinus macrocephalus (FW—adult—intestine),
L. octofasciatus (FW—unspecified—intestine), L. striatus (FW—unspecified—intestine), Leporinus sp.
(FW—unspecified—intestine), Menticirrhus americanus (MAR—adult—intestine), Paracheirodon
axelrodi (FW—unspecified—intestine), “Peixe-cachorro” (FW—unspecified—intestine), Percophis
brasiliensis (MAR—adult—intestine), Pimelodus blochii (FW—unspecified—unspecified), P. maculatus
(FW—unspecified—unspecified), Prionotus punctatus (MAR—adult—intestine), Prochilodus lineatus
(FW—larva—intestine), Pseudopercis numida (MAR—adult—intestine), P. semifasciata (MAR—adult—
intestine), Pygocentrus nattereri (FW—body cavity), Salminus hilarii (FW—larva—intestine), Sarda sarda
(MAR—adult—intestine), Schizodon altoparanae (FW—adult—intestine), Serrasalmus marginatus (FW—
unspecified—unspecified), S. spilopleura (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Siluriformes fam. gen. sp.
(FW—unspecified—intestine), Synodontis clarias (FW—unspecified—unspecified), Trachydoras
paraguayensis (FW—adult—intestine), Trichiurus lepturus (MAR—adult—intestine).
Localities: Manaus—AM; off Soóterama—ES; Cuiabá River, Porto Esperança—MS, MT; Amazonas River,
Maicurú—PA; Upper Paraná River—PR; off Cabo Frio, Itaocara, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro; Guandu River—
RJ; Porto Cabral, Paraná River, Pirasununga—SP.
References: Travassos & Freitas (1940, 1948), Vicente & Santos (1973), Pinto & Noronha (1976), Kohn et
al. (1985), Vicente et al. (1985), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Silva et al. (2000b),
Alves et al. (2002a,b), Carvalho et al. (2003), Fischer et al. (2003), Santos et al. (2003, 2007), Tavares et al.

(2004b), Bicudo et al. (2005a), Alves & Luque (2006), Fernandes et al. (2006), Luque et al. (2008),
Takemoto et al. (2009), Azevedo et al. (2010), Tavares-Dias et al. (2009, 2010), Eiras et al. (2010).
Superfamily Dracunculoidea Stiles
“Filariidae gen. sp.”—adult—FW

Localities: Salobra—MT; Ilha Seca—SP.
Reference: Travassos (1940a).
Remark: Travassos (1940a) named these worms, collected during the third expedition to northwest of Brazil,
as filariid nematodes; however, the actual nature of this record is not known.
Family Guyanemidae Petter
Subfamily Guyaneminae Petter
Guyanema raphiodoni Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Rhaphiodon vulpinus.
Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1993b,c), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003),
Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Guyanema sp.—adult—FW—intestine
Host: Cyphocharax gilbert.
Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Itaipú Reservoir—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1993b,c), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Eiras et al. (2010).
Subfamily Travassosneminae Moravec
Travassosnema travassosi paranaensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW—body cavity

Host: Acestrorhynchus lacustris.
References: Moravec et al. (1993b,c), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Kohn et al. (2003), Eiras et
al. (2010).
Travassosnema travassosi travassosi Costa, Moreira & Oliveira—adult—FW—eyes
Localities: São Francisco River, Três Marias Reservoir—MG; Sertanópolis, Tibagi River—PR.
References: Costa et al. (1991), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999), Silva-Souza & Saraiva (2002),
Brasil-Sato (2003), Thatcher (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Family Micropleuridae Baylis & Daubney
Subfamily Micropleurinae Baylis & Daubney
Philonema sp. A—adult—FW—body cavity


References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Philonema sp. B—adult—FW—body cavity
Hosts: Cyphocharax gilbert, Pseudocurimata sp.
References: Bührnheim (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Philonema sp. C—adult—FW—body cavity
Family Philometridae Baylis & Daubney
Philometridae gen. sp.—Unspecified stage of development—FW

Hosts and site of infection: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (unspecified), Pseudoplatystoma corruscans
(intestine), Serrasalmus maculatus (unspecified), S. marginatus(unspecified), S. spilopleura (unspecified).
References: Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Takemoto et al. (2009).
Subfamily Alineminae Moravec
Alinema amazonicum (Travassos)—adult—FW—body cavity

Syn.: Philometra amazonica Travassos; P. alli Rasheed; P. (Alinema) alli Rasheed; A. alii Rasheed
Hosts: Calophysus macropterus, Luciopimelodus pati, Pinirampus pirinampu.
Locality: Amazonas River, Maicuru—PA.
References: Travassos (1960), Rasheed (1963), Inglis & Ogden (1964), Santos et al. (1979), Vicente &
Jardim (1980), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998),
Moravec et al. (2006), Eiras et al. (2010).
Subfamily Philometrinae Baylis & Daubney
Nilonema senticosum (Baylis)—adult—FW—body cavity, swim bladder

Syn.: Philometra senticosa Baylis
Localities: Araguaia River—MT; Amazonas River—PA.
References: Baylis (1927), Travassos et al. (1928), Travassos (1960),Yamaguti (1961), Santos et al. (1979),
Vicente & Jardim (1980), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec
(1998), Santos & Gibson (2007), Santos & Moravec (2009c), Eiras et al. (2010).
Philometra baylisi Vaz & Pereira—adult—FW—abdominal cavity
Host: Pimelodus maculatus, Synodontis clarias.
Locality: Tietê River, Salto—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti (1961), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985),
Philometra fariaslimai Fortes—adult—BW—body cavity
Hosts: Cathorops agassizii, Genidens barbus, G. genidens.
Localities: Angra dos Reis—RJ; Guaíba Lake—RS.

References: Fortes (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Fortes & Hoffmann (1995), Tavares & Luque (2008).
Remark: This species was considered a species inquirenda by Moravec (1998).
Philometra katsuwoni Petter & Baudin–Laurencin—adult—MAR—gonads
Locality: Cabo Frio—RJ.
Reference: Cárdenas et al. (2009).
Philometra lateolabracis (Yamaguti)—adult—MAR—gonads
Host: Haemulon plumierii.
Locality: Fortaleza—CE.
References: Crisp & Klein (1973), Vicente et al. (1985).
Philometra sp.—adult
Hosts and site of infection: Caranx hippos (MAR—intestine), Lutjanus synagris (MAR—ovary),
Paralonchurus brasiliensis (MAR—gonads), Pimelodus maculatus (FW), Pomatomus saltatrix (MAR—
gonads).
Localities: Rio de Janeiro—RJ; Upper Paraná River—PR; off coast—Rio Grande do Norte– RN
References: Rêgo et al. (1983), Vicente et al. (1985), Luque & Chaves (1999), Luque & Alves (2001),
Ribeiro et al. (2002), Luque et al. (2003), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Takemoto et al. (2009), Cavalacanti et al.
(2010).
Philometroides maplestoni (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)—adult—FW—body cavity
Syn.: Philometra maplestoni Travassos, Artigas & Pereira
Host: Salminus hilarii.
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Jardim (1980),
Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).
Rumai rumai Travassos—adult and larva—FW—body cavity, encapsulated in tissues of mouth, tongue, operculum
and head
Locality: Amazonas Basin River, Mexiana Island—PA.
References: Travassos (1960), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (1998), Santos &
Moravec (2009c), Eiras et al. (2010).
Suborder Spirurina Railliet & Henry
Superfamily Acuaroidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff
Family Acuariidae Railliet, Henry & Sisoff
Acuariidae gen. sp.—larva—FW—stomach

Host: Salminus brasiliensis.
Locality: Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná River—PR.
References: Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Vicente & Pinto (1999)
Remark: Moravec et al. (1993a) refered to this taxon as Acuariinae gen. sp.
Superfamily Habronematoidea Railliet & Henry
Family Cystidicolidae Skrjabin

Ascarophis brasiliensis Pinto, Vicente & Noronha—adult—MAR—stomach
Host: Trachinotus carolinus.
Locality: Araruama—RJ.
References: Pinto et al. (1984), Vicente et al. (1985).
Ascarophis marina (Szidat)—adult—MAR—intestine
Host: Urophycis brasiliensis.
Reference: Alves et al. (2004).
Cystidicoloides fischeri (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira)—adult—FW—stomach
Syn.: Cystidicola fisheri Travassos, Artigas & Pereira
Hosts: Galeocharax knerii, Pygocentrus piraya, Salminus brasiliensis, S. hilarii, Serrasalmus brandtii.
Localities: Upper São Francisco River—MG; Pirassununga—SP.
Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991), Moravec (1998),
Moravec et al. (2008), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cystidicoloides izecksohni (Fábio)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: Heliconema izecksohni Fábio
Locality: Campos—RJ.
References: Fábio (1982), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec et al. (2008), Eiras et al. (2010).
Cystidicoloides sp.—adult and larva—FW
Host: Brycon orthotaenia (adult—intestine), Leporinus friderici (larva—mesentery).
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Guidelli et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Parascarophis sphyrnae Campana-Rouget—adult—MAR—spiral valve
Host: Sphyrna zygaena.
Locality: Coast—RS.
Reference: Knoff et al. (2001).
Pseudoproleptus sp.—larva—FW—mesentery
Hosts: Satanoperca jurupari, Ageneiosus ucayalensis.
Locality: Guamá River—PA.
Reference: Melo et al. (2011a).
Spinitectus asperus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine, stomach
Syn.: S. jamundensis Thatcher & Padilha
Hosts: Leporinus striatus, Prochilodus argenteus, P. lineatus.
Localities: Upper São Francisco River—MG; Pantanal—MS; Guaíra, Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—
SP.
Thatcher & Padilla (1977), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Fernandes et al. (1982), , Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn &
Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec et al. (1993a), Moravec (1998), Santos et al. (2003),
Monteiro et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Spinitectus rodolphiheringi Vaz & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: S. sternopygi Petter, 1984
Hosts: Astyanax bimaculatus, Franciscodoras marmoratus, Pimelodella lateristriga, Pimelodus maculatus,
Salminus hilarii, Sternopygus macrurus, Triportheus paranensis.
Localities: Grande & Mogi Guaçu Rivers, Pirassununga—SP.
References: Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti (1961), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et
al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al. (2010).

Spinitectus yorkei Travassos, Artigas & Pereira—adult—FW—intestine
References: Travassos et al. (1928), Yamaguti (1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Vicente & Pinto (1981),
Vicente et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Spinitectus sp.—adult—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Franciscodoras marmoratus (intestine), Potamotrygon falkneri (spiral valve).
Localities: Três Marias—MG; Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Santos & Brasil-Sato (2004), Lacerda et al. (2008, 2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Family Hedruridae Railliet
Hedruris iheringi Pereira & Vaz—adult—FW—intestine

Host: Austrolebias bellottii
Locality: SP.
Reference: Pereira & Vaz (1933).
Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet
Family Gnathostomatidae Railliet
Subfamily Ancyracanthinae Yorke & Maplestone
Ancyracanthus schubarti (Kohn, Gomes & Motta)—adult—FW

Syn.: Piavussunema schubarti Kohn, Gomes & Motta
Hosts and site of infection: Leporellus vittatus (stomach), Leporinus copelandii (stomach), L. lacustris
(intestine), L. octofasciatus (intestine, stomach), Schizodon borellii (intestine).
Localities: Upper Paraná River—PR; Pirassununga—SP.
References: Kohn et al. (1968), Gomes & Kohn (1970), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente
et al. (1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Machado et al. (1996), Pavanelli et al. (1997, 2004), Moravec
(1998), Guidelli et al. (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Subfamily Gnathostomatinae Railliet
Echinocephalus daileyi Deardoff, Brooks & Thorson—adult—FW– intestine

Hosts: Potamotrygon hystrix, P. motoro.
Locality: Itacuai River—AM.
References: Deardorff et al. (1981), Vicente et al. (1985), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Moravec (1998), Eiras et
al. (2010).
Echinocephalus sp.—adult—FW—spiral valve
Host: Potamotrygon falkneri.
References: Lacerda et al. (2008, 2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).

Gnathostoma gracile (Diesing)—adult—FW—intestine
Syn.: Cheiracanthus gracilis Diesing
Locality: Amazonas River Basin.
References: Diesing (1839), Travassos et al. (1928), Vicente et al. (1985), Moravec (1998), Eiras et al.
(2010).
Subfamily Spiroxyinae Baylis & Lane
Spiroxys sp.—larva—FW
Hosts and site of infection: Astyanax altiparanae (intestine), Cichla kelberi (body cavity, intestine),
Gymnotus carapo, Gymnotus sp. (intestine), Pygocentrus piraya (body cavity, intestinal caecum, intestine,
gall bladder), Serrasalmus brandtii (body cavity, stomach, intestine).
Localities: Três Marias Reservoir, São Francisco River—MG; Baía River—MS; Upper Paraná River—PR.
References: Isaac et al. (2004), Pavanelli et al. (2004), Santos et al. (2009), Takemoto et al. (2009), Eiras et
al. (2010).
Superfamily Physalopteroidea Railliet
Family Physalopteridae Railliet
Subfamily Proleptinae Schulz
Heliconema heliconema Travassos—adult—MAR—intestine and stomach

Hosts: Echidna catenata, Ophichthus gomesii, O. ophis.
Localities: Campos, Copacabana and Urcha Beach—RJ; Salvador—BA; Trindade Island—ES.
References: Travassos (1919), Yamaguti (1961), Guimarães et al. (1976), Vicente et al. (1985), Fernandes
et al. (2002).
Proleptus acutus Dujardin—adult—MAR—stomach, intestine
Host: Zapteryx brevirostris.
Locality: Ubatuba—SP.
References: Silva et al. (2008), Muniz-Pereira et al. (2009).
Superfamily Thelazioidea Oerley
Family Rhabdochonidae Skrjabin
Johnstonmawsonia sp.—adult—FW—Unspecified site of infection

Host: Auchenipterus osteomystax.
References: Takemoto et al. (2009), Tavernari et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010).
Rhabdochona acuminata (Molin)—adult—FW
Syn.: Spiroptera acuminata Molin; Rhabdochona elegans Travassos, Artigas & Pereira; R. fasciata Kloss; R.
australis Kloss; R. siluriformes Kloss
Hosts and site of infection: Astyanax bimaculatus (intestine), A. fasciatus (intestine), A. schubarti
(intestine), Auchenipterus osteomystax, Brycon falcatus (intestine), Geophagus brasiliensis (intestine),

Leporellus vittatus (intestine), Pimelodella lateristriga (intestine, gall bladder), Tatia neivai (intestine),
Tetragonopterinae gen. sp. (intestine), Tetragonopterus argenteus, Tetragonopterus sp. (intestine).
Localities: MT; Lajes Reservoir, Piraí—RJ; Grande, Tietê, Pirassununga—SP
References: Molin (1860), Drasche (1884b), Travassos et al. (1928), Vaz & Pereira (1934), Yamaguti
(1961), Travassos & Kohn (1965), Kloss (1966), Bührnheim (1976), Vicente & Pinto (1981), Vicente et al.
(1985), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Moravec (1972, 1998), Thatcher (1991, 2006), Paraguassú et al. (2005),
Paraguassú & Luque (2006), Takemoto et al. (2009), Tavernari et al. (2009), Eiras et al. (2010), Pinto et al.
(2010).
Remark: Drasche (1884b) did not mention a host and locality, but redescribed Molin’s type-material.
Rhabdochona obtusus Dujardin
Host: Tetragonopterus argenteus.
Locality: Pantanal—MT.
Reference: Rêgo & Vicente (1988b).
Rhabdochona uruyeni Diaz-Ungria—adult—FW - intestine
Hosts: Pachyurus squamipennis, Pimelodus maculatus.
Locality: Lagoa Juparanã, Linhares—ES, Guandu River—RJ.
Reference: Azevedo et al. (2010), Pinto et al. (2010).
Rhabdochona sp.—adult and larva—FW—intestine
Hosts and site of infection: Brycon orthotaenia (adult—intestine), Conorynchus conirostris (larva—
intestine), Centropomus undecimalis, Leporinus octofasciatus (adult—intestine), Tetragonopterus
argenteus (stomach).
Localities: Pantanal—MT; Pirassununga—SP; São Francisco River—MG; Guandu River—RJ.
References: Kloss (1966), Bührnheim (1976), Kohn & Fernandes (1987), Brasil-Sato & Santos (2005),
Azevedo et al. (2010).
Final remarks:
Two records founded in our bibliographic searches are clearly misidentified or could be accidental associations.
Kohn & Macedo (1984) recorded the oxyurid Aspiculurus tetraptera (Nitzsch, 1821), a common parasite of
rodents, in Haemulon sciurus off Rio de Janeiro. Another record, that of Raphidascaris (Raphidascaris) acus
(Bloch, 1779) recorded by Guimarães (1975) in Lutjanus vivanus off the Salvador (Bahia), is considered a misiden-
tification, because this is a Holarctic freshwater species (Anderson, 2000).

Host–Parasite List
Hosts Parasite species

Class Actinopterygii
“Cara suja” Procamallanus (S.) macaenses
“Lanceta” Porrocaecum secundum
Porrocaecum sp.
“Sardinha” Procamallanus (S.) barroslimai
“Sardinha Boca Larga” Raphidascaris sp.
“Sardinha Maromba” Raphidascaris sp.
Order Anguilliformes
Family Muraenidae
Echidna catenata (Bloch) Heliconema heliconema
Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) Hysterothylacium sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Ophichthidae
Ophichthus ophis (Linnaeus) Heliconema heliconema
O. gomesii (Castelnau) Heliconema heliconema
Order Batrachoidiformes
Family Batrachoididae
Porichthys porosissimus (Cuvier) Procamallanus (S.) pereirai
Order Beloniformes
Family Belonidae
Tylosurus acus acus (Lacépède) Hysterothylacium sp.
Terranova sp.
Order Clupeiformes
Family Clupeidae
Clupeidae gen. sp. Procamallanus (S.) barroslimai
Brevoortia aurea (Spix & Agassiz) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Terranova sp.
Harengula clupeola (Cuvier) Hysterothylacium fortalezae
Raphidascaris (I.) vicentei
Raphidascaris sp.
Sardinella sp. Raphidascaris (I.) vicentei
Cosmocercinae gen. sp.

Family Engraulidae
Anchoa marinii Hildebrand Hysterothylacium sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Anchoa tricolor (Spix & Agassiz) Hysterothylacium sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Pristigasteridae
Pellona castelnaeana Valenciennes Nematoda gen. sp.
Order Characiformes
Family Acestrorhynchidae
Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch) Paracapillaria (P.) piscicola
Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp. Type 1
Eustrongylides sp.
Philometridae gen. sp.
Philonema sp. A
Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Procamallanus (S.) saofranciscensis
Procamallanus sp.
Travassosnema travassosi paranaensis
Travassosnema travassosi travassosi
Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Jardine) Procamallanus (S.) hilarii
Acestrorhynchus sp. Paracapillaria (P.) piscicola
“Peixe-cachorro” Procamallanus sp.
Family Anostomidae
Anostominae gen. sp. Capillostrongyloides sentinosa
Procamallanus (S.) iheringi
“Chimboré” Procamallanus (S.) sp.
“Ferreirinha” Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes) Ancyracanthus schubarti
Capillaria sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Cucullanus sp. A
Filocapsulariinae gen. sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp.
Paracapillaria (P.) piscicola
Rhabdochona acuminata

Leporinus agassizii Steindachner Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Leporinus copelandii Steindachner Amplicaecum sp.
Ancyracanthus schubarti
Capillaria sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp. Type B
Cucullanus (C.) brevispiculus
Cucullanus (C.) mogi
Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Cucullanus sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Klossinemella iheringi
Procamallanus (S.) amarali
Procamallanus (S.) sp. A
Leporinus elongatus Valenciennes Brevimulticaecum sp.
Capillostrongyloides sentinosa
Contracaecum sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp.
Porrocaecum sp.
Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch) Klossinemella iheringi
Leporinus friderici (Bloch) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cystidicoloides sp.
Dichelyne (D.) leporini
Goezia brevicaeca
Goezia spinulosa
Hysterothylacium sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos Ancyracanthus schubarti
Brevimulticaecum sp.
Brevimulticaecum sp. of Moravec et al. (1997)
Contracaecum sp.

Leporinus lacustris Amaral Campos Dichelyne (D.) leporini
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus (S.) sp. A of Bührnheim (1976)
Procamallanus (S.) sp. B of Bührnheim (1976)
Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski Goezia leporini
Procamallanus sp.
Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp.
Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner Ancyracanthus schubarti
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Rhabdochona sp.
Leporinus piau Fowler Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Leporinus reinhardti Lütken Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Leporinus sp. Capillostrongyloides sentinosa
Cucullanus (C.) mogi
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Leporinus striatus Kner Procamallanus sp.
Spinitectus asperus
Leporinus taeniatus Lütken Contracaecum sp.
Schizodon altoparanae Garavello & Britski Procamallanus sp.
Schizodon borellii (Boulenger) Ancyracanthus schubarti

Schizodon fasciatus Spix & Agassiz Capillariidae gen. sp. 1
Dichelyne (D.) leporini
Schizodon knerii (Steindachner) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Schizodon nasutus Kner Capillostrongyloides sentinosa
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp. A
Procamallanus (P.) peraccuratus
Family Characidae
Aphyocharax anisitsi Eigenmann & Kennedy Nematoda gen. sp.
Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus (S.) caballeroi
Spiroxys sp.
Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus) Camallanidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp. Type A
Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei
Cucullanus sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Paraseuratum albidum
Procamallanus (S.) hilarii
Procamallanus (S.) sp. (= "P. laticonchus")
Procamallanus sp.
Spinitectus rodolphiheringi
Travnema travnema
Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope) Nematoda gen. sp.
Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier) Ascarididae gen. sp.
Capillaria sp.
Contracaecum sp.

Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier) Procamallanus (S.) sp.(= "P. laticonchus")
Procamallanus sp.
Astyanax lacustris (Lütken) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Astyanax parahybae Eigenmann Procamallanus (S.) hilarii
Astyanax schubarti Britski Contracaecum sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Astyanax sp. Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Procamallanus sp.
Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Brycon cephalus (Günther) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Brycon hilarii (Valenciennes) Camallanidae gen. sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Eustrongylides ignotus
Goezia brasiliensis
Goezia brevicaeca
Neocucullanus neocucullanus
Brycon microleps (Valenciennes) Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Brycon orthotaenia Günther Amplicaecum sp.
Cystidicoloides sp.
Rhabdochona sp.
Brycon insignis Steindachner Procamallanus sp.
Brycon sp. Nematoda gen. sp.
Bryconops alburnoides Kner Procamallanus (D.) dentatus
Triportheus nematurus (Kner) Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus) Camallanus sp.
Eustrongylides sp.

Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Cynopotamus kincaidi (Schultz) Nematoda gen. sp.
Galeocharax humeralis (Valenciennes) Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Cucullanidae gen. sp.
Galeocharax knerii (Steindachner) Contracaecum sp.
Cystidocoloides fischeri
Goezia spinulosa
Markiana geayi (Pellegrin) Contracaecum sp. Type 2
Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope) Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris (S.) mahnerti
Spinoxyuris oxydoras
Moenkhausia doceana (Steindachner) Camallanidae gen. sp.
Mylesinus paraschomburgkii Jégu, Santos & Klossinemella iheringi
Ferreira Rondonia rondoni
Myletes sp. Rondonia rondoni
Rondonia sp.
Spectatus spectatus
Nematoda gen.sp.
Myleus asterias (Müller & Troschel) Klossinemella iheringi
Rondonia rondoni
Myleus levis Eigenmann & McAtee Brevimulticaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Myleus micans (Lütken) Rondonia rondoni
Myleus schomburgkii (Jardine) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Myleus tiete (Eigenmann & Norris) Ichthyouris voltagrandensis
Myleus torquatus (Kner) Rondonia rondoni
Myleus sp. Klossinemella iheringi
Myleusnema brasiliense
Rondonia rondoni
Rondonia sp.
Mylossoma aureum (Spix & Agassiz) Spinoxyuris annulata

Mylossoma duriventre (Cuvier) Goezia sp.
Spectatus sp.
Oligosarcus macrolepis (Steindachner) Contracaecum sp.
Oligosarcus paranensis Menezes & Géry Contracaecum sp.
Oligosarcus sp. Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz) Procamallanus sp.
Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier) Klossinemella iheringi
Rondonia rondoni
Rondonia sp.
Spectatus spectatus
Nematoda gen. sp.
Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg) Goezia leporine
Porrocaecum sp.
Rondonia rondoni
Spectatus spectatus
Spectatus sp.
Chabaudinema americanum
Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann) Contracaecum sp.
Pygocentrus cariba (Humboldt) Contracaecum sp. Type 2
Pygocentrus nattereri Kner Ascarididae gen. sp.
Camallanidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Pygocentrus piraya (Cuvier) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Spiroxys sp.
Pygocentrus sp. Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Roeboides paranensis Pignalberi Nematoda gen. sp.
Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier) Acuariidae gen. sp.
Anisakidae gen. sp.
Ascarididae gen. sp.
Ascaridoidea fam. gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.

Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier) Eustrongylides sp.
Freitascapillaria maxillosa
Goezia spinulosa
Neocucullanus neocucullanus
Procamallanus (S.) sp. (= " P. laticonchus")
Salminus hilarii Valenciennes Amplicaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Necocucullanus neocucullanus
Philometroides maplestoni
Procamallanus sp.
Salminus sp. Rondonia rondoni
Travnema araujoi
Serrasalmus altuvei Ramírez Contracaecum sp.
Serrasalmus brandtii Lütken Cystidocoloides fischeri
Spiroxys sp.
Serrasalmus gouldingi Fink & Machado-Allison Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Serrasalmus maculatus Kner Capillariidae gen. sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Serrasalmus manueli (Fernández-Yépez & Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Ramírez)
Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes Brevimulticaecum sp.
Capillaria sp.
Capillariidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Cucullanus sp. 3
Goezia sp.
Procamallanus sp.

Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner Capillariinae gen. sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Serrasalmus sp. Procamallanus (S.) rarus
Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Rhabdochona obtusus
Rhabdochona sp.
Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz Hysterothylacium sp.
Tetragonopterus sp. Procamallanus (S.) iheringi
Tetragonopterinae gen. sp. Eustrongylides sp.
Triportheus angulatus (Spix & Agassiz) Nematoda gen. sp.
Triportheus guentheri (Garman) Hysterothylacium sp.
Triportheus paranensis (Gunther) Nematoda gen. sp.
Triportheus sp. Procamallanus (S.) barroslimai
Characidae gen.sp. Neocucullanus neocucullanus
Family Curimatidae
Curimata sp. Contracaecum sp.
Philonema sp. B
Curimatella lepidura (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei
Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard) Camallanidae gen. sp.
Cosmoxynema vianai
Guyanema sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Philonema sp. B
Raphidascaris sp.
Travnema araujoi
Travnema travnema
Travnema sp.

Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner) Nematoda gen. sp.
Cyphocharax plumbeus (Eigenmann & Travnema travnema
Eigenmann)
Potamorhina squamoralevis (Braga & Nematoda gen. sp.
Azpelicueta)
Pseudocurimata sp. Cosmoxynema vianai
Philonema sp. B
Travnema sp.
Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann & Cosmoxynema vianai
Eigenmann) Travnema travnema
Spinoxyuris sp.
Steindachnerina elegans (Steindachner) Cosmoxynema vianai
Travnema araujoi
Travnema travnema
Travnema sp.
Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández–Yépez) Cosmoxynema vianai
Travnema travnema
Family Cynodontidae
Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz Ascarididae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Goezia sp.
Guyanema raphiodoni
Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Erythrinidae
Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider) Paraseuratum albidum
Procamallanus (S.) paraensis
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz) Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Hoplias lacerdae Miranda Ribeiro Procamallanus (S.) hilarii
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch) Amplicaecum sp.
Ascarididae gen sp.

Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch) Contracaecum sp.
Cystidicoloides izecksohni
Eustrongylides sp.
Filariidae gen. sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp.
Paraseuratum soaresi
Philonema sp. C
Porrocaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Hoplias sp. Eustrongylides ignotus
“Jeju” Procamallanus (S.) paraensis
Family Hemiodontidae
Bivibranchia fowleri (Steindachner) Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Bivibranchia velox (Eigenmann & Myers) Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Family Prochilodontidae
Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz Spinitectus asperus
Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Spinitectus asperus
Order Cypriniformes
Family Rhamphichthyidae
Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnaeus) Cucullanus (T.) rhamphichthydis
Rhamphichthys hahni (Meinken) Nematoda gen. sp.

Order Cyprinodontiformes
Family Poeciliidae
Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur) Camallanus cotti
Poecilia reticulata Peters Camallanus cotti
Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes Camallanus maculatus
Camallanus sp.
Poecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider Eustrongylides sp.
Xiphophorus helleri Heckel Camallanus cotti
Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther) Camallanus maculatus
Poeciliidae gen. sp. Eustrongylides ignotus
Family Rivulidae
Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner) Hedruris iheringi
Order Gadiformes
Family Merluccidae
Merluccius hubbsi Marini Anisakis sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Family Phycidae
Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup) Ascarophis marina
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Procamallanus (S.) macaensis
Raphidascaris sp.
Urophycis mystacea Miranda Ribeiro Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus cirratus
Urophycis sp. Procamallanus (S.) macaensis
Order Gymnotiformes
Family Gymnotidae
Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus Capillariinae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Spiroxys sp.

Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Gymnotus sp. Contracaecum sp. 1
Contracaecum sp. 2
Eustrongylides sp. 1
Eustrongylides sp. 2
Spiroxys sp.
Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus) Ascaridoidea fam. gen. sp.
Family Sternopygidae
Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider) Spinitectus rodolphiheringi
Order Lampriformes
Family Trachipteridae
Trachipterus jacksonensis (Ramsay) Lappetascaris lutjani
Order Lophiiformes
Family Lophiidae
Lophius gastrophysus Miranda Ribeiro Hysterothylacium sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Order Ophidiiformes
Family Ophidiidae
Genypterus brasiliensis Regan Anisakidae gen. sp.
Anisakis physeteris
Anisakis simplex
Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus genypteri
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Pseudoterranova decipiens
Pseudoterranova sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Order Osteoglossiformes
Family Arapaimidae
Arapaima gigas (Schinz) Camallanus (C.) tridentatus
Capillostrongyloides arapaimae
Eustrongylides sp.
Gnathostoma gracile
Goezia spinulosa
Nilonema senticosum

Arapaima gigas (Schinz) Rumai rumai
Terranova serrata
Family Osteoglossidae
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Cuvier) Camallanus (C.) acaudatus
Camallanus (C.) tridentatus
Order Perciformes
“Acará-açú” Goezia spinulosa
“Cará-cachimbo” Procamallanus sp.
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus pulcherrimus
Philometra sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Caranx latus Agassiz Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Terranova sp.
Caranx lugubris Poey Cucullanus pulcherrimus
Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) Contracaecum sp.
Oligoplites saliens (Bloch) Contracaecum sp.
Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) Contracaecum sp.
Porrocaecum secundum
Terranova trichiuri
Parona signata (Jenyns) Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Selene setapinnis (Mitchill) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Selene vomer (Linnaeus) Porrocaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus) Ascarophis brasiliensis
Trachurus lathami Nichols Contracaecum sp.
Terranova sp.
Uraspis secunda (Poey) Hysterothylacium sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Scombroides occidentalis (Bloch & Schneider) Raphidascaris sp.
Family Centrarchidae
Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) Goezia spinulosa

Family Centropomidae
Centropomus parallelus Poey Angusticaecum sp.
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch) Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Rhabdochona sp.
Family Cichlidae
Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman Camallanus cotti
Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz) Camallanus sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp.
Australoheros facetus (Jenyns) Procamallanus (P.) peraccuratus
Procamallanus sp.
Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Spiroxys sp.
Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira Contracaecum sp. Type 1
Eustrongylides sp.
Cichlasoma facetum (Jenyns) Procamallanus (P.) peraccuratus
Cichlasoma sp. Ichthyouris ovofilamentosa
Ichthyouris sp.
Crenicichla britskii Kullander Nematoda gen. sp.
Crenicichla haroldoi (Luengo & Britski) Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel Contracaecum sp. Type 1
Contracaecum sp.
Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg) Nematoda gen. sp.
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard) Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Raphidascaris (S.) sp.
Geophagus proximus (Castelnau) Raphidascaris (S.) sp.

Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Cosmoxynemoides aguirrei
Hildebrand
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Linnaeus) Nematoda gen. sp.
Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze) Camallanus cotti
Capillarinae gen. sp.
Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel) Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae
Pseudoproleptus sp
Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel) Nematoda gen. sp.
Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellgrin Ichthyouris bursata
Family Coryphaenidae
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Ephippidae
Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet) Porrocaecum sp.
Family Gempylidae
Thyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier) Nematoda gen. sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Family Gerreidae
Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier) Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Family Haemulidae
Haemulon plumierii (Lacépède) Philometra lateolabracis
Family Labridae
Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus) Dichelyne travassosi
Family Lutjanidae
Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus) Raphidascaris (I.) vicentei
Philometra sp.
Family Mugilidae
Mugil curema Valenciennes Cucullanus sp.
Mugil liza Valenciennes Cucullanus (C.) grandistomis
Mugil platanus Günther Cucullanus pulcherrimus

Family Mullidae
Mullus argentinae Hubbs & Marini Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus (S.) cruzi
Raphidascaris sp.
Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch) Capillaria sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Osphronemidae
Betta splendens Regan Camallanus cotti
Family Percophidae
Percophis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Pinguipedidae
Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier Cucullanus carioca
Paracapillaria (P.) argentinensis
Raphidascaris sp.
Pseudopercis numida Miranda-Ribeiro Anisakidae gen. sp.
Anisakis sp.
Capillaria sp.
Cucullanus carioca
Dichelyne sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Pseudopercis semifasciata (Cuvier) Capillaria sp.
Cucullanus carioca
Dichelyne sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Polynemidae
Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus) Procamallanus (S.) cruzi

Family Pomatomidae
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Philometra sp.
Phocanema sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Priacanthidae
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Oncophora melanocephala
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Rachycentridae
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) Iheringascaris inquies
Family Sciaenidae
Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier) Cucullanus sp.
Terranova sp.
Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier) Nematoda gen. sp.
Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider) Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Terranova trichiuri
Terranova sp.
Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus) Capillaria sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Procamallanus (S.) pereirai
Procamallanus sp.
Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus cassinensis
Cucullanus sp.
Dichelyne (C.) amaruincai
Dichelyne (C.) elongatus
Dichelyne (D.) micropogonii
Dichelyne (C.) rodriguesi
Dichelyne (C.) sciaenidicola

Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest) Hysterothylacium sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Pseudocapillaria (P.) magalhaesi
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Micropogonias undulates (Linnaeus) Cucullanus cirratus
Pseudocapillaria (P.) magalhaesi
Nebris microps Cuvier Anisakis sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Raphidascaris (I.) vicentei
Pachyurus bonariensis Steindachner Contracaecum sp. Type 2
Pachyurus squamipennis Agassiz Nematoda gen. sp.
Rhabdochona uruyeni
Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner) Contracaecum sp.
Dichelyne (C.) elongatus
Dichelyne (C.) sp.
Philometra sp.
Plagioscion auratus (Castelnau) Cucullanus rougetae
Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel) Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Thynnascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Plagioscion ternetzi Boulenger Contracaecum sp. Type 2
Stellifer brasiliensis (Schultz) Procamallanus (S.) pereirai
Umbrina canosai Berg Dichelyne (C.) sciaenidicola
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Scombridae
Auxis thazard thazard (Lacépède) Anisakis physeteris
Anisakis typica
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.

Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Anisakis sp.
Anisakis sp. 1
Anisakis sp. 2
Philometra katsuwoni
Sarda sarda (Bloch) Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Scomber colias Gmelin Raphidascaris sp.
Scomber japonicus Houttuyn Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Phocanema sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Scomber scombrus Linnaeus Anisakis sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Scomberomorus brasiliensis Collette, Russo & Contracaecum sp.
Zavala–Camin
Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier) Anasikis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Hysterothylacium fortalezae
Porrocaecum paivai
Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill) Hysterothylacium fortalezae
Thunnus albacores (Bonnaterre) Oncophora melanocephala
Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson) Oncophora melanocephala
Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus) Anisakis typica
Anisakis pegreffii
Family Serranidae
Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus) Hysterothylacium eurycheilum
Epinephelus sp. Nematoda gen. sp.
Mycteroperca sp. Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Sparidae
Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus) Hysterothylacium sp.
Diplodus argenteus argenteus (Valenciennes) Nematoda gen. sp.
Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.

Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus) Hysterothylacium sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Phocanema sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Family Sphyraenidae
Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier Anisakis sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Family Stromateidae
Peprilus paru (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Family Trichiuridae
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Order Pleuronectiformes
Family Achiridae
Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther) Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Cynoglossidae
Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard) Procamallanus (S.) pereirai
Family Paralichthyidae
Citharichthys macrops Dresel Procamallanus (S.) halitrophus
Paralichthys isosceles Jordan Anisakis simplex
Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus) Procamallanus (S.) halitrophus
Family Dactylopteridae
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.

Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus) Hysterothylacium sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Order Scorpaeniformes
Family Triglidae
Prionotus punctatus (Bloch) Anisakis sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Order Siluriformes
“Bagre” Procamallanus (S.) rarus
Siluriformes fam. gen. sp. Ascarididae gen. sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Procamallanus (S.) solani
Family Ariidae
Bagre bagre (Linnaeus) Anisakis sp.
Terranova trichiuri
Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) Falcaustra mirandafroesi
Philometra fariaslimai
Porrocaecum jardimfreire
Genidens barbus (Lacépède) Contracaecum sp.
Falcaustra mirandafroesi
Genidens genidens (Cuvier) Falcaustra mirandafroesi
Ariidae gen. sp. Cucullanus sp.
Family Auchenipteridae
Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Ageneiosus militaris Valenciennes Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Goezia sp.
Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau Cucullanus ageneiosus
Procamallanus (S.) belenensis
Procamallanus (S.) rarus
Pseudoproleptus sp.

Auchenipterus nigripinnis (Boulenger) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix & Agassiz) Cucullanus (C.) brevispiculus
Auchenipterus osteomystax (Miranda Ribeiro) Johnstonmawsonia sp.
Tatia neivai (Ihering) Rhabdochona acuminata
Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus) Cucullanus sp.
Dichelyne (C.) sp.
Goezia sp.
Trachelyopterus striatulus (Steindachner) Contracaeum sp.
Cucullanus heliomartinsi
Cucullanus sp.
Family Callichthyidae
Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus) Eustrongylides sp.
Corydoras aeneus (Gill) Procamallanus (S.) pintoi
Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns) Procamallanus (S.) pintoi
Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock) Capillariinae gen. sp.
Goezia sp.
Lepthoplosternum pectorale (Boulenger) Eustrongylides sp.
Family Doradidae
Acanthodoras spinosissimus (Eigenmann & Rondonia rondoni
Eigenmann)
Franciscodoras marmoratus (Lütken) Porrocaecum sp.
Spinitectus sp.
Oxydoras kneri Bleeker Rondonia rondonia
Spinoxyuris oxydoras
Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes) Cucullanus (C.) grandistomis
Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Porrocaecum sp.
Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pterodorasi
Cucullanus sp.
Cucullanus sp. 2
Neoparaseuratum travassosi
Paracamallanus amazonensis

Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) Raphidascaroides brasiliensis
Rondonia rondoni
Rhinodoras dorbignyi (Kner) Procamallanus (S.) rarus

Nematoda gen. sp.
Trachydoras paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Ward) Cosmoxynemoides sp.
Ichthyouris laterifilamenta
Neoparaseuratum travassosi
Procamallanus sp.
Rondonia rondoni
Family Hemiodontidae
Hemiodus sp. Procamallanus (S.) sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Family Heptapteridae
Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Pimelodella lateristriga (Lichtenstein) Brasilnema pimelodellae
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus (C.) pimelodellae
Procamallanus (S.) pimelodus
Spinitectus yorkei
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) Capillariinae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Family Loricariidae
Ancistrus cirrhosus (Valenciennes) Raphidascaris (S.) hypostomi
Raphidascaris sp.
Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner) Paracapillaria (Paracapillaria) piscicola
Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan) Procamallanus (P.) annipetterae
Raphidascaris (S.) hypostomi
Raphidascaris sp.
Hypostomus cochliodon Kner Procamallanus (P.) annipetterae
Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes Raphidascaris sp.

Hypostomus derbyi (Haseman) Capillaria sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Hypostomus sp. Raphidascaris (S.) hypostomi
Hypostomus regani (Ihering) Nematoda gen. sp.
Loricaria sp. Ascarididae gen. sp.
Loricariichthys castaneus (Castelnau) Contracaecum sp.
Loricariichthys brunneus (Hancock) Raphidascaris (S.) mahnerti
Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrücker & Nijssen Nematoda gen. sp.
Loricariichthys labialis (Boulenger) Raphidascaris (S.) mahnerti
Loricariichthys sp. Hysterothylacium sp.
Loricariidae gen. sp. Eustrongylides ignotus
Megalancistrus aculeatus (Peters) Ichthyouris brasiliensis
Proloricaria prolixa (Isbrücker & Nijssen) Nematoda gen. sp.
Pseudohemiodon laticeps (Regan) Raphidascaris (S.) mahnerti
Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz Parasynodontisia petterae
Family Pimelodidae
Bergiaria westermanni (Lütken) Procamallanus (S.) freitasi
Bergiaria sp. Contracaecum sp.
Brachyplatystoma sp. Ascarididae gen. sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Calophysus macropterus (Lichtenstein) Alinema amazonicum
Eustrongylides sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Conorynchus conirostris (Valenciennes) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Rhabdochona sp.
Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Valenciennes) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp. 1
Contracaecum sp. 2
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus (C.) zungaro
Goezia sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix & Agassiz Hysterothylacium sp.
Paracamallanus amazonensis
Paracamallanus sp.

Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix & Agassiz Nematoda gen. sp.
Iheringichthys labrosus (Lütken) Contracaecum sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Luciopimelodus pati (Valenciennes) Alinema amazonicum
Rondonia rondoni
Megalonema platanum (Günther) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Nematoda gen. sp.
Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Pimelodus blochii Valenciennes Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Cucullanus sp.
Procamallanus sp.
Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Nematoda gen. sp.
Philometra baylisi
Procamallanus sp.
Rondonia rondoni
Pimelodus fur (Lütken) Camallanidae gen. sp.
Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus debacoi
Cucullanus fabregasi
Cucullanus patoi
Cucullanus riograndensis
Cucullanus sp.
Cucullanus sp. B
Dichelyne (D.) pimelodi
Dichelyne sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Goezia sp.
Goezia spinulosa
Klossinemella sp.
Philometra sp.
Procamallanus (S.) freitasi
Rhabdochona uruyeni
Pimelodus ornatus Kner Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai

Pimelodus ortmanni Haseman Contracaecum sp.
Pimelodus sp. Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Dichelyne (D.) pimelodi
Dichelyne sp.
Procamallanus (S.) freitasi
Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz) Alinema amazonicum
Contracaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Capillariidae gen. sp. 2
Contracaecum sp.
Contracaecum sp. 1
Contracaecum sp. 2
Cucullanus (C.) pseudoplatystomae
Eustrongylides tubifex
Eustrongylides sp.
Goezia brasiliensis
Goezia spinulosa
Nematoda gen. sp. [in the cestode
Choanoscolex abscissus - Hyperparasitism]
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus) Anisakidae gen. sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus (C.) pseudoplatystomae
Cucullanus sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Pseudoplatystoma sp. Amplicaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.

Pseudoplatystoma sp. Eustrongylides sp.
Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider) Brevimulticaecum sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Steindachneridion parahybae (Steindachner) Amplicaecum sp.
Eustrongylides sp.
Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt) Contracaecum sp.
Cucullanus (C.) oswaldocruzi
Cucullanus (C.) pauliceae
Cucullanus schubarti
Cucullanus sp.
Cucullanus sp. 1
Rondonia rondoni
Seuratoidea gen. sp.
Family Pseudopimelodidae
Pseudopimelodus mangurus (Valenciennes) Cucullanus (C.) pinnai pinnai
Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Trichomycteridae
Pygidium brasiliensis Reinhardt Ascarididae gen. sp.
Procamallanus (S.) pexatus
Trichomycterus piurae (Eigenmann) Procamallanus (S.) hilarii
Order Synbranchiformes
Family Synbranchidae
Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch Eustrongylides ignotus
Eustrongylides sp.
Nematoda gen. sp.
Order Tetraodontiformes
Family Balistidae
Balistes capriscus Gmelin Contracaecum sp.
Dichelyne sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Terranova sp.
Balistes vetula Linnaeus Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Dichelyne travassosi
Dichelyne sp.

Family Monacanthidae
Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Family Tetraodontidae
Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus) Capillaria (N.) carioca
Capillostrogyloides sentinosa
Cucullanus dodsworthi
Class Chondrichthyes
Order Carcharhiniformes
Family Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther) Contracaecum sp.
Carcharhinus signatus (Poey) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Galeocerdo cuvieri (Péron & Lesueur) Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Scyliorhinidae
Scyliorhinus haeckelii (Miranda Ribeiro) Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Family Sphyrnidae
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus) Contracaecum sp.
Parascarophis sphyrnae
Family Triakidae
Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus) Anisakis sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Mustelus canis (Mitchill) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Mustelus schmitti Springer Contracaecum sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
“Cação Panan” Terranova rochalimai
Order Hexanchiformes
Family Hexanchidae
Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.

Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Order Rajiformes
Family Potamotrygonidae
Paratrygon sp. Eustrongylides ignotus
Eustrongylides sp.
Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle) Echinocephalus daileyi
Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel Brevimulticaecum sp.
Brevimulticaecum sp. of Moravec et al. (1997)
Cucullanus (C.) sp.
Cucullanus sp.
Echinocephalus sp.
Spinitectus sp.
Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle) Ascarididae gen. sp.
Brevimulticaecum regoi
Echinocephalus daileyi
Nematoda gen. sp.
Family Rajidae
Atlantoraja castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro) Procamallanus (S.) pereirai
Raphidascaris sp.
Dipturus trachydermus (Krefft & Stehmann) Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Raphidascaris sp.
Psammobatis extent (Garman) Pseudanisakis sulamericana
Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle) Pseudanisakis sulamericana
Family Rhinobatidae
Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle) Proleptus acutus
Order Squaliformes
Family Squalidae
Squalus megalops (Macleay) Anisakis sp.
Pseudoterranova sp.
Order Squatiniformes
Family Squatinidae
Squatina sp. Anisakis sp.
Contracaecum sp.
Squatina squatina (Linnaeus) Pulchrascaris caballeroi
Terranova trichiuri

Discussion
In recent years, parasites have been recognized as an important component of global biodiversity. Given the inte-
gral roles played by parasites in natural ecosystems, identifying hotspots of high parasite diversity, as well as areas
of relatively low parasite diversity, is crucial for a complete understanding of the functioning of the biosphere
(Luque & Poulin 2007). According Luque & Poulin (2007), nematode species represent 13% and 27% of the total
number of host-parasite associations in Latin American and the Caribbean marine and freshwater fishes, respec-
tively. In Brazil, a ‘Megadiversity Country’ with the highest fish biodiversity of the planet, only 17.3% of the
known fish species have parasitological records. Consequently, we are in agreement with the statement of Moravec
(1998) that our current knowledge of nematodes parasitizing Neotropical fishes is too rudimentary to permit
answers even to basic questions concerning their biodiversity, biology and ecology, never mind other issues relat-
ing to veterinary medicine and public health. The nematode fauna, therefore, remains an underestimated compo-
nent of Neotropical fish parasite biodiversity.
However, there are some general and incipient patterns in the distribution of nematode species in Brazilian
fishes. For example, the number of nematode species parasitizing freshwater fishes is higher than occurs in marine
and brackish fish species, and some fish groups, such as the Perciformes and Siluriformes, have a greater number
of host-parasite associations. However, these differences may not reflect true biological patterns, as they may only
be an echo of study effort and local research priorities. As only a small portion of the potential hosts have been
examined for parasitic nematodes, further studies are needed to evaluate the possible implications of the faunal
composition of this group.
With regard to the distribution of nematode taxa, the greatest number of host-parasite associations involves
ascaridoids, with approximately 51% of the records in this study. The significant presence of anisakid nematodes is
of importance, because of possible consequences in terms of public health and fish marketing. Anisakids utilize
fish as definitive, intermediate or paratenic hosts. The third larval stage of some of those occurring as adults in
higher vertebrates can cause a disease referred to as anisakiasis, a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis (Limbery &
Cheah 2007), in man when raw or poorly cooked fish are consumed. Although human anisakiasis in Brazil remains
unreported, the presence of anisakid larvae in several Brazilian commercial fish species at a high prevalence and
abundance, plus an increase in the habit of eating raw fish, are indicative of a potential health problem in this coun-
try (Tavares & Luque 2006).
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro (FAPERJ) and the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz for financial support. José L. Luque was supported by a research
fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Brasil (CNPq); Fabiano M.
Vieira was supported by a Postdoctoral fellowship from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento
Tecnológico, Brasil); and Julio C. Aguiar was supported by an MSc Fellowship from the Coordenação de Aperfei-
çoamento do Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES), Brazil.
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Checklist of Nematoda associated with the ﬁshes of Brazil

Article in Zootaxa · October 2011

José L Luque Julio Cesar Cenci de Aguiar

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Fabiano M Vieira David Ian Gibson

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Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil

JOSÉ L. LUQUE1, JULIO C. AGUIAR2, FABIANO M. VIEIRA3, DAVID I. GIBSON4

Accepted by G. Pérez-Ponce de León: 03 Oct. 2011; published: 28 Oct. 2011

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY

© 2011 Magnolia Press

ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition)

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Key to Adult Nematoda

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Key to Larval Nematoda

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Nematoda gen. sp.—adult and larva

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Order Enoplida Schuurmans, Stekhoven & Deconinck

Superfamily Dioctophymatoidea Railliet

Family Dioctophymatidae Castellani & Chalmers

Eustrongylides ignotus Jägerskiöld—adult and larva—FW

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Superfamily Trichinelloidea Railliet

Family Trichuridae (Ransom)

Capillaria (Neocapillaria) carioca Freitas & Lent—adult—MAR

Capillostrongyloides sentinosa (Travassos)—adult—FW

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Class Secernentea Dougherty

Order Ascaridida Skrjabin & Schulz

Superfamily Ascaridoidea Baird

Ascaridoidea fam. gen. sp.—larva—FW

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Family Anisakidae Railliet & Henry

Anisakidae gen. sp.—larva

Subfamily Anisakinae Railliet & Henry

Anisakis physeteris Baylis—larva—MAR—mesentery

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Subfamily Goeziinae Travassos

Goezia brasiliensis Moravec, Kohn & Fernandes—adult—FW

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Subfamily Pseudanisakinae Petter, Paradiznik, Radujkovic & Cassone

Pseudanisakis sulamericana Santos, Lent & Gibson—adult—MAR—spiral valve

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Hysterothylacium fortalezae (Klein)—adult—MAR—intestine

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Family Ascarididae Baird