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BFF2233 THERMO Chap 1 PDF
BFF2233 THERMO Chap 1 PDF
Thermodynamics
Prepared by : Dr. Ahmad Redza
E-mail: ahmadredza@ump.edu.my
H/P : 0193075371 (Office Hour only)
Room : DG5
BFF 2233 THERMODYNAMICS
COURSE OUTCOMES
Assessment Methods:
Distribution (%) CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6
Quiz 10 % ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Mid semester
30 % ✓ ✓
test
Project 20% ✓ ✓
Final
40 % ✓ ✓
Examination
Total 100 %
Learning References:
1. Cengel, Y.A and Boles, M.A, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (8th Edition),
McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Nag P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics (5th Edition), Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
3. Mahesh M. Rathore, Thermal Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
By the end of this chapter, students should be able to
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
HEAT
⚫Heat is one type of energy. + Heat losses
in exhaust
http://savewithhydrogen.com/a
bout-hh2/
http://www.maserati.org.au/images/EventPhotos/
http://www.topnews.in/fuel-shortage-affects- Targa99/T99Beable.jpg
urban-transport-buenos-aires-246996 6
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
HEAT
http://savewithhydrogen.com/a
bout-hh2/
http://www.maserati.org.au/images/EventPhotos/
http://www.topnews.in/fuel-shortage-affects- Targa99/T99Beable.jpg
urban-transport-buenos-aires-246996 7
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
HEAT
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms (the first law)
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
Gasoline heating value,
kJ/L 35000 Efficiency = C×g×m
HV
Sedan weight, m Normal kg 1200 HV
Hybrid kg 1380
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Thermodynamics and Energy
Applications of Thermodynamics
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
❑ Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
❑ The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
❑ Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions and are
called secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
❑ Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a decimal relationship between
the various units.
❑ English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical base, and various units in this
system are related to each other rather arbitrarily.
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
The SI unit prefixes are used in all branches of engineering.
a. System
The quantity of matter or region in space chosen
for study
b. System Boundary
❑ The real and imaginary surface that separates
the system from the surrounding.
❑ Boundary can be fixed or movable.
❑ May be closed or open
c. Surroundings
The immediate mass or region outside the
system
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
System
Surrounding
System
Boundary
Q (+)
Heat
Q (+)
Schematic Diagram Block Diagram 18
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
Flexible
Rigid closed system closed system
in pressure cooker In cooking pan
Closed system in refrigeration cycle
comprises of many components of open system
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
System
boundary
Closed system in steam power cycle comprises of many components of open system
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
System
boundary
Open system in gas power cycle comprises of many components of open system 22
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.3 Systems and Control Volume
Condenser
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.4 Properties of a System
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.6 State and Equilibrium
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.6 State and Equilibrium
The State Postulate
Simple Compressible System exist in the absence of external
forces including electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion and
surface tension effects.
State Postulate / Principle states that the state of a simple
compressible system is completely specified by two
independent intensive properties e.g. temperature and
pressure for single phase system.
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.7 Process and Cycles
p1 1
V
V2 V1
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.7 Process and Cycles
p1 Work 1
W(-)
V
V2 V1
W (-)
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.7 Process and Cycles
2
p2
W21 (+)
W12 (-)
p1 1
V
V2 V1
NB: Work and heat are not system properties because both are
dependent on process.
p T
p2 2 2
T2
W12
Q12
W12 Q12
p1 1 T1
1
V2 V1 s2 s1 s
V
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.7 Process and Cycles
Steady-flow conditions
o Mass and energy contents of a control
volume remain constant
o Fluid properties within the control volume
may change with position but not with time
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.8 Temperature and The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.8 Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature Scale
❑ All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the
freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
❑ Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with
vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
❑ Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium at
1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
❑ Celsius scale: in SI unit system
❑ Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
❑ Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
❑ Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
❑ A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas temperature
scale. The temperatures on this scale are measured using a constant-volume gas
thermometer.
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
0th law of Thermodynamics
Systems are said to be in equilibrium if they are able to transfer heat between each other.
If A and C are thermal equilibrium with B, A is also in equilibrium with C
A B C A B C
50℃ 30℃ 10℃ 30℃ 30℃ 30℃
Thermal equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium lead to scale definition of Temperature
The way to indicate temperature
Divided equally
Temperature
to 100
to 180
? Freezing point (0℃) Freezing point (212°F)
1. Celcius 2. Fahrenheit 36
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
The way to indicate temperature
Water based
? (100℃)Boiling point (212 °F)Boiling point
Divided equally
Divided equally
Temperature
to 100
to 180
? (0℃)Freezing point (32 °F)Freezing point
1. Celcius 2. Fahrenheit
100
t C =
180
( t F − 32 )
5
t C =
9
( t F − 32 )
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
The way to indicate temperature
Water based Brine based
? 100℃, 373.15K 212 °F, 672 °R
Divided equally
Divided equally
Temperature
to 180
to 100
Celcius & Kelvin or Fahrenheit & Rankine have same scale but different
refered temperature
Absolute zero = the lowest temperature
Celcius: freezing and boiling point of water
Kelvin: Absolute zero
Fahrenheit: freezing point of brine
Rankine: Absolute zero 38
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.8 Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature Scale
Comparison of magnitudes of
various temperature units.
❑ The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the
ice point, 273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water
freezes (or ice melts).
❑ The reference point was changed to a much more precisely
reproducible point, the triple point of water (the state at which
all three phases of water coexist in equilibrium), which is
assigned the value 273.16 K. 40
BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.9 Pressure
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.9 Pressure
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.10 Manometer
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.11 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
❑ Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
❑ A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the
pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (Hg = 13,595
kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
Example Prob 1-110: Pressure Drop in Flow
Determine the value h if the pressure at the bottom of the tube is 120 kPa and
density of water is 103 kg/m3.
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
SUMMARY
❑ Thermodynamics and energy
➢ Application areas of thermodynamics
❑ Importance of dimensions and units
➢ Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity, Unity conversion ratios
❑ Systems and control volumes
❑ Properties of a system
❑ Density and specific gravity
❑ State and equilibrium
➢ The state postulate
❑ Processes and cycles
➢ The steady-flow process
❑ Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
➢ Temperature scales
❑ Pressure
➢ Variation of pressure with depth
❑ The manometer and the atmospheric pressure
❑ Problem solving technique
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BFF2233 THERMODYNAMICS
Topic 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
END
THANK YOU
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