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POWER PLANT LECTURE New
POWER PLANT LECTURE New
Diesel, Rudolf Christian Karl (1858 – 1913), German engineer, who invented the diesel engine.
After studying in England, he attended the Polytechnic School in Munich, where he settled in 1893. In 1892 He
patented the internal-combustion engine named for him, which employed auto-ignition of fuel. While associated
with the Krupp firm in Essen, he built the first successful diesel engine, utilizing low-cost fuel. In 1913, while on a
voyage to England, Diesel drowned in English Channel.
Diesel Engine – is an excellent prime mover for electric power generation in capacities of 101 hp to 5070 hp. These
are widely used in hotels, utility companies, municipalities and private industries.
The design of diesel electric power plant includes the following elements; the stationary diesel engine, fuel system,
lubricating system, cooling system, intake and exhaust system, starting system, and the governing system.
*Advantages of the diesel engines:
Qs = mfQh
Where:
mf = mass flow rate of fuel
Qs = heating value of fuel
What is the heat that can be supplied by 39 kg/hr diesel fuel whose heating value is 43,912
kJ/kg?
Solution: Qs = mfQs
Qs = (39/3600)43,912 kJ/s or kW
Answer: Qs = 475.71 kW
Where:
ma = mass of air
mf = mass of fuel
Sample Problem: ( Calculating the Air-Fuel Ratio)
The density of air entering the engine is 1.19 kg/m3 whose volume flow rate is 0.15
m3/s. Ifthe mass flow rate of fuel is 121.38 kg/hr, what is the air-fuel ratio?
𝑨 𝒎𝒂
Solution: =
𝑭 𝒎𝒇
then;
𝑨 𝟎.𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟗
=
𝑭 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒
𝑨
Answer: 𝑭 = 18 kg air/kg fuel
Piston displacement is the volume displaced by the piston as it moves from top dead
center to bottom dead center.
𝛑𝐃²
VD = ( ) LN ncnp
𝟒
Where:
N = engine speed by 2.
nc = no. of cylinders
Solution:
πD²
Vd = ( 4 )LNncnp
4. Piston Speed:
Piston speed = 2 LN
Where:
Solution:
Indicated power is the power developed by the action of piston within a cylinder, so
named because it is measured by use of an indicator.
Pind = PmiVD
Where:
Where:
Sc = spring scale
Where:
wc = working cylinder
cc = crankcase
The cylinder diameters of an eight – cylinder, single acting, four-stroke diesel engine are
750 mm and the stroke is 1125 mm. The indicated mean effective pressure in the cylinder
is 586 kPawhen the engine is running at 110 rpm. Calculate the indicated power.
Soulution:
Pind = Pmi L A N nc np
𝛑 𝟏𝟏𝟎
= 586(1.25)[ (0.75)2][ 𝟔(𝟐𝟎)])8)(1)
𝟒
Answer = 2,135.82 kW
6. Brake Power, Pb
Brake power is the delivered power to a shaft. Brake power is always less than the
indicated power for a given engine, because some of the work developed by the
cylinders is used cylinders is used to overcome the friction of running the engine. The
often term of brake is shaft power.
𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐍
Pb = and T=Fr NOTE:Brake power is calculated
𝟔𝟎
The flywheel of a rope brake is 1.22 m diameter and the rope is 24mm diameter. When the
engine is running at 250rev/min the load on the brake is 480 N on one end of the rope and 84 N
on the other end. Calculate the brake power.
Solution:
𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐍
Pb =
𝟔𝟎
F = 480 – 84 = 395=6 N
r = 0.622 m
𝟐𝛑(𝟐𝟒𝟔.𝟑𝟏)(𝟐𝟓𝟎)
Pb = = 6,448.43 W
𝟔𝟎
Answer Pb = 6.448kW
@ Brake power in terms of brake mean effective pressure and piston displacement:
Pb = PmbVD
Where:
Pb = brake power
VD = piston displacement
A single acting, 8 cylinder, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to stroke of 142.1-mm x
210.45-mm operates at 1200 rpm. The load on the brake arm at 1 m is 150 kg. What is the
brake mean effective pressure in kPa?
Solution:
Pb = Pmb VD
𝛑 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
VD = [ 𝟒(0.1412)2](0.21045)[ ](8)(1)
𝟐(𝟔𝟎)
= 0.267 m3/s
T = [150(0.00981)](1)
T = 1.4715 kN-m
The brakepower (Pb):
𝟐𝛑(𝟏.𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟓)(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎)
Pb =
𝟔𝟎
Pb = 184.91kW
Pf = Pind - Pb
@ Calculating friction power using Morse test method applied to multi-cylinder engines:
Thus, the total indicated power for six cylinder engine is,
Note: no matter how many cylinders are firing, the friction power is
constant. (Pf(6) = Pf(5))
Sample problem: ME Board Problem (Calculating the indicated power)
A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76 mm bore x 89 mm stroke was run in the
laboratory at 200rpm, when it was found that the engine torque was 153.5 N-m with all
cylinders firing but 123 N-m when one cylinder was out. The engine consumed 12.2 kg of
fuel per hour with a heating value of 54,120 kJ/kg of air at 15.60C. Determine the indicated
power.
Solution:
𝟐𝛑(𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟓)(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐𝛑(𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝟑)(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Pind(6) =6[ - ]
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
Answer
Pind(6) = 38.83 kW
8. Mechanical Efficiency, em
Mechanical Efficiency is the ratio of the brake power to the indicated power.
𝐏𝐛 𝐏𝐦𝐛
em = or em =
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒎𝒊
where:
Pb = brake power
What is the mechanical efficiency of a 0.5 MW diesel engine if the friction power is 70
kW.
Solution:
Pind = Pb + Pf
Pind = 500 + 70 kW
Pind = 570 kW
Substitute:
𝟓𝟎𝟎
em =
𝟓𝟕𝟎
Answer:
em = 0.8772 or 87.72 %
Electrical or Generator Efficiency is the ratio of the generator power to the brake
power.
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐧
egen =
𝑷𝒃
where:
Pb = Brake Power
Solution:
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝟑/𝟒
egen = =
𝑷𝒃 𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟑
Answer:
Thermal Efficiencies is the ratio of the work done by heat engine to the heat supplied
by the fuel.
a. Indicated thermal efficiency, eti
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio indicated power to the heat supplied by
the fuel.
𝐏𝐢𝐧𝐝
eti =
𝒎𝒇𝑸𝒉
A 3.5 MW diesel power plant uses 3500 gallons in 24 hours period. What is the
indicated thermal efficiency of the engine if the generator and mechanical efficiencies
are 90% and 92% respectively? Oil is 280 API.
Solution:
𝐏𝐢𝐧𝐝
eti = 𝒎𝒇𝑸𝒉
= 45038.80 kJ/kg
Then;
𝐀𝐜𝐱𝐒𝐜
eti = 𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝑱
(𝟎.𝟏𝟑𝟔 )(𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟎 )
𝒔 𝒌𝒈
Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of the brake power to the heat supplied by the
fuel.
𝐏𝐛
eth =
𝑴𝒇𝑸𝒉
A supercharged six cylinder, four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and
12.7 cm stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it tested on a dynamometer
with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of
45822.20 kJ/kg heating value are burned during a 6 min. test and air metered to the
cylinders at the rate of 0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal efficiency.
Solution:
𝐏𝐛
etb =
𝒎𝒇𝑸𝒉
T = 81.65(0.00981)(0.5334)
T = 0.42725 N-m
𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐍 𝟐𝛑(𝟎.𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓)(𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎)
Pb = = = 111. 854 kW
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
thus;
𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟖𝟓𝟒
etb = = 0.307
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒(𝟒𝟓,𝟖𝟖𝟐.𝟐𝟎)
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐧
etc =
𝒎𝒇𝑸𝒉
Solution:
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐧
etc =
𝑸𝒔
𝟏
=
𝟐.𝟓
= 0.40 or 40%
Indicated engine efficiency is the ratio of the indicated thermal efficiency to the ideal
thermal efficiency.
𝐞𝐭𝐢
eei =
𝒆
What is the indicated engine efficiency of diesel engine if the indicated thermal
efficiency is 35% and the cycle efficiency is 45%.
Solution: Answer:
𝟑𝟓
eei = eei = 77.78%
𝟒𝟓
b. Brake engine efficiency: eeb
Brake engine efficiency is the ratio of the brake thermal efficienmcy to the ideal
thermal efficiency.
𝐞𝐭𝐛
eeb =
𝒆
A 500 kW diesel has a rate of 12,000 kJ/kW-hr. The compression ratio is 16:1 cut of
ratio of 2.3. Assume k = 1.32.Calculate the engine efficiency based on the output of
500kW.
Solution:
𝐞𝐭𝐛
eeb =
𝒆
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
etb = = 0.30 or 30%
𝟏𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏 (𝟐.𝟑)𝟏.𝟑𝟐−𝟏
e = 1- [ ]
𝟏𝟔(𝟏.𝟑𝟐−𝟏) 𝟏.𝟑𝟐(𝟐.𝟑−𝟏)
Answer
e = 0.5195 or 51.95%
𝟑𝟎
eeb = = .5777
𝟓𝟏.𝟗𝟓
eeb = 57.77%
Combined or over –all engine efficiency is the ratio of the combined or over- all
thermal efficiency to the ideal thermal efficiency.
𝐞𝐭𝐜
eec =
𝒆
Sample problem:
If the over-all thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is 33% and the diesel cycle
efficiency 49%, what is the combined engine efficiency?
Solution:
eec = 0.33/0.49
Answer:
eec = 67.35%
Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of air drawn into a cylinder to the
piston displacement.
𝐕𝐚
ev =
𝑽𝑫
where:
𝐦𝐚𝐑𝐚𝐓𝐚
Va =
𝑷𝒂
VD = piston displacement
Sample problem:
Solution:
πD2
Vd = ( )LNn
4
𝛑(𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝐱𝟎.𝟑𝟓) 1200
=( )(0.45)[ 2(60)](8)
𝟒
Vd = 3.46 m3/s
𝐕𝐚
ev =
𝑽𝒅
Answer
𝟑
ev = = 0.87 or 87%
𝟑.𝟒𝟔
Specific fuel consumption is the mass flow rate of fuel consumed per unit power
developed. It is also known as specific propellant consumption.
a. Indicated specific fuel consumption, mi
𝐦𝐟(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎) 𝐤𝐠
mi =
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒌𝑾−𝒉𝒓
What is the indicated specific fuel consumption of a six cylinder, four stroke diesel
engine with 76 mm bore x 89 mm stroke and indicated power of 38.83 kW if the
engine consumed 12.2 kg/hr of fuel?
Solution:
𝟏𝟐.𝟐 𝐤𝐠
mi =
𝟑𝟖.𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑾−𝒉𝒓
𝐦𝐟(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎) 𝐤𝐠
mb =
𝑷𝒃 𝒌𝑾−𝒉𝒓
Solution:
𝐦𝐟
mb =
𝑷𝒃
𝐏𝐦𝐛𝐋𝐀 𝐍𝐧
Pb =
𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where:
π 9
A = 4 (12)2 = 0.44 ft2
𝟏𝟕 𝟗𝟓𝟎
[𝟏𝟔𝟒(𝟏𝟒𝟒)( )(𝟎.𝟒𝟒)( )(𝟖)
𝟏𝟐 𝟐
Pb =
𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 1,201.40 Hp
Then:
𝟒𝟔𝟖.𝟓𝟓
mb =
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟏.𝟒𝟎
𝐦𝐟(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎) 𝐤𝐠
mc =
𝑷𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒌𝑾−𝒉𝒓
Solution:
𝟏(𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎)
mc =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Answer:
mc = 3.6 kg/kW-hr
Solution:
𝐐𝐬𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
HRi =
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒅
Pind = Pm L A N n
𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟓 π(0.2)2 550
Pind = [150( )](0.25)[ ][ 2(60)](4)
𝟏𝟒.𝟕 4
Pind = 148.875 kW
then;
(50)3600
HRi = 148.875
Answer:
HRi = 1209.07
A 305 mm 475 mm four stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 150 kW at 2600
rpm. Fuel consumption at rated load is 0.26 kg/kW-hr with a heating value of
43,912 kJ/kg. Calculate the brake heat rate.
Solution:
mdQh(3600)
HRb = 𝑃𝑏
HRb = mcQh
Answer:
The kilowatt output of a generator coupled to a diesel engine is 1.5 MW . If the mass
of fuel with heating value 45,000 kJ/kg consumed by the engine is 0.04 kg/s, what is
the combined vheat rate?
Solution:
(0.04)(45,000)(3600) kJ
HRc = 1,500 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
Answer:
kJ
HRc = 4,320 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
N = speed in rpm
P = no. of poles
Solution:
120f 120(60)
N= =
𝑛 24
Answer:
N = 300 rpm
By Energy Balance
Qwj = Qw
mwjCpwjΔTwj = mwCpwΔTw
mwjΔTwj = mwΔTw
By energy balance
Qsteam = Qgas
Ms(hs-hf) = mgCpgΔtg
𝐦𝐠𝐂𝐩𝐠𝚫𝐭𝐠
Ms = 𝒉𝒔−𝒉𝒇
𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐓
P = Ps (𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟓 √𝟐𝟖𝟖.𝟔) SI units
𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐓
P = Ps (𝟐𝟗.𝟗𝟐 √𝟓𝟐𝟎) English units
Where:
Solution:
Pact T
P = Ps (29.92 √520)
2800
= 29.92 - 1000 = 27.12 in.Hg
27.12 520
Answer: P = Ps (29.92 √520) = 1,359.63 kW.
Chapter 11 GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
Geothermal Energy – is heat energy naturally occurring with the earth. It comes
from two words “geo” meaning earth and “thermal” meaning concerning heat.
ms = x mg
where:
Solving for x:
h1 = h2 = hf2 + xhfg2
2. Turbine Output:
Wt = ms(h3 – h4) et
Where:
et = turbine efficiency
3. Generator Output:
QR = ms (h4 – h5)
𝐦𝐬(𝐡𝟑−𝐡𝟒)𝐞𝐭
ec = 𝐦𝐠𝐡𝟏
SOURCES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Reservoir stores the water coming from the upper river or waterfalls.
Spillway is a weir in the reservoir which discharges excess water so that the head
of the plant will be maintained.
Silt Sluice is a chamber which collects the mud and through which the mud is
discharged.
Valve is a device that opens or closes the entrance of the water into the
penstock.
Trash rack is a screen which prevents the leaves branches and other water
contaminants to enter into the penstock.
Penstock is the channel that leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine.
Generator is a device that converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into
electrical energy.
Hydraulic Turbine is a device that converts the energy of water into the
mechanical energy.
Tail Race is channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tail water.
Draft Tube is a device that connects the turbine outlet to the tail water so that
the turbine can be set above the tail water level.
Gross Head is the difference between head water and tail water
elevation.
hg =hhw - htw
where:
Friction Head Loss is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit due
to frictional disturbances set up by the moving fluid and its containing
conduit and by intermolecular friction.
where:
f = coefficient of friction
L = total length in m
g = 9.81 m/s2
D = inside diameter ( in m)
Note: Friction head loss is usually expressed as a percentage of the gross head.
3. Net head or Effective head, h:
Net Head or Effective head is the difference between the gross head and
the friction head loss.
h = hg -hf
4. Penstock efficiency,ep:
Penstock efficiency is the ratio of the net head to the gross head.
𝐡
ep = 𝐡𝐠
The volume flow rate of water is the product of the velocity and the
cross-sectional area.
Q = AV
6. Water Power, Pw
Pw= γQh
Where:
Turbine efficiency is the ratio of the turbine power output to the water
power output.
𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
et = 𝐖𝐀𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝐏𝐭
et = 𝐏𝐰 or Pt = γQhet
8. Electrical or Generator Efficiency, egen:
𝐏𝐠𝐞𝐧
egen = or Pgen = Pt egen = γQhetegen
𝐏𝐭
9. Generator Speed, N
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐟
N= 𝐏
Where:
Hydraulic efficiency is the ratio of the utilized head to the net head.
𝐡𝐰
eh = 𝐡
where:
hw = utilized head
h = net head
𝛑𝐃𝐍
Φ=
√𝟐𝐠𝐡
Where:
D = diameter of runner
N = angular speed
H = net head
𝐍√𝐇𝐏
Ns = N = angular speed, rpm
𝐡𝟓/𝟒
h = net head, ft
b. In SI units: where:
𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑𝐍√𝐤𝐖
Ns = N = angular speed, rpm
𝐡𝟓/𝟒
h = net head, m
etotal = ehemev
where:
eh = hydraulic efficiency
em = mechanical efficiency
ev = volumetric efficiency
* A turbine that utilizes kinetic energy of high velocity jet which acts upon
a small part of the circumference at an instant.
* Suited for (very) high head plants (150 m and above) & low volume of
water
* No exact value for critical head, hence heads are given in range
* Movement of water for reaction turbines can be radial for Francis Type
and axial for Propeller /Kaplan type
* Reaction turbine has draft tube which keeps the turbine up to 5 m (15
ft) above the tailwater
B. Propeller & Kaplan Type Reaction Turbines for (very) low head.
Solar Power Plant is the conversion of the energy of the sun’s radiation to useful work.
① Flat plate
② Concentrating
③ Focusing
Es = q S ( 1 – I ) A
Where:
i = atmospheric interference
Qsun = Qw + PE + Qloss
II. Wind power Plant
Windmills are any various mechanisms, such as mill, pump or electric generator,
operated by the force of wind against vanes or sails radiating about a horizontal shafts.
1. Pump Power, Wp
γQh
Wp = ep
Where:
γ = 9.81 kN/m3
H = net head
ep = pump efficiency
2. Kinetic Energy, KEair
1
KEair = 2maVa2
Where:
3. Volume of air, Va
maRaTa
Va = Pa
① Tidal Power
② Thermoionic Converter
③ Fuel Cell
1. A solar collecting panel 20 m2 in area receives solar energy at the rate of 750
W/m2. It is estimated that 35% of the incident energy is lost to surrounding;
Water enters the panel at steady flow rate of 0.05 kg/s at 150C. Calculate the
temperature of water leaving the collecting panel. Change in elevation of water is
2 meters.
Solution:
By Energy Balance:
Where:
W
Qsun = 750 m2 (20m2)
= 15,000 Watts
Qw = mCwΔtw
= 209.35 (to-15)
Qloss = 0.35(15,000)
= 5,250 W
P.E. = mgh
= (0.05kg/s)(9.81m/s2)(2m)
= 0.981 W
Thus;
Answer t = 61.56 0C
Chapter 14 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT is a power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into heat
to be used in producing steam for turbines, which in turn drive generators that produce
electric power.
Fuel Core is a radioactive material, U235 and U238 which is source of energy.
Moderator is a device that slows down the neutrons to thermal energy, made of Carbon
and Beryllium.
Control Rods are boron coated steel rods used to control the reactor.
Reflector is a device made of lead or carbon which surrounds the core to bounds back
any leakage of neutrons.
Thermal Shield is a device that prevents escape of radiation from reactor vessel.
Reactor Drum is a device that encloses the fuel core and components.
Biological Shield is a concrete or lead which absorbs any leakage of radiation and
protects operators from exposure to radioactivity.
Control Cubicle is a device that contains the meters that show the operating quantities
in the reactor.
Containment Vessel is a concrete the prevent the spread of radiation in case of major
explosion.
Coolant is a substance that absorbs the heat from the fuel core then releases the heat
to the water in the steam generator.
Condenser is a device that converts steam coming from the turbine into liquid.
Feedwater Pump a device that delivers the feedwater to the steam generator.
A pressurized water reactor uses water under pressure as both the coolant
and moderator in the reactor. The water pressure must be sufficiently high
so that we can have water at 550 -6600F without boiling in the core. The
fission of the fuel produces heat that is carried away by circulating water
under pressure.
A fast - breeder reactor depends upon the fission of fast neutrons rather than
thermal neutrons. Therefore, no moderator or moderating material cane be
used. Further the term “breeder” implies that the reactor produces more
fuel due to the absorption of neutrons than is burned up. This is possible
since on the average 2.5 neutrons are produced due to its fission of a
uranium atom and only one of this is needed to keep the chain reaction
going.
1. The power required to pump the gas compared to that for pumping
liquid.
2. Large flow rates and high velocities are required.
3. Care must be taken not to use gases that are corrosive to moderating
materials at the high temperatures employed.
There are two types of liquid – cooled reactor: the water-cooled reactor
and the liquid metal – cooled reactor.
1. High Cost
2. Danger of reaction with air or water makes for difficulty in handling.
Boiling water nuclear power reactor is the simplest nuclear reactor. The
feedwater from the power turbine goes directly into the reactor and
picks up the heat from the fuel core, thus the feedwater also serves as
the coolant.
1. Moderator and coolant are the same (water). This is the same as in a
pressurized-water reactor.
2. The steam formed goes directly to the turbine, thus eliminating the
extra heat exchange present in the pressurized water plant.
3. The pumping power is much less than that for pressurized water
plants because of lower operating pressures to produce the same
temperature and elimination of the extra loop.
3. The leakage of the less dense steam is more apt to occur than in a
pressurized water reactor
Chapter 17 VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEMS
2. AVERAGE LOAD
𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐆𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐄𝐃 (𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐖−𝐡𝐫𝐬)
AVERAGE LOAD = 𝐍𝐔𝐌𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐒
3. LOAD FACTOR
𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃
LOAD FACTOR = 𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐊 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃
4. CAPACITY FACTOR
𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐆𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐄𝐃
CAPACITY FACTOR =
𝐌𝐀𝐗𝐈𝐌𝐔𝐌 𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐆𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐃
6. USE FACTOR
𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐤𝐖−𝐡𝐫𝐬
USE FACTOR = 𝐤𝐖 𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐓𝐔 𝐗 𝐍𝐎.𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐒 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍
7. DEMAND FACTOR
𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐀𝐗.𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐃
DEMAND FACTOR =
𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃
8. DIVERSITY FACTOR
𝐒𝐔𝐌 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐈𝐃𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐀𝐗.𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐃
DIVERSITY FACTOR = 𝐌𝐀𝐗𝐈𝐌𝐔𝐌 𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐒
9. UTILIZATION FACTOR
𝐌𝐀𝐗𝐈𝐌𝐔𝐌 𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌
UTILIXATION FACTOR = 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌
𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃
PLANT FACTOR =
𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐏𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐒𝐔𝐏𝐏𝐋𝐘𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐀𝐃
DEFINITION
Load Curve refers to the graph use to represent the relationship between the
demanded load and time sequence.
Monthly Load Curve is the average of the daily load curves over in a one month period
that is used in a establishing the rates.
Annual Load Curve is the average of the daily load curves over a period of one year that
is used in determinating the annual load factor.
Load Duration Curve is obtained from the same data as the daily load curves for one
year or a period of 8,760 hours.
Base Load Power Plant include steam, hydro-electric and geothermal power plants.
Peak Load Power Plant include diesel – electric and gas turbine power plants.
Chapter 19 Miscellaneous ME Board Problems
SUPPLIMENTARY PROBLEMS
1. The over-all efficiency of an electric system, coal pile to lights, is 11%. What is
the fraction of a kg of coal containing 30,250 kJ/kg must be consumed to light a
100 W lamp for 45 minutes?
a. 0.78 kg c. 0.081 kg
b. 0.095 kg d. 0.065 kg
Solution:
J 60 s
= (100 )(45 min)(
s
)
min
= 270,000 J = 270 kJ
kJ
Fraction of 30,250 coal to supply 2454.545 kJ
kg
2545.545 kJ
=
30,250 kJ/kg
Thus;
Answer = 0.081 kg
2. A power plant serves a factory having two 22 kW motors and ten 3.7 kW motors.
Assume the efficiency of motors 80%, of transmission line 95%, of generator
92%. What should be the rated capacity of the engine?
a. 115.85 kW c. 245.56 kW
b. 200.75 kW d. 457.35 kW
Solution:
= 2(22) + 10(3.7)
= 81 kW
The kW capacity of generator to take care of this load at 80% motor
efficiency and 95% transmission efficiency:
81
=
(0.80)(0.95)
= 106. 58 kW
Thus,
Answer = 115.85 kW
3. An electric motor converted 700 W of electrical input into work at 58.186 kg-
m/s. The speed was 1750 rpm. Find the kg-m of driven torque.
a. 0.183 kg-m c. 0.318 kg-m
b. 0.381 kg-m d. 0.138 kg-m
Solution:
kW output of motor
kg−m m
= (58.186 )(9.81s2)
s
N−m
= 570.80
s
= 0.571 kW
From:
2πTN
P=
60
2πT(1750)
0.571 =
60
T = 0.003116 kN – m
= 3.116 N – m
Answer: T = 0.318 kg – m
4. In a charge over from the steam to the electric heating, a unit which had been
considering 4.5 kg dry and saturated steam at 2.109 kg/cm2 absolute each 15
min is to be electrical heated from 220 V circuit. How many 12 ohms resistor in
parallel would be needed to supply the same heat? Latent heat of vaporization
at 2.109 kg/cm2 is 2,198.535 kJ/kg.
a. 3 c. 4
b. 2 d. 5
Solution:
Heat given off by 4.5 kg/min dry and sat. steam at 2.109 kg/cm2
= hfg (4.5)
2198.535(4.5)
=
15
= 659.56 kJ/min
= 39,573.6 kJ/hr
= 39,573.6
(22)2
10,993 = R
R = 4.403 ohms
= 2.725 say 3
Answer: =12/3 = 4
5. An electric heater is to heat 11 kg of oil per minute from 4.5 0C to 65.50C. Specific
heat of the oil is 2.1 kJ/kg0C. How many watts should this heater consume?
a. 24.385 kW c. 28.385 kW
b. 23. 485 kW d. 32. 854 kW
Solution
Q = m Cp ∆T
= 11 (2.1)(65.5 – 4.5)
kJ 1 min
= 1409.1 min ( 60 s )
Thus;
Q = 23.485 kW
6. The flow of a river is 4.25 m3/s at a site where a 22.86 m hydrostatic head can be
created by the erection of a dam. What is the potential capacity of a
hydroelectric power plant if installed at this site? Consider that the hydraulic
efficiency of energy conversion can be 80%, and that the electric efficiency can
be 90%.
a. 866.522 kW c. 566.822 kW
b. 686.225 kW d. 656.522 kW
Solution
KW that can be develop from the water flow:
= y Q h eh
= 9.81 (4.25) (22.86)(0.80)
= 762.47 kW
KW capacity at 90% electric efficiency:
= 762.47 (0.90)
Thus;
= 686.225 kW
7. A hoist is to raise a 11147.727 N mine cage at the rate of 4.57 m/s. Mechanical
efficiency of the hoist is 92%. What is the kW required to drive at this speed?
a. 73.522 kW c. 55.375 kW
b. 73. 355 kW d. 53. 753 kW
Solution
Work done by the hoist:
= (11,147.727) (4.57)
N.m
= 50945.114 s
= 50.945 kW
The kW required at 92% efficiency of the hoist:
50.945
= 0.92
Thus;
= 55.375 kW
10. The difference in tension between the sides of a belt running over a 0.762 m
diameter pulley is 22.727 kg. Pulley speed is 500 rpm. What kW is transmitted?
a. 4,45 kW c. 3.45 kW
b. 3.45 kW d. 6.44 kW
Solution:
2πTN
P= 60
= 4447.70 W
Thus;
Answer P = 4.45 kW
11. What is the power of a steam jet 0.015m in diameter moving at 761.963 m/s?
Steam condition, 1.406 kg/cm2 dry and saturated (v = 0.19 m3/kg)
a. 220.27 kW c. 208.72 kW
b. 202.78 kW d. 280.27 kW
Solution:
where:
A = area of jet
V = velocity of jet
v1 = specific volume
π
(0.015)2(761.963)
m=4 0.19
= 0.719 kg/s
0.719(761.963)2
= 2(9.81)
kg− m 0.00981 kN
= 21,276.376 ( )
s 1 kg
= 208.72 kW
12. A pump is lifting water through 5.486 m to fill a 566.254 m 3 tank. The over-all
energy efficiency is 80%. Calculate the length of time that 7.46 kW applied to
the pump will require to complete the job.
a. 85.11 min c. 75.11 min
b. 81.51 min d. 71.51 min
Solution:
= 566.254 (1000)
= 566254 kg
= 3,883,086.805 kg – m
= 38093.08 kN- m
kN−m
= 447.60 min
38093.08 kN−m
= kN−m
447.60
min
Thus;