BIO 102 - PART 4

UROGENITAL SYSTEM
- Male Reproductive System
- The kidneys and their ducts • Scrotum - temperature regulation

• Kidneys (metanephroi)
• Testes (oval white body)

- Hilus (concavity)
• Spermatic cord (ventral, anterior to testes)

- Renal sinus (cavity within the hilus)

• Inguinal canal

- Penal pelvis (expanded beginning of ureter)

• External and internal inguinal rings

- Renal papilla (with openings of collecting • Ductus deferens (vas deferens) (*rabbit?)

tubules, projecting into the pelvis)

- Along the dorsal surface of the testes

- Cortex - with renal corpuscules

• Prostate gland - enlargement at the junction of
- Medulla - collecting tubules
deferent ducts and urethra

- Renal pyramid (12 in human, collecting tubules + • Urogenital canal = urethra + Deferent ducts

renal papilla)
• Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) - swellings
• Urinary bladder
on the urogenital canal, 1 inch posterior to prostate

• Covered by the peritoneum

• Penis - terminal inch of urogenital canal, strong
- Apex or vertex (free, anterior)
attachment to the pelvic region

- Fundus (posterior)
- Glans - pointed projection

• Urethra
- Crura - cavernous bodies diverge atnetior end of
• Rectovesical pouch - males; between bladder and penis

rectum
- Shaft

• Vesicouterine pouch - females; between bladder - Corpora cavernosa - 2 cylindrical bodies

and uterus
• Cavernous urethra (urogenital canal in penis, dorsal
- Female Reproductive System side, depression between the 2 CC)

• Ovaries
• Vaginal sac (portion of peritoneal cavity in the
• Graafian follicles* - clear vesicles > contains ovum
scrotum, housing tetes) - cavity

• Corpora lutea* (only in pregnant)

• Tunica vaginalis - lining of previous, covering layer
• Mullerian or oviducts
of testes

- Uterine or Fallopian tube (lateral to ovary)

• Tunica albuginea

• Ostium (opening of the fallopian tube)

• Mesorchium (mesentery of the testes, continuous
- Fimbriae - fringed border
with: )

• Horn of the uterus (where young develop)

• Gubernaculum (attaches posterior end of testes to
• Broad ligament
the posterior scrotal wall,)

- Mesosalpinx (mesentery of fallopian tube)

- Homologous to the round ligament

- Mesovarium (suspends ovary)

• Epididymis

- Mesometrium (strong fold supporting the horns - Head (most anterior)

of the uterus
- Body (dorsal surface)

• Round ligament - horn of uterus > body wall

- Tail (most posterior)

• Body of the uterus (bipartite type)

• Where the gubernaculum is attached

• Vagina
- Notes

• External genitalia
• Testes in peritoneum - monotremes, marsupials,
• Clitoris* (homologous to male penis)
elephants, sirenea

• Urogenital canal (vagina + urethra)

• Descend in breeding season - mole, rodents, bats

• Anal glands
• Ovaries also move caudad in development

• cervix*

BIO 102 - PART 4

COELOM, DIGESTIVE & RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
• Thyroid gland

- The oral cavity and pharynx (p. 287) • Isthmus of the thyroid gland*

• Salivary glands -
- Pleural and pericardial cavities
- Parotid gland
• Pleural sac (parietal/visceral pleura)

- Submaxillary gland
• Mediastinal septum

- Sublingual gland
• Mediastinum

- Molar gland
• Diaphragm (with central tendon)

- Infraorbital glands*
• Lungs (anterior, middle, posterior)

• The oral cavity

- Right posterior (medial and lateral lobules)

- Lips
- Radix or root of the lung

- Cheeks
- Pulmonary ligament

- Vestibule
• Caval fold

- Har palate
• Postcaval vein

- Soft palate
• Parietal pericardium

- Nasopalatine ducts
• Visceral pericardium

- Tongue (with papillae)

• Thymus

• Filiform (anterior)
• Dorsal aorta

• Fungiform
• esophagus

• Vallate (4-6, v-shaped)

- Peritoneal cavity and its contents
- Frenulum (holding tongue)
• Abdominal or peritoneal cavity

- Flattened papillae (sides of previous)

- Peritoneum

• The pharynx
- Parietal peritoneum

- Isthmus of the fauces

- Visceral peritoneum (serosa)

- Tonsillar fossa
- Dorsal mesentery

- Palatine tonsil
- Ventral mesentery

- Glossopalatine arch
• Stomach

- Pharyngopalatine arch
- cardia, cardiac end of the stomach

- Nasopharynx
- Lesser and greater curvatures

- Posterior nares or choanae*

- Fundus

- Auditory or eustachian tubes

- Body of the stomach

- Esophagus
- Pylorus

- Epiglottis
• Mesogaster

- Hyoid apparatus, larynx, trachea, esophagus • Greater omentum

• Body of the hyoid

• Lesser peritoneal sac

• Anterior horn or cornua

• Lesser omentum (gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament)

• Posterior horn or cornua

• Spleen

• larynx
- Gastrosplenic ligament

- glottis
• Liver (left, right, caudate lobes)

- hyroid cartilage
• Gastrohepatic ligament

- cricoid cartilage
• Hepatoduodenal ligament

- arytenoids
• Gall bladder

- true vocal cords

• Cystic duct

- false vocal cords

• Bile duct

BIO 102 - PART 4

• Common bile duct
• Chorion - outer

• Hepatic portal vein

- Outermost, in contact with the egg shell or
• Foramen epiploicum
uterus

• Falciform ligament
- Ectoderm facing the embryo and outer
• Coronary ligament
mesoderm

• Intestine
• Amnion - inner

- Duodenum
- Sac enclosing the embryo

• Mesoduodenum
- reverse: outer ectoderm and inner mesoderm

• Duodenal ligament
- yolk sac and allantois

- Jejunum
• between the amnion and chorion on the ventral side

- ileum
• Lined by entoderm then vascular layer of mesoderm

• Pancreas
- allantois, amnion, chorion - only in reptiles, birds,
- Pancreatic ducts
mammals (amniotes)

- Ampulla of vater
• Birds and reptiles: allantois expands and outer wall
• Large intestine
fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic
- Caecum
membrane - for diffusion of gases

- ascending, transverse, descending mesocolon

PLACENTA

• Urinary bladder
- Composed both embryonic and maternal tissues

• Comes from the allantoic stalk

- Reptiles and marsupials - yolk sac is the embryonic
- Medial and lateral ligaments
membrane involved (yolk sac placenta)

• Rectum
- Mammals above marsupials - chorioallantoic
• Lymph glands
membrane is involved - allantoic or true placenta

• Lymph nodules/peyer’s patches

• Villi - vascular projections of CA membrane

• Stomach rugae
- Diffuse placentation* (ungulates, whales, some
• Pyloric valve
primates)

• Small intesting villi

- Cotyledonary* (ruminants) - separate bunches

• Ileocolic valve
- Zonary (carnivores, elephants, Hyrax) - ring

EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
- Discoid (insectivores, bats, rodents, primates)

- Yolk sac
- Non-deciduate* - no uterine tissue ejected at birth

• Saclike expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine

- Deciduate - uterine part of placenta is also shed

• Narrow yolks stalk near the body

• Filled with yolk utilized as food by the embryo

• In marsupials - large and vascular, functions as the

placenta constituting the yolk sac type of placenta

• Blood vessels: vitelline vessels

• In any group of vertebrates

- Allantois

• Evagination from the floor of the cloaca

• Embryonic urinary bladder

• Allantoic stalk forms adult bladder in amniotes

• Allantoic vessels

- Amnion and chorion

• Formed from somatopleure

BIO 102 - PART 4

ELASMOBRANCHS
• Gill pouches

- The body wall and pleuroperitoneal cavity

• External gill slits

• Pleuroperitoneal cavity
• Branchial bar

• Parietal peritoneum
• Interbranchial septum

- The viscera of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

• Demibranch

• Liver - left, right, median lobes

• Holobranch

• Gall bladder
• Afferent and efferent blood vessels

• Esophagus-stomach
• Gill lamellae

- Esophagus with papillae

- Urogenital system

- Stomach with rugae

• Female

• Pylorus
- Ovaries

• Spleen
- Mesovarium

• Intestine (duodenum)
- Kidneys

• Bile duct
- Chromaffine bodies*

• Pancreas
- Oviducts

• Valvular intestine
- Mesotubaria

• Rectal or digitiform gland

- Ostium

• Cloaca
- Shell or nidamental gland

• Anus
- Uterus

• Abdominal pores
- Cloaca

- The mesenteries
- Urinary papilla

• Dorsal
- Mesonephric or wolffian duct

- Mesogaster
• Male

- Gastrosplenic ligament
- Testes

- Mesentery
- Mesorchium

- Mesorectum
- Wolffian duct

- Mesovarium
- Efferent ductules

- Mesorchium
- Epididymis

- Mesotubarium
- Ductus deferens

• Ventral
- Leydig’s gland

- Gastro-hepato-duodenal ligament
- Seminal vesicle

- Hepatoduodenal ligament
- Sperm sac

- Suspensory ligament
- Cloaca

- Coronary ligament
• urodaeum

- The pericardial cavity

• coprodaeum

• Parietal pericardium
• Urogenital sinus

• Visceral pericardium
• Urogenital papilla
• Sinus venosus

• Transverse septum

- The oral and pharyngeal cavities and the respiratory

system

• Buccal or oral cavity primary tongue

• Pharynx - with spiracle and 5 elongated gill slits