International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 118 No. 24 2018

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

Evolution OfEtap Software Tool For

Power System Studies: aLiterature
Survey
R. Gayathri1 ,K.Sadagopan2 ,
S.E.Manoj Kumar3 , R.Praveen4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE,
KCG College of Technology,Chennai, India.
2,3,4
UG Scholar, Department of EEE, KCG College of Technology,
Chennai, India.
1
gaya3sbrcdm@gmail.com

April 25, 2018

Abstract
Out of all the forms of energy, electric energy is the most
important one as it can be generated efficiently, transmit-
ted easily and utilized ultimately at a very reasonable cost.
The ease of transmission of electric energy gives rise to a
possibility of generating electric energy in bulk at a central-
ized place and transmit it over a long distance to be used
ultimately by a large number of users. For it is necessary
to follow systematic methodology to have reliable , efficient,
economic and safe use of electric energy. The components
needed for generation, transmission and large scale distribu-
tion of electric energy form a huge complex system termed
as Electric Power System. For power system analysis, sim-
ulation software tools offer today with varied add-ons and
premium modules.The papers main intention is to present
the information and key features of ETAP software tool in
power engineering. Based on the study presented in this pa-
per, one could conclude that the advanced analysis method-
ology combines generation, transmission, various elements,

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

and market economics into one virtual environment to de-

liver location, time, user-dependent analysis results, and in-
dicators. The information furnished in this paper is helpful
to potential users in industry and academia and also pro-
vides a useful measure along with the reference literature
for future research studies in this area.
Key Words:Load flow analysis; ETAP; Genetic Algo-
rithm; UPFC; UPQC; Power Quality.

1 INTRODUCTION
ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design,
simulation, operation, and automation of generation, distribution,
and industrial power systems. ETAP is developed under an es-
tablished quality assurance program and is used worldwide as a
high impact software. ETAP is completely localized in four lan-
guages with translated output reports in six languages. As a fully
integrated enterprise solution, ETAP extends to a Real-Time Intel-
ligent Power Management System to monitor, control, automate,
simulate, and optimize the operation of power systems. ETAP
employs a research and development team supported by a staff of
engineers and scientists who have a combined knowledge of over 500
years experience. ETAP is privileged to have a permanent staff of
power system engineers, many of whom have been internationally
recognized as experts in their field. ETAP is committed to provid-
ing quality solutions for electrical power systems. Incorporated in
1986, ETAP released the first version of Electrical Transient Ana-
lyzer Program (ETAP) power system analysis and design software.
Today, ETAP is recognized as the global market leader in providing
solutions for power systems analysis, design, simulation, operation,
control, optimization, and automation.

• ETAP is power system analysis software is approved for use

in nuclear / high-impact facilities

• ETAP released the first 32-bit power system analysis program

for Windows

• ETAP has grown to be the world’s largest power system anal-

ysis software company

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

• ETAP continues to meet client needs by incorporating the

latest advances in power and software technologies.

• ETAP developed ETAP Real-Time to provide online moni-

toring in real time, simulation, control, and supervisory con-
trol capabilities. ETAP Real-Time uses real-time data and
system topology (ETAP database) to estimate unmonitored
power flows and voltages throughout the system.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This paper gives general backgrounds of research and development
in the field of ETAP inpower system network based on over 30
published articles. The related assumptions made, strengths and
weaknesses of each solution methods are highlighted.
1. In 1990 FarrokhShokooh et al. presented interactive sim-
ulation of power systems ETAP applications and techniques the
main objective of the paper is For many years electrical engineers
haverelied on the power (but not necessarily the convenience) of
mainframe computers to analyze and design power systems. Recent
advances in microcomputers have brought the power of mainframe
computing to the desktop, paving the way for straight-forward, easy
to use engineering applications which are designed especially for the
personal computer. System studies are an integral part of power
system engineering and design. ETAP is an engineering design and
analysis program which satisfies these criteria. This paper discusses
solution techniques used by ETAP for various problems, as well as
other features that make ETAP unique.
2. In 2013 S.Mary Raja Slochana et al. presented A novel ap-
proach of power flow analysis incorporating upfc. This paper pro-
poses a new and efficient approach of load flow analysis for UPFC
embedded power systems. Main characteristic of the approach is
that an equivalent network is obtained easily, according to two ba-
sic schemes of UPFC control and it is used for load flow analysis
of original system including UPFCs. Then control parameters of
each UPFC are determined by the load flow solution. The analy-
sis is carried out with the aid of ETAP package (Electrical Tran-
sient Analyzer Program). Hence it inherits entire advantages of the
conventional techniques in load flow analysis. IEEE 14 and New

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

England 39-bussystems are used to validate the effectiveness of this

approach.
3- In 2007 Y. Alinejad-Beromi et al. presented a paper using
genetic algorithm for distributed generation allocation to reduce
losses and improve voltage profile This paper presents a method
for the optimal allocation of Distributed generation in distribu-
tion systems. Considering to fitness values sensitivity in genetic
algorithm process, there is needed to apply load flow for decision-
making. Load flow algorithm is combined appropriately with GA,
till access to acceptable results of this operation. We used MAT-
POWER package for load flow algorithm and composed it with our
Genetic Algorithm. The suggested method is programmed under
MATLAB software and applied ETAP software for evaluating of
results correctness. It was implemented on part of Tehran electric-
ity distributing grid. The resulting operation of this method on
some testing system is illuminated improvement of voltage profile
and loss reduction indexes.
4- In april 2008, Liang Wang,Li Li et al. presented Stability and
Security Assessment for an Industrial Electric Grid with Enterprise
owned Power Plants. The main objective of this paper is Enterprise-
owned power plants have been increasingly built in China recently.
With a real-world case, this paper presents a comprehensive pro-
cedure to deal with the stability and security assessment of such a
power system. On software platform of ETAP, eleven typical load-
flow operation points are set up as base cases for static analysis
and short circuit analysis, stability and security assessment. Tran-
sient stability is simulated for fault contingencies at each bus and
each branch. By this way, the features of the system operation and
stability are explored. Accordingly measures concerned with excita-
tionsystem, special protections, operation structures, are proposed
toenhance the stability and security of the power system.
5- In 2008 Rana A. Jabbaret al. presented a paper onImpact of
Compact Fluorescent Lamp on Power QualityThe main emphasis
of this paper is to highlight the factors influencing power quality
caused by Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) in terms of Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) in current and voltage. Whole light-
ing system of a practical distribution network mostly comprises of
Fluorescent Lights and incandescent lamps which are planned to be
replaced by Compact Fluorescent Lamps, nationally and interna-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

tionally to promote Demand Side Management (DSM), particularly

in developing world due to short fall of electricity. Based upon the
practical results obtained at RCET Lab Pakistan in consultation
with UKM Malaysia, real model of CFL is developed in ETAP
Harmonic Library to carry out simulations for the evaluation of re-
quired power quality parameters. While determining the impact of
CFL at huge scale, current and voltage waveforms along with their
spectrum for the HTs (High Tension side) and LTs (Low Tension
side) of distribution transformers captured in the form of THD-
vandTHDi have been analyzed for comprehensive analysis of power
distribution system.
6- In 2009 ,SUNShuqinet al. presented paper on Comparison
With Three Projects of Auxiliary Power Wiring for 1000MW Unit
Based on ETAP. The main objective of the project is With the de-
velopment of economy and increase ofelectro-capacity in our coun-
try, large capacity 1000MW powerunits will become the main force
of power system.. The ETAP software is used to model three
projects of auxiliary power system for 1000MW units, they are
project one (10kV one voltage grade three sections wiring), project
two (6kV one voltage grade four sections wiring), project three (6kV
one voltage grade three sections wiring). The reliability, power flow
and short circuit current of system are calculated and motor start-
ing checkout is carried through. Meanwhile, the economic data and
power consumption rate are given in this paper. The data of the
three projects are integrated and analyzed to supply references for
the future designing.
7- In 2009 Rana A. Jabbar et al. presented a paper on Im-
pacts of Harmonics caused by Personal Computers on Distribution
Transformers the main objective of this paper is Personal Com-
puters (PC’s) being electronic load draw non-sinusoidal current.
When this non-sinusoidal current passes through the impedance of
the line/cable, it causes considerable distortion in voltage. This
distorted voltage in a parallel connection scheme appears at the
LT/HT sides of distribution transformer and causes significant ef-
fects on equipment performance which are designed to operate atsi-
nusoidal voltage and current only. In this research paper, the-
complete distribution network of Rachna College of Engineering &
Technology (RCET), Pk has been simulated using Electrical Tran-
sient AnalyzerProgram (ETAP) software. For this purpose an ex-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

periment has been performed in which current waveform drawn by

a PC along with its spectrum has been recorded using oscilloscope
at RCET Research Lab as prototype. This model of a single PC is
injected into the harmonic library of ETAP for simulation of RCET
distribution network. The impacts of harmonics caused by PC’s on
distribution transformers have been completely analyzed in this re-
search work. Moreover, the trend of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) with variation in different types of loads has been analyzed
mathematically &graphically.
8- In 2007 AlirezaVahabzadehet al. presented paper on Use of
Unified Power Quality Conditioner InKhoozestan- Iran Steel Com-
plex Network, a Case Study , In this study, Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) is designed and simulated by synchronous ref-
erence frame theory. The proposed system is comprised of series
and shunt inverters which can compensate the sag, swell and unbal-
ance voltage, harmonics and also the reactive power. PI controller
is used to stabilize DC link voltage and balance the active power
between the shunt and series inverters. The results of simulation in
MATLAB/SIMULINK and ETAP software show that the system
compensates current and voltage distortion correctly. 9- In 2013
Rana A. Jabbar Khan et al. presented a paper on Analyses and
Monitoring of 132 kV Grid using ETAP Software , The main objec-
tive of this paper is Power System study and analyses are important
parts of power system engineering. This innovative concept deals
with a 132 kV Grid simulation in Electrical Transient Analyzer
Program (ETAP). Existing power distribution system in Pakistan
consists of approximately 6000 11 kV feeders, which are mainly
analyzed by software FDR-ANA (Feeder Analyses). This software
does not have capability to provide comprehensive analyses for inte-
grated power system which is essential. This research paper focused
on the detailed analyses and monitoring by using the most mod-
ern software ETAP, which performs numerical calculations of large
integrated power system with fabulous speed besides, generating
output reports. In a developing country like Pakistan it is first
time that Off-line monitoring is made which includes current flow-
ing in every branch, power factor, active and reactive power flow,
harmonic distortion etc. of large power system. Based upon the
recorded data obtained from an actual 132 kV grid which has been
implemented in ETAP for Off-line monitoring and analyses.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

10.In 2009 M.J.Katira et al. presented a paper on Computer

Simulation of 132 / 11 KV Distribution Sub Station Static Var
Compensator (SVC) for Voltage Enhancement this paper is based
on a case study the main objective of this paper is With the change
in transmitted load in powersystem,reactive power varies accord-
ingly, which may result into unacceptable voltage variation. This
affects the performance of power system parameters like power loss
and power factor. This paper deals with Computer Simulation
of 132 / 11 kV Distribution Sub Station using SVC for voltage
enhancement. Load Flow Analysis is carried out, considering bal-
anced system during peak load condition, with the voltage enhance-
ment is the main objective. Other objectives are the reduction in
power loss and improvement in power factor. Simulation is de-
veloped in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) envi-
ronment and recorded parameters are compared with Simulation
results.
11.In 2009 Piyush S. Patil et al. presented a case study paper
on starting analysis of induction motor. A computer simulation
by etap substation , The basic requirement for studying starting
analysis of Induction motor are the starting current of Induction
motor and the voltage flicker during start up. This paper will sum-
marize several common methods and provide application guidelines
for proper selection of starting devices. Starting method reviewed
will include different types of starters, comparative study of results
obtained in laboratory & results obtained by simulation in ETAP
(Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) for DOL starter & auto-
transformer starter, simulation results are also obtained for differ-
ent cable length, with & without capacitor connected across motor
itself. Finally it isconcluded that starting current is less in case
of autotransformerstarter. Starting current & starting time can be
further reduced and voltage profile can be improved with the use
of capacitor at the motor terminal as a compensating device.
12-In 2001 K. Raja et al. presented a paper on Emergency
Power supply System Of a Nuclear Power Plant-Modelling and
Simulation Studies of Diesel Generators and load pickup on emer-
gency transfer using ETAP software. The objective of the paper
is that Nuclear power plants have Normal and Emergencypower
supply systems. Both the power supply systems are tobe reliable
for safe operation of the plant. Prototype FastBreeder Reactor

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

(PFBR) coming up at Kalpakkam is a singleunit 500MWe project.

DGs (Diesel generators) are the main onsite power sources in the
Nuclear Power Plants (NPP).Theircapability to pick up the emer-
gency loads in desired sequenceis paramount for the plant safety.
Extensive factory testingand commissioning tests are normally car-
ried out to assureDG performance. Modeling and simulation tools
are used topredict the expected responses in advance, which will
behelpful during commissioning test.This work covers themodeling
and simulation of DG sets, loads connected to theemergency bus
and sequential starting of loads to predict theperformance charac-
teristics to meet the plant requirements.
13. In 2011 PravinChopadeet al. presented paper on minimiz-
ing Cost and Power loss by OptimalPlacement of Capacitor using
ETAP the main objective of this paper is Loads in a power distri-
bution system network aremostly inductive and lead to poor power
factor. In order to utilize the generated power optimally it is nec-
essary to maintain close to- unity power factor. In this paper, we
study optimal capacitor placement on interconnected distribution
systems in the presence of nonlinear loads. The placement prob-
lem is solved using Genetic Algorithms (GA) as implemented in
the ETAP Power station software. Results (power losses, operating
voltages and annual benefits) are analyzed. Computational results
show that harmonic components affect optimal capacitor placement
in all system configurations. If all loads were linear, interconnected
and loop system configurations offer lower power losses and better
operating conditions than the radial system configuration.
14- In 2011 Neal Patwariet al. presented paper on ,Spatial Mod-
els for Human Motion-Induced Signal Strength Variance on Static
Links this paper deals with A wireless network can use the vari-
ance of measuredreceived signal strength (RSS) on the links in a
network to infer the locations of people or objects moving in the
network deployment area. This paper provides a statistical model
for the RSS variance as a function of a persons position with re-
spect to the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) locations.We show
that the ensemblemeanof the RSS variance has an approximately
linear relationship with the expected value of total affected power
(ETAP), for a range of ETAP.We derive approximate expressions
for the ETAP as a function of the persons position, for scattering
and reflection,which are tested via simulation. Counterintuitively,

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

we show that reflection, not scattering, causes the RSS variance

contours to be shaped similar to Cassini ovals. Results reported in
past literature and froma new experiment reported in this paper
are shown to be as predicted by the analysis.
15- In 2017 Chetan S. Payshetti et al. presented a paper on
Analysis of grounding grid of substation , The grounding system
requires for maintaining safety of operators and apparatus and en-
suring reliable working of power network. A grounding of substa-
tion connects electrical apparatus and the metallic structures to the
common ground. Grounding system of substation should be such
that it should limit the potential gradients with in and around sub-
station during normal and fault condition. In this paper parameters
of existing design of grounding grid of substation are calculated with
IEEE standard 80-2013 and some techniques are discussed for in-
creasing grounding system safety. ETAP (Electrical power system
analysis) software is used for analysis.
16 In 2016 SoumeshChatterjee et al. presented a paper on
Transient Stability and Other Important Aspects of Power System
in Multi-DG Environment Modern world smart grid is a combina-
tion of a reliable communication network, robust central generation
and strategic commanded Distributed Generations (DG). The pos-
sible events have been simulated with 33 bus radial distributed sys-
tem. The case studies have been extended to single and multi DG
environment. ETAP 7.5 and MATLAB v10 have been used for sim-
ulation of case studies. Simulation results validate the promising
outcome of this work.
17- In 2001 Hillary Tin et al. presented a paper on Impact
of Harmonics on the Performance of Over-Current Relays , This
Paper investigates the impact of power system harmonics on the
performance of over-current relays. Simulation is performed on the
IEEE 30-Bus system with heavy penetration of non-linear loads
using ETAP software. Simulation results show that with significant
harmonic contents in the power network, a relay malfunction will
occur and they will trip in a wrong sequence when there is a fault
in the system.
18- In 2011 Kaustubh A. Vyas et al. presented a paper on
Optimal Design and Development of Softwarefor Design of Sub-
station Grounding System the main objective of this paper is In
any substation, grounding systemdeserves considerable attention

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

as far as performance anddesign are considered. Design of an ef-

fective grounding system is of very much importance because it
deals with personnel safety and also operation and protection of
equipments. Main purpose of this work is development of software
Optimal Ground Grid Designer which gives safe and optimum de-
sign of substation grounding system. Results obtained here are
also compared with those obtained by using Ground Grid Systems
module of ETAP. A close agreement is observed between the re-
sults obtained by both softwares. Hence the software developed
herein effectively gives optimal design of substation grounding sys-
tem in terms of cost effectiveness as well as safety for various grid
geometries.
19- In 2011 TANG ChunHua presented a paper on Electrical
Power System Modeling and Simulation of Large-scale Industrial
Enterprise. The paper introduces models of major AC element ofE-
TAP software, required data by different analysis modules, along
with concepts and application of 3-D database including data ver-
sions, one line diagram and configuration on the basis of the impor-
tance of characteristics, modeling and analytical calculation of elec-
trical power system in large-scale industrial enterprises. In terms
of the practices of electrical power system modeling and simulation
analysis in large-scale petrochemicalenterprises, the paper specifi-
cally discusses the experiences to use ETAP. Comparison of power
flow actual measurement data and ETAP load flow analytical result,
along with the comparison of short-circuit hand calculation result
and ETAP short-circuit calculated result, is provided at the end
of the paper. The comparative result fully proves high efficiency,
convenience and validity of ETAP software.
20- In 2012 Ahmed M. Hassan et al. presented a paper on Design
and Simulation of Interconnected A.C Substation Grounding Grid
in Oil & Gas Industries. This paper is concerned with a typical ac
substation ground grid design. The paper is distinct in presenting
an integrated design method with a modern software package. This
design takes into consideration the impact of the oil and gas plants
requirements regarding lightning and electrostatic charges protec-
tion. The Electromagnetic Transient Analysis Program (ETAP)
is used to conduct short circuit analysis of the substation under
study then the ground grid toolbox is used to design, simulate and
optimize the design.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

21-In 2016 SupachaiKlungtong et al . presented a paper on

Power Flow Monitoring and Analysis for 24.6 MW at 6.9 kV Bus
Diesel Power Plant (DPP) Using ETAP, the main objective of this
paper is AbstractIt is obvious that power flow study and analysis
are important to any kind of electrical power system engineering.
The main purpose of this research paper is to study and analyze
the power flow and system stability of the 24.6 MW Diesel Power
Plant (DPP) which is the cement manufacture located in Cambodia
at 6.9 kV bus using the commercial electrical transient analysis
program called ETAP. All motors loads are IEC standard design,
typical motor load data from ETAP software database is used for
this study. The simulation results will be shown here in this paper.
The simulation results analysis, discussion and conclusion are also
illustrated
22- SaeedMohajeryami et al.presented a paper onArc Flash Anal-
ysis: Investigation, Simulation and Sensitive Parameter ExplorationThis
paper conducts an investigation on the sensitivity of incident energy
to critical arc flash parameters. In order to perform such task, the
authors explore the causes of arc flash by presenting the underlying
concepts associated with short-circuit fault analysis, and use these
concepts to model and simulate arc flash scenarios by employing
IEEE 1584 standard. An electrical system representative of a small
industrial plant is modeled and simulated using ETAP software
23- ArashAsrari et al. presented a paper on AbstractArc flash
hazard analysis is required in power systems to protect personnel
from the possibility of being injured in an arc flash event. This
paper presents the outcome of a full power system analysis project
and an arc flash hazard assessment performed by Phasor Engineer-
ing prepared for Seminole Electric Cooperatives, Inc. (SECI). The
case study of this project is Silver Springs North (SSN) Substation
located in North Florida The electrical power system model of the
substation is prepared and analyzed using the Electrical Transients
Analyzer Program software, version ETAP 14.1
24-Md. Shazzadul Islam et al. presented a paper on Effect
of variation of different generator parameters on the stability of
a small power plant: An Analysis Through ETAP Software Ab-
stractTransient analysis plays an important role in power system.
As far as the stability of a plant is concerned, transient stability
is very critical for small power plants. Transient analysis is aimed

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

at determining whether a system will remain in synchronism with

other generating plants after disturbances. In this paper, transient
stability for a small power plant (80MW) has been studied through
ETAP software.Our main aim is to vary the different parameters
of the generator and visualize impact on transient stability. In
this paper, transient stability analysis is carried out by simulating
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in the system under ETAP
software environment.
25- Elias K. Bawan presented a paper on Distributed Genera-
tion Impact on Power SystemCasestudy : Losses and Voltage Pro-
file, generation on distribution system losses and voltage profile.
The main objective is to reduce the power losses and to increase
the voltage profile based on location of DG and size of injection.
Using application program ETAP 6.0 and the Manokwarielectricity
distribution system as case study, the results shows that at certain
location, the power injection of DG has decrease the drop voltage
from 14,48% 6,34% and losses from 240,15 kW to 99,39 kW and
more economic than without DG installation. The best location of
interconnection is 80 km from power grid and injection of 85% DG
capacity.The analysis of the total harmonic distortion and power
factor of a prototype car park with integrated EVCS, developed for
experimental research purposes, will be reported using the power
system analysis software, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
(ETAP).
26- Abraham Olatokeet al. presented a paper on A study of
the impact of Distributed Generation onPower QualityThe paper
presents a distribution network fed bymulti Distributed Generation
(DG) systems. The power qualityof such distribution network is
analysed in order to see theimpact of power quality problems gener-
ated from DG systems.This paper addresses the following questions:
How does DGdiffer from conventional power production? What is
the impactof DG on the power quality? Given the potential ben-
efits of DG,where will the systems have, the greatest advantage?
The fullanalysis of the network using ETAP software is presented
in thispaper.
27- In 2012 Muhammad RehanArif et al. presented a paper on
Application of Passive Filters to Mitigate Power Quality Problems
Caused by Induction Furnaces , The main objective of this paper
is The use of induction furnaces for steel production is increasing

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

day by day. Induction furnaces produces power quality problem

as result of their operation. This paper deals with modelling of in-
duction furnaces in ETAP software with real data. Extent of power
quality problem caused by the furnaces is identified. Elimination of
the problem raised by induction furnaces is discussed by designing
and implementing passive filters.
28- In 2013 RachitMehra et al. presented a paper on Analy-
sis of PCA Based Compression and Denoisingof Smart Grid Data
under Normal and Fault ConditionsThis paper describes applica-
tion of principal component analysis (PCA) based data compression
approaches for smart grid (SG) data storage. PCA methods are ap-
plied and compared for steady state operations and various system
fault conditions. For signals with Gaussian noise data, a variant of
PCA, labelled Iterative PCA (IPCA) is applied to simulated phasor
data. The phasor data is simulated for IEEE New England 30-bus
system using ETAP software.
29- Mukesh Kumar Kiraret al. presented a paper on Cable Siz-
ing and Effects of Cable Length on Dynamic Performance of Induc-
tion Motor , This paper presents cable sizing procedure and effect of
the cable length on induction motor dynamic performance. Motor
and cable selection, to accommodate competing motor starting re-
quirements, are the classical challenges facing EPC contractors and
motor designers during the planning and designing stages of new
Industrial facilities. The cable size &length has impact on both
starting current and motor terminal voltage. Its impact on the
voltage is much greater than that on the current. Various length
of feeder cable is selected for case study. The induction motor
performance during DOL starting with various length of cable is
investigated with the help of ETAP
30- In 2013 Ismail E. K , Sindhu T. K presented a paper on
Self-healing practice for an LT 11 kV overhead radial distribution
network feeder . This paper provides a self-healing process on LT
11 kV overhead radial distribution network feeders to reduce the
interruption of power supply to the consumers. Here it isproposed
to deploy smart switches in the distribution system toreduce the in-
terrupted area or consumers. Optimal positioning of smart switches
on LT 11 kV radial feeders can improve reliability of power supply
by reducing the total time of fault detection, isolation and restora-
tion. In this paper, a newalgorithm is developed and presented to

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

determine the optimum location of smart switches to communicate

with the controllers in the control room. The proposed scheme
is tested by connecting substation feeder ends through tie-switch
placed in between them by using ETAP software package and sim-
ulation results are included.

3 CONCLUSION
In this paper, an overview and key issues of different research for
power system studies using ETAP software tool is presented. ETAP
software tool has attracted many researchers attention recently due
to its ability to provide details for power flow analysis incorporating
UPFC, improvement of voltage profile and loss reduction indexes,
stability and security assessment, current and voltage distortion,
impact of harmonics on the performance of over current relay etc.
ETAP effectively gives optimal design of substation grounding sys-
tem in terms of cost effectiveness as well as safety for various grid
geometries. ETAP also provide information about the power losses
and to increase the voltage profile based on location of DG and size
of injection.

References
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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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