Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Report Offshore Banking
Project Report Offshore Banking
CHAPTER: 1.
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OFFSHORE BANKING
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OFFSHORE BANKING
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates
credit. A banking system is also referred as a system provided by a bank which
offers cash management services for customer, reporting the transactions of their
accounts and portfolios throughout the day for the past three decades. India’s
banking systems has several outstanding achievements to its credit. All the banks
safeguards the money and valuables and provides loans, credit and payment
services, such as checking accounts, money orders and cashier’s cheques. The
banks also offer investment and insurance policies.
1.2.1 DEFINITION
Banking:
According to section 5(C) of Banking Regulation Act 1949,” Accepting for the
purpose of lending and investment, of deposits of money from the public,
repayable on demand, order or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque, draft or
otherwise.”
According toSayers,” Bankers are institutions whose debts are usually referred to
as bank deposits and commonly accepted in final settlement of others people
debts.”
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FEATURES OF BANKING
DEALING IN MONEY
COMMERCIAL NATURE
WITHDRAWABLEDEPOSITS
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
GIVING ADVANCES
1. DEALING IN MONEY
The bank deals in money. They accept deposits from the public. There are
different types of deposits such as savings current, fixed, recurring, etc. banks
advances money as loans to the needy people. Bank operates mostly with cash
and bank money such as cheque, draft etc.
3. CREDIT CREATION
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OFFSHORE BANKING
The banks can create credit. Every deposit can create credit. Additional money
can be created for the purpose of lending. The Reserve Bank of India has adopted
certain measures to control credit created by the banks
4. COMMERCIAL NATURE
All the banking functions are carried out with the aim of making profit.
Therefore, the nature of business of banks is commercial. They pay interest on
deposits which are advanced to the needy person at a higher rate of interest.
Therefore, there is a fixed and minimum margin of profit in banking operations.
5. WITHDRAWABLE DEPOSITS
The deposits made by the customers can be withdrawn by cheques, draft or
otherwise. The customers have an option to withdraw money either by cheque or
withdrawal slips. The deposits are also withdrawable on demand .However; fixed
deposits can be withdrawn by cheques by the customers.
6. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
Bank is a financial institution which deals with other people money i.e. money
given by depositors.
7. GIVING ADVANCES
The bank lends out money in the forms of loans to those who require it for
different purpose.
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OFFSHORE BANKING
TYPES OF
BANKS
1. COMMERCIAL BANKS
Banking business is mostly undertaken by commercial banks. Commercial bank
undertakes the ordinary banking business of receiving deposits, advancing loans,
discounting bills of exchange. They are mainly profit making /seeking
institutions. Modern commercial banks provide other services such as safe
deposit locker, payments of insurance premium, etc. They usually lend only for
short duration and satisfy main the working capital needs of the industry. Canara
Bank, Bank of Baroda, Dena Bank etc. is examples of commercial banks.
2. CENTRAL BANK
A Central Bank is at the top of all banking institutions in the country. It acts as a
guardian of the money market. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) acts as
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a central bank operates under the ministry of finance. The Banking regulation act
1949 gave extensive regulatory powers to RBI over the commercial banks. It is a
banking authority regulating and controlling activities of money market. Thus, it
is an institution which is charged with the responsibility of carrying out monetary
policy.
3. SAVING BANKS
The major function is to collect the small savings of the people and to channelize
them in to some productive uses. They encourage the habit of savings. They
provide good interest. Certain restrictions are imposed on the withdrawals of the
amount saved with these institutions. They are mainly operated by post offices in
England and India.
5. AGRICULTURAL BANKS
Agriculture banks are those provides both long and short term finance to
agriculture. Long term finance is provided to the framers for the improvement of
permanent nature of land, for purchasing agriculture equipment, etc. short term
finance are given meeting the current expenditure on seeds, wages, etc. For
example, NABARD, Regional rural banks etc.
6. EXCHANGE BANKS
These banks finance foreign trade. In India, commercial banks provide short term
finance at pre-shipment and post shipment stage. Commercial banks also provide
medium term finance. The long term finance is provided by the Export-Import
Bank of India (EXIM).
7.CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
Co-operative Banks provide funds to framers and even traders and small scale
industrialists. They accept deposits from the members of the public. The co-
operative bank operates on three tier system.
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CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
PRIMARY CO-
OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
CENTRAL CO-
OPERATIVE BANKS
STATE CO-OPERATIVE
BANKS
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PRIMARY SECONDARY
FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS
FACTORING
LENDING MONEY
CREDIT CARDS
ATM
TELE-BANKING
I. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
A.ACCEPTING DEPOSITS
Banks collect funds in the form of deposits from the public. There are different
types of deposits.
1. SAVING DEPOSITS
Saving deposits are meant for the households of the lower and middle income
classes who want to save a part of their income to meet their future needs and
earn an income from savings .The rate of interest is low withdrawal are restricted
in certain terms.
2. FIXED DEPOSITS/TIME DEPOSITS
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Lump sum amount is deposited at one time for specific period. The rate of
interest depends on the maturity period. Withdrawal is not allowed before expiry
date. Those who have surplus funds go for fixed deposits.
3. CURRENT DEPOSITS/DEMAND DEPOSITS
Current account is operated by businessman. Withdrawals are freely allowed. No
interest is paid. In fact, there are service charges. The account holder gets the
benefits of overdraft facility.
4. RECURRING DEPOSITS
Recurring account is operated by salaried person and petty traders. A certain sum
of money is deposited into the bank periodically. Withdrawals permitted only
after the expiry date. A higher rate of interest is paid.
B.LENDING MONEY
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A bank has to invest funds in different ways to earn income. Banks provides
loans and advances to the traders, industrialist, against the security of some
assets.
1. TERM LOANS
The bank advance a lump sum amount for the certain period, of an agreed rate of
interest. The loan is repaid in installment together with interest. Term loan may
be:
A.SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM LOANS:
Banks provide short and medium term loan to the business firm. Loans can be
given with or without security. The loan once repaid in full or in part cannot be
drawn again by the borrower unless the banker sanction new fresh loan. The short
term loan is granted for short period and medium term loan is granted for a
period from 1 year to 5 years.
B. LONG TERM LOANS:
Long term loan are granted for more than five years. The loan policy in respect of
each broad category of nature is to be laid down by every bank with the approval
of its board. There is always a time gap between the date of sanctioning and its
disbursement by the financial institution to the concerned borrowing company.
2. CASH CREDIT
The client is allowed cash credit up to a specific limit fixed in advance. It can be
given to current account holder as well as to other who do not have an account
with the bank. Separate cash credit account is maintained. The advance is given
for a longer period and a larger amount of loan is sanctioned than that overdraft.
3. OVERDRAFT
Overdraft is given to the current account holders. No separate account is
maintained. All entries are made in current account .A certain amount is
sanctioned as overdrafts which can be withdrawn within a certain period of same
time say 3 months or so. Interest is charged on actual amount withdrawn. An
overdraft facility is granted against a collateral security.
4. BILLS DISCOUNTING
The bank can advance money by discounting or purchasing bills of exchange
both domestic and foreign bills. The bank pays the bill amount to the drawer the
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beneficiary of the bill by deducting usual discount charges. On maturity, the bill
is presented to the drawee or acceptor of the bill and the amount is collected.
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♦ Banks help the businessmen and all other people by accepting their
deposits and allowing withdrawals by cheques and transfer of money.
♦ They collect savings and other funds from the people and rechannalise
these funds to borrowers for financial investments. Thus banks, by
collecting saving, lending money and generating money play an
important role in the economic development of a country.
♦ Automated Teller Machines and the plastic cards are needed for the
customers for the facility round the clock (24 hrs.) banking.
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Money Deposited in a bank remains safe. Precious articles too can be kept in
the safe custody of banks in lockers.
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ADVANTAGES
Commercial banking can help a small business by making it easier to
manage day-to-day financial tasks. An established commercial account with
a bank will make it easier to borrow money when you grow your business.
Often a business is assigned a representative who works directly with the
company to find the best services and solutions for the issues the business is
facing. For example, the company may save money by outsourcing payroll
processing. Banks also offer invoicing services, with personalized invoices,
and can set up transfers to other banks which will simplify accounting
procedures. Some banks offer retirement account management for your
employees as well as other employee benefits. This can save you money,
and make it easier to manage all of the services you offer employees. Some
banks allow you to make deposits online by scanning checks. Your bank
may offer you discount on your merchant services fees. Commercial banking
allows you to set up direct deposits for your employees as well as for any
invoices you need to pay to others, which will save you time.
DISADVANTAGES
Commercial banking or business accounts are often more expensive than
traditional bank accounts. Banks may charge fees for night deposits, for
processing a certain number of checks and for the payroll services.
Depending on the size of your business, some of the services offered may
not be needed, and you may still be charged for the services even if you're
not fully using them. Different banks may offer different services and charge
different fees, and it can be difficult to compare the services. Signing up for
a commercial account before your business is ready for one will cost you
and may slow the growth of the business. If you choose the wrong bank, you
may have a difficult time opening a new account and transferring all of the
services to another bank. This can cost you both time and money.
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INTRODUCTION
greater privacy
little or no taxation (i.e. tax havens)
Protection against local, political, or financial instability.
Offshore banking has often been associated with the underground
economy and organized crime, via tax evasion and money laundering; however,
legally, offshore banking does not prevent assets from being subject to
personal income tax on interest. Except for certain people who meet fairly
complex requirements, the personal income tax of many countries makes no
distinction between interest earned in local banks and those earned abroad.
Persons subject to US income tax, for example, are required to declare, on
penalty of perjury, any foreign bank accounts—which may or may not
be numbered bank accounts—they may have. Although offshore banks may
decide not to report income to other tax authorities, and have no legal obligation
to do so as they are protected by bank secrecy, this does not make the non-
declaration of the income by the tax-payer or the evasion of the tax on that
income legal. Following the 9/11 attacks, there have been many calls for more
regulation on international finance, in particular concerning offshore banks, tax
havens, and clearing houses such as Clear stream, based in Luxembourg, being
possible crossroadsfor major illegal money flows.
Defenders of offshore banking have criticized these attempts at regulation. They
claim the process is prompted not by security and financial concerns, but by the
desire of domestic banks and tax agencies to access the money held in offshore
accounts. They cite the fact that offshore banking offers a competitive threat to
the banking and taxation systems in developed countries, suggesting that
the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
countries are trying to stamp out competition.
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Offshore banking, is a segment of the finance industry whose birth can be traced
back to Vienna, Austria. Offshore banking was born when the neutrality of
Switzerland was established during the Vienna Congress in 1815. Some
accounts, however, claim that offshore banking originated in the Channel Islands
of France.
Despite the contradictions, one thing is clear: that offshore banking was born out
of the need for individuals to find a haven for their wealth. During the post-
Napoleon Europe, wealthy families and merchants saw the need to find a safe
place to keep their growing assets. This was an era in Europe defined by constant
economic turmoil and political strife.
The ruling elite sought ways to finance their wars and lead lives of luxury, and
with the increasing numbers of affluent families, taxation had grown to become
the easiest and most rewarding way to get more money. During this time,
European kingdoms, empires, and territories imposed higher taxes without
providing equivalent services such as security. Prevalent insecurity due to
societal imbalances and exorbitant taxation forced the wealthy to safeguard their
dwindling fortunes abroad.
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Since the foundation of the first offshore banks in Vienna and Chanel Islands,
offshore financial institutions have maintained an impressive resume of
safeguarding the wealth of foreign investors from unreasonable financial
regulations and scrutiny, socioeconomic turmoil, and punitive taxation by
regimes among other threats. The 'snowball’ effect that resulted led to smaller
“offshore jurisdictions” rushing to tap the revenue flowing freely into the small
islands that were being revamped as tax havens.
By the late 19th century, the evolution of the rules of offshore banking boosted
the confidence that wealthy individuals had on offshore jurisdictions and the
amount of monies they attracted rolled into billions. It was during this time that
the term “offshore banking” was coined to describe the small offshore financial
centers and tax havens that offered strong, safe, and anonymous banking backed
by sound financial and regulatory practices.
Elite offshore banking is believed to have spread from Europe to the rest of the
world at the beginning of the 20th century. As investors and wealthy families
flocked from around the world to take advantage of the offshore tax havens, more
institutions were established in economically sound and politically stable
locations.
This form of banking grew very popular in the trade circles as the banks were
willing to customize their fiscal policies to offer depositors great advantages and
potential investors a wonderful haven to save their money. While this was a
beneficial approach, a more compact structure was required to ensure sustenance
and feasibility in the long-term.
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The Bloomberg Billionaire Index shows that 30 percent of the 200 richest people
in the world put their wealth in or through an offshore entity. Although
Switzerland remains the most popular haven for investment, there are many
independent jurisdictions around the world that provide as much secrecy and
favorable wealth safekeeping environment like it.
In May 2015, the European Union signed a protocol with Switzerland making
amendments to the countrys existing savings laws to transform it into an
automatic exchange of financial information agreement based on a global
standard.
The newly revised agreement means that residents of EU will no longer enjoy the
anonymous and privacy banking benefits the country has offered to foreign
depositors since the 19th century. While this move is seen as a significant step in
the fight against tax evasion and fraud, it could as well be the most significant
step in the death of offshore banking as we know it.
Today, people working away from home are heavily involved in expat banking,
adopting measures in order to send money home and receive incentives. The
future of this industry is surely a bright one, with traditional barriers being
brought down and newer, more inclusive and flexible approaches being adopted
across the board.
DEFINITION
Located or based outside of one’s national boundaries. The term offshore is used
to describe foreign banks, corporations, investments and deposits. A company
may legitimately move offshore for the purpose of tax avoidance or to enjoy
relaxed regulations. Offshore financial institutions can also be used for illicit
purposes such as money laundering and tax evasion.
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OTHER SERVICES
Savings accounts
Credit
Deposit taking
Foreign exchange
Fund management
Investment management and investment custody
Debit and Credit Cards
Letters of credit and trade finance
Wire- and electronic funds transfers
Not every bank provides each service. Banks tend to polarize between retail
services and private banking services. Retail services tend to be low-cost and
undifferentiated, whereas private banking services tend to bring a personalized
suite of services to the client.
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CHAPTER: 2.
FINDING
&ANALYSIS
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As fellow expatriates, we know what's important to you and your family, which
is why we want to share the seven main reasons we believe offshore banking
could be right for you.
1) Security
In many countries, bank deposits do not have the same protection as you may
have been used to at home. By using an offshore bank, based in a highly
regulated, transparent jurisdiction, such as the Isle of Man for example, you can
feel secure that your money is safe.
2) Service
Offshore bank accounts usually provide a highly personalised service, giving you
round-the-clock access to your money through online and telephone banking,
seven days a week, 365 days of the year.
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A relationship manager may also be assigned to your account, so you will always
have a personal point of contact.
The best banks offer the highest service levels, which can be appealing for expats
who have international financial obligations and opportunities.
3) Convenience
As an expatriate, being able to keep your bank account in one place, no matter
how many times you move countries, is a major benefit.
In fact, this reason alone is enough for many people to open an offshore bank
account.
4) Tax
There can be expat tax advantages to using an offshore bank - but whether these
apply in your case will depend on your personal circumstances, such as country
of residence.
Tax benefits can range from keeping your money outside of the tax jurisdiction
of your home country, to protecting it from taxes in the country in which you are
currently living.
5) Investing
A good offshore bank will provide you with a wide choice of funds and
investments that are not usually available either in your home country or where
you are currently living.
Investing through an offshore bank is straightforward, and there may be advice or
tools on hand to help you create an investment portfolio appropriate to your risk
profile and the outcomes you want to achieve.
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This is one of the biggest advantages of offshore banking facilities for expats
with international financial obligations.
Following are 5 facts about offshore banking to give some insight into potential
benefits.
1) Offshore banking is legal – Provided you follow the correct procedures of the
jurisdiction in which you are setting up a bank account and you meet the legal
obligations of your residential jurisdiction. Different jurisdictions will have
different requirements in terms of required due diligence but an experienced
corporate service provider can guide you through this process.
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Conclusion
It’s no secret that it is becoming harder and harder to open an offshore bank
account. Soon it could be impossible. This is a strong incentive to act sooner
rather than later to get one—even if you don’t plan to use it immediately.
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1) Primary OFCs:
Primary OFCs are the large international full service centers with advanced
settlement and payment system, operating in liquid regional markets where both
the sources and uses of funds are available. London, the US international
Banking facilities and Japanese offshore market.
2) Secondary OFCs:
Secondary OFCs differ from primary OFCs in that they intermediate funds in and
out their region, according to whether the region has deficit or surplus of funds.
Such OFCs includes Hong Kong and Singapore Asian currency units from South
East Asia and Luxembourg for Europe.
3) Booking OFCs:
Booking OFCs do not engaged in regional intermediation of funds, but rather
serve as registries for transactions arranged and managed in other jurisdictions.
These OFCs are sometimes referred to as tax havens and include most Caribbean
OFCs.
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TYPES OF OFFSHORE
BANK LICENSES
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OFFSHORE BANKING
In a majority of cases, the bank cannot accept deposits from the public and it can
provide its services only to those entities for which the bank license was issued.
This bank is used as a so-called "corporate bank" for active Cash Flow
management.
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OFFSHORE BANKING
Acceptance of
Multi-
Currency
Deposits
Multi-
External
Currency
Commercial
borrowing
Borrowings
option
(ECB) etc
FINANCIA
L
Long term SERVICES Loans against
finance and deposits in
short term foreign
finance currency
Issuance,
collection & Derivatives
negotiation of products
trade bills
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OFFSHORE BANKING
Photo
Identity
Letter
of Passport
Verificatio Photocopy
n
Income Proof
Source of
Proof Income
Statement
Why to
Open
Account
Photo identity
Passport photocopy
Proof of income
A statement detailing why person want to open the account.
Proof that the money being transferred is from a legal source.
A letter of verification from person bank, employer or a professional may
also be required.
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Most of the available jurisdictions have increased the amount of paid-in capital
requirement for an unrestricted or Class A license to at least $500,000. In
addition, they require a minimum balance sheet of at least $1M, which, more
often than not, must be deposited with the Central or Government Bank, by way
of a security deposit in the event the bank is wound-up.
In most cases now, at least $2 to $3M or more is the preferable minimum amount
to show for an assured approval, along with a strong business team with relevant
banking or financial services experience. Also, as mentioned above, there is the
requirement to set up a physical operation in the jurisdiction granting the license
with at least two local people employed, one of whom must be of a managerial
caliber appointed as director and will need to have hands-on, detailed knowledge
of the bank’s operations.
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OFFSHORE BANKING
* MoneyTransfer Schemes
* WorldTravel Card
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OFFSHORE BANKING
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OFFSHORE BANKING
Offshore banks fill that void by providing a premium set of banking products and
services. The benefits of holding an offshore account would include:
Protection from political or economic turmoil in resident country.
A history of regulatory stability
Nil or negligible taxation on income, capital gains and even on inheritances
High levels of data confidentiality
Asset protection from potential legal action
Currency diversification
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The Bank Secrecy Act requires that Taxpayers file an FBAR for accounts
outside of the United States that have balances in excess of $10,000
FATCA (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) became law in 2010 and
"targets tax non-compliance by US taxpayers with foreign accounts [and] focuses
on reporting by US taxpayers about certain foreign financial accounts and
offshore assets [and] foreign financial institutions about financial accounts held
by U.S. taxpayers or foreign entities in which U.S. taxpayers hold a substantial
ownership interest."
Joseph Stieglitz, 2001 Nobel laureate for economics and former World Bank
Chief Economist, told to reporter Lucy Komisar, investigating on the Clear
stream scandal:
"You ask why, if there's an important role for a regulated banking system, you
allow a non-regulated banking system to continue. It's in the interest of some of
the moneyed interests to allow this to occur. It's not an accident; it could have
been shut down at any time. If you said the US, the UK, the major G7 banks will
not deal with offshore bank centers that don't comply with G7 banks regulations,
these banks could not exist. They only exist because they engage in transactions
with standard banks.
In the 1970s through the 1990s, it was possible to own your own personal
offshore bank; mobster Meyer Lansky had done this to launder his casino money.
Changes in offshore banking regulation in the 1990s in the form of "due
diligence" (a legal construct) make offshore bank creation really only possible for
medium to large multinational corporations that may be family-owned or -run.
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CHAPTER: 3.
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
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business will not get recognition particularly export factoring business unless
factoring companies gain a suitable recognition.
P. BANNERJEE (2003)
Global factoring business: Trends and performance, Fianace studied the trends
and performance of global factoring business. It was observed in the study that
Factoring is expanding in all parts of the world. The compound growth rate of
world total factoring volume is 13.54 per cent during the span of 19 years.
However, domestic factoring dominates the market share in the total factoring
business. The share of domestic factoring is between 92.97 per cent to 95.01 per
cent of total factoring business during the study period. The upward growth rate
of factoring business in some major countries viz Finland, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Netherland and Spain has been particularly noticeable. However,
concentration ratio, Hirschman-Herfindal index and Entropy index imply that
factoring business is still highly concentrated in a few countries although it is
expanding slowly in other countries.
LABUAN IBFC
Labuan IBFC was created as an offshore financial hub on October 1990 and was
operating under the name of Labuan International Offshore Financial Centre
(IOFC). At the time it was established to strengthen the contribution of financial
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OFFSHORE BANKING
services to the Gross National Products Malaysia as well as to develop the island
and its surrounding vicinity.
There are five core areas that Labuan IBFC intends to focus on, leveraging on its
key strengths. These five are offshore holding companies, captive insurance,
Shariah-compliant Islamic Finance structures, public and private funds and
wealth management. Given the burgeoning interest around the world in Islamic
finance, Labuan IBFC is well placed to enhance its lead as an Islamic financial
hub. Labuan IBFC's position is further enhanced by the formation of the
Malaysian International Islamic Finance Centre initiative that was launched in
August 2006.
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CHAPTER:4.
FIELD
STUDY
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CANARA BANK
Canara Bank is one of the largest public sector banks owned by the Government
of India. Its headquarters is in Bengaluru. It was established at Mangalore in
1906, making it one of the oldest public sector banks in the country. The
government nationalized the bank in 1969. As of 30 June 2017, the bank had a
network of 6089 branches and more than 10519 ATMs spread across India. The
bank also has offices abroad in London, Hong Kong, Moscow, Shanghai, Doha,
Bahrain, South Africa, Dubai, Tanzania and New York.
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Since 1983, Canara Bank has been responsible for the management of Eastern
Exchange Co. WLL, Doha, Qatar, which Abdul Rahman M.M. Al Muftah
established in 1979.
Canara Bank opened its seventh overseas branch in New York, United States on
10 June 2014.
SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
Canfin Homes Limited (CFHL), with a network of 110 branches and 28
satellite offices throughout India
Canbank Factors Limited
Canbank Venture Capital Fund Limited
Canbank Computer Services Limited
Canara Bank Securities Limited
Canara Robeco Asset Management Company Limited
Canbank Financial Services Limited
Canara HSBC Oriental Life Insurance Company Limited.
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OFFSHORE BANKING
CHAPTER: 5.
CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER: 6.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
&
WEBLIOGRAPHY
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OFFSHORE BANKING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
International Banking & Insurance (vipul Publication)
Journal & other Magazines
WEBLIOGRAPHY
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore bank
www.sovereignman.com/offshore-bank-account
www.internationalman.com/articles/offshore-banking
differencebetween.com/difference-between-onshore-and-vs-offshore/
http://offshorebankingadvisor.com/offshore-bank-account.html
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