Reservoir

Characterisation
Log and Core Analysis
Jenny Garnham
TRACS Training
Reservoir Characterisation

Introduction
 From GRV ………… to Oil in Place

GRV
NTG

SW oil

Φ
 Calculating Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP)

Gross rock volume GRV m3

x

Net-to-gross ratio NTG fraction

x
Porosity Φ fraction
x
Oil saturation So (1-Sw) fraction
x
Shrinkage 1/Bo factor

=
GRV ∗ NTG ∗ Φ ∗ (1 − Sw) STOIIP m3 / barrels
STOIIP =
Boi
 Calculating Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP)

Gross rock volume Seismic

Net-to-gross ratio Logs

Reduce Uncertainty
Porosity Logs

Calibrate with Core

Oil saturation Logs

Shrinkage Fluid Sample

GRV ∗ NTG ∗ Φ ∗ (1 − Sw)

STOIIP =
Boi
 Reservoir Property Workflow

Log of Physical Measurements

Convert to Rock Properties y = mx + c

Distribute in 3D

Use core to calibrate this process

 Calculating Flowing Volumes

 Model the pathways and flow through the static model

 Use core to calibrate these dynamic reservoir properties

Reservoir Model

Core flooding
experiment

Oshita & Okabe SCA2000

 Reservoir Characterisation Toolbox

OPEN HOLE LOGS WELLSITE DATA

•Gamma •COMPOSITE Log
•Density/Neutron •Cuttings/mudlog
•Resistivity •Gaslog
•Sonic •Muds, bitruns
•NMR/Image
•Formation Pressure
•Fluid samples

CORE
•Core and core logs
•Conventional Analysis
•SCAL
 LOGS - 7 Basic Physical Measurements

 Gamma 7 BASIC MEASUREMENTS

GammaDepth
MD
Sonic Dens/Neut
Resistivity NMR Pressur
1:300
Metres

 Resistivity 1355

 Density

 Neutron
1375

 Sonic

 NMR

 Pressure
 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Gamma Ray

 Measure natural radiation from the rocks

 Use to identify lithology

 Calculate Vshale

 Use along with depth as a universal well reference

measurement
 GR log acquired in every run
 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Gamma Ray

inc GR
Th
DOI

GR Tool

GR Log
U
Legend

Sand Shale Bore Hole

 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Density

 Use to calculate porosity

 Use to identify lithology

 Use to generate dynamic rock properties for

geomechanical modelling

 Use to quantify source rock

 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Density

 Radioactive source emits

gamma rays into formation

 Signal loses energy (Compton

scattering) Far Detector

Near Detector
 Gamma rays captured by
receivers at fixed distance

Caliper
 GR count proportional to
inverse of bulk density
Gamma Ray
Source
 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Resistivity

 Primary indicator of hydrocarbon in pore space

i.e. Saturation

 Useful for rock-typing

 Resistivity technology generates hi-resolution image logs

 Detailed information of sedimentology
 Fractures and faults
 In situ stress
 LOGS - 7 Basic Measurements – Resistivity

 Measure ‘difficulty’ in passing electric

current through formation

 Calculate SW
LLD
 Rocks and fluids measured

LLM

MSFL

Sandstone Hydrocarbon

Formation water Mud Filtrate

Mud cake
Resistivity at the Pore Scale
 Resistivity, Rocks and Fluids

Deep
Shallow

WBM in
OBM in HC sand
HC sand

OBM in Tight sand, any

water drilling fluid
sand
 3 Quicklook Equations

GR − GRsand
1. Vshale from Gamma Ray Vshale =
GRshale − GRsand

ρ ma − ρ b
2. Porosity from Density Log Porosity =
ρ ma − ρ fl

3. Saturation using Archie aRw

Sw = n m
equation φ Rt

Use core to calibrate these equations and methods

 Porosity and Permeability

 Porosity = Volume  Permeability = Flow

Permeability

Measure from core samples

19
 Porosity and Permeability

FLOW Define trends

VOLUME
 CORE Electrical Tests

Calibrate Water Saturation from Log - Sw

 Formation Factor, ‘m’

 Resistivity and porosity

 Resistivity Index, ‘n’

 Resistivity and Sw

21
 Plug Resistivity – measure F

 Saturation is commonly the biggest petrophysical uncertainty in volumetric studies

 Archie’s equation:

aRw
Sw = n m
φ Rt
 Archie’s experiments showed resistivity of clean formation proportional to
resistivity of the saturating brine
R0


F is Formation Factor (F, FF, FRF)
R0 is resistivity of rock at 100% Sw
F=
 Rw is brine resistivity
Rw
 Can measure R0 from saturated core plugs, Rw in lab, hence determine F from
core
 Formation Factor and ‘m’ (cementation exponent)

 Empirical relationship between F

a
F=
and porosity

φ m
 We can measure F, know porosity,
hence establish m

 F and m are related to rock fabric

and facies

Low F, m

Moderate F, m

High F, m
 Using Core Data

 Compare to logs
 Understand geological response of log curves
 Calibrate rock properties:
 Porosity
 SW
 Identify lithology and facies (model building blocks)
 Predict permeability from porosity
 Build permeability model

Objective is to Reduce Uncertainty in Reservoir Models

24
Reservoir Characterisation

Log Interpretation Workflow

 Quicklook Evaluation

 Step 1 Computer Processed Interpretation

 Determine Reservoir Interval v.1.85g7

 Calculate Vshale Sand Volume

RHOB [g/c3] Oil Volume

1.950 2.950

CALI [in] DT [us/f] MEDIUM Water Volume

 Step 2 4

GR
14140

NPHI [fr]
40 0.20

DEEP
2000

GR-VSHALE

Net/Pay
 Calculate Porosity
0 200
45 -15 0.20 2000 0 1

SH1
 Step 3
 Calculate Saturation

SAND1
SH2
 Step 4
 Apply net/pay cut-offs

SAND2
 Step 5
 Present Results
Avg Net
 Visual Log (CPI) Zone From ft To ft Gross ft Net ft Pay ft NTG fr HCPV ft Por
 Sums and Averages Table SH1
SAND1
11872
11905
11905
11960
34
55
0.0
41.0
0.0
41.0
0.000
0.746
0.000
5.591 17.2
 LAS files export to Petrel SH2 11960 11973 13 2.5 2.5 0.192 0.258 15.0
SAND2 11973 12058 85 64.5 64.5 0.759 10.460 17.1
 Reservoir Interval and Lithologies

Vshale
 Pick top and base of interval

 Vshale from Gamma Ray

 Sand Line
 Shale Line

GR − GRsand
Vshale =
GRshale − GRsand

 You will need to pick different sand and

shale lines for different lithological units
 Porosity Calculation

 Options
 Density log Core Calibration
 Sonic 3

 Neutron ρma 2.8

2.6

 Combination crossplot 2.4

 NMR
2.2

1.8

 Core calibration

RHOB
1.6

1.4

ρma = Core Grain Density

1.2

Plot core porosity vs. log

0.8

0.6
ρfl
density 0.4

0.2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 100

Core Porosity
 Basic Saturation Theory - Archie

Proportion of pore Space Filled With a Fluid

 Saturation is commonly the biggest petrophysical uncertainty in volumetric

studies
aRw
Sw = n m
φ Rt

 a, m, n - derive from SCAL

 Φ – porosity has been calculated from density log
 Rw – water resistivity (at reservoir temperatures)
 Rt – True resistivity of formation – deep reading resistivity log
 Archie - a, m, n

Core Analysis Results

1000

Composite Plot
Saturation exponent
n = 1.88

100

RESISTIVITY INDEX
10

1
0.01 0.1 1

BRINE SATURATION

m = slope
n = slope
a = intercept (1)
 Water Resistivity

 Rw is a function of salinity

 Can be directly measured from fluid samples

 Formation Pressure tester
 DST
 Extracted from core (use tracer when coring)

 Can be indirectly inferred from logs in a water leg (pickett plot)

 Rw is temperature dependant (T1 + 6.77)

R2 = R1
 Arps equation (T2 + 6.77)

 Rw should always be expressed at a specific temperature or at NaCl

equivalent salinity

aRw
Sw = n m
φ Rt
 True Resistivity - Rt

GR Den/Neu
Bed Boundaries RES
 From resistivity logs
v.1.85e14

 In clean thick sands deep-reading

resistivity a good approximation to
RT
 Deep enough to see beyond
invasion
 Sacrifices vertical resolution

 Close to shale bed-boundaries

influenced by shale conductivity

 Thinner beds – more influence of

shales

 Mathematical models can be

applied to correct for this
 Net Picking

 3 types of cut-off: Net reservoir

v.1.85g7

Sand Volume

 Lithology 0.20
MEDIUM Oil Volume
2000

 Diagenetic 4
CALI [in] RHOB [g/c3]
141.950 2.950 0.20
DEEP Water Volume
2000

 Fluid
GR NPHI [fr] SHALLOW GR-VSHALE

Net/Pay
0 45
200 -15 0.20 0
2000 1

Lith
 Lithology
 Lithology cut-off, typically
Vclay<40% or 50%

 Diagenetic
 Removes low porosity intervals
 Use porosity permeability
relationship to assist

 Fluid
 SW cut-off to distinguish HC
interval
 Quicklook Evaluation

 Step 1 Computer Processed Interpretation

 Determine Reservoir Interval

v.1.85g7

Sand Volume

 Calculate Vshale RHOB [g/c3] Oil Volume

1.950 2.950

CALI [in] DT [us/f] MEDIUM Water Volume

 Step 2
4 14140 40 0.20 2000

GR NPHI [fr] DEEP GR-VSHALE

Net/Pay
0 200
45 -15 0.20 2000 0 1

 Calculate Porosity

SH1
 Step 3

SAND1
 Calculate Saturation

SH2
 Step 4
 Apply net/pay cut-offs

SAND2
 Step 5
 Present Results Avg Net
 Visual Log (CPI) Zone
SH1
From ft
11872
To ft
11905
Gross ft Net ft
34 0.0
Pay ft
0.0
NTG fr
0.000
HCPV ft
0.000
Por

 Sums and Averages Table SAND1 11905 11960 55 41.0 41.0 0.746 5.591 17.2
SH2 11960 11973 13 2.5 2.5 0.192 0.258 15.0
 Output LAS curves to Petrel SAND2 11973 12058 85 64.5 64.5 0.759 10.460 17.1
 SW Height Function

 Water Saturation changes

around the field according to
 Rock quality
 Height above Free Water Level

 STOOIP is much more accurate

if Sw is distributed using a SW
vs. Height function, rather than Poorer rock quality has higher Sw
log SW
 But use log SW to help build SW
vs. Height Function Closer to FWL gives higher SW
 How are Fluids Distributed

 Controls
 Capillary Pressure (Pc)
 Wettability
2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎
 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑟𝑟
 Derive SW Height Function

 Use regression technique to

optimise coefficients such that
log SW and SW Height
Function are the closest match
in a well

 Use SCAL Capillary Pressure

tests to build a function

 Typical Function:
SW = 1 − ( SWirr * (1 − e c*HAFWL )

 Swirr and c can be variable of

porosity or a single value
 Calculating Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP)

Gross rock volume Seismic

Net-to-gross ratio Logs

Reduce Uncertainty
Porosity Logs

Calibrate with Core

Oil saturation Logs

Shrinkage Fluid Sample

GRV ∗ NTG ∗ Φ ∗ (1 − Sw)

STOIIP =
Boi
 Reservoir Property Workflow

Log of Physical Measurements

Convert to Rock Properties y = mx + c

Distribute in 3D

Use core to calibrate this process

 From GRV ………… to Oil in Place

GRV
NTG

SW oil