Chapter 1: Biodiversity

Living thing = organism

Differences = variations

Habitat = natural place where the living thing lives

Classifications of Plants

 Habitat
- Land :- Lallang, Rambutan Tree, Balsam
- Water :- Lotus, Water hyacinth, water lily
 Type of stem
- Hard :- Durian tree, Mango tree
- Soft :- Yam plant, Balsam plant, Lallang, Maize plant
 Reproduction method
- Sees :- Rambutan tree, Guava tree, Coconut tree
- Spores :- Fern, Moss, Mushroom

SYSTEM of Classifications of Animals

 Vertebrates
- Animals WITH BACKBONE
- Warm blooded vertebrates (homoeothermic) have fixed body temperature
- Cold blooded vertebrates (poikilothermic) have body temperature which changes according
to its surrounding temperature
- Types of vertebrates :-
(a) (live in WATER, COLD-blooded, have SLIMY SCALES, breathe through
GILLS, lay eggs, EXTERNAL fertilisation, e.g. eel, goldfish)

(b) (live in WATER & LAND, COLD-blooded, have MOIST

SKIN, [tadpole – GILLS, adult stage –LUNGS, MOIST SKIN], lay eggs [no shell],
EXTERNAL fertilisation, e.g toad, frog)

(c) (live in WATER & LAND, Cold-blooded, have DRY SCALES, breathe
through LUNGS, lay eggs [with shell], INTERNAL fertilisation, e.g. snakes, crocodile)

(d) ( live on LAND, WARM-blooded, have FEATHERS, BEAKS & legs are
covered with DRY SCALES, breathe through LUNGS, lay eggs [with shell],
INTERNAL fertilisation, e.g. eagle, chicken)

(e) ( live on LAND, Warm-blooded, have FUR/HAIR, EXTERNAL

EARS, SWEAT GLANDS, MAMMARY (milk) GLANDS [to produce milk for its
young], breathe through LUNGS, give birth, INTERNAL fertilisation, e.g. whale, rabbit,
cat)
 Unusual characteristics of some animals
 Sharks give birth to young (FISH)
 Rattle snake give birth (REPTILE)
 Platypuses lay eggs and have beaks like ducks (MAMMAL)
 Bats have wing and fly like birds (MAMMAL)
 Whales and dolphins live in the water like fish. (MAMMAL)
 Porcupines have spines on their body for protection (MAMMAL)
 Kangaroos and koalas raise the young in their body pouches (MAMMAL)

 Invertebrates
- Animals with NO BACKBONE
- Most number of animals in the world are invertebrates
- Some have hard external skeleton (exoskeleton) for protection like crabs and beetles.
- Some have soft bodies and use their body fluids (hydrostatic skeleton) for body
support suck as earthworms and leeches

SYSTEM of Classification of Plants

 Flowering plants
- Produce flowers, seeds and fruits (flowers usually become fruits)
- Produce flower for reproduction
- Divided into :-

(a) ( have PARALLEL VEINS,

FIBROUS ROOT, seed with ONE COTYLEDON, SOFT stem, have petals in
THREE, e.g Maize plant, Coconut tree, Grass, Paddy plant, Oil Palm)

(b) ( have NETWORK VEINS, TAP ROOT,

seeds with TWO COTYLEDONS, WOODY stem, have petals in FOUR / FIVE,
e.g. Rubber tree, Mango tree, Durian tree, Rose plant, Balsam)

 Non-flowering plants
- Do NOT produce flowers, seeds, fruits
- Reproduce through SPORES / BINARY FISSION
- Algae, mosses and ferns HAVE CHLOROPHYLL to carry out photosynthesis
- Divided into :-

(a) ( live in WATER/DAMP PLACES on land, have

CHOLOROPHYLL, make their OWN food [through photosynthesis], reproduce
through BINARY FISSION, do NOT have real stem, leaves and roots, e.g
Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Seaweed )
 (b) ( live in DAMP PLACES, have CHLOROPHYLL, make their
OWN food, reproduce through SPORES, HAVE leaves and stems but do NOT
have real roots, e.g moss)

(c) ( live in DAMP & SHADY places, have CHLOROPHYLL, make

their OWN food, reproduce through SPORES, HAVE real stem, leaves and roots,
e.g. Ferns, Bird’s Nest fern

(d) ( live in DAMP PLACES, do NOT have chlorophyll, get food from
living things or dead organisms, reproduce through spores [yeast reproduce
through budding], do NOT have real stem, leaves and root, e.g. mushrooms,
yeast, mould)

Photosynthesis process: