Abduction Alimentary canal

Adaptive radiation Altricial species

Adduction Amylase

Adhesion Anaphase

Agglutination reaction Animal pollinated flower

1a
 Passage from mouth to anus Sideway movement

Same origin but look different

Give birth to relatively helpless,
because they perform different
incompletely developed
functions = homologous
offspring
structures

Enzyme, breaks down starch into Movement back from sideway

maltose movement

Mitosis
- each centromere divides -> pairs of sister chromatids
separate (this results in two identical cells) -> spindle
microtubules pull them towards the poles
Meiosis 1
Attraction of water molecules to
- homologous pairs are separated, one chromosome of hydrophilic parts in xylem wall
each pair moves to each pole
Meiosis 2
- same as in mitosis

1) Petal
2) Sepals An immune response when
3) Anthers recipient is given a transfusion
4) Filaments involving wrong type of blood ->
5) Stigma hemolysis = destruction of red
6) Style
blood cells + coagulation
7) Ovary
1b
 Antibody Apical meristem

Antibody production Apoplast route

Antigen Atherosclerosis

Apical and Basal surface Autotrophic nutrition

Apical dominance Blastocyst

2a
 Primary meristems found in tips
of stems and roots
- undifferentiated cells
undergoing active cell division
Sugar traveling through cell walls
of mesophyll cells to cell walls
of companion cells
Hardening of the arteries caused
by the formation of plaques on
the inner lining of arteries. Often
due to high levels of lipids and
cholesterol circulating.
Organism makes its own carbon
compounds
- plants, algae
Embryo, shape of a hollow ball
Produced by lymphocytes (white
blood cells), bind to antigens on
pathogens
Macrophage ingests a pathogen -> displays antigens
on its surface -> lymphocyte called "Helper T cell"
binds on it -> activated by the antigen -> activated
"helper T cell" binds (can also send a signal protein)
to lymphocyte called "B cell" -> B cell has a receptor
to which the antigen binds to
-> B cell becomes activated -> starts dividing
repeatedly -> plasma cells which produce antibodies
+ memory cells
Foreign molecule, can trigger an
immune response
Present on the pathogen,
chemical
e.g. Proteins and large
polysaccharides
The two surfaces of villus, other
faces blood stream and the other
the lumen of intestine
Growth at the nodes, axillary
buds, is inhibited by auxin
produced at the shoot apical
meristem
2b
 Blood groups Companion cell

Chiasmata Complementary base pairing

Coding sequences Consumers

Cohesion Convergent evolution

Community Coronary thrombosis

3a
Regulates the activity of adjacent Based on the presence or
sieve element (source/sink) and absence of certain types of
takes part in loading and antigens on the surface of red
unloading of sucrose blood cells ( A, B, O)

Connection point of crossing

Cytosine - guanine
over -> increased stability +
Adenine - thymine / uracil
increase in genetic variability

Ingest food, which is alive or

recently deceased (swallowing,
Code for production of
endocytosis), digest and absorb
polypeptides
it internally
- lion, bacterium

Similar structures because they Attraction of water molecules to

perform similar functions = other water molecules ( polarity,
analogous structures partial negative charge)

Formation of blood clots in the coronary

arteries
- heart becomes deprived of oxygen + A group of populations living
nutrients -> disfunction of cardiac muscle together in an area and
cells (not able to produce enough ATP) ->
interacting with each other
contractions become uncoordinated ->
fibrillation -> inefficient pumping of blood
3b
Countercurrent multiplier system Determinate growth

Crossing over Detritivores

Cytokinesis DNA ligase

Cytokinins DNA polymerase

Dehydration Dormancy

4a
 Loop of Henle
- fluid flows in opposite directions
- causes steeper concentration gradient than
Defined embryonic period of possible with concurrent system
growth OR growth stops when Vasa recta
- prevents blood flow through this vessel from
certain size is reached diluting the solute concentration in the medulla
- allows it to carry away water removed from filtrate
in the descending limb

Ingest dead organic matter,

Exchange of material between
digest and absorb it internally
non-sister homologous
- earthworms, larvae of dung
chromosomes
beetles

Animal cells: cell membrane pulled inwards around

Connects the gaps between the equator -> cleavage furrow (using proteins actin
Okazaki fragments and myosin) -> cell is pinched apart
Plant cells: vesicles to equator -> fuse to form
(On the lagging strand 3' -> 5' tubular structures -> two layers of membrane ->
pectins brought in vesicles -> middle lamella ->
direction) cellulose to adjacent code of lamella -> cell wall

Enzyme
- moves along the template strand adding one
nucleotide at a time forming H bonds
- links the correct nucleotide with correct base ->
links it to the end of the new strand by making
Hormones produced in the root,
covalent bond between P-group of free nucleotide promote axillary bud growth
and the sugar on the existing end of the new strand
- 5' terminal of the free nucleotide and 3' terminal on
the existing strand

- increased solute concentration

Seed does not germinate immediately -> dark urine
- allows time for seed dispersion - caused by exercise, diarrhea,
insufficient water intake

4b
Ecosystem Gravitropism

Extension hCG

Flexion Helicase

Genome Hemodialysis

Gibberellin Heterotrophic nutrition

5a
 Growth in response to The interactions of a community
gravitational force with the abiotic environment

Hormone that stimulates corpus luteum

to continue to secrete estrogen and
progesterone -> these stimulate the
continued development of the uterus
Straightening
wall -> supplies the embryo with
everything it needs

Enzyme, which unwinds the helix

+ separates strands using ATP to
Bending
break H bonds and move it along
the DNA strand

The whole of genetic information

Treatment of kidney failure of an organism i.e. the entire base
- transplant other option sequence of each of DNA
molecules within an organism

Organism get its carbon

compounds from other Plant hormone, stimulates mitosis
organisms and cell division in meiosis
- most mammals

5b
High solute concentration of
Independent assortment
blood

Histone Indeterminate growth

Human elbow Interphase

Hypertension Isotonic solution

Implantation Karyogram

6a

The pole to which each
chromosome in a pair moves +
which way the pair is facing is
random
Hypothalamus detects -> signals
pituitary gland -> secretes ADH (anti-
diuretic hormone) -> causes the walls of
distal convoluted tubule and collecting
duct to become more permeable to
water -> most of the water is
reabsorbed from the filtrate

Protein used to package DNA

Cells continue to grow
into nucleosomes
indefinitely
- eukaryotic DNA only
- plants
- 8 with DNA coiled around them

Mitosis Humerus
- cell replicates its contents (mitochondria, Ulna
chloroplasts) Radius
- chromosomes condense by supercoiling Triceps
Meiosis Biceps
- chromosomes replicate Cartilage
- homologous chromosomes align besides Joint-capsule
each other Synovial fluid

Greater pressure on the walls of the arteries, cause:

Same osmolarity as the tissue
- damage to cells lining arteries
- weaken artery -> aneurysm (bulging of the artery
wall)
- stroke due to weakening of blood vessels ->
rupture or leak
- kidney failure, damages arteries leading to kidney +
capillaries within glomerulus

Shows chromosomes of an organism in Blastocyst sinks into

homologous pairs of decreasing length endometrium wall

6b
 Kupffer cells Melanistic insect

Liver Metaphase

Long-day plants Methanogenesis

Low solute concentration of

Mixotrophic nutrition
blood

Marsupials Monotremes

7a
 Macrophages in the sinusoids of
liver
Dark variety of typically light- - break down red blood cells
colored insect into heme and glob in chains
- heme further broken down into
iron and bilirubin
Mitosis
- microtubules grow -> attach to centromere on each chromosome - regulates glucose levels, breaks down
- chromatids of each chromosome attach to microtubules from
different poles proteins, lipids into other forms
- microtubules under tension to test attachment -> chromosomes
remain on the equator - hepatic yes produce protein found in
Meiosis 1
- microtubules move homologous pairs to equator blood plasma (fibrinogen, albumin)
- orientation of paternal and maternal chromosomes on either side of
the equator is random + independent of other homologous pairs
- detoxifies alcohol, ammonia,
Meiosis 2 biochemicals foreign to organism
- see Mitosis

Production of methane Flower in the summer when the

1. Bacteria converting organic matter into nights are short -> large enough
acids, alcohol, CO2, H2
amount of PFR remains at the end
2. Bacteria that use organic acids and
alcohol to produce acetate, H2 and CO2 of the night to bind to a receptor -
3. Archaeans: produce methane from > promotes transcription of genes
acetate, H2 and CO2 needed for flowering

Organism that uses both Little water reabsorbed from

heterotrophic and autotrophic filtrate as it passes on through
nutrition distal convoluted tubule and
- certain plants collecting duct

Give birth to relatively

Lay eggs undeveloped offspring that
develop inside a pouch

7b
Non-coding sequences Phagocyte

Non-disjunction Phototropism

Osmolarity Phytochrome

Over hydration Placental mammals

Pathogen Plant reproduction

8a
 White blood cells, engulf
phagocytes by endocytosis and
digest them with enzymes from
lysosomes
Growth towards the light
- Pigment used to measure the length
of dark period
PR --> PFR in red light (660nm)
PFR --> PR in far red light (730nm) not
likely as sunlight contains more light of
wavelength 730nm
PFR --> PR slowly in the dark
Animals in which placenta
facilitates the exchange of
materials between mother and
embryo
1) Pollination
2) Fertilization (a tube grows down
from style to ovary --> carries
male gametes to fertilize the
ovary)
3) Seed dispersal
Used as a guide to produce
tRNA and rRNA + regulation of
gene expression - most of
eukaryotic genome
When homologous chromosomes fail to
separate at anaphase
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Klinefelter's syndrome, non-disjunction
at chromosomes (XXY)
- Turner's syndrome only one sex
chromosome (X)
The total concentration of
osmotically active solutes
- over consumption of water
- dilution of blood solutes ->
body fluids become hypotonic ->
swelling of cells -> headache +
disruption in nerve function
Micro-organism that causes
disease
8b
 Plasmid Protein functions (6)

Population Proteome

PPI, proton pump inhibitor RNA primer

Precocial species Saprotrophs

Prophase Secretin and somatostatin

9a
1) hormone binding sites
2) cell adhesion
3) cell-to-cell communication
4) channels for membrane transport
5) pumps for active transport
6) immobilized enzymes
All of the proteins produced by
a cell, a tissue or an organism
- unlike genome, variable
Initiates the activity of DNA
polymerase
- one on leading strand
- multiple on lagging strand
- created by DNA primase
Obtain organic nutrients from
dead organic matter by digesting
it externally
- bacteria, fungi, - decomposers
Inhibit gastric secretion if pH falls
too low
Small extra DNA molecule within a
prokaryote
- naked, circular
- not replicated at the same time as
chromosomes of prokaryotic cell
- natural method of gene transfer
between species
A group of organisms of the
same species living in the same
area at the same time
Bind irreversibly to proton pump
to prevent the transfer of protons
into lumen of the gut thus rising
the pH
Offspring have open eyes, hair,
are immediately mobile and
somewhat able to defend
themselves against predators.
Mitosis
- chromosomes become shorter and fatter by coiling
- nucleons breaks, micro tubules grow from MTOCs -> spindle shaped
arrays -> links poles of the cell
- nuclear membrane breaks down
Meiosis 1
- 2n chromosomes
- homologous chromosomes pair
- crossing over
Meiosis 2
- chromosomes (consist of two chromatids) condense and become
visible
9b
 Short-day plants Species

Sickle cell anemia Symplast route

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Telomeres
(SNPs)

Single-stranded binding proteins Telophase

Speciation Thrombosis

10a
 Flower in the autumn when the
nights have become short enough.
A group of organisms that can
Receptor inhibits the transcription
potentially interbreed to
when PFR binds to it -> at the end
produce fertile offspring
of long nights very little PFR
remains -> inhibition fails

Caused by base substitution

Sucrose travels through mutation -> change in the
connections between cells sequence of polypeptide in
hemoglobin

Repetitive sequences on ends of

eukaryotic chromosomes
- serve protective function -> the
Positions in a gene where more
enzymes that replicate DNA cannot
continue replication all the way to the than one base may be present
end of the chromosome -> sacrificing
the repetitive sequence

Mitosis
- chromatids have reached the poles = chromosomes
- at each pole chromosomes are pulled near MTOC -> nuclear
membrane reforms around them -> chromosomes uncoil,
nucleolus is formed
Proteins
- cell is usually already dividing again
Meiosis 1
- keep strands apart allowing the
- chromosomes uncoil, reduction of chromosome number from template strand to be copied
diploid to haploid completed -> cytokinesis
Meiosis 2
- see mitosis

Plaques can reduce the speed of

blood -> clot ( = thrombosis) ->
Formation of new and distinct
can block the blood flow
species in the course of evolution
through the artery -> denies the
tissue the access to oxygen.
10b
Topoisomerase Transpiration-pull

Totipotent cells Urea

Transcription Uric acid

Translocation

Transpiration

11a
Low pressure inside xylem wall -> Enzyme, DNA replication
water moved upwards against - releases the strain that develops
force of gravity ahead of the helicase

- Mammals produce this form

- results from breaking down of
The capacity of cells to generate
amino acids
whole plants
- energy expended to convert
into less form

- birds, insects
- not water soluble, less water
Synthesis of RNA using DNA as a
required to be carried
template
- conversion requires a lot of
energy

Transport of organic solutes

Loss of water vapor from stomata

- CO2 in -> oxygen and water
vapor escape

11b