Question 4 answer:

Democracy is a form of government in which people are governed by their own elected representatives. It is a
government of the people, for the people and by the people. In this system of government, it is the people who are
supreme and sovereign. They control the government. They are free to elect a government of their own
choice. Freedom of choice is the core of democracy.
Democracy existed in ancient Greek and Roman republics but with little success. It had very little scope in
ancient India. Democracy entered its golden stage in the twentieth century. Many countries in the world today follow
the democratic form of government. Democracy depends on the following conditions (i) co-existence of ideas and of
parties; (ii) the right to free discussion; (iii) universal adult suffrage; and (iv) periodic elections.
India is the largest democracy in the world. The Constitution of Indian was enforced on 26 January, 1950. It ushered
in the age of democracy. India became a democratic republic infused with the spirit ofjustice, liberty, equality and
fraternity. The Preamble, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Fundamental Rights reflect the Indian
ideology as well as the caste, creed, religion, property, or sex have the right to cast their vote. After and election, the
majority party or coalition forms the government and its leader become the Prime Minister.
Political parties are the vehicles of ideas. Parties act as the bridge between social thought and political decision
in democracy. The Indian politics system is a multiparty system. However, gradually politics has become a game of
opportunism and corruption. Most political parties are only interested in coming to power. Every party adopts different
caste politics. Some try to influence the people thought caste politics. Some try to raise the religious sentiments of the
people. The Indian ideology today is replaced by caste and religion.
We enjoy every right in theory, but not in practice. real democracy will come into being only when the masses are
awakened and take part in the economic and political life of the country. There is inequality in every sphere- social,
economic and political. Illiteracy is the main cause of inequality. The illiterate masses get easily lured by money
during such an event. Also some of our legislators have criminal records against them. The people who make the
laws themselves break them.
Even after more than sixty years of Independence, one forth of the population today goes to bed with an empty
stomach, live below the poverty line without access to safe and clean drinking water, sanitation or proper health
facilities. Governments have come and gone, politics have been framed and implemented, crores of rupees have
been spent, yet many people are still struggling for existence.
Casteism today is more pronounced that it even was. Untouchability remains abolished only in theory with frequent
newspapers reports of Dalits being denied entry to temples or other public places. Violence has been taken a serious
turn in country, Bandhs, strikes and terrorist activities have become a common affair. Every sphere of national life is
corrupted. Our democracy is capitalistic. Here, the rich exploit the poor who have no voice or share in the democratic
structure. For a successful democracy, all these need to be checked.

But India, as a democratic country, has progressed in many aspects. It has archived self-sufficiency in food grains as
a result of the green revolution. People vote for change whenever a government fails to come up to the expectations
of the people. India has been a successful democratic country only because the people are law-abiding, self-
disciplined and have the sense of social and moral responsibilities.

For a democracy to be fully successful, the electorate should be literate and politically conscious. They should be fully
aware of their rights and privileges. The illiterate masses of India should be given education so that they can sensibly
vote for the right leaders. The U.S.A, Britain, Germany and Japan are successful democratic countries and gave
progressed in every sphere because the masses are literate.

There should be quality in every sphere of life. The politicians should also respect the true sprit ofdemocracy. They
should refrain from corruption caste and communal politics. The citizens should elect leaders with good moral values
and integrity. People should be guided to choose their representatives. They should not be influenced by anyone in
this respect. Individuals should learntolerance and compromise and understand that freedom in not unbridled but
dependent on not harming another individual's well being.
Democracy demands from the common man a certain level of ability and character, like rational conducts,
an intelligent understanding of public affair, independed justice and unselfish devotion to public interest. People
should not allow communalism, separatism, casteism, terrorism, etc to raise their heads. They are a threat
to democracy. The government, the NGOs and the people together should work collectively for the economic
development of the nation. Changes should come through peaceful, democratic and constitutional means. The
talented youth of today should be politically educated so that they can become effective leaders of tomorrow.

Question 5

Communication plays a very important role in an organization. In fact, it is said to be the

life wire of the organization. Nothing in the universe, human or otherwise, that does not
communicate; though the means of communication may be very different. Communication
is very crucial and unavoidable since we have intentions which we want to pass across to
another person, group or even to the outside world.

Communication in an organization is inevitable. Departments communicate from time to

time in respect to daily activities and the organization's relationship with the external world.
It says what it intended via written and unwritten means, either planned or impromptu. It
could be hierarchical, that is, from top to bottom or vice versa. It could be formal or
informal; vertical, horizontal or diagonal. Whichever means, modes or types of
communication, what matters is that communication takes place.

However, what is being communicated may be well understood and thus feedback or
misunderstood or insufficient and thus communication breakdown. In fact, communication
within an organization could be grapevine or rumour. In all, communication in an
organization is very complex and it needs to be correctly handled and monitored to avoid
chaos, crisis or conflict.

The basic functions and roles of the management could not be performed without
communication. Planning, organizing, coordinating, budgeting, monitoring, controlling,
staffing, delegation; and including marketing, production, financing, staffing (human
resource managing), research and development, purchasing, selling, etc could not be well
coordinated, harnessed and their goals achieved without communication.

At meetings, annual general meeting, ordinary meeting, urgent meeting, etc,

communication plays a key role. The effectiveness of an organization also depends on the
success of its meetings where goals to be achieved, targets to be met, and activities to be
carried out are ironed out and discussed. If the ideas are not well understood at the
meeting, then one need to be sure that the workers will mess up everything. Thus, the
chairman of the meeting must be an effective speaker or communication capable of
ensuring that everyone got what has been discussed correctly.

This will help eradicate rumor and grapevine and likewise help achieve set standards, goals
and/or objectives. 
In conclusion, everyone in an organization needs to have good communication skill, not the
boss only, but also the subordinates. It is what all of us (workers) need to jointly strive to
achieve the set goals. Remove communication in an organization, we are going to have
dead entity, good for nothing and worth been shut down. Communication is the backbone
for organization's success. 422

What is Human Security?

Human security focuses on the protection of individuals, rather than defending the physical and political integrity of
states from external military threats – the traditional goal of national security.

Ideally, national security and human security should be mutually reinforcing, but in the last 100 years far more
people have died as a direct or indirect consequence of the actions of their own governments or rebel forces in civil
wars than have been killed by invading foreign armies. Acting in the name of national security, governments can
pose profound threats to human security.

The Human Security Gateway focuses attention on threats stemming from violence to individuals and to societies
at risk. This approach is complementary to the broad concept of human security originally articulated by the  United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its 1994 Human Development Report.

What is demographic transition?

The Demographic transition (DT) used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low
birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
The theory is based on an interpretation ofdemographic history developed in 1929 by the American
demographer Warren Thompson (1887-1973).[1] Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and
death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years.

Most developed countries are in stage 3 or 4 of the model; the majority of developing countries have

reached stage 2 or stage 3. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-
Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or
civil strife, notably Pakistan, Palestinian Territories, Yemen and Afghanistan.[2]

Although this model predicts ever decreasing fertility rates, recent data show that beyond a certain level
of development fertility rates increase again.[3]

The transition involves four stages, or possibly five

 In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.
 In stage two, that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in
food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. These changes usually
come about due to improvements in farming techniques, access to technology, basic healthcare, and
education. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in
this stage experience a large increase in population.
 In stage three, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a
reduction insubsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in
the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other
social changes. Population growth begins to level off.
 During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to well
below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to
a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. As the large group
born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population.
Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due
to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population indeveloped countries.

As with all models, this is an idealized picture of population change in these countries. The model is a
generalization that applies to these countries as a group and may not accurately describe all individual
cases. The extent to which it applies to less-developed societies today remains to be seen. Many
countries such as China, Brazil and Thailand have passed through the DTM very quickly due to fast
social and economic change. Some countries, particularly African countries, appear to be stalled in the
second stage due to stagnant development and the effect of AIDS. 493

How does a composition qualify to belong to the category of a ‘ musical composition’?

Musical composition is

 an original piece of music.

 the structure of a musical piece.
 the process of creating a new piece of music.

 A piece of music exists in the form of a composition in musical notation or as a

single acoustic event (a live performance or recorded track). If composed before being
performed, music can be performed from memory, through written musical notation, or through a
combination of both. Compositions comprise musical elements, which vary widely from person to
person and between cultures. Improvisation is the act of composing during the performance,
assembling musical elements spontaneously.

 Piece is a, "general, non-technical term [that began to be] applied mainly to instrumental
compositions from the 17th century onwards....other than when they are taken individually 'piece'
and its equivalents are rarely used of movements in sonatas or symphonies....composers have
used all these terms [in their different languages] frequently in compound forms [e.g.
Clavierstück]....In vocal music...the term is most frequently used for operatic ensembles..." [1]
Gandhiji:  Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian by Nationality. He was born on October 2nd 1869 in
Porbandar, India. Mahatma Gandhi's original name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was born to
Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai. He came from a Hindu household. His father was the Dewan or the
minister of the province of Porbandar. His mother was a very religious Housewife. His family followed
strict rules of Hinduism, which included practice of non-violence, a lot of spiritual fasting, vegetarianism,
and tolerance for other religion . His early years of life were a lot of turmoil. His father got very ill
suddenly, which made him go through a lot of stress. Since his mother asked him to help her look after
his sick father, Gandhi relieved his stress by taking long walks. But he eventually turned to smoking,
shoplifting and even eating meat . He was good at studies. Although he did not think of himself as a very
promising student he was surprised to receive awards and scholarships at school. 
In1887, he started his college at the University of Bombay. He decided to go to England to become a
barrister and then return for a job like his father's. His mother was slightly hesitant to send him there, so
he had to vow not to touch women, wine, or meat while he was away. With help from his brother, he was
able to raise the money necessary and set off for England . Ten days after arrival, he joined the University
College in London. He had a painful time switching from east to western cultures, and one of the most
difficult obstacles he had to overcome was the fact that he was vegetarian. After this, he returned to India
for a short period and then went back to South Africa because he was not able to get job in India. After a
lot of struggle he finally got an offer from a firm in Natal, South Africa. In South Africa the Indians weren't
welcome by the white people . 
One day Gandhi got pushed out of the train when he refused to leave his seat for a white person, it was
then that he decided never to be pushed down again and to fight for the rights of minorities. He started to
lead the Indian workers in South Africa and fought for their rights. At this moment he made a rule to
himself which made him popular: never to use violence in his fights, even if others would use violence
against him .This Idea then lead to a great revolution that freed the people of India under British rule, but
that is later on down the line.
Sometimes I can believe in what Gandhi says in is perseverance into nonviolence. Nothing ticks a guy off
more if the person he wants to fight does not want to fight back, but Gandhi and his people took a beating
because they believed in nonviolence. The only person that could win a war without fighting is Gandhi. 

Denotified Tribes : Denotified tribes (DNTs) are the tribes that were originally listed under the Criminal
Tribes Act of 1871 [1], as Criminal Tribes and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable
offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the
local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a crime under the Indian Penal Code. The
Criminal Tribes Act of 1952 repealed the notification, i.e. ‘de-notified’ the tribal communities. This act,
however, was replaced by a series of Habitual Offenders Acts, that asked police to investigate a suspect’s
criminal tendencies and whether his occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes
were reclassified as habitual offenders in 1959.

The creation of these categories should be seen in the context of colonialism. The British authorities listed
them separately by creating a category of castes or tribes labelled as criminal.

The name "Criminal Tribes" is itself a misnomer as no definition of tribe denotes occupation, but they
were identified as tribes being their primary occupation. The first Census was in 1871 and at that time
there was no consensus nor any definition of "tribe". The terms "Tribe" and "Caste" were used
interchangeably for these communities. In this colonial context, the term "Tribe" connoted the notions of
primitiveness and backwardness and hence the assumption that these tribes needed to be civilized or
transformed.