PP - ASEP MIDAS - INTRO TO PERF-BASED DESIGN Rev2018 0928 2s PDF

9/28/2018
RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

ENVIRONENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 1
9/28/2018
NON-LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (NLTHA) OF

TALL BUILDINGS
Introduction to Performance-Based Design
Special thanks to the following who

are the sources of this presentation
materials:
Acknowledgements
❑Dr. Naveed Anwar

❑Engr. Thaung Htut Aung

9/28/2018

Dynamic Response of Tall Buildings


9/28/2018



9/28/2018



9/28/2018



9/28/2018



9/28/2018

Estimating Stiffness through “Cracking Modifiers”
❑ Code specified cracking factors / modifiers

❑ Typical to all members;
❑ At all locations; and
❑ For all load cases.
❑ Not realistic and subject to considerable variation and
“debate/discussion”


9/28/2018


Modal Dynamic Response

9/28/2018

Modal Analysis
❑ The modal analysis determines the inherent natural frequencies of
vibration.
❑ Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a mode shape.
❑ Time period is the time it takes to complete a complete one cycle of

vibration.
❑ The mode shape is a normalized deformation pattern.
❑ The number of modes is typically equal to the number of degrees of
freedom (DOF).
❑ The time period and mode shapes are inherent properties of the
structure and do not depend on the applied loads.
Natural Structure Period (or Frequency)

❑ The heartbeat of the structure.
❑ Indicates the stiffness and mass relationship.

❑ Basis for damping, resonance and amplification
effects.
❑ Indicates relationship for tall buildings such as
0.1𝑁, with height as 𝐶𝑡 ℎ𝑛 0.75 , etc.

9/28/2018

Estimating Natural Structure Period (or Frequency)
❑ Use non-linear models.
❑ Apply gravity loads incrementally as a non-linear
case.
❑ Determine modal properties at the end of the
gravity load case.
❑ Use gravity load case and modal properties as a
start for other cases.

Mode Shapes
❑ A mode shape is a set of relative (not absolute)
modal displacement for a particular mode of free
vibration for a specific natural frequency.
❑ There are as many modes as there are DOFs in

the system.
❑ Not all of the modes are significant.
❑ Local modes may disrupt the modal mass
participation.

9/28/2018

Why Modal Analysis
❑ The modal analysis should be run first before applying loads of
any other analysis to check the model and to understand the
response of the structure.

❑ Modal analysis is precursor to most types of analysis including
Response Spectrum, Time-History, Pushover analysis, etc.
❑ Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full dynamic analysis is not
performed.
❑ Modal analysis is easy to run and is fun to watch when animated.

Application of Modal Analysis
❑ The time period and mode shapes, together with animation
immediately exhibit the strengths and weaknesses of the
structure.
❑ Modal analysis can be used to check the accuracy of the
structural model.
❑ The time period should be within the reasonable range;
❑ The disconnected members can be easily identified; and
❑ Local modes are identified that may need suppression.

9/28/2018

❑ The symmetry of the
structure can be determined.
❑ For doubly-symmetrical
buildings, generally the first
two modes are translational
and the third mode is
rotational; and
❑ For unsymmetrical buildings,
If the first mode is rotational.

❑ The symmetry of the structure can be determined.
❑ For doubly-symmetrical buildings, generally the first two modes are
translational and the third mode is rotational; and

❑ For unsymmetrical buildings, If the first mode is rotational.
❑ The resonance with the applied loads or excitation can be
avoided.
❑ The natural frequency of the structure should not be close to the
frequency of excitation.

9/28/2018



9/28/2018

Special Nonlinear Analysis Dynamic Analysis
Analysis
P-Delta Analysis Free Vibration and
Types Modal Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Response Spectrum

Analysis Analysis
Fast Nonlinear Steady State Dynamic
Analysis (FNA) Analysis
Large Displacement
Analysis

Seismic Analysis Procedures Nonlinear
Nonlinear Linear Dynamic Dynamic
Linear Static Static Procedure Procedure
Procedure Procedure
Response Nonlinear Time
Equivalent Capacity
History Analysis
Static Spectrum Spectrum

Analysis (NLTHA)
Analysis Method
Displacement Linear
Coefficient Response
Method History
Analysis
Other
Pushover
Analysis
Methods

9/28/2018
Advantages of Nonlinear Dynamic Time

History
• It applies to all types of structures.
• It accounts directly for the dynamic nature of

earthquake loads.
• It accounts directly for hysteretic loops and
energy dissipation.
• It is more accurate than pushover analysis.
Disadvantages of Nonlinear Dynamic

Time History
• It is more complex that needs more information, tools

and skills.
• Response spectrum cannot be used but ground motions.
• The response can be sensitive to changes in the ground
motion; that the analysis must be carried out for a
number of earthquakes.
• Analysis requires more computer run time that the
pushover analysis.

9/28/2018

Progression of Structural Design
Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Approaches
APPROACH PROCEDURE OUTCOME

Prescriptive-based Specify “what and how Implicit expectation
(emphasis on the to do?”

procedures) Ex. Make concrete mix (A strength of 50 MPa
1:2:4 is expected)
Performance-based Whatever it takes! Explicit performance
(emphasis on key (within certain bounds)
performance (Concrete less than 40
Approaches
indicators) MPa is rejected)

9/28/2018

Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Approaches

Approaches

9/28/2018

Motivation for Performance-Based
Design (PBD) in earthquake
• Lack of explicit performance in design
codes is the primary motivation for PBD.
• Performance-based methods require the

designer to assess how a building is
likely to perform due to extreme events
and their correct application to identify
“unsafe” design.
• Enable arbitrary restrictions to be lifted
or relaxed and provides scope for the
development of innovative, safer and
cost-effective solutions.
PERFORMANCE BASED-SEISMIC DESIGN

❑ To substantiate exceptions to specific prescribed code requirements.
Why PBD?
❑ To demonstrate higher performance levels for a structure.

❑ An integral component is nonlinear response history analysis.
❑ Significantly involves more effort in the analysis and design stages.
❑ Use of seismic force-resisting systems and innovative designs that
are not prescribed by code.
❑ More common in design of high-rise buildings in some parts of the
world such as western US.

9/28/2018

Why PBD?
• Description of • SPT values • Earthquake • 10-year return

building, structural • Soil stratification hazard period wind load
PBD Required Data
system and properties determination • 50-year or 700-year

• Codes, standards • Soil type for return period wind
and references • Ground motion
seismic loading characterizations load
• Loading criteria • Floor accelerations
• Allowable bearing • Recommended
• Materials capacity (1-year, 5-year
• Modeling, analysis spectra (SLE, return periods)
and design
• Sub-grade modulus DBE, and MCE)
• Liquefaction • Rotational velocity
procedures (1-year return
• Performance potential
period)
objectives and • Basement wall
pressure • Natural frequency
acceptance criteria
sensitivity study
Basis of Geotechnical Site-specific
investigation Wind tunnel
design PSHA test

9/28/2018
• Geotechnical investigation

• Probabilistic seismic hazard
assessment
Preliminary design
PBD Procedure
Wind tunnel test
Detailed code-
based design
SLE Evaluation
MCE Evaluation
Peer review

Structural Finite Check Preliminary
system element overall member
development modeling response sizing
• Bearing wall • Linear analysis • Modal analysis • Structural
Preliminary Design
• Natural period,
system models mode shapes, density ratios
• Dual system • Different modal participating • Slab thickness
PBD Procedure:
mass ratios
• Special stiffness • Gravity load • Shear wall
moment assumptions response thickness
resisting frame for seismic • Building weight per
• Coupling
and wind floor area
• Intermediate • Deflections beam sizes
moment loadings • Lateral load response • Column sizes
resisting frame (DBE, Wind)
• Base shear, story
drift, displacement

9/28/2018

PBD Procedure
• Either nominal or • Apply wind loads from wind • Use recommended
Seismic design
Modeling
Wind design
expected material tunnel test in mathematical design spectrum of DBE
model from PSHA
properties are used • Ultimate strength design
based on strength • Apply seismic load in
• 50-year return period principal directions of
and service level wind load x Load factor
design the building
• 700-year return period
wind load • Scaling of base shear
• Different cracked from response
• Serviceability check
section properties spectrum analysis
• Story drift ≤ 0.4%, Lateral
for wind and seismic displacement ≤ H/400 • Consider accidental
models (10-year return period torsion, directional and
• P-delta effects wind load) orthogonal effects
• Floor acceleration (1-year • 5% of critical damping
• Rigid zones and end- and 5-year return period
length offsets wind load)
is used for un-modeled
energy dissipation
• Design and detail
reinforcement

Level of Earthquake Seismic Performance Objective
Service Level Earthquake Serviceability: Structure to remain essentially elastic with minor
PBD Procedure: Seismic
Performance Objectives
(SLE): 50% probability of yielding of structural elements, minor cracking of concrete, and
exceedance in 30 years (43- minor damage to non-structural elements.
year return period), 2.5% of
structural damping
Maximum Considered Collapse Prevention: Structure has a low probability of collapse

Earthquake (MCE): 2% which will be demonstrated implicitly through analyses that
probability of exceedance indicate the structure has stable, predictable response to MCE R
in 50 years (2475-year shaking at response levels which do not result in loss of gravity
return period) load carrying capacity or substantial degradation of lateral
resistance. Extensive structural damage may occur; repairs to
structural and non-structural systems are required and may not
be economically feasible.

9/28/2018

PBD Procedure: Expected
Material Strength

Component SLE/Wind (Strength) SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE
Structural walls (in- Flexural – 0.75 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.6 EcIg Flexural – **
plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.2 GcAg
Structural walls (out- Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg
of-plane)
Basement walls (in- Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.8 EcIg
Material Strength
plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg
Basement walls (out- Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg
of-plane)
Coupling beams Flexural – 0.3 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)(
(Diagonal-reinforced) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg
Coupling beams Flexural – 0.3 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)(
(Conventional- Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg
reinforced) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

9/28/2018

Component SLE/Wind (Strength) SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE
Non-PT transfer
Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg
diaphragms
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg Shear – 0.1 GcAg
(in-plane only)
PT transfer
diaphragms
Material Strength
(in-plane only)
Tower Diaphragms Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
(in-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg
PT slab Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
(out-of-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg
Non-PT slab Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg
(out-of-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

SLE/Wind
Component SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE
(Strength)
Girders
Material Strength
Columns
Axial – 0.8 EcAg Axial – 1.0 EcAg Axial – 0.8 EcAg Axial – 0.5 EcAg
Mat (in-plane) Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
Mat (out-of-plane)

9/28/2018

PBD Procedure: Damping

Deformation-Controlled and Force-Controlled Actions. All actions shall be
classified as either deformation-controlled or force-controlled using the
Force vs Deformation Curves
PBD Procedure: Component
component force versus deformation curves.

9/28/2018

Deformation-Controlled Action: An action
that has an associated deformation that is
allowed to exceed the yield value of the
PBD Procedure: Deformation-
element being evaluated. The extent of

permissible deformation beyond yield is
based on component modification factors
(m-factors).
❑ Behavior is ductile and reliable inelastic
Controlled Actions
deformations can be reached with no

substantial strength loss.
❑ Results are checked for mean value of
demand from seven (7) / eleven (11)
sets of ground motion records. Force-deformation relationship for
deformation-controlled actions

❑ Type 1 curve is representative of ductile behavior
where there is an elastic range (points 0 to 1 on the
PBD Procedure: Deformation-
curve) and a plastic range (points 1 to 3), followed by

loss of seismic-force-resisting capacity at point 3 and
loss of gravity load-resisting capacity at point 4. The
plastic range can have either a positive or negative
post-elastic slope (points 1 to 2) and a strength-
Controlled Actions
degraded region with non-negligible residual strength

to resist seismic forces and gravity loads (points 2 to
3). Primary component actions exhibiting this behavior
shall be classified as deformation controlled if the
plastic range is such that 𝑑 ≥ 2𝑔; otherwise, they
shall be classified as force controlled. Secondary
component actions exhibiting this behavior shall be Force-deformation relationship for
classified as deformation-controlled for any 𝑑/𝑔 ratio. deformation-controlled actions

9/28/2018

Force-Controlled Action: An action that is not
allowed to exceed the nominal strength of the
element being evaluated.
❑ Behavior is more brittle and reliable inelastic
deformations cannot be reached.
➢ Critical action. Failure of which is likely
PBD Procedure: Force-
to lead to partial or total structural

Controlled Actions
collapse.
➢ Ordinary action. Failure of which is
either unlikely to lead to structural
collapse or might lead to local collapse
comprising not more than one bay in a
single story. Force-deformation relationship for
force-controlled actions

❑ Type 3 curve is representative of a brittle or
nonductile behavior where there is an elastic
range (points 0 to 1 on the curve) followed by
loss of seismic-force resisting capacity at point 3
PBD Procedure: Force-
and loss of gravity-load-resisting capacity at the

deformation associated with point 4. Primary
Controlled Actions
component actions exhibiting this behavior shall

be classified as force controlled. Secondary
component actions exhibiting this behavior shall
be classified as deformation controlled if 𝑓 ≥
2𝑔; otherwise, they shall be classified as force Force-deformation relationship for
controlled. force-controlled actions

9/28/2018

Component Action Classification Criticality
Classified for Deformation-Controlled
Shear walls
Flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Coupling beams (Conventional)
Coupling beams (Diagonal) Shear Deformation-controlled N/A
PBD Procedure: Components
Girders
or Force-Controlled Actions
Axial Force-controlled Critical

Moment frame columns
Axial-flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
Outrigger columns Axial Force-controlled Critical
Axial-flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Chord Force-controlled Ordinary
Collector and shear friction Force-controlled Critical
Diaphragms
Shear (Transfer diaphragms) Force-controlled Critical
Shear (Other diaphragms) Force-controlled Ordinary
Flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Basement walls
Shear Force-controlled Ordinary
Flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Mat foundation
Axial Force-controlled Critical
Piles Axial-flexure Force-controlled Ordinary

The acceptance criteria for deformation-controlled actions used in nonlinear
procedures shall be the deformations corresponding with the following points
Curves Vs Performance Levels
on the curves.
PBD Procedure: Backbone

9/28/2018



9/28/2018

Modeling and Analysis Acceptance Criteria
• Use linear model and response spectrum • Member strength
analysis.
PBD Procedure: Evaluation for
– 𝑫/𝑪 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓 (Deformation-
• Accidental eccentricities are not considered in
serviceability evaluation.
controlled)
Service-Level Earthquake
• 2.5% of critical damping

– 𝑫/𝑪 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕 (Force-
controlled)
• Load combinations
• 𝟏. 𝟎𝑫 + 𝑳𝒆𝒙𝒑 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬𝑺𝑳𝑬,𝒙 ± 𝟎. 𝟑𝑬𝑺𝑳𝑬,𝒚 • Strength calculation
• 𝟏. 𝟎𝑫 + 𝑳𝒆𝒙𝒑 ± 𝟎. 𝟑𝑬𝑺𝑳𝑬,𝒙 ± 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬𝑺𝑳𝑬,𝒚 – Use nominal material
properties
𝑳𝒆𝒙𝒑 = Expected service live load which is
25% of unreduced live load – Strength reduction factor = 1
• 𝑹, Ω𝟎, 𝝆, and 𝑪𝒅 are all taken as unity. • Story drift ≤ 0.5%

[LATBSDC 2017]
PBD Procedure: Evaluation for
Service-Level Earthquake
[TBI Ver. 2.03]

9/28/2018
• Use nonlinear model and nonlinear response history analysis.

PBD Procedure: Evaluation for MCE
• Eleven pairs of site-specific ground motions are used.

• Generally, 2.5% of constant modal damping is used with small
fraction of Rayleigh damping for un-modeled energy dissipation.
• Average of demands from eleven (11) ground motions approach is
used.
Level Earthquake
• Capacities are calculated using expected material properties and

strength reduction factor of 1.0 for deformation-controlled actions.
Unacceptable Response
PBD Procedure: Evaluation for MCE
• Analytical solution fails to converge.

• Predicted demands on deformation-controlled or force-
controlled elements exceed the valid range of modeling.
Level Earthquake
• Predicted deformation demands on elements not explicitly

modeled exceed the deformation limits at which the
members are no longer able to carry their gravity loads.

9/28/2018
Acceptance Criteria for Force-Controlled Actions

PBD Procedure: Acceptance Criteria
Critical Action
▪ 1.0IeQNS + 1.3Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRn (a)
▪ 1.0IeQNS + 1.5Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRnem (b)
Ordinary Action
▪ 1.0IeQNS + 0.9Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRn (c)
▪ 1.0IeQNS + 1.0Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRnem (d)

Ie = Seismic importance factor appropriate to the Risk Category as defined in
ASCE7
QT = Mean of the maximum values of the action calculated for each ground motion
QNS = Non-seismic portion of QT
B= Factor to account for conservatism in nominal resistance Rn, normally taken as
having a value of 1.0. Alternatively, it can be taken as 0.9(Rne/Rn) for Eq. 4a
and 4c and (Rne/Rnem) for Eq. 4b and 4d.
Rn = Nominal strength of the force-controlled action, in accordance with the
applicable material standard
Øs = Resistance factor
Rnem = Nominal strength for the action, determined in accordance with the applicable
material standard using expected material properties
Rne = Expected value of component resistance determined from test results using
expected material properties

9/28/2018
Seismic Response Factor

Action Type Øs
Critical force-controlled Ø as specified in the
element applicable material standard
Ordinary force-controlled
0.9
element

Item Value
Maximum of mean values shall not exceed 3%.

Peak transient drift
Maximum drift shall not exceed 4.5%.
Maximum of mean values shall not exceed 1%.
Residual drift
Maximum drift shall not exceed 1.5%.
Coupling beam inelastic rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits
Flexural rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits
Column (Axial-flexural interaction and shear)
Remain elastic for shear response.
Shear wall reinforcement axial strain ≤0.05 in tension and ≤0.02 in compression
Unconfined concrete ≤ 0.003
Shear wall concrete axial compressive strain Intermediately confined concrete ≤ 0.004 + 0.1 ρ (fy / f'c)
Fully confined concrete ≤ 0.015
Shear wall shear Remain elastic
Girder inelastic rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits
Girders shear Remain elastic.
Mat foundation (Flexure and shear) Remain elastic.
Diaphragm (In-plane response) Remain elastic.
Piles (Axial-flexural interaction and shear) Remain elastic.

9/28/2018
Special thanks to the following who

are the sources of this presentation
materials:
Acknowledgements
❑Dr. Naveed Anwar

❑Engr. Thaung Htut Aung
Thank you for your attention!

End of Presentation!


PP - ASEP MIDAS - INTRO TO PERF-BASED DESIGN Rev2018 0928 2s PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PP - ASEP MIDAS - INTRO TO PERF-BASED DESIGN Rev2018 0928 2s PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

9/28/2018

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

NON-LINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (NLTHA) OF

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Special thanks to the following who

❑Dr. Naveed Anwar

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

❑ Code specified cracking factors / modifiers

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

❑ Time period is the time it takes to complete a complete one cycle of

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Natural Structure Period (or Frequency)

❑ Indicates the stiffness and mass relationship.

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

❑ There are as many modes as there are DOFs in

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

response of the structure.

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

translational and the third mode is rotational; and

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Static Pushover Response Spectrum

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Static Spectrum Spectrum

RETROFITTING CONCRETE BUILDINGS FOR

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Advantages of Nonlinear Dynamic Time

• It accounts directly for the dynamic nature of

Introduction to Performance-Based Design

Disadvantages of Nonlinear Dynamic

• It is more complex that needs more information, tools