A STUDY ON "REAL

ANALYSIS"
A Project report submitted to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, in a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree.
Of
BACHELOR OF MATHEMATICS
Submitted by
K KAVYA
Redg.No.716128505033
Under the guidance of
Ms. Bhagya, M.SC, B.Ed
Lecturer in Mathematics

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
CHAITANYA DEGREE & PG COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(Affiliated to Andhra University, Visakhapatnam)
2016-2019
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report on "MATHEMATICS" is a

bonafied work done by MISS K Kavya a student of B.sc final year
with Regd.NO:716128505033 U.G. department of
MATHEMATICS, CHAITANYA DEGREE & PG COLLEGE FOR
WOMEN under my guidance.

project guide

Ms. BHAGYA

External Internal
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project work entitled "REAL ANALYISIS"

submitted by me to the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, in partial
fulfillment for the award of DEGREE OF MATHEMATICS is entirely
based on my own study is being submitted for the first time and it has
not been submitted to any another University or institution for any
degree

Place: K KAVYA
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A Successful project can be prepared by single efforts or the person to
whom the project is assigned , but is also demand the help and
guardianship the some conversant person who helps in the undersigned
actively or passively in the completion of successful project.

I extended heartfelt gratitude to my faculty guide Ms.Bhagya For his

consistent encouragement benevolent criticism Inspirable suggestions
which the main reason to bring the work to present shape.

I would like to thanks my principal Dr. s. CHANDRA MAHALAXMI,

M.sc, ph .D. Correspondent Mrs ,G. VIJAYA LAXMI, M.Sc,
Secretary Mr.G. V .Narayana Rao. M.Sc, M. Phil, Dean at the collage
.M.L.NARASIMHAM for this inspiration, timely helps throughout my
course.

With great pleasure. I express my deep sense gratitude to all the staff
members of the U.G dept of commerce who have helped me directly or
indirectly in successful completion of this project.

I would also like to thanks my parents and my classmates and those

Entire people whose co - operations , suggestions and heartfelt support
Paved my way to accomplish and make my project successful.

Place:
Date:
 INDEX

S.NO. NAME OF THE PRACTICAL PAGE.NO.

01. INTRODUCTION

02. REVIEW OF INFOR-MATION

03. METHODOLOGY

04. DISCUSSION AND ANALYISIS

05. BIBILIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER-1
 INTRODUCTION
>ROLLERS :
In calculus Rolle's Theorem essentially states that any

real valued differentiable function, a point where the graph of the

function is zero. Advanced mathematical concepts are characterized by

complex interaction between intuitive and rigorous reasoning processes

(Weber and Adcock , 2004 ).

Learning, calculus, which involves processes pertaining to advanced

mathematical thinking , has been a subject of extensive research is that

students typically develop routine techniques and manipulative skills

rather than understanding(BerryNymann,2003 ;Davis&Vinner, 1996;

2007;Robert,1982; Ervynck,1981; Parameswaran Sierpinska

1987). Indian mathematician Bhaskara 11(1114-1185) is

credited with knowledge of Rolle's Theorem.

Although the theorem is named after Michel Rolle, Rolle's 1691 proof

covered only the case of polynomial functions. His proof did not use the

methods of differential calculus, which at that point in his life he

considered to be fallacious. The theorem was first proved by Cauchy in

1823 as a corollary of a proof of the mean value theorem.

Rolle's Theorem is a property of differentiable functions over the real

numbers, which are an ordered field. As such, it does not generalize to

other fields, but the following corollary does: if a real polynomial splits

(has all of its roots) over the real numbers, then its derivative does as

well. One may call this property of a field Rolle's property.

More general fields do not always have a notion of differentiable

function, but they do have a notion of polynomials, which can be

symbolically differentiated. Similarly, more general fields may not have

an order, but one has a notion of a root of a polynomial lying in a field.

The name "Rolles theorem" was first used byMoritz Wilhelm

Drobisch of Germany in 1834 and by Giusto Bellavitis of Italy in 1846.

The subject of calculus is rich in abstraction and calls for a high level of
conceptual understanding, where many students have difficulties. Ferine

* Mundy and Graham (1991) argue that students understanding of

central concepts of calculus is 'exceptionally primitive'.

> INCREASING FUNCTION :

The derivative of a function may be used to

determine whether the function is increasing or decreasing on any

intervals in its domain . If f!(x) >0 at each point in an interval I ,the the

function is said to be increasing on I.f!(x) <0 at each point in an interval

I,then the function is said to be decreasing en I.because the derivative

is zero or does not exist only at critical point on the function , It must be

positive or negative at all other points where the function exists.

In determining intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing

,you first find domain values where all critica points will occur , then ,

test all intervals in the domain of the function to the left, and the right of

these values to determine if the derivative is positive or negative . If f

(x) >0 , then f is increasing on the interval, and if f\x) < 0 ,then f is
decreasing on the interval.this and other information may be used to

show a reasonably accurate scetch of the graph of the function.

CHAPTER 2
 REVIEW OF INFORMATION

> ROLLERS THEOREM :

Rolle's Theorem is a special case of the mean value theorem.Rolle's

Theorem states that for any continuous, differentiate function that has

two equal values at two distinct points, the function must have a point on

the function where the first Derivative is zero. The technical way to state

this is : if f is continuous and differentiate on a closed interval [a , b] and

if f(a)=f(b), then f has a minimum of one value c in the open interval [a

,b] so that f^c^O.

* Increasing function :

Increasing function is any function whose value increases with

respect to an increase in the variables .for real numbers a and b .when

f(a)< f(b) and a<b then it is an increasing function . when f(a)<f(b) and

a<b then it is an said to be a strictly increasing function .

 Decreasing function is any function whose values are decreases

with respect to an increase in the variables .for real numbers a and b

,when it is said to be a strictly decreasing function .

Examples:

1. The graph of the function f(x) = -x -4x+10 is decreasing on the

interval (-2,oo)

2. The graph of the function f(x) =x2+8x-5 is increasing when x >-4

CHAPTER-3
 METHODOLOGY

Most of the information regarded to this project was downloaded from

the net www.google .com Yahoo.com many books such as applications

of mathematics historyof mathematics were referred which were

available in our library. The mathematicalanalysis was done in our team

with the help of our guide (can write how the discussion)is going toed,

which known model is going to the adopted.

CHAPTER-4
 DISCUSSION AND ANAYALSIS
Rolle's theorem:

Statement: If f:[a b]->R be such that

(i)f is continuous on [a b]

(ii)f is derivable on (a b)

(iii)f(a)=f(b) then ^ce(a b) ^f !(c) =0 Proof:

Let f:[a b]-»R be a function

Since f is continuous on [a b] then f is bounded on[a b] and f attains its

bounds

i.e., «soc,d efc[a b] oof(c) =M and f(d) =m

case(i): IfM=m

then f(x) =m o?'x «p[a b]

f is constant functon
 (x) = 0 e®x 0©[ab]

f(c) = 0 0£>c 0©(a b)

V 6

Case (ii) :
-t-

Since f(a) = f(b) and Then either f(a) ooM and

f(b)efc'M or f(a) 00m and f(b)

Suppose f(a) #?M and f(b)

a %® c and b <&> c

a < c < b b)

since f is derivable on(a b) f is

derivable on c

(c) exists

it is enough to prove that f !(c) = 0

suppose that f !(c) >0 f

is locally increasing

i.e., m>8 ^ 0 a^fTx) > f(c) e*>x &(c,c+S) m [a b]

3 3 He c

f(x)> f(c)=M 0?x m(a b)

f(x)>M 0^x m{& b)

which is a contradiction as M is the supremum

ooour supposition is wrong

'i

j>f (c) m 0 Similarly

f^c) && 0

Hence e#c <^(a ft) ^(c) = 0

3 6 3

Hence proved
 Applications of Rolle's Theorem

1. Discuss the applicability theorem of Rolle's F (x) = x 3-6x2 +llx -6;

a=l,b=3

Sol: given that f (x) = x3-6x2+l lx -6 - (1)

Since f(x) is polynomial function and all polynomial functions are continuous on [a
b] so f(x) is continuous on [a b] and derivable on (a b)

F(x) = (x-l)(x2-5x+6)

F(x) = (x-l)(x 2-2x-3x+6)

F(x) = (x-l)(x(x-2)-3(x-2))

F(x)=(x-l)(x-2)(x-3)

Eq(l) F (a) = (a-1) (a-2) (a-3)

F(l) = 0

F(b) = (b-l)(b-2)(b-3)

F (3) = (3-1) (3-2) (3-3)

F(3) = 0

F(a) = F(b)

Satisfies the conditions of rolles theorem then 3 c€ [ab] 3f'(c)=0

Consider f(x) = x3-6x2+l 1 x -6

F'(x)=3x 2 -12x+ll

Since f'(c)=0

3c2 -12c+ll=0
 Where a=33b=-12, c=ll

_12±Vl44-132

If

12±2V3

6±V3

Given F(x) is applicable for Rolle's Theorem

2. Discuss the applicability theorem of Rolle's Theorem F(x) is x 3-3x+k=0

Sol: given f(x) is x3-3x+k-0 - (1)

f'(x)=3x2-3

Since f(x) is function and all functions are continuous on [a b] so f(x) is continuous on [a b]

and derivable on (a b)

F(0) = k

F (0) =2

F(l)=l-3+k

-2+k =0

K=2

F(0) = F(l ) Consider f (x) =

x3-3x+2=0

f'(x) - 3x2-3

Since fl(c) = 0

3c2-3=0

Where a=3, b=0, c= -3

_ = 0 ±V0+36
C
6

c=±-

C = ±l .'. c

value lies between land

.'. f(x) =0 has two distinct roots in (0, 1) for no value for k.
3. Prove that the equation 3x 5+15x-8=0 has only one real root.

Sol: letf(x)=3x5+15x-8

Since f(x) is a polynomial of odd degree, there exists at least One

real root for f(x) = 0 If possible, suppose that there exist two real

roots Xi;x2 (xi<X2).

Now f(x) is continuous and differentiable in [xix2] and also such that f(xi) = f(x2) = 0 (

'• xi( x2 are roots of f(x) = 0)

.'. f (x) satisfies all conditions of the Rolle's Theorem. .'.

at some point £ € (x^ x2) we have f1 (£) =0. But

f'(x)=15(x 4 +l)>0 Vx€R This contradiction proves that the equation

f(x) =0 has only one real root.

4. Verify Rolle's Theorem for f(x) =cosx in [n, Sn].

Sol: given f(x) = ccsx V x e R

F(x) is continuous on [n, Sn] and derivable on (n, Sn).

Consider f (7r) = cos7r = -(1)

f(7T) = -(l)

Consider f (57r) = cos57r =

-(1)

f(57T)=-(l)

Hence f(x) is satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's Theorem in (n, Sn)

Now we consider f'(x) = - sin x

f \% ) =- sin(7r)

=0

And f (5n) = sin (57r)

=0

And x =2n, 3n , 4 n , V There exists

three points x= 2n, In , 4 n

So that f'(x) = 0 *

Hence RolLels Theorem is verified

 APPLICATIONS ON INCREASING FUNCTION

1. Show that log(l+x) - ^ ,x>0

Sol: let f(x)=log(l+x) ~

2x
Since log(l+x) and — are derivable for x>0

2x
Consider f(x) = log(l+x) - —

(2+x)2-2x(l)
(2+x)2

1
4+2x-2x l+x~
(2+x)2

1+X
(2+X)2

f'(x) = —-

f x _ (2+*)2-4(l+x) ^
^ (l+x)(2+x) 2
f'(x) = 4+4x+x2-4-4x2
(l+x)(2+x)2
 >0

f](x)>0

f(x) is an increasing function.

 2. find the interval of f(x) = x -x-4 in which f is increasing and decreasing
function

Sol: Given that f(x) = x3-x-4

= (V3x)2-(l)2

= (V3x+l)(V3x-l)

If f(x) is an increasing function then

IN, 1
 Lw 1

If f(x) is an decreasing function then

f*(x)< 0

IN, 1

1 w 1

1 NW 1

cx3f(x) is an decreasing function.

3. Show that tan x > x > sin x oox oo(0,|)

Sol: let f(x)= tan x - x and g(x) = x - sin x

f1(x) = sec2x-

f1(x)=tan2x>0 ooxoo(0,-)

oof1(X)>0ooXoo(0,-)

oof(x) is an increasing function for xoo(0,-)

Forxoo(0-)oo 0<x<-
v
V 2

Since f(x) is an increasing function oo

f(0)< f(x) < f(f )

Consider f(0) <f(x)

tan 0- 0 < tan x - x

0 < tan x -x

tan x - x>0
 tan x >x oox )
oo(0,-) _ 1

consider g(x) = x - sin x

g 1 (x)=l - COS X >0 CX)X CO(0,-)

^x) > 0 oox oo(0,f)

oog(x) is an increasing function

for xoo(0,-) oo 0 < x< -

since g(x) is an increasing function

oo g(0) < g(x) <g(f

Consider g(0) < g(x)

oo 0 - sin 0 < x - sin x

oo 0 < x- sin x

oo x - sin x -»0

oo x->sinx ooxoo(0,-)
2
 From eq 1 and eq 2
Tan x > x> sin x oo(0,-)
7Z\
00

oo
(l+x)

oo -iL-< log(l+x) 1

Consider g(x) = log(l+x) -x

(l+x)

oo g!(x) < 0

oo g(x) is an decreasing function for x>0

Since f is decreasing function

 g(x) <g(0)

log(l+x)-x<log(l+0)-0

log(l+x)-x<0

log(l+x) <x _ 2

from eq 1 and eq 2

we get

log(l+x)<xforx>0
(1+x)
Chapter-5
4. Show that ^ < log(l+x) <x for x> 0

Sol: let f(x)= — - log(l+x) and g(x) = log(l+x) -x

A. "i JL

oo (l+x)2
f(x)= l+x

1+x-x 1
(l+x)2 (1+%)

(l+x)

OO
J
(l+x)2

OO fl( X ) = ^lZ|

v J
(l+x)2 00

H*) =77Tb < 0

oofi(x)

oo f(x) is an decreasing function for x->0 for x-»0

Since f is decreasing function

f(x) < f(0)

 BIBILOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOK:

Introduction to Real Anaylsis by" RABERT BARTELY" And

"D.R.SHRBART" published by "JOHN WILEY"

REFERENCE TEXT BOOK:

1) A textbook of B.Sc mathematics by B.V.S.S.SARMA and published by

S.CHAND company pvt.ltd.

2) Elements of real analysis on per UGC Syllabus by SHANTHI NARAYANA

And Dr.M.D.RAISINGKANIA published by S.CHAND and company pvt.ltd,

New Delhi