Logo Tutorial

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Logo is a programming language that is very simple and easy to learn. It is used for teaching students and
children how to program a computer.
Why should we learn the Logo language?

Because it is fun, lots of fun.
Enhances the logical sense of the children.
Develops programming skills.
It is real Computer Science.
Logo is a very easy and interesting programming language to learn. It has enough depth to virtually do anything,
which can be done in any other computer programming language.
How to download and install MSW Logo Software?

If Logo Programming Software is not installed on the computer, we can get it for free from the following link −
www.softronix.com/mswlogo.html
After installation, it puts a Logo icon on the desktop of your computer.
The MSW Logo screen has two parts −
A Drawing window above with a triangle-shaped TURTLE in the center.

A Commander window as shown in the following screenshot.
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We will write commands in the command line, i.e., the text box at the bottom of the Commander Window. To
execute or run these commands, press Enter or click the Execute Button. We can also write and run more than
one command online at a time.
The command history will appear in the gray box. Click a line in the history to make it jump to the respective
command line, then we can make changes . Once this is done, press Enter or click the Execute Button.
The simple Logo Drawing Commands move the Turtle forward and backward and also turn it right or left. The
commands and their abbreviations are given below −
fd – forward
bk – backward
rt – right
lt – left
cs – clearscreen
Either version of these commands can be used. Except the cs command, each of these commands must be
followed by one value called as its argument. The arguments for fd and bk are units; those of rt and lt are angles
that can be any integer. A rotation by 360 is a complete rotation, therefore a rotation by 375 degrees is the same
as 1/15 degrees.
forward 60 or fd 60 means go forward 60 steps
right 90 or rt 90 means right turn 90 degrees
left 90 or lt 90 means left turn 90 degrees
back 60 or bk 60 means go back 60 steps
clearscreen or cs means erase all drawings. This sets the turtle at the center
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The graphics window has a coordinate system. The values of the two coordinates at the
center are 0, 0. At the northeast corner, they are 250, 250; at the southeast corner, they are 250, -250. At the
southwest corner, they are -250, -250; etc. If the turtle tries to walk off onto one side of the screen, it wraps
around. The right side wraps to the left side and the top wraps to the bottom.
Many programming systems work on the same kind of two-axis ‘xy’ coordinate plane, which we work with in
Algebra as well.
Here, ‘0 0’ is the center, or origin . In its centered, zoom-"normal" state, Logo's

drawing screen shows an area of about 150 points up or down and 300 points right or left from the center.
The turtle can be directed with headings that correspond to a compass rose, with 0 or 360 degrees pointing
straight up, 90 degrees straight to the right, and so on. You can set a variable to a number between 0 and 360 and
then walk on that path.
Turtle Commands
Now let us try some commands. Commands will be issued one per line followed by a carriage return. Several of
these commands can be typed in succession in a command window followed by a carriage return. The effect on
the turtle is the same. However, if you type a command, which requires one or more inputs and provide the
missing input on the next line, Logo will show an error.
Following is a practice command, which shows the desired results on the right.
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The commands – fd 50 rt 120 fd 50 rt 120 fd 50 rt 120, cause the turtle to draw a triangle, as you can see by
trying them out.
These commands are read from the left to the right. Since the command fd requires one argument, it is taken as
the next value. Similarly, rt takes an argument as well. Thus, Logo can give an unambiguous meaning to each of
these character strings. For some Logo commands, separators are needed.
Following are few practice commands with the desired results on the right.
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Following is an exercise to check your aptitude on what you have learned so far in this chapter.
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Logo has a number of other drawing commands, some of which are given below.
pu − penup
pd − pendown
ht − hideturtle
dt − showturtle
setpensize
The pendown and penup commands tell the turtle to leave ink on the screen as it moves or not to leave ink,
respectively. The hideturtle and showturtle commands hide or show the turtle, but do not affect its ability to
leave ink as it moves. The home command causes the turtle to return to the center of the screen. It may leave ink
behind, when the turtle returns to the center of the screen. The setpensize command decides the drawing pen size.
penup or pu means pick pen up, so you can move turtle without leaving tracks.
pendown or pd means pick pen down, so you can move the turtle and leave tracks.
hideturtle or ht means hide the turtle, so you can admire your drawing.
showturtle or st means show the turtle, so you can continue your drawing.
setpensize means it can make the pen larger, easier to see. Default pen size is –[1 1].
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Logo has a number of other additional drawing commands, some of these are given below.
home
cleartext or ct
label
setxy
The label command takes a single word as a quoted string or a list of words in [ ] brackets without
quotation and prints them on the graphics window at the location of the turtle. Let us
consider the following code.
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The setxy command takes two arguments, treats the first as the value of the abscissa and the
second as a value of the ordinate . It places the turtle at these coordinates, possibly leaving ink while
reaching these coordinates. In the following three figures, we have shown how the setxy command can be used.
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The cleartext command, abbreviated ct, clears the text region of the command window.
Exercise
Following is an exercise to check your aptitude on what you have learned so far in this chapter.
What kind of figure does the following command sequence produce?
cs pu setxy -60 60 pd home rt 45 fd 85 lt 135 fd 120
Interpret these commands as you read them from left to right. Try it to find out the result.
Following is a table of command summary.
Command Name Purpose
setx 100
Sets the turtle's x-coordinate to +100
Moves it 100 points to the right of center
No vertical change
setx -200
Moves the turtle 200 points to the left of center
No vertical change
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The following screenshot is a practical demonstration of some of the above commands.
A variable is the name of a memory location which can contain a value. In a computer, each memory location has
an integer address. Since it would be hard to remember the address of each location containing a value used by a
program, computer scientists have found ways of giving these locations, symbolic names. Once a variable has a
name, we can use and manipulate it.
Variables are given names which are strings of letters. A variable name can contain alphabets ,
digits and underscore. A variable name can be accessed in a computation using ‘:’ before it. Let us consider the
following example in the screenshot.
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In the above example, we have defined two variables first_name, 100_last_name_200 and initialized them
with values Amal and Das using the following statements −
make “first_name “Amal

make “100_last_name_200 “Das
Also, we printed these two variables with statements print :first_name and print :100_last_name_200.
The following example shows how to define numeric variables −
Here, we have defined two numeric variables val1 and val2. We have also performed addition and subtraction
using them.
Logo provides the usual arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, denoted by
the symbols +, -, *, /. Each of these operations produces a result. If you don't do something with the result, such
as print it, Logo will show an error.
With the print command, the result of an arithmetic operation can be used and printed in the command window.
Examples given in the following screenshot demonstrate the same.
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Other useful commands are −
sqrt − It takes one non-negative argument and returns its square root.
power − It takes two arguments, call them ‘a’ and ‘b’, and generates a to the b power.
ln − It takes one argument and returns its natural logarithm.
exp − It takes one argument and computes e to that power, e is the natural number 2.718281828.
log10 − It takes the logarithm to base 10 of its one argument.
Following screenshot shows an example of the above commands with their respective output.
Arithmetic operators have a precedence that determines the order with which they are evaluated.
Note − print 60 * sqrt 2 and print sqrt 2 * 60 produce different answers. Here the * operator has a precedence
over the sqrt operator. Thus, * will be done before sqrt, if there is a choice, as there is in the second case.
For this reason, the first statement prints the value of 60 times the square root of 2, whereas the second statement
prints the square root of 120 as shown in the following screenshot.
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We often repeat a sequence of commands. Computer programs often perform repetitive tasks. Just about every
programming system has a way of carrying out this repetition, or iteration, as computer scientists call it. Let us
consider the following example −
Let us assume we want to draw a square with sides of length 100, we can do this with the following program −
fd 100
rt 90
fd 100
rt 90
fd 100
rt 90
fd 100
rt 90
We note that the two commands – fd 100 and rt 90 are repeated four times. Will it not be simpler to tell the
computer that it should just repeat these two commands four times instead of writing them four times in a row?
We can do exactly this, using the following command −
It saves our time of typing-in to make a square. The general form is: repeat number [commands]. We must
use the keyword – repeat followed by a number and then a sequence of commands in [square brackets].
Often, we might have to repeat within repeat. This is called nesting. Let us look at some examples on this.
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Following is an exercise to check your aptitude on what you have learnt so far in this chapter.
Sometimes it is fun to have an unpredictable outcome of a computation. Logo provides a random procedure to
generate a random number. It has one argument and produces an integer value chosen uniformly at random,
which is greater than or equal to 0 and less than the value of its argument. Thus, if you want a random angle
between 0 and 359 degrees, you can use the command random 360 to produce it. Bear in mind that Logo will
show an error unless you do something with the result, such as printing.
Let us look at the following example −
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We have issued the command – print random 360 several times in the above command window and if you
notice, each time it generates a random output.
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Procedures provide a way to encapsulate a collection of commands. Once a procedure has been created, it can be
used just the way a built-in command is used. The “meaning” of a procedure is the meaning of its individual
commands.
A procedure without arguments has the word ‘to’ and the name of the procedure on the first line.
It has the reserved
word ‘end’ on the last line.
A subprogram is a named sequence of steps for another program to execute. Other names for subprograms are
procedures and functions. In Logo, you tell the computer how to do something — for example −
to square
repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]
end
Once we have described our procedure to Logo, we can enter its name on the command line, just as we would do
to any of the built-in things. In this case, we would type ‘square’ on the command line and Logo looks up the
commands to make a square.
Click the button that says Edall to bring up Logo's built-in editor.
. The following code block has the required
structure of the subprogram.
to procedurename
steps of your procedure here
end
The procedure or subprogram must start with the word ‘to’, followed by a name we think of. The next step is to
key-in all the same steps we would write on the command line. The procedure must end with the word ‘end’. All
comment or remark lines should be preceded by semi-colon .
Following is the practical demonstration of the above example −
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Now, from the command line, execute the procedure using its name “square” as shown below −
Procedures can not only contain built-in commands, but they can also contain other procedures.
In the following example, a procedure ‘flower’ is calling our predefined procedure ‘square’ from its body.
Following screenshot shows the output when the procedure “flower” is called −
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We don't want every square to be of the same size — we want variety. In Logo, we create variables, whose values
we can change. We will use the same square procedure with a small change in the following example.
to square :n
repeat 4 [fd :n rt 90]
end
We give Logo a replacement value for ‘:n’ on the command line as shown below.
square 50
square 75
square 100
Here is the practical demonstration of the above example −
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Now let us discuss how to pass two arguments to a procedure. Following screenshot is a practical demonstration
of the same.
In a recursive procedure, there will be a recurrence call of the procedure within the procedure. Let us consider the
following code −
to spiral_recur :n
if :n < 1 [stop]
fd :n
rt 20
spiral_recur 0.95 * :n
end
The procedure spiral_recur has been called from the procedure body itself. The following screenshot shows the
execution and output of the code.
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Decision-making and variables go together. A program needs to be able to change course depending on the
situation. Here, for example, is a framework for drawing a spiral. It has a loop, a variation on the repetition shown
earlier and the body of the loop is for us to fill in.
to spiral
make "n 1
while [:n < 100] [
make "n :n + 5
fd :n rt 90
]
end
The above code shows several new features of the syntax of the MSW Logo. We set a variable to a new value by
keying-in ‘make’, then the variable's name is preceded by a double quote " rather than a colon ‘:’ as shown below.
make "n 1
We use a variable, though, with a colon ‘:’ in front of its name.
while [:n < 100]
The code bracketed after the ‘while [condition]’ is executed, while the condition is true. When it is no longer true,
because the value of ‘:n’ grows greater than 100, the code following the bracket is executed.
Following screenshot shows the execution and output of the above code.
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Now, we shall discuss the use of ‘if statements’, which have a code that will be executed only when a given
condition is true.
It also shows a built-in Logo that generates random numbers. The statement random 3 generates any number 0
or 1 or 2 arbitrarily in a random sequence. The procedure then decides which way to go "at random". The
generated random number will be kept in ‘r’ and later depending upon the value of the variable ‘r’ one of the if-
statements will get executed, which will satisfy the condition. Thus if the −
Value of ‘r’ is 0, then [fd 20] will be executed.

Value of ‘r’ is 1, then [rt 90 fd 20] will be executed.
Value of ‘r’ is 2, then [lt 90 fd 20] will be executed.
Following screenshot shows the execution and output of the above discussion.
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Any sequence of alpha-numeric characters, for example – “america”, “emp1234”, etc. are examples of a string.
Counting the characters is the most basic of all string processes. The answer to the question stringlength
"abc12ef is given by the following procedure −
to stringlength :s
make "inputstring :s
make "count 0
while [not emptyp :s] [
make "count :count + 1
print first :s
make "s butfirst :s
]
print (sentence :inputstring "has :count "letters)
end
In the above procedure –‘s’ is the variable containing the input string. Variable inputstring contains the copy of
the input string. Variable count is initialized with 0. In the while loop, the condition checks whether the string has
become empty or not. In each loop count, a variable is being increased by 1 to hold the length count. The
statement print first :s, prints the first character only of the string stored in ‘s’.
The statement make "s butfirst :s, retrieves the sub-string excluding the first character. After exiting from the
while-loop, we have printed the character count or the length of the input string. Following is the execution and
output of the code.
Computer screens work with red, green and blue components of light, so they are sometimes called RGB
screens.
On Logo's Set menu, we can set the color of three screen elements −
The turtle's pen

The turtle's fill
The screen background
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We set a color by moving these three sliders left and right. Remember that black is the absence of all color and
white is all colors together. Mixing light isn't like mixing paint. As an example, if you mix red and green paint, you
get a muddy color. Since this is a computer, every color has an internal numeric representation.
On the left end of the sliding scale is zero . On the right end is 255, which is kind of like 99 to a computer (It's 28
- 1). Thus black is [0 0 0], red is [255 0 0], green is [0 255 0], blue is [0 0 255]. You can make anything in between
these colors, and in all these, there are 256 * 256 * 256 possible colors. That's 28 * 28 * 28, or 24-bits of color —
24-binary digits inside the machine.
The following commands will give you a big fat red pen −
setpensize [5 5]
setpencolor [255 0 0]
When you find a color you like using the sliders, you can ask Logo what it is: choose the pen color, then in the
command window, enter the following command.
show pencolor
The following screenshot shows the execution and output of the above code.
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You can make a colored square using the following steps −
Step 1 − Draw the square with side length 40 using the following command.
repeat 4 [fd 40 rt 90]
Step 2 − Pen up using the following command.
pu
Step 3 − Go to a point inside the square. For example, place the turtle at coordinate using the following
command.
setxy 20 20
Step 4 − Fill the square with the set floodcolor. For example, to set the floodcolor to blue use the following
command.
setfloodcolor [0 0 255]
The following table lists a few more Color and pen related commands.
Color & Pen command Purpose of the command
setpencolor [ r g b] Sets the color for turtle’s pen
setpc [r g b] r g b are numbers in range [0, 255]
setfloodcolor [r g b] Sets the color for an endorsed area
setfc [r g b]
setscreencolor [r g b] Sets the color for the background
setsc [r g b]
show pencolor Specifies the current values for [r g b] of a named item
show floodcolor
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show screencolor
Fill Dumps a bucket of current floodcolor at the cursor’s location
Fill Dumps a bucket of current floodcolor at the cursor’s location
Try executing the following set of commands −
cs − To clear the screen.
home − To bring the turtle at the home place.
setpensize [5 5] − Setting the pen size.
setpencolor [255 0 0] − Setting the pen color to red.
setfloodcolor [0 0 255] − Setting the flood color to blue.
setscreencolor [0 255 0] − Setting the screen color to green.
repeat 4 [fd 40 rt 90] − Draw a square with side length 40.
pu − Pen up.
setxy 20 20 − Put the turtle at coordinate .
fill − Fill the square with the set floodcolor blue.
ht − Hide turtle.
You should receive the following output on execution of the above commands.
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Why should we learn the Logo language?

How to download and install MSW Logo Software?

After installation, it puts a Logo icon on the desktop of your computer.

The MSW Logo screen has two parts −

A Drawing window above with a triangle-shaped TURTLE in the center.

forward 60 or fd 60 means go forward 60 steps

right 90 or rt 90 means right turn 90 degrees

left 90 or lt 90 means left turn 90 degrees

back 60 or bk 60 means go back 60 steps

Here, ‘0 0’ is the center, or origin . In its centered, zoom-"normal" state, Logo's

What kind of figure does the following command sequence produce?

cs pu setxy -60 60 pd home rt 45 fd 85 lt 135 fd 120

Following is a table of command summary.

Command Name Purpose

Moves it 100 points to the right of center

The following screenshot is a practical demonstration of some of the above commands.

make “first_name “Amal

The following example shows how to define numeric variables −

Other useful commands are −

ln − It takes one argument and returns its natural logarithm.

log10 − It takes the logarithm to base 10 of its one argument.

Let us look at the following example −

word ‘end’ on the last line.

Following is the practical demonstration of the above example −

Here is the practical demonstration of the above example −

We use a variable, though, with a colon ‘:’ in front of its name.

while [:n < 100]

Value of ‘r’ is 0, then [fd 20] will be executed.

The turtle's pen

You can make a colored square using the following steps −

repeat 4 [fd 40 rt 90]

Step 2 − Pen up using the following command.

Color & Pen command Purpose of the command

setpencolor [ r g b] Sets the color for turtle’s pen

setpc [r g b] r g b are numbers in range [0, 255]

setfloodcolor [r g b] Sets the color for an endorsed area

setscreencolor [r g b] Sets the color for the background

show pencolor Specifies the current values for [r g b] of a named item

Fill Dumps a bucket of current floodcolor at the cursor’s location

Fill Dumps a bucket of current floodcolor at the cursor’s location

Try executing the following set of commands −

cs − To clear the screen.

home − To bring the turtle at the home place.

setpensize [5 5] − Setting the pen size.

setpencolor [255 0 0] − Setting the pen color to red.

setfloodcolor [0 0 255] − Setting the flood color to blue.

setscreencolor [0 255 0] − Setting the screen color to green.

repeat 4 [fd 40 rt 90] − Draw a square with side length 40.

setxy 20 20 − Put the turtle at coordinate .

fill − Fill the square with the set floodcolor blue.

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