Power&EMC Earthing Mar19 PDF

National Workshop
Wiring Standards
Armada Hotel , Petaling Jaya
12th March 2019
Earthing from the dual Perspectives of

Power Distribution (IEC60364) & EMC (IEC61000-5-2)
Ir. Looi Hip Peu

B.Eng (Hons) (Electrical)
P.Eng (C15226), Jurutera Gas
hippeulooi@gmail.com
2 Earthing; Power System & EMC - Contents
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION – Wiring Standards
EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION
IEC60364 – Description & Parts dealing with Earthing

Definitions of Earth System – IT, TT, TN-S, TN-C
Selection of Earthing System
EARTHING FOR EMC

IEC61000 series – EMC Standards
Definitions EMC terms and phenomena
Earthing for EMC
3 Earthing; Power System & EMC - Introduction
INTRODUCTION – Wiring Standards

Two dominant wiring standards in the world:
Europe
dominate the IEC
which is the
dominant standard International Electrotechnical Commission
in power electrical. Commission Electrotechniques Internationale
Meждунмародная Электротехнмическая Комиссия
North America
mainly countries
under American
influnce.
4 Earthing; Power System & EMC - Contents
More than 90% of the world now subscribed to the ISO/IEC Standard
6
Two Perspectives towards Wiring Standards under IEC
Power Distribution; IEC 60364 “Electrical Installation

of Buildings”, Fundamental Principles deals with
Power distribution systems
Protection for Safety
Generally phenomena at power frequencies
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC); IEC 61000 series

Ability of devices/ equipment/ systems to work within
its electromagnetic environment..
Include high frequency phenomena
7
INTRODUCTION – Wirings Standards
Protection for Safety takes

precedence over EMC
measures.
Earthing measures under

IEC60364 is not sufficient by
themselves to fulfil EMC
requirements .
8 Earthing – Power Distribution
8

IEC60364 “Electrical Installation of Buildings”
Part 1 – Fundamental Principles
Part 4 – Protection for Safety
Part 4-41 – Protection against electric shock
Part 4-42 – Protection against thermal effect
Part 4-43 – Protection against overcurrent
Part 4-44 – Protection against electromagnetic & voltages disturbance
Part 5 – Selection and erection of electrical equipment

Part 5-51 – Common Rules
Part 5-52 – Wiring Systems
Part 5-53 – Isolation, switching and control
Part 5-54 – Earthing arrangement
Part 5-55 – Other Equipment
Part 6-61 – Verification and Initial Verification

9

PARTS OF IEC60364 DEALING WITH EARTHING
Part 1 – Clause 312.3 (Definition of TT, TN, IT system)
Parts 4-41; Clause 413.4 (protection by earth-free local

equipotential bond).
Parts 4-44; Earthing system is prescribed as protection

against over-voltages in many clauses.
Parts 5-54; Selection and erection of equipment –

Earthing arrangements, protective conductors and
protective bonding conductors
10
EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION – BASIC CONCEPTS
IN THE EARLY DAYS, NEUTRAL WAS UNEARTHED
Earthing of metal frame reduces exposure to

dangerous fault currents and helps prevent electric
shock due to indirect contact.
Earthing of NEUTRAL reduces incidence of high
voltage to frame.
11
SAFE CONTACT VOLTAGE

12
SAFE CONTACT VOLTAGE
Protection for safety include measures which

prescribe safe contact voltages and automatic
disconnection time. The concept of safe contact
voltage came from studies on electric current
through the human bodies. These studies started
from the early 20th century up to the 1950s. IEC479
contains the accumulated data condensed in
useful format. .
13

DEFINITIONS – DIRECT & INDIRECT CONTACT
Indirect Contact Direct Contact

Is when a person comes into indirect is when person comes
contact with live conductors through into direct contact
the metal frame of the equipment). with live conductor.
14

DEFINITIONS – TT, IT, TN-C & TN-S SYSTEMS
IEC60364 earthing – 2 letters:

(a) 1st letter Transformer neutral:
(i) “T” for connected
(ii) “I” for isolated
(b) 2nd letter; Frame earth:
(i) “T” for directly connected to
earth
(ii) “N” for connected to the
neutral at the origin of
installation.
15
DEFINITIONS – TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS SYSTEMS
The TN System can

also be sub divided
into sub system by the
addition of a 3rd letter:
TN-C; N & PE are

common (PEN)
TN-S;
N & PE are separate
TN-C-S;
Where TN-C occurs up
-stream and TN-S
downstream

Various sub system can co-exist within one system.

Multiple co-existence of earth systems, e.g. data system with
IT earth downstream of a TN-S.
18
For 230/400V
networks, Ud at
around (0.8Uo/2)
would exceed
the limit of safe
voltage even in
dry conditions
(UL=50V). Short
circuit protection
TN
device (SCPD)
required.
19
In a TN system, the occurrence of

a fault will cause contact voltage
to exceed the safe limit
prescribed. It is also from this
theoretical treatment that the PE
is prescribed to run together with TN
the phase conductors (Rph~Rpe).
The length of the cable should also be restricted to
ensure that the threshold sensitivity of the protective
device is not exceeded (earth loop impedance too
high).
20
Earth impedances are

normally of the same
magnitude (about 10Ω),
Ud would be around
0.8Uo/2 exceeding limit
of safe voltage (UL).
RCD would be
mandated. Threshold of
RCD would also be less
than Ido and
disconnection less than
1sec. TT
In a TT system similar dangerous contact

voltage will develop in the event of a
fault. The TT system has the following
features:
a)Earth loop impedance do not depend
on the length of cables (useful for public
utility with long distribution lines) – an TT
advantage compared to the TN system;
b) Further sub division of TT system is allowed where frame

earth may be common or separate as the PE is not a
common reference point for the installation.
c) A frame to winding fault on the transformer at substation (at
MV side) may however transmit dangerous voltages
downstream.
22
IT –1st fault
2 possibilities – high
impedance earthed
neutral and un-
earthed neutral
Both case, Ud would
be within safe limit
(less than 1V).
Contant monitoring
of insulation failure
required (PIM).
23
IT – 2nd Fault
If 1st fault not

cleared, a 2nd fault
will cause failure
similar to TN fault;
i.e. Ud ~ 0.8Uo/2
24
IT –1st fault IT – 2nd Fault

On first fault, the contact voltage will be within safe limits due to the absence
of a low earth return-loop impedance.
However if the first fault do not clear, a second fault will carry dangerous
consequences. Case treatment are as follows:
Where frame earth are interconnected, the fault will be similar to a TT fault;
Where frame earth are not interconnected, fault will be similar to a TN
system.
25
Network/Operation Criteria System Chosen /Preferred
Continuity of service critical and IT chosen
maintenance service available
Continuity of service critical and No satisfactory solution, TT preferred

consistent maintenance service NOT as discrimination tripping is easier to
available implement and damages lesser with
respect to TN.
Continuity of service NOT critical; TN-S chosen (rapid repairs and

competent maintenance services extension easily performed).
available.
Continuity of service NOT critical; No satisfactory solution, TT system

competent maintenance service NOT preferred.
available.
Fire hazard critical and maintenance IT and use of 5mA RCD

services available. OR TT system
26
Network/Operation Criteria System Chosen /Preferred

Special features; very long networks TT preferred
Special features; Standby Power Supply TT preferred
Special features; Load sensitive to high TT preferred OR

load currents (e.g. motors) IT can be acceptable
Special features; Low natural insulation TN-S preferred.

(furnace) OR very large HF filters
(computers).
Special features; control and monitoring IT for continuity of service OR
systems TT for enhanced equipotentiality
27

COST
IT System the most expensive; due to requirement of
protective insulation monitoring (PIM)
TT System is the cheapest
CONTINUITY OF SERVICE
IT has the best solution for continuity of service; in
some countries (France) it is mandatory to use IT
system in critical installation (hospital)
TN System prone to tripping.
MAINTENANCE
TN is easiest to maintain. Proficiency of service
technician can be lower
TT require higher skill maintenance,
IT require skill maintenance. However incidence of
supply failure is lowest.
28 Earthing – Power Distribution – Part 5-54
28
EARTHING ARRANGEMENT PART 5-54
Part 5-54 describe requirement for

Earthing arrangement (electrodes
& earthing conductors
Protective conductors (size/ type
etc)
Equipotential bonding conductors
Earthing arrangement can be for

Functional purposes
Protective purposes
29
Cross sectional Minimum cross sectional area of the corresponding
areas of line protective conductor (mm²)
conductors
If the protective conductor If the protective conductor is
S is of the same material as not of the same material as
(mm²) the line conductor the line conductor
S < 16 S K1/K2 x S
16 < S < 35 16 a K1/K2 x 16
S > 35 S/2 a
K1/K2 x S/2
Where
K1 is the value of k for the line conductor, selected from table A54.1 or from the tables of
IEC50364-4-43 according to the resistance of the conductor and insulation.
K2 is the value of k for the conductor selected from tables A 54.2 to A54.6 as applicable
a
for a PEN conductor the reduction of the cross section area is permitted only in
accordance with the rules for sizing of the neutral conductor (see IEC 60364-5-52).
30
30
Cross sectional Minimum cross sectional area of the corresponding
areas of line protective conductor (mm²)
conductors
If the protective If the protective conductor
S conductor is of the is not of the same material
(mm²) same material as the as the line conductor
line conductor
S < 16 S K1/K2 x S
16 < S < 35 16 a K1/K2 x 16
S > 35 S/2 a
K1/K2 x S/2
This table in effect requires that PE be the 5th cable in wiring

systems where the PE will is separate from the N in the TN-S
system which is commonly implemented within buildings in
Malaysia. Where a TT system is implemented (i.e. when the PE
will not run from the source to the load), a 5th cable from source to
load may not be required.
31
31
S= cross section area (mm²)

I= prospective fault curren from fault of negligible
impedance flowing through a protective device.
T= operating time of protective device and
K = factor dependent on material of protecive
conductor (Annex A of Part 5-54).
32
32
The previous table prescribing size of PE and

calculation of PE using formula in effect permit the
use of other metal as PE (e.g. steel armouring of
cables, cable tray, metal conduit etc.). However in
such case, the designer and/or installer will have to
ensure that the cross sectional area of the metal
used comply with the formula above (or prescription
table for P.E. in Part 5-64).
33
33
Types of P.E. approved

Conductors in multi core cables
Insulated or bare conductors in a common enclosure
with live conductors
Fixed installed bare or insulated conductors
Metallic cables sheath, cable screen, cable armour,
wirebraid, concentric conductors, metallic conduit
subject to compliance with 543.2.2.
In China, Italy, UK etc cable trays and ladders can be used as PE.
Types of P.E. not approved [543.2.3]
Water pipes
Support wire …others
34
34
EARTHING IN
SUBSTATION
35 Earthing – Power Distribution – Public Distribution
35
35
France
Earthing system for public distribution (though not covered in the

MSIEC60364) is discussed as they have impact on internal wiring
systems. The figure above shows an example of a distributed earth
system. The system is technically a TT system but with distributed
earth. This system is common in rural areas.
36
36
Identify the
Malaysia difference
between both
scheme!
UK (parts)
37 Earthing – Electromagnetic Compatibility
37
37
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
EMC – DEFINITION
THE ABILITY OF A DEVICE, EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM TO
FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY IN ITS ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT INTRODUCING INTOLERABLE
DISTURBANCES TO THAT ENVIRONMENT OR TO OTHER
EQUIPMENT
38
EMC – IEC 61000 SERIES DEALS WITH EMC
PART 1 – GENERAL
Part 1-1; General (Introduction, fundamental principles, safety)
Part 1-2; Definitions, terminology
PART 2 – ENVIRONMENT
Description of the Environment
Classification of the Environment
Compatibility Levels
PART 3 – LIMITS
Emission Limits
Immunity Limits
PART 4 – TESTING & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Measurement Techniques
Testing Techniques
PART 5 – INSTALLATION and MITIGATION GUIDELINES
Installation Guidelines
Mitigation methods and device
PART 6 – GENERIC STANDARDS
PART 7 - MISCELLANEOUS
39
EMC – BASIC
CONCEPTS
EMC deals with HF

phenomena
HF phenomena
modify the charact-
eristics of electrical
installations
40
EMC – BASIC
CONCEPTS
EMC differs fundamentally from

power distribution as it includes HF
phenomena.
Higher frequency however will
translate to higher impedance in
cables and system components.
41
DEFINITION – ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE

42
The Environment can be

characterized by a controller and
device exchanging signals via a
media (e.g. cable).
The controller/device exist in an environment which has

electromagnetic emitters and susceptible devices.
EM disturbance is defined as any electro-magnetic
phenomenon capable of impairing the performance of a
device, equipment or system.
43
Any Electromagnetic
phenomenon capable of
impairing the performance of a
device, equipment or system.
ELECTRO - MAGNETIC
Electric (E) Magnetic (H)

Field Field
44
DEFINITION – TYPES OF EM INTERFERENCE
L.F. 0 < Freq. < 1– Chiefly in conducted form. Long duration,
Interference 5MHz may be continuous. Harmonics
H.F. Freq. > 30MHz Chiefly in radiated form (through air). Pulse
Interference 10nsec. Rectifiers
Harmonics Multiple 50Hz, 3rd, Harmonics are mainly LF interference and
5th, 7th, 11th are therefore conducted. Source are non-
linear loads (rectifiers, electronics,
fluorescent lamps etc.
Transients 5ms rise, 50ms Conducted but are also easily injected into
pulse duration; neighbouring cables by radiation. High
Over-V > 4kV. speed switching of mechanical or electronic
switches. Lightning, earth faults,
commutation failure etc.
Electrostatic 5ns rise, 60ns Charge transfer between surfaces especially
Discharge pulse duration; synthetic materials (plastics, fabric etc).
(ESD) Over-V > 2-15kV
45
DEFINITION – TYPES OF EM INTERFERENCE

LV Mains Voltage fluctuat- LV Interference
Interference ions, dips, surges, Power failure, overloads, short
failures circuit
46
DEFINITION – LV MAINS INTERFERENCE

Phenomenon Amplitude of Duration of fault Origin
variations
V Fluctuation ΔU < 10% Arc Furnaces;
(slow variation) Welding machines;
Flicker
ΔU < 10% Frequent starting of large loads
V Surge ΔU < 10% Switching of large loads (motors,
(fast variation) furnaces, boilers etc).
V Dip 10% < ΔU < 10ms – 500ms Powering up of large loads (motors,
100% large transformers etc)
short circuit on main LV dist.
Brief power ΔU = 100% Brief 10ms– 1min Powering up inrush current of large
failure Long 0.3s – 1min loads (motors, large transformers etc)
Permanent >1min
Surge ΔU > 10% Impulsive Accidental (connection mistake)
Voltage MV system origination
47
DEFINITION – COUPLING
Interference
Source or Susceptible
COUPLING
Emitter COUPLING equipment
Coupling is the
conduit in which
EM disturbances
act on suscep-
tible equipment.
48
DEFINITION – TRANSMISSION MODE

DIFFERENTIAL MODE
i
Controller U U = differential mode voltage Sensor
i
COMMON MODE
i1
Controller i2 Sensor
Cp = stray capacitance U U Cp
i1 + i2
U = Common mode voltage
49
DEFINITION – TRANSMISSION MODE
Differential mode (or series-mode) currents travel

along one of the conductor, flows through the
equipment and return via another conductor.
Common mode currents flow along all the
conductors in the same direction and return via
frame connection through stray capacitance.
Common mode interference is the most
common problem (in EMC) as the propagation
path may be difficult to identify.
50
EMC – PARTS OF IEC61000 DEALING WITH
EARTHING
Part 5–1; Part 5 Installation and mitigation guidelines –
Section 1; General considerations.
4.7.2 – Protection concept
Protected zones are global or distributed.
Protection measures include earth shielding,
filters, SPD etc.
Part 5–2; Part 5 Installation and mitigation guidelines –
Section 2; Earthing and cabling.
Clause 5 – Earthing and Bonding
– Earthing for lightning, personnel safety;
installation protection & EMC
51
EMC – IEC61000-5-1 – PROTECTION CONCEPT
GLOBAL PROTECTION BY SINGLE BARRIER
A C
Protective device
against conducted
disturbance
B D
Shield
52
A C
GLOBAL PROTECTION BY
SINGLE BARRIER B D
All equipment within the protected zone enjoys immunity

from EM disturbances. The understanding of protected zone
is also important in the design of equipotential zones.
In this illustration, a single barrier filters out conducted EM
interference. Barrier refers to EM protective device which
may be filters, surge protection device (SPD) etc.
All devices outside the protection do not enjoy EM immunity .
53
GLOBAL PROTECTION BY MULTIPLE/ CASCADED

BARRIERS
protection device and shielding strength can be designed in

cascade to provide an “inner” protection level in accordance
with “susceptibility” level.
54
CONCEPT OF DISTRIBUTED PROTECTION
Units C & D are protected but A & B are not protected.

55
CASE STUDY – A, B, C & D are protected

56
PROTECTION COMPROMISED DUE TO INAPPROPRIATE

CABLE ROUTE AND PLACEMENT OF SPD
57
EMC – IEC61000-5-2 – EARTHING & CABLING
IEC61000–5–2 – MITIGATION MEASURES FOR EMC

ALLOW FOR TWO MAIN TOPICS:
Earthing
Cable selection
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EARTHING:
The primary goal of earthing is to assure safety [5.1]
The secondary goal of earthing is to serve as a common
voltage reference and to contribute to the mitigation of
disturbances in installation with sensitive and
interconnected impedance.
L.F. and H.F. equipotential bonding of exposed
conductive parts (frame) is the golden rule in EMC.
58
EMC – EARTHING DESIGN PRINCPLES FOR EMC
MISCONCEPTION OF DEDICATED, INDEPENDENT OR
ISOLATED EARTH
Attempt to obtain a “clean” earth Attempt to obtain a “clean” earth

network (e.g. to be used as a network (e.g. to be used as a
reference for signals. The earth reference for signals. The earth
electrodes have not been bonded. electrodes have not been bonded.
THIS IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EMC THIS IS NOT SUITABLE FOR EMC
AND IS A SAFETY HAZARD. AND IS A SAFETY HAZARD.
59
EMC – EARTHING DESIGN PRINCPLES FOR EMC
RECOMMENDED EARTH ELECTRODES & EARTH

NETWORK FOR SAFETY AND EMC.
60
EMC – EARTH MESH AS EARTH PLANE
Provide an earth plane at each floor or area.
Interconnect all metal structure of building to mesh.
Provide specially fine mesh in area of sensitive equipment

61
62
Frame Connection
Loops is the surface
area enclosed between
a functional cable
(power supply, control,
communication etc)
and the nearest
conductor or frame
earth
63
MINIMISE Frame Connection Loops
Power supply
Cabinet
Cabinet
Device
Device
S1
Power supply
S3 S2
Contro
X
l
Machine
Machine
64
AVOID Earthing exposed conductive parts in a star configuration
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet Cabinet
X
Cabinet
Cabinet Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
Cabinet
X Cabinet
Cabinet X
Cabinet
Cabinet
National Workshop
Wiring Standards
Armada Hotel , Petaling Jaya
12th March 2019
Earthing from the dual Perspectives of
Power Distribution (IEC60364) & EMC (IEC61000-5-2)
Ir. Looi Hip Peu

B.Eng (Hons) (Electrical)
P.Eng (C15226), Jurutera Gas
hippeulooi@gmail.com

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National Workshop

Earthing from the dual Perspectives of

Ir. Looi Hip Peu

INTRODUCTION – Wiring Standards

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

IEC60364 – Description & Parts dealing with Earthing

EARTHING FOR EMC

INTRODUCTION – Wiring Standards

Two Perspectives towards Wiring Standards under IEC

Power Distribution; IEC 60364 “Electrical Installation

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC); IEC 61000 series

INTRODUCTION – Wirings Standards

Protection for Safety takes

Earthing measures under

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

Part 5 – Selection and erection of electrical equipment

Part 6-61 – Verification and Initial Verification

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

Part 1 – Clause 312.3 (Definition of TT, TN, IT system)

Parts 4-41; Clause 413.4 (protection by earth-free local

Parts 4-44; Earthing system is prescribed as protection

Parts 5-54; Selection and erection of equipment –

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION – BASIC CONCEPTS

IN THE EARLY DAYS, NEUTRAL WAS UNEARTHED

Earthing of metal frame reduces exposure to

SAFE CONTACT VOLTAGE

SAFE CONTACT VOLTAGE

Protection for safety include measures which

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

Indirect Contact Direct Contact

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

IEC60364 earthing – 2 letters:

DEFINITIONS – TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS SYSTEMS

The TN System can

TN-C; N & PE are

DEFINITIONS – TT, IT, TN-C & TN-S SYSTEMS

DEFINITIONS – TT, IT, TN-C & TN-S SYSTEMS

In a TN system, the occurrence of

Earth impedances are

In a TT system similar dangerous contact

b) Further sub division of TT system is allowed where frame

If 1st fault not

IT –1st fault IT – 2nd Fault

Continuity of service critical and No satisfactory solution, TT preferred

Continuity of service NOT critical; TN-S chosen (rapid repairs and

Continuity of service NOT critical; No satisfactory solution, TT system

Fire hazard critical and maintenance IT and use of 5mA RCD

Network/Operation Criteria System Chosen /Preferred

Special features; Standby Power Supply TT preferred

Special features; Load sensitive to high TT preferred OR

Special features; Low natural insulation TN-S preferred.

EARTHING FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION

EARTHING ARRANGEMENT PART 5-54

Part 5-54 describe requirement for

Earthing arrangement can be for

This table in effect requires that PE be the 5th cable in wiring

S= cross section area (mm²)

The previous table prescribing size of PE and

Types of P.E. approved

Earthing system for public distribution (though not covered in the

EMC deals with HF

EMC differs fundamentally from

DEFINITION – ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE