A

Seminar Report on
Piezoelectric Power Generation in
Automotive tire
Submitted By:
Wagh Mayur Ravindra
T.E. [Mechanical Engineering]

Guided By:
Prof. V.B.Jadhav

Department of Mechanical Engineering R. C.

Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur-
425405
2018-19
 Shirpur Education Society’s

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology,

Shirpur, Dist-Dhule

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Wagh Mayur Ravindra from T.E.[Mechanical] has

satisfactorily carried out seminar work on”Piezoelectric Power

Generation in Automotive Tire” and submitted the report in the premises

of Department of Mechanical Engineering under the guidance of Prof

V.B.Jadhav during year 2018-2019.

Date:
Place: Shirpur

Seminar Guide Coordinator

Head of Department Principal

 Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude towards the Depart- ment
of Mechanical Engineering, RCPIT, Shirpur that gave me an opportunity for presentation
of my seminar in their esteemed organization.
It is a privilege for me to have been associated with Prof. V.B.Jadhav, my guide during
seminar work. I have been greatly benefited by his valuable suggestion and ideas. It is
with great pleasure that I express my deep sense of gratitude to him for his valuable
guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work.

I express my gratitude to Prof. P.L.Sarode [HOD Mechanical] for his constant

encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have
contributed in their own way in making this seminar success.

I take this opportunity to thank all the classmates for their company during the course
work and for useful discussion I had with them.

Under these responsible and talented personalities I was efficiently able to com- plete
my seminar in time with success.

Wagh Mayur Ravindra

T.E Mechanical [13]

 Abstract

Todays electric vehicles use batteries to supply energy to make the vehicle move. The
problem is that the batteries have limited power, which means that battery powered
vehicles can only be used for short trips. However, hybrids include an in- ternal
combustion engine that uses conventional fuels, which recharge the batteries extending the
vehicles range. This approach challenges the purpose of having an electrical vehicle,
which would reduce environmental impact using renewable energy. There is still a need to
generate more clean power that allows the maximum range of a vehicle to be extended
with minimal environmental concerns. To do this, a piezoelectric array is mounted
in one or more tires of the vehicle. As the vehicle drives down the road, the tire is
flexed during each revolution to distort the piezo- electric elements and generate electricity.
An electric circuit delivers the energy to the electrical system of the vehicle.

Piezoelectricity, also called the piezoelectric effect, is the ability of certain mate- rials
to generate an AC voltage when subjected to mechanical stress or vibration. The
most common piezoelectric material is quartz. The piezoelectric effect occurs when the
charge balance within a materials crystal matrix is disturbed. When there is no applied
stress on the material, the positive and negative charges are evenly distributed so
there is no potential difference. When the lattice is changed slightly, the charge imbalance
creates a difference. This current is extremely small and would only cause a small electric
shock.
Contents

List of Figures ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

3 RECOGNITION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 5

3.1 Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Working of Fingerprint Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1 Fingerprint images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.2 Off-line acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.3 On line acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.4 Sensing Area versus Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4 FUTURE SCOPE 13

5 CONCLUSION 17

6 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION 18

6.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 Disavantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

References 20

i
List of Figures

3.1 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Sensing,Feature extraction and matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Fingerprint image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Fingerprint Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Rolled Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Poor Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.7 working diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Solid state sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.9 Ultra sonic sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.10 graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.1 Physical Fingerprint Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.2 IN-Display Fingerprint Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Heartbeat pulse check up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Missile activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 Voting machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

As piezo energy harvesting has been investigated only since the late 1990s, it
remains an emerging technology. When vehicles move on the road, the piezoelectric
materials under the road are vibrated due to vehicle suspension in the tires that
force the road and produces electricity in large amount. Piezoelectricity is the
electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain
ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to
applied mechanical stress. Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French
physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie. The piezoelectric effect is understood as the
linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in
crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry

Piezoelectric materials generate electrical energy when subjected to mechanical

strain. Mechanical stresses applied to piezoelectric materials dissort internal dipole
movements and generate electrical potentials (voltage) in direct proportion to the
applied forces. These materials have long been used as sensors and actuators. One of the
early practical applications of piezoelectric material was the development of first sonar
Sound Navigation and Ranging) in 1971. The same properties that make these materials
useful for sensor can be utilized to generate electricity. Such materials are capable of
converting the mechanical energy of compression in to electrical energy.

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Power generation devices based on such devices have surfaced in recent years in context
of vibration-energy harvesting, but developing a piezoelectric generator is challenging
because of their poor source characters (high voltage, low current, high impedance). Their
output has only been sufficient to power sensors and other small, low-energy-consumption
gadgets. However researchers like chok kea w boonchuay, pearson studied and
demonstrated the high power generation using piezoelectric stacks. The basic block
diagram of the piezoelectric power harvester model is shown in fig 1. The piezoelectric
Energy harvester block converts the mechanical energy surrounding the system into
electrical Energy. The output of the piezoelectric har- vester is an alternating voltage
hence it is further rectified and dc to dc converter used to improve the current level since
the piezoelectric device having poor source characteristics. The processed power utilized
to supply onboard devices or energy storage.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 2

Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Wang Yuan : Proposed a real time fingerprint recognition system based on novel
fingerprint matching strategy. In this paper they present a real time fingerprint recognition
system based on a novel fingerprint minutiae matching algorithm. The system is
developed to be applicable to today’s embedded systems for fingerprint authentication,
in which small area sensors are employed. The system is comprised of fingerprint
enhancement and quality control, fingerprint feature extraction, fin- gerprint matching
using a novel matching algorithm, and connection with other identification system.
Here they describe their way to design a more reliable and fast fingerprint recognition
system which is based on today’s embedded systems in which small area fingerprint
sensors are used. Experiment on FVC database show our system has a better performance
than compared. And for the image enhance- ment and matching techniques they use high
efficiency, it can also give a real time identification result with high reliability.
[2]Chandra Prakash Singh , Susheel Jain , Anurag Jain : Fingerprint rec- ognization
To design Level 3 fingerprint feature extraction method and match using SIFT algorithm.
First of all fingerprint of good quality are acquired by using op- tical scanner.
Normalization of image is done using Gaussian blurring and sliding window contrast
adjustment. Pores are extracted and estimated. These estimated pores, are used to match
from template database to stored database using SIFT

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algorithm. Scale Invariant Features Transform (SIFT) is an algorithm in computer vision

to detect and describe local features in images. The features are invariant to image
scaling and rotation. They are well localized in both the spatial and fre- quency domains.
The features are highly distinctive, which allows a single feature to be correctly matched
with high probability against a large database of features, providing a basis for object and
scene recognition.
[3] Anil Jain : Proposed a Pores and Ridges: Fingerprint Matching Using Level
3 Features. Fingerprint friction ridge details are generally described in a hierarchi- cal
order at three levels, namely, Level 1 (pattern), Level 2 (minutiae points) and Level
3 (pores and ridge shape). Although high resolution sensors (1000dpi) have become
commercially available and have made it possible to reliably extract Level
3 features, most Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) employ only Level
1 and Level 2 features. As a result, increasing the scan resolution does not provide
any matching performance improvement [17]. They develop a matcher that utilizes Level
3 features, including pores and ridge contours, for 1000dpi fingerprint matching. Level 3
features are automatically extracted using wavelet transform and Gabor filters and are
locally matched using the ICP algorithm. Our experiments on a median-sized database
show that Level 3 features carry significant discrimina- tory information. EER values are
reduced (relatively 20 Percentage) when Level 3
features are employed in combination with Level 1 and 2 features.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 4

Chapter 3

RECOGNITION OF
FINGERPRINT SENSOR

3.1 Concept
Fingerprint scanners are digital input devices that read a (human) fingerprint and
output a 2D/3D image dataset that a fingerprint matching software can exploit. Although
the base principle is simple, making fingerprint reader reliable, secure, small, fast and
affordable is not.

Fingerprint scanners are fast becoming a standard feature, trickling from the high- end
to lower-tier phones. Soon enough, they will be on most phones because they bring a
convenient form of security that is much more convenient than a password (and long
password!) and much more secure than a 4-digit PIN code. Lets see how they work.

3.2 Working of Fingerprint Sensor

The block diagrams of a fingerprint-based verification system and an identification
system are depicted in Figure 1; user enrollment, which is common to both tasks
is also graphically illustrated. The enrollment module is responsible for registering

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

individuals in the biometric system database (system DB). During the enrollment
phase, the fingerprint of an individual is acquired by a fingerprint scanner to produce a raw
digital representation. A quality check is generally performed to ensure that the acquired
sample can be reliably processed by successive stages. In order to facilitate matching,
the raw digital representation is usually further processed by a feature ex-tractor to
generate a compact but expressive representation, called a template. The verification
task is responsible for verifying individuals at the point of access. During the operation
phase, the users name or PIN (Personal Identification Number) is entered through a
keyboard (or a keypad); the biometric reader captures the fingerprint of the individual to
be recognized and converts it to a digital format, which is further processed by the
feature extractor to produce a compact digital representation. The resulting
representation is fed to the feature matcher, which compares it against the template
of a single user (retrieved from the system DB based on the users PIN).

Figure 3.1: Flowchart

In the identification task, no PIN is provided and the system compares the repre-
sentation of the input biometric against the templates of all the users in the system database;
the output is either the identity of an enrolled user or an alert message such as user
not identified. Because identification in large databases is computation- ally expensive,
classification and indexing techniques are often deployed to limit the number of templates
that have to be matched against the input. It is evident from Figure that the main building
blocks of any fingerprint-based verification and iden- tification system are: 1) sensing, 2)
feature extraction, and 3) matching. The rest of this paper, after a brief subsection
introducing biometric system errors, dedicates a separate section to each of the three above
topics.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 6

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Figure 3.2: Sensing,Feature extraction and matching

3.2.1 Fingerprint images

Resolution: Number of Dots or pixels Per Inch (dpi). 500 dpi is the minimum
resolution for FBI-compliant scanners; 250 to 300 dpi is probably the minimum
resolution that allows the extraction algorithms to locate the minutiae in fingerprint
patterns.

Figure 3.3: Fingerprint image

Area: Rectangular area sensed by a fingerprint scanner. The larger the area,

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 7

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

the more ridges and valleys are captured. An area greater than or equal to 1 1
square inches (FBI specifications) permits a full plain fingerprint impression to be
acquired. Most of the recent fingerprint scanners sacrifice area to reduce cost and to have
a smaller device size.
Number of pixels: Can be simply derived by the resolution and the fingerprint area:
the image produced by a scanner working at r dpi over an area of height(h) width(w) inch2
has rh rw pixels.
Dynamic range (or depth:Denotes the number of bits (usually 8) used to encode
the intensity value of each pixel. Color information is not considered useful for fingerprint
recognition.
Geometric accuracy: Specified as the maximum geometric distortion intro- duced
by the acquisition device, and expressed as a percentage with respect to x and y
directions.
Image quality: Not easy to precisely define the quality of a fingerprint image, and it
is even more difficult to decouple the fingerprint image quality from the intrinsic
finger quality or status.The FBI specifications cover only some numerical aspects such
as MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) and SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) concerning
the fidelity of reproduction with respect to the original pattern. Other scanner
characteristics, such as the ability of dealing with dry and wet fingers should also be taken
into account.

Figure 3.4: Fingerprint Quality

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 8

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.2.2 Off-line acquisition

:In the ink-technique the finger skin is first spread with black ink and then pressed against
a paper card; the card is then converted into digital form by means of a paper-
scanner or by using a high-quality CCD camera. The default resolution is
500 dpi. An advantage of this technique is the possibility of simply producing rolled
impressions (by rolling nail-to-nail a finger against the card).

Figure 3.5: Rolled Images

In forensics, a special kind of fingerprints, called latent fingerprints, is of great

interest. Usually they are very low quality.

Figure 3.6: Poor Quality

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.2.3 On line acquisition

Optical sensor:

Figure 3.7: working diagram

Solid state sensor:

Figure 3.8: Solid state sensor

Ultra sonic sensor:

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Figure 3.9: Ultra sonic sensor

3.2.4 Sensing Area versus Accuracy

:Smaller is better is certainly not a good slogan for fingerprint sensors! Sensor
manufacturers tend to reduce the sensing area in order to lower the cost of their
devices, and to make it possible to integrate them in small devices. Recognizing
fingerprints acquired through small-area sensors is difficult due to the possibility of
having too little overlap between different acquisitions of the same finger. This effect is
even more marked on intrinsically poor quality fingers, where only a subset of the
fingerprint features can be extracted and used with sufficient reliability.

Figure 3.10: graph

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 11

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Experiment performed by Jain, Prabhakar, and Ross (1999): the solid line denotes the
performance of a fingerprint verification algorithm over a database collected through
a large-area FTIR optical scanner, whereas the dashed line denotes the performance
of the same algorithm over a database acquired through a smaller area capacitive solid-
state sensor.

In FVC2002 (Maio et al., 2002b) performance of algorithms on two databases

acquired through two large area optical sensors was about 250 percent higher with respect
to the performance on a database acquired with a smaller area capacitive sensor. An
interesting approach to deal with small sensor area is collecting multiple images of a finger
during the user enrollment, and fusing them in a sort of a mosaic which is stored as a
reference fingerprint. This technique is known as fingerprint mosaicking.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 12

Chapter 4

FUTURE SCOPE

The term Biometrics is a combination of two words- bio i.e. life and metrics
i.e. measurement. It refers to the metrics related to the human characteristics,
particularly the physical and behavioral aspects. The technology is implemented to
measure and statistically analyse peoples biological information mainly for their
identification, access control or surveillance. Every individual is unique and carries a
separate identity in the form of traits like fingerprints, hand geometry, iris recog- nition,
voice, etc.

1.Mobile security As we know that Smartphone is the most common gadget that were
used by human being. Basically Smartphone is the lower end version of PC. As so
many user store there data at the Smartphone, So give there device proper security
here biometrics used. So there are two types of Biometrics that are used in our
smartphones.

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

a.Physical fingerprint sensor

Figure 4.1: Physical Fingerprint Sensor

b.InDisplay fingerprint sensor

Figure 4.2: IN-Display Fingerprint Sensor

2.Heartbeat pulse check up This check up can done by using fingerprint sen- sor. For
this particular application we used the Thermal FingerPrint sensor.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 14

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Figure 4.3: Heartbeat pulse check up

3.Missile activation Generally the missile has to be launched using the 2 keys, But there
is two many consequences happens that may lead to the war. To avoid this type of
problem there may be an chances to use the biometric key system in missile
launching system. As we know to launch the missile the launch permission is given to the
2 persons senior mens.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 15

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

Figure 4.4: Missile activation

4.Voting machine The objective of voting is allow to voters to exercise their right to
express their choices regarding specific issues, pieces of legislation, citizen initiatives,
constitutional amendments, recalls and/or to choice their government and political
representatives.

Figure 4.5: Voting machine

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 16

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

For security propose fingerprint place an important role in human recognition

from past years and biometric system only be present at the recent years. For the
development of fingerprint standards, government and other industries had done
developments on fingerprint techniques. This development over the highly qual- ity
products and faster use of devices and improve the reliability on fingerprint
recognition system. Where this technique is mainly used for the government legal methods
and investigation propose and science community developments and these are mainly
useful for the biometrics. Behind this development we have so many reasons because
biometric is not cure all security identifications. In this paper we discussed the overview
of fingerprint identification and techniques we are using in fingerprint for recognition
and also we discussed the how it is use for the biometric system. For determination of
fingerprint industry government and other industries will done led on coming generation
for fingerprint identification.

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Chapter 6

ADVANTAGES,
DISADVANTAGES AND
APPLICATION

6.1 Advantages
1. Very high accuracy .

2. Construction of T-Box is very easy and also it does not cost so much.

3. Easy to install.

4. It is Efficient.

5. It is standerised.

6. It is the most economical biometric pc authentification technique.

7. small storage required for biometric template.

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RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Mechanical Engineering

6.2 Disavantages

(a) for some people it is intrusive, because it it is related to criminal inden-

tification.

(b) Complicated construction.

(c) It can make mistake with dryness or the dirty of the fingers skin, as well as
with the age.

6.3 Application

(a) Secure logins via keyboard modules.

(b) User identification at kiosks.

(c) Biometric door locks.

(d) Credit card security. (e)

Weapon activation.

(f) Theft protection. (g)

Weapon activation. (h)

Mobile Biometrics. (i)

Car protection.

(j) Healthcare Biometrics. (k)

Logical Access Control. (l)

Time and Attendance.

(m) Secure Bank from Cyber Threats .

IMPLEMENTATION OF FINGERPRINT SENSOR 19

REFERANCES

[1] Y Wang, T Tan - International Conference on Biometric , 2004 Springer

Combining multiple biometrics may enhance the performance of personal
authentication system in accuracy and reliability. In this paper, we com- pare
13 combination methods in the context of combining the voiceprint and
fingerprint recognition system in two different modes

[2] Chandra Prakash Singh , Susheel Jain , Anurag Jain International Journal Of
Engineering And Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242Volume 3 Chandra
Prakash Singh,is a scholar of M.Tech, (Computer Science Engineering), at
R.I.T.S. Bhopal, under R.G.P.V. Bhopal, M.P.,India. Susheel Jain Assis- tant
Professor in Computer science department of R.I.T.S., Bhopal, M.P. He has
done his M.Tech. in Software Engineering From Gautam Buddh Technical
University, Lucknow, India.Anurag Jain, H.O.D. of Computer science
department of R.I.T.S. Bhopal, M.P. He has done his M.Tech, in Computer
Science and Engineering, From Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India.

[3] D Maltoni, D Maio, AK Jain, S Prabhakar - 2009 - books.google.com A major

new professional reference work on fingerprint security systems and technology
from leading international researchers in the field. Handbook provides
authoritative and comprehensive coverage of all major topics, concepts,
and methods for fingerprint security .

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