Movement Dislocations: Review

Outline
• Movement of Dislocations - Review
• Screw Dislocation
• Screw vs. Edge Dislocations
• Mixed Dislocations
• Observation of Dislocations • Bonds across slip plane break consecutively not simultaneously
• Dislocations’ Multiplication
– less energy is required but with same end result.
• Stress and Dislocation Motion
• Dislns allow deformation at much lower stress than in a perfect
• Slip in Single Crystals
crystal.
• Twining
• The movement of the dislocation requires the breaking and formation
of only ONE set of bonds per step.
• Dislocations move in the close-packed directions within the close
Prof. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 4/1 packed planes.
Prof. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 321 lecture 4/2

SCREW Dislocation: Movement

SCREW Dislocation:
Because b and disln are parallel there
is no set SLIP plane. Instead, crew
dislns move on planes with low
resistance to disln movement.
Can change planes if need to:
………………… Note that AB is
parallel to b.

Spiral within the lattice structure

wrapped around an imperfection line,
like a screw is wrapped around its axis

• Crystal is "cut halfway through and then slide sideways“

helical path through structure hence “screw”. Cross-slip of a screw dislocation xy from (a) plane A to (b) plane B
to (c) plane A. Slip always occurs in direction of Burgers vector b.
• The motion of a screw dislocation can be thought of in terms of tearing a
sheet of paper. Generally, screw dislocations are more ………… than edge dislocations.
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 SCREW Dislocation: Movement Screw Disln vs. Edge Disln

• The motion of a screw dislocation is also a result of shear stress.

- Motion is ……………… to direction of stress, rather than
……………. (edge).
- However, the net plastic deformation of both edge and
screw dislocations is the same.

Screw dislocations provide

pure shear lattice strain only

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Dislocations Mixed Dislocation and Disln LOOPS

Usually, dislocations have both an edge and a screw character;
i.e., they are ………… dislocations:
Mixed mode here
Slip plane

Pure edge here

Pure screw here Mixed dislocation Dislocation loop

Curved dislocations containing edge and screw components
For a dislocation loop:
Front + back are (+ve) and (-ve) edge
Sides are LH + RH screw
makes up most of the dislocations encountered in real life
- very difficult to have pure edge or pure screw dislocations Shear stress expands loop radially (grows outwards)

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 Observation of Dislocations Observation of Dislocations

• Dislocations have been observed by the Transition Electron

Microscope (TEM)

Observation of individual Due to dislocations interaction

dislocations in thin foil. (a) similar dislocations will pile-up
Planar arrays of dislocations in
18Cr-8Ni stainless steels (b) at barriers on SLIP planes
diagram showing position of (grain boundaries, precipitates)
dislocations on the guide plane and cause stress concentrations.
in the foil.

Each disln lies along a particular

plane and extends from the top
to the bottom of the foil Can we observe the SLIP step in a light optical microscope (LOM)?

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Dislocation Multiplication Frank-Read source for dislocation multiplication

In order to see slip step under a LOM, it requires ~ 104 dislocations in
Shear stress causes
order to 1μm size.
bowing out of disln
Î Requires many disln ! A-B is pinned segment line between A and B Instability reached when:
Gb
Gb τ≈
Do we have All originally present in crystal? ……! τ∝ l
R
new dislocations are created during deformation
R= l
2
Disln density (cm of disln/cm2) increases from
104 - 105 → 1011-1012
annealed cold-worked (heavily deformed)
A-B segment can
A widely accepted mechanism for disln multiplication is produce another disln
At C-C’ have screw
FRANK-READ Source dislns of opposite sign. A B loop if shear stress
- Segment of disln is pinned (by other disln or ppts/foreign atoms) Shear stress Annihilate each other. maintained. First loop
causes bowing out of segment. moves out causing slip
- Curves round on itself; eventually meets itself form
Dislocation LOOP and Segment. - LOOP moves out radially,
- LOOP moves out radially,
- Segment can produce another loop if maintained. - Segment can produce another loop
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 Frank-Read source for dislocation multiplication STRESS AND DISLOCATION MOTION
• Crystals slip due to a resolved shear stress, tR.
• Applied tension can produce such a stress.

Applied tensile Resolved shear Relation between

stress: σ = F/A stress: τR=Fs/As σ and τR
F slip plane τR τR=Fs/As
Silicon A normal, ns
crystal As Fcosλ A/cosφ
Fs
F nsφ
n
ip
sl rec
ti o
ip tio
n λ A
di sl rec
nFs
…………. As
F di τR tio
ip
sl rec
di
magnitude depends on applied stress, as well as
τR = σ cos λ cos φ its orientation with respect to both the slip plane
and slip direction
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SLIP IN SINGLE CRYSTAL SLIP IN SINGLE CRYSTAL

• So, even if an applied stress is purely When σ sufficiently high, τR reaches

τCRSS (critical resolved shear stress –
tensile, there are shear components to
this is the minimum stress that will
it in directions at all but the parallel cause slip to start) and then slip starts;
and perpendicular directions i.e. yielding begins in that crystal.

τ R = σ cos λ cos φ σy =
τ CRSS
(cos λ cos φ ) max
(often λ and φ ≠ 90o i.e. slip direction, slip Maximum value of (cosλ × cosφ) is 0.5
plane normal and tensile axis are not usually so therefore:
in same plane).
σ y = 2τ CRSS
Several slip systems exist in a crystal.
τR varies depending on φ and λ. System with Other slip systems may then start to
maximum value of τR is one on which slip is τ R ( Max ) = σ (cos λ cos φ ) Max operate (especially as the crystal
…………….. rotates towards tensile axis)

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 CRITICAL RESOLVED SHEAR STRESS
• Condition for dislocation motion: τR > τCRSS
• Crystal orientation can make
it easy or hard to move disl.
τR = σ cos λ cos φ
σ σ
τR = 0
DISL. MOTION IN POLYCRYSTALS
σ
• Slip planes & directions change from one crystal
to another.
typically
• τR will vary from one crystal to another.
10 G to 10-2 G
-4
• The crystal with the largest tR yields first.
• Other (less favorably oriented) crystals yield
σ later.
• As grains do not split from each other during
deformation, they must deform together.
Accommodate each other’s shape change.
τR = 0
τR = σ/2 • Puts CONSTRAINT onto deformation. (grain

λ=90°
…… λ=45°
…… φ=90°
…… can only change shape if neighbours also under go
some complementary shape change).
φ=45°
……
• Higher stress required.
300 μm
copper 173X
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DISL. MOTION IN POLYCRYSTALS Twinning

• During deformation, coherency is maintained at grain boundaries A second mechanism of plastic deformation in which atoms on one
– As mentioned before, grain boundaries do not rip apart, rather they side of a plane (called the twinning plane) are shifted to form a
remain together during deformation. mirror image of the other side by the effect of a shear force.
• This causes a level of constraint in the grains, as each grain’s shape
is formed by the shape of its adjacent neighbors.
– Most prevalent is the fact that grains will elongate along the direction
of deformation

Twinning, involving the formation of an atomic mirror image (i.e.,

a "twin") on the opposite side of the twinning plane: (a) before, and
(b) after twinning

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 Twinning Twinning
– Displacement magnitude in the twin region is proportional to
the atom’s distance from the twin plane
– takes place along defined planes and directions depending
upon the system.
• Ex: BCC twinning occurs on the (112)[111] system

A and C have
All parts have
B the same crystal
same crystal
orientation, but
orientation
not B.
C

displacements take place atomic displacement is less

in exact atomic spacings than interatomic spacing
0.75mm
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Twinning

• Properties of Twinning
– occurs in metals with BCC or HCP crystal
structure Next time:
• occurs at low temperatures and high rates of shear Strengthening Mechanisms
loading (shock loading)
• conditions in which there are few present slip
systems (restricting the possibility of slip)
– ………. amount of deformation when
compared with slip.

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