GENERAL BIOLOGY
1. What is a cell?
- Cells are the basic building
blocks of all living things. The
human body is composed of
trillions of cells. They provide
structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert
those nutrients into energy,
and carry out specialized
functions. Cells also contain
the body’s hereditary material
and can make copies of
themselves.
2. What is cell theory?
The Cell Theory states:
 All living organisms are
composed of cells. They may be
unicellular or multicellular.
 The cell is the basic unit of life.
 Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
(They are not derived
from spontaneous generation.)
The modern version of the Cell Theory
includes the ideas that:
 Energy flow occurs within cells.
 Heredity information (DNA) is
passed on from cell to cell.
 All cells have the same basic
chemical composition.
In addition to the cell theory, the gene
theory, evolution, homeostasis, and
the laws of thermodynamics form the
basic principles that are the foundation
for the study of life.
3. Parts of a eukaryotic
All eukaryotic cells have organelles, a
nucleus, and many internal membranes.
These components divide the eukaryotic
cell into sections, with each specializing
in different functions. Each function is
vital to the cell’s life.
 The plasma membrane is made
of phospholipids and protein and
serves as the selective boundary
of the cell.
 The nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear envelope with nuclear
pores. The nucleus stores and
protects the DNA of the cell.
 The endomembrane
system consists of the
endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi
apparatus, and vesicles. It makes
lipids, membrane proteins, and
exported proteins and then
“addresses” them and ships them
where they need to go.
 Mitochondria are surrounded by
two membranes and have their
own DNA and ribosomes. They
transfer energy from food
molecules to ATP.
 Chloroplasts are surrounded by
two membranes, contain
thylakoids, and have their own
DNA and protein. They transform
energy from the sun and CO2
from atmosphere into food
molecules (sugars).
 The cytoskeleton is a network of
proteins: actin microfilaments,
microtubules, and intermediate
filaments. Cytoskeletal proteins
support the structure of the cell,
help with cell division, and control
cellular movements.
 cell that attach to other bacterial
cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae
help bacteria attach to surfaces.
 Flagella - Flagella are long, whip-
like protrusion that aids in cellular
locomotion.
 Ribosomes - Ribosomes are cell
structures responsible
for protein production.
 Plasmids - Plasmids
are gene carrying, circular DNA
structures that are not involved in
reproduction.
 Nucleiod Region - Area of the
cytoplasm that contains the single
- bacterial DNA molecule.

4. Parts of prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms

that are the earliest and most primitive
forms of life on earth.

 Capsule - Found in some

bacterial cells, this additional
outer covering protects the cell
when it is engulfed by other
organisms, assists in retaining
moisture, and helps the cell
adhere to surfaces and nutrients.
 Cell Wall - The cell wall is an
outer covering that protects the
4. Differentiate Animal cell from a
bacterial cell and gives it shape.
plant cell.
 Cytoplasm - Cytoplasm is a gel-
- An animal cell is a type of
like substance composed mainly
eukaryotic cell with a
of water that also contains
membrane-bound nucleus
enzymes, salts, cell components,
and organelles. The other
and various organic molecules.
types of eukaryotic cells are
 Cell Membrane or Plasma
the plant cells with a cell wall,
Membrane - The cell
chloroplasts, and a large
membrane surrounds the cell's
vacuole. But, animal cells
cytoplasm and regulates the flow
have neither of the above-
of substances in and out of the
mentioned organelles.
cell.
However, both animal and
 Pili (Pilus singular)- Hair-like
plant cells share other cellular
structures on the surface of the
structures such as cell
 membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, mitochondria,
lysosomes, Golgi, ribosomes,
and ER.
-
The animal cell can form
multicellular organisms in the
kingdom Animalia such as
worms, insects, amphibians,
reptiles, mammals, etc.
depending on the genetic
information in the genome.

Human cells are the various types of

cells that collectively make up the
human body. Around 210 functionally
different types of cells are present in
humans. Some of their functions are
secretion, storage, etc.
Both human cells and animal cells are
diploid, except the gametes, which are
haploid. The human genome is
approximately 3 billion base pairs in size.
It contains around 25,000 protein-coding
genes.

SOURCES:

http://pediaa.com/difference-between-
animal-cell-and-human-
cell/#Animal%20Cell%20vs%20Human
%20Cell%20-
%20Comparison%20of%20Key%20Diffe
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