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Principle of Renewable Energy
Principle of Renewable Energy
Principle of Renewable Energy
Principle of
Renewable Energy
Group A1
Chang Pei Thing 161341846
Fazlin Anis Binti Supian 161341850
Muhammad Azeem Bin Abu Bakar 161341865
Nehru A/L Iswaramoorthy 161341877
Siti Fatin Binti Rosli 161341896
Energy and Sustainable Development
• Sustainable development can be
defined as living, producing and Wind
consuming in a manner that meets Solar power
the needs of the present without Energy
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs. Geothermal
Biomass Energy
Hydropower
Fundamental of Renewable Energy
Energy can be divided into two classes:
• Renewable energy-energy obtained from natural persistent flows of
energy in the immediate environment
• Non-renewable energy-energy obtained from static stores of
energy that remained underground unless released by human
interaction
ENERGY SOURCE:
• The Sun
• The motion and gravitational potential of the
Sun, Moon and Earth
• Gravitational energy from cooling, chemical
reaction and radioactive decay in the Earth
• Human-induced nuclear reaction
• Chemical reactions
The Energy Conversion Chain from Supply to End use
Scientific Principle of Renewable Energy
i) Dynamic characteristics
ii) Quality of supply
iii) Dispersed versus centralised energy
iv) Complex system
v) Situation dependence
i. Dynamic characteristics
End-use requirements for energy vary with time.
Example, electricity demand on power network peaks in morning & evening, and reaches
minimum through night.
If power is provided from finite source ( e.g. oil), the input could be adjusted in response
to demand.
Unused energy is not wasted, but remains with the source fuel.
However, with renewable energy systems, not only does end-use vary uncontrollably with
time but so too does the natural supply in the environment.
Intensity and frequency properties of renewable sources
ii. Quality of supply
Quality is defined as the proportion of an • Renewable energy supply system are divided into
energy source that can be converted to three broad classes :
mechanical energy. I. Mechanical supplies – such as hydro, wind,
Thus, electricity has high quality because when wave and tidal power. The mechanical source
consumed in an electric motor >95% of the of power is usually transformed into electricity
input energy may be converted to mechanical at high efficiency.
work, say to lift a weight; the heat losses are II. Heat supplies – such as biomass combustion
correspondingly small, <5%. and solar collectors. These sources provide
The quality of nuclear, fossil or biomass fuel in a heat at high efficiency. However, the maximum
single stage thermal power station is proportion of heat energy extractable as
moderately low, because only about 33% of the mechanical work, and hence electricity, is
calorific value of the fuel can be made to given by the second law of thermodynamics
appear as mechanical work and about 67% is and the Carnot Theorem, which assumes
lost as heat to the environment. reversible.
If the fuel is used in a combines cycle power III. Photon process – such as photosynthesis,
station (e.g. methane gas turbine stage photochemistry and photovoltaic conversion.
followed by steam turbine), then the quality is For example, solar photons of a single
increased to ~50%. frequency may be transformed into
mechanical work via electricity with high
efficiency using a matched solar cell.
iii. Dispersed versus centralised energy
In general, finite energy is most easily produced centrally and is
expensive to distribute.
Renewable energy is most easily produced in dispersed locations
and is expensive to concentrate.
Thus, renewable energy technologies encourage dispersed and
distributed energy systems.
• Since renewable energy • Storage before transformation • Parallel arrangements of end-uses may be
derives from energy flow allows a maximum amount of switched and controlled to present optimum
sources, energy not used is energy to be trapped from the total load to the supply.
energy wasted. environment and eventually • Advantages:
• Spilling excess energy provides harnessed. No environmental energy need be wasted
easy control and may be the • The disadvantages are the large Priorities and requirements for different
cheapest options. relative capital costs of storage types od end-use can be incorporated in
and the difficulty of reducing many varied control modes
conventional control methods to End-uses have storage capability can be
small-scale and remote operation. switched
Electronic and microprocesser-based
control may be used.
SOCIAL IMPLICATION
i. Pollution and Environmental Impact
- Pollution can occur from energy system that is overwhelmingly a result of using
“brown” fuels, both fossil and nuclear which apply in particular to greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission
- Examples : a) Fossil fuel technologies
• Can cause accidental oil spills that effect marine life
• Impacts of coal mining on building and construction
• Lead to unmanaged ecosystem, crops and forests
b) Nuclear technologies
• Radiological health impacts by routine and accidental release to
environment
• Increase natural background radiation due to major accident release
c) Wind power
• Effects on visual amenity
• Danger of collisions in case of offshore parks
• Noise emissions
ii. Future
a) Improved science and technologies
• To ensures considerable improvements to older technologies so
that standards of living can rise ( rural and developed sectors)