CHAPTER 6: Summary

 Latch or Flip-Flops – a logic circuit that can remember.

Types:
1. SR
2. D
3. JK
4. T

• RAM - allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time respective
to the physical location of data inside the memory.
• RAM should be known as RWM (Read–Write Memory) and PROM as
WORMM (Write Once Read Many Memory).
• EPROM - a type of memory chip that retains its data when power supply is off.
• PROM - digital memory where data in them is permanent and cannot be changed.
• STATIC MEMORY - a lot of flip-flops.
• SRAM - is constructed from the thousand of flip-flops
- fastest but most expensive ROM used in computers.
• DRAM - employs totally different approach in storing bits
-storing capacity is 256Mbit-1Gbit.
-access speed ranges from 50ns-5ns.

TYPES OF MEMORY CHIPS:

1. RAM
2. ROM
3. PROM
4. EPROM
5. EEPROM
6. FLASH
•DRAM Two Dimensional Array of Capacitor Memory Cell:
1. CAS – column access which are made up of bit lines.
2. RAS – row access which are made up of work line
• CYCLE TIME – a delay in which every access, the column, bit lines need time to recharge
before the next cycle take place
• EDO or Extended Data Output – is a technique that carries out in a burst four access cycle on
each read-write request.
• Extra Decode Logic – needed to select the memory chip during a read or write cycle.
• Memory Maps – describes the location in address space of the chips that are to be installed.
• Memory Mapped IO – method that includes IO ports within the same addressing space as
memory chips.
• IO Mapping – ports are seen in a different address space in memory.
• S-R Latch – simplest practicable 1 bit memory cell that can be constructed from two cross-
coupled NOR gates.
• DRAM – uses small integrated capacitors to store electrical charge to represent a binary 1.
• Memory Length – is determined by the address width.
• A variety of technologies are used to manufacture memory packages with different
characteristics: DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, flash RAM and EEPROM. The main memory in current
digital computers is made up of SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) chips.
• IO ports may be memory mapped or installed in a separate IO address space. Here they
will require special instructions for access.
• Simple input and output ports can appear to a program as single bytes of memory within
the address space.
• Memory Address Decoding Circuit – this uses some of the remaining upper address lines,
which are fed into a separate decoder. The decoder lines are then connected to the chip select
(C/S) pins on the memory packs to complete the addressing. Any unused upper address lines
can be left for future expansion.
• Memory Cards – are designed with refresh circuitry included, increasing the hardware
complexity and cost
• Method of bursting allows the SDRAM to provide a 5–1–1–1 access performance, and even
3–1–1–1, in some devices