Technological Institute of the Philippines

Manila Campus

80-Watt Piezoelectric Crosswalk Energy Harvesting System

Desuyo, Yves Gerome M.

Maneja, Kenneth C.
Miel, Marrier Luisa H.
Ofalsa, Rarlp Rael A.
Sahagun, Jayson L.

March 24, 2017

Mechanical Engineering Department

 Acknowledgement

The group would like to thank to the Creator who gives us strength, courage, wisdom, blessings,

guidance and power to overcome the obstacles throughout this semester to finish this thesis and an

opportunity to contribute to the innovation.

It would not have made possible without the help and assist of the TIP Electronics and

Communication Engineering Students, friends and families,

To Engr. Maurice Sorita, our instructor and mentor, for his relentless guidance and support in

accomplishing the group’s project study as well as his lectures in the course wherein he has

provided a great leap in preparation for our journey to the professional world.

i
 Abstract

With the development of the Piezoelectric Crosswalk System (PCS), the group aims to harvest

energy and generate up to 80 Watts of power from the force applied by crossing pedestrians and

traversing vehicles of varying loads in which the system is to be installed at the P. Casal street

crossing between the TIP – Manila Casal and Arlegui buildings, respectively. The group has

designed and built a small-scale prototype that spans 12 inches long and 9 inches wide. In taking

measures to meet the aims of the study, the group has performed two different experiments in

which the former includes simulations of applied forces on the system, determining the stress on

the unit as well as its factor of safety in which the latter resulted in a value of 1.8. The second test,

on the other hand, centers on the energy harvesting ability / power generation capacity of the

system in which, through a series of trials and computations in which it has been determined that

about 8.8 mW is generated from every impact laid by vehicles and pedestrians alike per tile while

up to 4.0755 W may be acquired, summing to 2836.5 Watts per hour. In order to achieve 40 Watts

in an hour, through a series of computations, it has been determined that 3 piezos alone out of the

utilized 18 can reach the target of 80 W based on the number of touchdowns.

ii
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Problem and Its Background 1
1.2 Objective of the Study 2
1.3 Significance of the Study 3
1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 3

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

2.1 Pedestrians and Crossings 5
2.2 Walking and Vibration Energy 5
2.3 Piezoelectricity 7
2.3.1 Piezo Sensor 8
2.3.2 Piezo Elements 10
2.4 Footstep Power Generation Systems 11
2.4.1 Fly Wheel and Gear Setup 11
2.4.2 Rack & Pinion Arrangement 12
2.5 Patent Search 14
2.5.1 Piezoelectric Harvesting System to Use Vibration Energy 14
2.5.2 Generator Unit for Energy Harvesting with A Single Force Input Point 15

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods 16

3.1 Project Development Flow 16
3.1.1 Experimental Design 17
3.1.2 Schematic Diagram 19
3.2 Materials and Methods 20
3.2.1 Components 20
3.2.2 Materials 20
iii
3.2.2.1 Billing of Materials 22
3.2.3 Equipment 23
3.2.4 Design Parameters 24
3.2.4.1 Location 24
3.2.4.2 Dimensions of a PCS Unit 26
3.2.4.3 Number of Springs and Applied Stress 26
3.2.4.4 Number of Piezo Transducers 26
3.2.4.5 Applied Stress on Piezo Transducers 27
3.2.5 Experiment Parameters 28
3.2.5.1 Average Number of Pedestrians and Vehicles 29
3.2.5.2 Relationship of Applied Loads to Piezoelectricity 30
3.2.5.3 Weight Distribution of Loads 31
3.2.6 Experiment Procedure 32
3.2.6.1 Project Management 32
3.2.6.2 Advising and Consultations 32
3.2.6.3 Project Designing 32
3.2.6.4 Conclusion 33
3.3 System Design 34
3.4 Simulation 39
3.4.1 Loads Applied 39
3.4.2 Simulation Input 40
3.5 Gantt Chart 41

Chapter 4: Data and Discussion 43

4.1 SolidWorks Simulations 43
4.2 Initial Testing of Piezo Output 46
4.3 Observations and Computations 47
4.4 Calculations 53

Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion 55

Chapter 6: Recommendation 56

References vii

iv
 List of Figures

Figure 1: Piezoelectric Transduction

Figure 2: Piezoelectric Sensor
Figure 3: Prototype of a Piezoelectric Stair Step
Figure 4 (a) & (b): Rack-Pinion Setup for a Footfall Power Generation System
Figure 5: Espace.net Screenshot of Piezoelectric Harvesting System
Figure 6: Espace.net Screenshot of Generator Unit
Figure 7: Project Development Flow Diagram
Figure 8: Project Block Diagram
Figure 9: Project Schematic Diagram
Figure 10: P. Casal crossing connecting the TIP – Manila campuses
Figure 11: Simulated Model of P. Casal Street
Figure 12: Stress Analysis on a Piezo sensor
Figure 13: Initial Design Setup for the PCS
Figure 14. Prototype Design Concept
Figure 15: Prototype tile of the PCS
Figure 16: Electrical setup of the PCS prototype
Figure 17: Dimensions of a Proposed PCS Strip
Figure 18: The PCS with a ramp placement on the P. Casal street
Figure 19: Top view of the PCS on the P. Casal street
Figure 20: Side view of the PCS with ramp placements
Figure 21 & 22: Scaled-down setup of the PCS
Figure 23: PCS unit model
Figure 24: PCS unit model with a rubber cover
Figure 25: Bolt Connector Settings
Figure 26: Spring Placements on the PCS
Figure 27: Simulation parameters
Figure 28: Stress simulation of the proposed PCS
Figure 29: FOS as simulated in Solidworks

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 List of Tables

Table 1: Key Players in Patenting and Manufacturing of Footfall Energy Harvesting Floor
Technology
Table 2: Billing of Materials
Table 3: Traversing Pedestrians and Vehicles
Table 4: Experiment Subjects
Table 5: Applied Loads
Table 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 The Problem and Its Background

Cleaner, alternative sources of energy have been a constant problem in a world of ever-increasing

demand for power, in which our continuous dependence on fossil fuels has taken its toll on the

environment, and with the emergence of macro-scale energy harvesting in the forms of solar, wind

and hydroelectricity for decades, solutions to energy management increase with the goal to reduce

reliance on oil. In order to further contribute to power solutions, micro-scale energy harvesting

has been discovered to provide small, intermittent energy for ultra-low power (ULP), perpetual

devices. (Texas Instruments, 2009)

Sources of micro-energy include vibration, body heat, radio frequency emissions and light wherein

vibration energy can be scaled from industries down to a man’s footstep. According to Laurence

Kemball-Cook, Pavegen CEO and pioneer of custom flooring systems, a walking individual can

generate up to 7 watts of power output from a single footstep alone whereas 2.5 Watts alone can

be used to charge an iPhone. (The Guardian, 2015; Cottone, 2011)

Pedestrian crossings are crucial tools wherein it serves as a safety reminder and instills discipline

to both pedestrians and vehicle drivers on the road, especially in school areas such as P. Casal

street which divides the Casal and Arlegui campuses of TIP in between wherein a single lane at

the P. Casal crossing measures about 4.88 meters long and 3.96 meters wide.
 1

Majority of those who cross the said street are those students, faculty members and staff, etc. of

the institution who usually needs to get between the campuses, throughout the day. On the other

hand, devices such as traffic signals, street lights, etc. are being utilized to further observe safety,

however, requires energy in order to function.

With the gut-wrenching prices of electricity in Metro Manila, the researchers propose a means to

innovate and utilize simple concepts to harvest cleaner energy wherein the kinetic energy exerted

by crossing pedestrians as well as vehicles passing by are to be made use of; and at the same time,

promote safety and discipline to the students of TIP – Manila who cross the P. Casal street from

the Casal campus to that of Arlegui and vice versa.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The group aims to design and build a piezoelectric footstep system which will be installed between

the TIP – Manila campuses, and serve as a pedestrian crossing, to gather the energy exerted from

the weight of pedestrians and vehicles passing by, enough to power two 40-Watt fluorescent lamps

(total of 80 Watts) that are installed at the waiting shed near the P. Casal street. The focus of the

study centers on the design of the system wherein it should withstand the forces of pedestrian

footfalls, as well as impact of vehicles, especially those of heavy loads.

2
1.3 Significance of the Study

The scenario has inspired the group to conduct the study wherein the energy exerted by the

pedestrians and vehicles passing by will provide benefit in powering simple but vital instruments

on the street.

The study aims to play a significant role for students who wish to conduct future research as well

as provide a background in the application of Basic Electrical and Electronics; help the government

realize applications in alternate sources of electrical energy thus saving costs; and more

importantly, emphasize and promote the importance of safety to the students of TIP – Manila.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The group proposes to design and install the said system in either the North or South-bound

direction of P. Casal street, containing three lanes for traffic, and spans about 32 feet in total width.

Although a pedestrian crossing serves its purpose by meeting two ends of a road, the study will be

scaled down to a single lane that spans about 12 feet.

Parameters to be considered in the study include the number of crossing pedestrians and vehicles,

as well as the average force exerted wherein the gathered experimental data will be used to

compute the generated energy as well as the power output.

3
On the other hand, the factors that will shape the design of the project include the materials and

manner of assembly that will withstand the varying loads of crossing pedestrians and traversing

motor traffic, especially heavy vehicles; and at the same time promote safety as its intended

function as a pedestrian crossing.

The proposed system will include units that will cover each white strip of the “zebra crossing”

wherein it will be assumed in the study that vehicles passing by would perfectly travel over a single

strip.

In the electrical aspect of the project, the group will focus on the energy harvesting / power

generating capacity of the unit, hence, the redirecting of such to a battery or to the proposed 40-

Watt lights installed at the waiting shed adjacent to the P. Casal street, beside the main campus of

TIP – Manila.

4
 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

2.1 Pedestrians and Crossings

As stated in the Right of Way and Signals of the 1984 Land Transportation and Traffic Code

(Chapter IV, Article III), motorists are obliged to provide the right of way to pedestrians in

designated crossings, or “zebra lanes strip”, in highways. However, it was not until July of 2013

since a crossing pedestrian’s safety was emphasized in which specifications and dimensions of

pedestrian lanes and sidewalks were defined. (DPWH; Lasco, 2015)

Pedestrian crossings, as stated by the Department of Public Works and Highways (2013), can be

classified as zebra crossings, either longitudinal or staggered, for non-signalized crossings; and

crosswalks for signalized crossings wherein the latter spans about 4 to 8 meters in length.

2.2 Walking and Vibration Energy

Vibration is a considerable source for micro-harvesting technologies that provide continuous

power in the milliwatt range. An average human expends about 200 Watts of power simply by

walking in which up to 4 μW/cm3 can be harvested. Vibrational energy is generally available in

structures such as bridges, as well as in industrial and automotive scenarios, wherein the

electrostatic energy can also be harvested through piezoelectric cells or elastomers. (Texas

Instruments, 2009; Roundy et. al., 2005)

5
Harnessing kinetic energy such as pedestrian footfalls contribute to ultra-low power (ULP)

technology and will require highly-efficient converter mechanisms and storage cells. According

to a research conducted (Scope, 2014), experiments on energy harvesting tiles throughout the years

have provided proof that the technology is robust and practical to power streetlights, traffic lights,

etc. With the rise of footfall energy harvesting systems, the study mentions that there are already

53% patented products, while 32% and 15% make up for non-patented products and prototypes,

respectively.

Table 1: Key players in patenting and manufacturing of footfall energy harvesting floor

technology

Pavegen’s custom flooring technology, initiated in 2009, is an example of an application that

utilizes the piezoelectric effect through electro-magnetic induction wherein their latest product,

the V3 triangular tile, can generate 5 Watts of continuous power from the weight of the footsteps

and is composed of steel, recycled aluminum, composite.

6
2.3 Piezoelectricity

“Piezo” is derived from the Greek word for squeeze, press, or push, that is piezein, therefore,

piezoelectricity, or the Piezoelectric Effect, is the result of mechanical stress applied on certain

materials, (transduced) in which can be a reversible, converse process wherein bodies stress is

generated in effect to an electric field (actuated). (Measurement Specialties, 2006)

Piezoelectric energy can be harvested by converting mechanical vibrations into an electrical

charge, or by placing a material under significant strain through heavy pressure. These harvesters

generate electricity based on the amount of force used in compressing or deforming a material, as

well as the amount and type of deformation on the material’s crystal structure and the speed or

frequency of compressions or vibrations to the material. The potential for piezoelectric energy

harvesting is therefore much greater than alternative energy harvesting technologies, with the

components capable of delivering up to 70 per cent of their charge.

7
2.3.1 Piezo Sensor

Any element that exhibits the piezoelectric effect acts as a piezoelectric transducer or sensor

wherein electric voltage is generated from an applied mechanical pressure or force. Actuators

work reversely to that of a piezoelectric sensor in which the material deforms depending on

the electric effect. (electrical4u.com)

Figure 1: Piezoelectric Transduction

The piezoelectric sensor are versatile devices for measuring changes in pressure, temperature,

force, etc. The materials used are known to have a modulus of elasticity of up to 1x107 N/m2

wherein the sensing elements show about zero deflection to compression.

8
This electromechanical system, however, can only be used for dynamic variables with

increasing pressure loads and temperature such as turbulence, ballistics, and engine

combustion in which a static measurement results in a fixed amount of charge. In addition, a

drop in internal resistance and sensitivity occurs when the piezo material is exposed at high

temperatures. (Gautschi, 2002; PCB Piezotronics)

Figure 2: Piezoelectric sensor

Piezo sensors that measure pressure are usually designed with a thin membrane on a larger

base where the former transfers the force to the piezo element. However, pressure sensors tend

to generate false signals when exposed to vibrations, hence, vibration sensors are created based

on pressure sensors with the addition of acceleration elements that subtracts the combined

signal of pressure and acceleration to determine the actual pressure.

9
2.3.2 Piezo elements

Piezoelectric ceramics and single crystal materials are two main groups of materials used for

piezo sensors in which the former is said to be the most used materials for piezoelectricity.

Piezoceramics are preferred for their economical trait compared to other elements, and also

possess a high radiating firmness in active environments wherein it can withstand temperatures

from 270 to 400°C. However, exposure to elevated temperatures over time degrades the high

sensitivity of the material. The sensitivity or piezoelectric constant of piezoceramics, such as

PZT ceramic) is much higher than that of the natural single crystal single elements. According

to PI Ceramic, a manufacturer of piezoceramics, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is an ideal

material for both piezoelectric sensors and actuators for their large piezo charge coefficient

and high coupling factors.

10
2.4 Footstep Power Generation Systems

2.4.1 Fly wheel and Gear Setup

A flywheel is a heavy revolving mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy in

which is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. It provides more stability in a

machine by increasing its momentum and also generate reserve power in the event of delivery

interruptions. It is used commonly used to provide continuous energy when its source is

discontinuous; deliver energy that more than that of a continuous source; and control the

orientation of a mechanical system.

An application of the fly wheel and piezoelectricity is the staircase step prototype designed by

Electrical Engineering students of Mapua Institute of Technology (2013) wherein they were

able to produce an output current of 56 milliampere-hour in a day generated from 83

individuals operating an LED lamp for 52 miliampere-hour.

Figure 3: Prototype of a piezoelectric stair step

11
A developed system that includes the flywheel component is the Pavegen tiles that generate up

to 5 Watts of continuous power wherein the tile surface compresses up to a centimeter driving

an energy-storing flywheel that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. The tiles have

been installed in densely crowded areas such as the Heathrow Airport in London, as well as in

major events like the 2013 Paris Marathon wherein 25 meters of road were covered to generate

4.7 kW hours of energy. (Newsweek, 2016)

2.4.2 Rack & Pinion Arrangement

The rack and pinion mechanism converts rotational motion into linear motion comprising a

pair of gears wherein the circular gear (pinion) engages teeth on a linear gear (rack), hence, the

motion of the rack is relative to that of the pinion.

Two separate studies in India were conducted wherein each built a footstep power generation

system prototype utilizing the rack-pinion setup. One of the prototypes, shown in Figure #a,

was able to generate 1.27 Watts of output power, while the latter (Figure #b) was able to gather

an output voltage of 3V. (IJERAT, April 2016; May 2016)

12
 (b)

Figure 4 (a) & (b): Rack-pinion setup for a footfall power generation system

13
2.5 Patent Search

2.5.1 Piezoelectric Harvesting System to Use Vibration Energy

Figure 5: Espace.net Screenshot of Piezoelectric Harvesting System

14
2.5.2 Generator Unit for Energy Harvesting with A Single Force Input Point

Figure 6: Espace.net Screenshot of Generator Unit

15
 Chapter 3: Materials and Methods

3.1 Project Development Flow

Figure 7: Project Flow Diagram

16
3.1.1 Experimental Design

Figure 8: Project Block Diagram

17
3.1.2 Schematic Diagram

Figure 9: Project Schematic Diagram

19
3.2 Materials and Methods

3.2.1 Components

The Piezoelectric Crosswalk System may be divided into two components in which includes

the 1) mechanical components and the 2) electrical components wherein the former includes

the fixtures of the system, springs and plates, while the latter is the energy harvesting unit of

the system. The mechanical components, prior to the development of the prototype, will

undergo a series of simulations in SolidWorks under pre-determined loads of varying types.

3.2.2 Materials

The materials to be used in the project are available in the market and are at economical costs.

The initial design concept will have to undergo testing to prove that the piezoelectric sensor

can produce significant voltage enough to operate the fluorescent, and more importantly,

withstand the force exerted by the pedestrians as well as vehicles.

The piezo sensor is the vital component of the system in which will absorb vibrational energy

and generate the alternating current supply which will then be connected and collected by the

rectifier diode. The produced energy will then be directed to a battery storage, attached with a

switch wherein the current flow may be redirected to a fluorescent lamp, which will be the

receiver of the output voltage. When switched on, the current flow charges the battery,

otherwise, the lamp is lit.

20
In addition to the system, springs will be attached to every piezo sensor between two steel

plates that will provide enclosure, protecting the system from the loads of pedestrians and

vehicles. A rubber material will be placed on top to further safeguard the system, provide

clearance for the exposed bolts as the plates are compressed through the springs, as well as

provide the necessary friction for vehicle tires and pedestrians alike.

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3.2.2.1 Billing of Materials (PCS Tile)

Item Description Quantity / Sub-total

Price

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

3’x3’ Wood Base plates of the system 1 x 250.00 250.00

4’x7’ Tin Sheet First-hand protection for the 1 x 850.00 850.00

Plate wood

Rivets Seals the Metal Sheet with the 30 x 1.00 30.00

wood

Compression Provides deflection upon impact 4 x 70.00 280.00

Springs

5/8” Bolts, Nuts To act as a fixture for the system 4 x 37.50 300.00

and Washers

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

Piezoelectric A sensitive component that can 18 X 9.00 162.00

Transducers detect slightest of signals

Rectifier Diodes Regulates the flow of energy 6 x 9.50 57.00

TOTAL 1,929.00

Table 2

22
3.2.3 Equipment

The researchers sought that it is necessary to utilize various types of equipment for the study

in order to gather and obtain the required data to support resulting calculations and

experimentations.

The devices involved will test the parameters considered in the study in which the Multisims

software and a Voltmeter, respectively, will help simulate the electrical connections while the

latter is a measuring apparatus that determines voltage. The SolidWorks software will then be

utilized to simulate the mechanical function of the crosswalk system, and test the variables

applied on the spring as well as the steel plate enclosure.

23
3.2.4 Design Parameters

The proponents have taken the following considerations in constructing the design concept of the

Piezoelectric Crosswalk System (PCS). Along with the actual design of the prototype, a scaled-

down unit that will serve as a tile unit of a single strip of the crossing.

3.2.4.1 Location

A crossing at a single lane of the P. Casal street (Figure 10) spans 12 feet wide and 13 feet long;

containing 12 zebra strips in which 6 are white in color, each measuring a foot (1’) in width.

Figure 10. P. Casal crossing connecting the TIP – Manila campuses

24
Figure 11. Simulated Model of P. Casal Street

25
3.2.4.2 Dimensions of a PCS Unit

The design study will be divided into two parts: (1) the actual PCS unit and the (2) PCS tile wherein

the group will build and assemble a prototype for the latter which will be used as tool for the series

of experiments to be performed further in the study. The former will cover the length of a strip of

the P. Casal crossing, measuring 13 feet long by 1-foot width wherein the complete setup of the

system will include 6 units to span an entire lane.

3.2.4.3 Number of Springs and Applied Stress

The springs will absorb the varying forces being applied and assist in reducing the overall stress

in the system. In order to determine the number of springs that are to be integrated, the proponents

have conducted a series of simulations involving the varying loads of pedestrians and vehicles

alike until a minimum Factor of Safety (FOS) of 1 has been passed. After resulting in a seemingly

satisfactory FOS of 1.8 (to be discussed in Ch. 4), the group has opted to include 164 springs

wherein the outside diameter of a single spring is 22 millimeters.

3.2.4.4 Number of Piezo Transducers

Initially, the researchers have proposed 12 13mm piezo sensors in which 1.28 μW per impact can

be harvested from each transducer based on the group’s experiments performed in the Basic

Electronics course. Therefore, the system can theoretically harvest 15.36 μW per impact. However,

as the project progressed, the group has acquired an 18-piezo setup for the system prototype in

which three are grouped and connected to a corresponding rectifier diode.

26
For the actual PCS unit, the total number of piezos is determined as follows:

# 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒔 = (𝟏𝟖 𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒛𝒐 /𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆)𝒙(𝟏𝟑 𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 /𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑)𝒙(𝟔 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 /𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆)

# 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒔 /𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

3.2.4.5 Applied Stress on Piezo Transducers

In order to determine the stress a single piezoelectric sensor would experience, the group has

conducted a simulation in which the heaviest load from the conducted survey (Table 4) is divided

into the number of springs used and further into the number of piezo transducers installed.

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load per piezo = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 ÷ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑠 /𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

Heaviest load: Large truck = 24132.60 N,

Number of Springs = 164

Number of Piezos per strip = 234

24132.60 𝑁 147.15 𝑁/ 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

Load per piezo = 164 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 = = 0.6288 𝑁 / 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜
234 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑠

27
 Figure 12. Stress Analysis on a Piezo Sensor

Based on the results of the simulations that were run, the piezo element experiences a stress of up

to 1,000 Pa under the heaviest load obtained in the survey that is a large truck. As a remedy to

further improve the stress distribution, the group has included a simple stopping device that will

assist the springs in absorbing varying loads.

3.2.5 Experiment Parameters

The development of the system will require testing and consideration of the following factors in

which the group has conducted a survey to determine the number of crossing pedestrians and

traversing vehicles on both lanes of the P. Casal crossing wherein the observation was performed

twice on a Monday. For the varying loads, individual weights of the proponents were assumed as

subjects along with those of the vehicles which were acquired through research depending on the

type and/or model.

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3.2.5.1 Average Number of Pedestrians and Vehicles

1:25 – 1:30 pm 3:45 – 3:50 Average in 5 mins

Pedestrian 38 33 41

Car 31 26 29

PUJs 17 7 12

PUBs 1 2 2

Motorcycles 28 15 22

Trucks (Elf) 4 8 4

Bike - 1 1

Tricycle 11 2 4

TOTAL 122

Table 3. Traversing Pedestrians and Vehicles

Although this may be an actual scenario, the group has chosen to narrow down the input

parameters to pedestrians and motorcycles in the computations and analysis in order to obtain the

piezoelectric generation output.

29
3.2.5.2 Relationship of Applied Loads to Piezoelectricity

In the early stages of the study, the researchers have built an understanding in which piezo

transducers may harvest energy through prolonged application of pressure and/or magnitude of its

weight. It was in the latter part of the project when it has come to realization that piezo sensors

prove effective depending on the frequency of impact wherein it is sensitive enough to detect the

slightest of materials, hence, the addition of springs. In line with this, the group has conducted and

analyzed various subjects which comprises of 5 pedestrians and 5 vehicles. The weight of the

pedestrians was derived from the group themselves while those of the vehicles were obtained from

cars.lovetoknow.com wherein the data is to be used further in the study in the design simulations.

30
 Subject Type Mass (kg)

Yamaha 660R Motorcycle 181

Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 172

Compact Car - 1,354

Large Truck - 2,460

Large Car - 1,985

Desuyo Pedestrian 85

Ofalsa Pedestrian 70

Miel Pedestrian 47

Sahagun Pedestrian 68

Maneja Pedestrian 58

Table 4. Experiment Subjects

3.2.5.3 Weight Distribution of Loads

Although vehicles, even pedestrians, differ in weight distribution within their bodies depending on

their center of mass and other factors such as movement and change in direction, the group has

assumed equal distribution of load for the simulations to be conducted in SolidWorks.

31
3.2.6 Experiment Procedure

3.2.6.1 Project Management

Determining the feasibility of the project was one of the initial hindrances in the development of

the project. Tasks were handed out within the group wherein simulations on the electrical

connections of the system were conducted, while the design was built through SolidWorks. The

simultaneous simulations will further emphasize the factors and constraints in building the

prototype model of the crosswalk system since the materials involved present the economical

factor in which are easy to acquire in the local market and are at reasonable costs.

3.2.6.2 Advising and Consultations

Prior to building the model of the initial design, the researchers had undergone consultations and

sought for advice from peers, especially ECE and EE students, in order to acquire further

knowledge on the electrical aspect of the project. In the latter part of the project, the group has

approached experts and experienced technicians for further understanding in setting up wiring

schematics and circuits.

3.2.6.3 Project Designing

The location of the system’s installation the was the initial consideration of the project wherein

the crossing between the two TIP – Manila campuses at P. Casal bearing about moderate to heavy

pedestrian and vehicular traffic at around noon and the afternoon rush hour period.

32
3.2.6.4 Conclusion

The outcome and reliability of the design will be determined on the output voltage of the system

as well as on its capability to withstand the varying loads of traffic. The output of the system,

however, has no direct relationship with the forces being applied on the mechanical components

of the system in which the springs attached within, through its recoil, will provide sufficient

vibrations for the transducers to detect.

33
3.3 System Design

Initially, the group has considered a spring-on-piezo, compact setup which will cover an entire

lane of P. Casal street, measuring 12 feet crosswise and 13 feet long, but has resorted to a scaled

down version prototype that will be installed on each strip.

Load

Spring

Plates
Piezo

Figure 13. Initial design setup for PCS

Load

Plates
Piezo

Spring

Figure 14. Prototype Design Concept

34
The built prototype, or a “PCS tile”, measures 9 inches by 12 inches in which the components

include 3 wooden plates, one in which serves as the base and the other 2 holding the piezos

together; 4 compression springs to absorb the exerted force and add to the vibrations for the

sensors to detect; and 4 5/8” bolts to act as fixtures for the systems.

Figure 15. Prototype tile of the PCS

Figure 16. Electrical setup of the PCS prototype

35
To move further towards the objective, the group has assembled a series of the modelled system

as if it were the actual crossing for data gathering and analysis through SolidWorks Simulation.

As stated earlier in the study, the model of the assembled series of the PCS was referenced as per

dimensions of a single lane of the P. Casal street and placed as if it were in the actual location in

order to provide better visualization. The actual proposed strip covers a zebra stripe of the Casal

crossing and is almost 4 inches in height (barely including the spring) wherein the input

materials include:

- 3 stainless steel plates, 0.25” thick

- 20 5/8” stainless steel bolts and nuts

- 164 springs, AISI 304

- 1” thick rubber cover

Figure 17. Dimensions of a proposed PCS strip

36
The result of the prototype may seem too high for light vehicles such as motorcycles to climb

and traverse over, hence, the group suggests that if the system be further improved and an actual

scale of the device be built, either a hole be dug into the road or a fixed ramp on both the entry

and exit of the system be placed. The assembled scaled-down system measures barely a 100

centimeters tall, and through SolidWorks, the group portrays the system modeled with a ramp

placement to assist vehicles in travelling over the units.

Figures 18. The PCS with a ramp placement on the P. Casal street

37
 Figures 19. Top View of the PCS on the P. Casal street

Figure 20. Side view of the PCS with the ramp placements

38
Figure 21 & 22. Scaled-down setup of the PCS

39
3.4 Simulation

3.4.1 Model

In preparation for the simulation runs to be conducted, a model was designed based on materials

that are currently available in the local market. As mentioned the materials included 3 stainless

steel plates, 0.25” thick; 20 5/8” stainless steel bolts and nuts; 164 AISI 304 compression

springs; and an inch-thick rubber cover.

Figure 23 & 24. PCS unit model without and with a rubber cover

40
3.4.2 Connectors

The following input settings are what connects and/or holds the system components together in

which includes 2 connectors: 1) Counterbore Screw for the bolt fixture and 2) Spring Connector

wherein the parameters placed are:

1) Material: Alloy Steel

Head and Shank Diameter are dependent on the model

Figure 25. Bolt Connector Settings

2) Material: Steel Alloy

Outside Diameter: 22 mm, Wire Diameter: 2 mm

Height / Free Length: 100 mm

Spring Rate: 1.63 N/mm

41
 Figure 26. Spring Placements on the PCS

3.4.3 Applied Loads

Subjects Weight (kg) Force (N)

Yamaha 660R 181 1775.61

Kawasaki 172 1687.32

Ninja 300
Compact Car 1354 13282.74

Large Truck 2460 24132.60

Large Car 1985 19472.85

Desuyo 85 833.85

Ofalsa 70 765.18

Miel 47 510.12

Sahagun 68 598.41

Maneja 58 637.65

Table 5. Applied Loads

42
Figure 27. Simulation Parameters

43
 Chapter 4: Data and Discussion

The research group has set a series of trials for two experiments in which the first involves SolidWorks

Simulation to determine the Applied Stress and Factor of Safety, while the latter is conducted on the

prototype wherein the output voltages and current are obtained and compared to other prototype systems,

mainly to that of the Electrical Engineering students of Mapua.

4.1 Solidworks Simulation

In the initial simulations, the built prototype bears a low factor of safety when experiencing heavy loads

(Table 5) whilst the simulated proposed actual design was able to clear the minimum required value

that is 1, in which it was able to accumulate an of FOS of 1.8 under the heaviest load in the survey.

Figure 28: Stress simulation of the Proposed PCS

45
 Figure 29: FOS as simulated in Solidworks

In order to increase the safety factor of the PCS and further distribute the stress around the unit,

the group suggests that a hard-stop device be placed at the bottom plate in order to prevent a full

deflection of the spring as well as reduce the load experienced by each piezo transducer.

46
 Subjects Load (kg) Weight (N) Stress (Pa) FOS

Yamaha 660R 181 1775.61 5.69 3.5

Kawasaki Ninja 300 172 1687.32 5.411 3.7

Compact Car 1354 13282.74 7.73 0.47

Large Truck 2460 24132.60 8.21 0.26

Large Car 1985 19472.85 6.24 0.32

Desuyo 85 833.85 2.67 7.5

Ofalsa 70 765.18 2.46 8.1

Miel 47 510.12 1.64 12

Sahagun 68 598.41 1.93 10

Maneja 58 637.65 2.05 9.8

AVERAGE 4.403 Pa -

Table 5. Forces applied on the PCS Tile Prototype

47
4.2 Initial Testing of Piezo Output

Trial Voltage (V) Current (i) (mA) P= iV (Watts)

1 10.74 8.71 0.0935

2 9.76 11.09 0.1082

3 11.44 11.08 0.127

4 12.58 20.33 0.2558

5 18.6 15.58 0.290

6 10.61 19.81 0.210

7 10.87 13.78 0.150

8 17.83 14.54 0.259

9 13.53 1.96 0.027

10 12.07 19.43 0.235

AVERAGE 12.803 V 13.631 mA 0.176 W

Table 6. Results of the early testing of the prototype

48
4.3 Observations and Computations

1:25 – 1:30 pm 3:45 – 3:50 Average in 5 mins

Pedestrian 38 33 36

Motorcycles 28 15 22

TOTAL 58

Table 7. Number of Pedestrians and Motorcycles

58 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔

Number of Touchdowns per hour = ∗ = 𝟔𝟗𝟔
5𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 1 ℎ𝑟 𝒉𝒓

68kg – Sahagun
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 11.56 11.70 0.135
2 17.60 14.38 0.253
3 16.17 11.14 0.180
4 13.95 14.48 0.202
5 16.2 15.27 0.247
Average 15.10 13.39 0.204

85 kg – Desuyo
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 15.36 13.26 0.204
2 16.9 14.98 0.253
3 11.24 9.33 0.105
4 12.65 9.88 0.125
5 11.25 10.03 0.113
Average 13.48 11.50 0.160

49
58 kg – Maneja
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 19.54 16.09 0.314
2 18.61 14.53 0.270
3 11.4 10.08 0.115
4 12.57 11.56 0.145
5 19.09 16.43 0.314
Average 16.24 13.74 0.232

70 kg – Ofalsa
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 18.45 16.65 0.307
2 15.36 14.23 0.219
3 13.61 11.26 0.153
4 14.68 12.73 0.187
5 19.32 16.09 0.311
Average 16.28 14.19 0.235

47 kg – Miel
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 16.87 13.86 0.23
2 11.57 9.08 0.11
3 12.56 9.39 0.12
4 12.75 11.18 0.14
5 13.01 10.69 0.14
Average 13.35 10.84 0.15

50
212 kg – Motorcycle + Ofalsa
Trial Voltage (v) Current (mAh) Power (watts)
1 39.07 21.04 0.82
2 38.65 20.74 0.80
3 40.05 30.78 1.23
4 37.76 21.84 0.82
5 39.45 20.97 0.83
Average 39.00 21.074 0.90

Tables 8 – 13. Output power per test subject

51
 Voltage Generated
50

40
68 kg
Voltage (v)

30 85 kg
20 58 kg
70 kg
10 47kg
0 212 kg
1 2 3 4 5
Trials

Table 14. Voltage Generated

This graph shows how the spike of the voltage through a footstep of every member of the group
and the motorcycle used for the trial according to weight. The motorcycle has the highest
generated voltage.

52
 Current Generated (mA)
35
30
25 68 kg
Current mA

20 85 kg
15 58 kg
10 70 kg
5 47 kg
0 212 kg
1 2 3 4 5
Trials

Table 15. Current Generated

This graph shows the flow of current through the wires for every touchdown. The motorcycle has
the highest flow of current.

53
 Power Generated (w)
1.4
1.2
1 68 kg
Power (w)

0.8 85 kg
0.6 58 kg
0.4 70 kg
0.2 47 kg
0 212 kg
1 2 3 4 5
Trials

Table 16. Power Generated

This graph shows the amount of power in watts (w) is generated every touchdown. The highest
produced power is from motorcycle.

54
4.4 Calculations

Power needed per tile

𝑤/ℎ𝑟 𝑤
80 = 6.154
13 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑟 − 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑤
6.154 𝑚𝑊
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 8.8
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
696
ℎ𝑟

𝒎𝑾
𝟖. 𝟖
𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏 − 𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆

Actual power generated in 6 different load

68 kg = 0.204 W/touchdown-tile
85 kg = 0.160 W/touchdown-tile
58 kg = 0.232 W/touchdown-tile
70 kg = 0.235 W/touchdown -tile
47 kg = 0.15 W/touchdown-tile
212 kg = 0.90 W/touchdown-tile

1.881 w/touchdown 𝑤
Total = = 0.3135
6 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛−𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒

Actual power generated in 1 strip:

1 strip = 13 tiles

𝑤 13 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤
0.3135 ∗ = 4.0755
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 1 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

Power Generated in 1 hr-Strip:

𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤
4.0755 × 696 = 2836.548
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑛 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝

55
in 12 hrs:

𝑤
80 × 12 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 960 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
ℎ𝑟

960 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑤 = 0.338 ℎ𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
2836.548
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑤
Calculating the number of piezo in 40 ℎ𝑟:

𝑤
40 𝑤
ℎ𝑟 = 0.057
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 ℎ𝑟
696
ℎ𝑟

18 piezos can generate up to 0.3135 Watts per touchdown, therefore:

18 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜 𝑖𝑛 40 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑤 = 𝑤
0.3135 0.057
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑤
(18 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜)(0.057 )
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜 = ℎ𝑟 = 3.27 ≈ 3 𝑝𝑐𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜
𝑤
0.3135
ℎ𝑟

56
 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions

Based on the results at the testing of the prototype, it is feasible to design a crosswalk as an

energy harvesting unit that utilizes the principle of piezoelectricity. The average voltage obtained

during the experiments was 18.91 volts while the maximum current recorded is 14.48

milliamperes wherein this output serves as a starting point to develop such power generating

devices that is dependent on the number of vehicle and people passed by, however, given that,

the system requires a high and constant flow of people and vehicles in order to harvest the

required amount of power to generate electricity whereas is the concept of piezoelectric energy

harvesting.

On the other hand, the materials including the piezo for the actual application of the experiment

were discussed on the third chapter of this paper which generally — consist of 18 pieces of piezo

sensors, rectifier, 220 UF capacitor.

Today, the energy harvesting / power generation through piezoelectricity is in a micro-scale level,

however, with adequate improvements and applying further recommendations, it may be able to

produce sufficient and sustainable energy in the future to come.

57
Chapter 6: Recommendation For Future Work

For the continuous study of this research for the future interested researcher, the system of

generating power through piezoelectric energy is feasible. It should always be considered that this

project was applied for a certain load and output which is stated further on the scope and

delimitations. Upgrading the design of the project for the safety of the pedestrian and passing

vehicles includes the smooth tin sheet cover of the project to make it safer for the pedestrian and

vehicles to pass through when it rains. The researchers also recommend to plan carefully where

the location of the piezoelectric system to be installed, though this harvesting energy system

produced low output, it should installed be where many pedestrians and vehicles passed by to store

more energy since the piezoelectric always produced low output. The future researchers that are

interested in the project can apply different applications about piezoelectric system. This project

study can be an instrument for power generating technology and can also be used for storing

alternative energy.

58
 References

Atienza et. al. (2013) “Design of a Piezoelectric Stair as an Alternative Source of Energy”.

p.21, 24, 38. Mapua Institute of Technology

Cottone, F. (2011) “Introduction to Vibration Energy Harvesting” p. 11, 12. NiPS Energy

Harvesting Summer School, University of Paris Est

DPWH (1984) “Right of Way and Signals” of the 1984 Land Transportation and Traffic Code

(Chapter IV, Article III)

Gautschi, G. (2002) “Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force, Strain, Pressure, Acceleration and

Acoustic Emission Sensors, Materials and Amplifiers.”

IRC: 103-1988 “Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities”

International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology (IJERAT)

Abhishek, N. et. al. (May 2016) “POWER GENERATION BY FOOT STEPS USING

RACK AND PINION ARRANGEMENT” p. 13

Azhar, M. et. al. (April 2016) “Generation of Electrical Energy from Foot Step Using Rack

and Pinion Mechanism”

Kundi, M. et. al. “Footstep Power Generation System” p. 10, 11

Measurement Specialties (March 2006) “Interfacing Piezo Film to Electronics”

Nanomotion “The Piezoelectric Effect”

vii
Ellis, E. G. (2016) “New Floor Tiles Generate Green Energy Via Your Footsteps” Newsweek

Tech & Science

PCB Piezotronics “Introduction to Dynamic Pressure Sensors”

Roundy et. al. (2005)

Rutgers Energy Institute “Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting” Rutgers University

Scope e-Knowledge Center Pvt Ltd (May 2014) “Harnessing Kinetic Energy from Footfalls” p.

4, 9, 10

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Woodford, Chris (2016) “Flywheels” from (explainthatstuff.com)

viii