Mntop100 Que and Sol Maths Class10 FJK PDF

X MATHEMATICS
MN Top 100 Questions
Questions
Real Numbers
93
1. Without performing actual division, state whether the rational number will have a
600
terminating or non-terminating decimal expansion.
2. Find the HCF of 1488 and 37888 using Euclid’s division algorithm.
3. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the
form 3p or 3p + 1, where p is an integer.
 
4. Prove that 4 5  9 is an irrational number.
5. On a circular track of length 1080 m, Srikant is walking at a speed of 90 m/min, Venkat at
72 m/min and Bala at 60 m/min. If all of them start walking at 5:30 a.m. in the same
direction from same starting point, then at what time will they all meet each other at the
starting point?
Polynomials
6. If two of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 3x4 + 7x3 – 7x2 – 21x – 6 are 3 and – 3 , then
find the other zeroes of p(x).
7. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial, p(x) = 6x2 + 18x and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
8. If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 5x + k such that  –  = 1, then find
the value of k.
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
9. For what value of k will the system of equations x + 2y = 3 and 5x + ky = –7 have a unique
solution?
10. A group of students are seated in rows in such a way that the number of students in each row
is the same. If the number of students in each row is increased by 15, then number of rows
decreases by 5. If the number of students in each row is increased by 6, then the number of
rows decreases by 3. How many students were there in the group?
11. What is the value of k for which the pair of linear equations kx + 5y – (k –5) = 0 and 20x +
ky – k = 0 has infinite many solutions?
12. Three men and eight women can complete a piece of work together in 10 hours. Eleven men
and thirteen women can complete the same piece of work together in 4 hours. How long will
one man alone and one woman alone take to complete the same work?
1
MN Top 100 Questions MATHEMATICS
13. Solve the following pair of equations by algebraic method.
4 1
  5
 2x  3y   2x  3y 
2 1
 8
 2x  3y   2x  3y 
Quadratic Equations
14. For what value(s) of k does the quadratic equation 25x2 –10kx + 49 = 0 have equal roots?
15. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 –7x + 3 = 0 using the method of completing the square.
16. For an excursion, Rs 12,900 is collected from a group of students such that same amount of
money was contributed by each student. Had there been 14 students more, each of them
would have contributed Rs 21 less. How much amount of money is contributed by each
student?
17. Determine the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation 5 x 2  2 3 x  7  0 .
18. The total cost of a certain length of a piece of cloth is Rs 200. If the piece was 5 m longer and
each metre of cloth costs Rs 2 less, the cost of the piece would have remained changed. How
long is the piece and what is its original rate per metre?
19. Solve the given quadratic equation for x : 9x2 – 9(a + b)x + (2a2 + 5ab + 2b2) = 0.
1 1 2
20. Solve for x :   , x  1, 2,3
 x  1 x  2   x  2  x  3 3
Arithmetic Progressions
5 5
21. Find the 25th term of the AP 5, , 0, , ... .
2 2
22. The sum of 8th and 17th term of an AP is 36. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the AP.
23. The students from five schools in a locality thought of planting trees to reduce air pollution.
It was decided that the number of trees that each class of each school will plant will be the
same as the class in which they are studying. For e.g., class I will plant one tree, class II will
plant two trees and so on till class XII.
(i) How many trees will be planted by the students?
(ii) Write values reflected in the question.
24. For what value of k will the consecutive terms 3k + 2, 4k + 5 and 6k – 4 form an AP?
25. The ratio of the 21st term and 29th term of an arithmetic progression is 2 : 1. What is the 37th
term of the arithmetic progression?
26. A thief runs with a uniform speed of 100 m/min. After one minute, a policeman runs after the
thief to catch him. He goes with a speed of 100 m/min in the first minute and increases his
speed by 10 m/min every succeeding minute. After how many minutes the policeman will
catch the thief.
2
27. If the ratio of sum of the first m and n terms of an AP is m2 : n2, show that the ratio of its mth
and nth terms is (2m –1) : (2n –1).
28. Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers, which are multiples of 11.
29. If Sn denotes the sum of the first n terms of an A.P., prove that S30 = 3 (S20 – S10).
Triangles
AD 5
30. In the given  ABC, DE || BC and  . If AC = 18 cm, then what is the length of EC?
AB 12
E
D
B
31. The given figure shows an equilateral triangle ABC drawn on side BC of square BCED and
another equilateral triangle FDC drawn on diagonal DC of the square BCED.
A
B C
D E
F
What is the ratio of the area of  ABC to the area of  FDC?
32. The given figure shows a right-angled triangle PQR. P
S and T are the points on PQ and QR
1 1
respectively such that QS = PQ and QT = QR.
3 3
S
Prove that 18(PT2 + RS2) = 20PR2.
Q T R
33. State and prove the basic proportionality theorem.
34. In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
35. In two similar triangles ABC and PQR, the corresponding medians AD and PS are in the ratio
2 : 3. If the area of  ABC is 20 cm2, then what is the area of  PQR?
3
36. In the given figure, AC || QR and AB || PR.
D
A C
Q B R
If DP = 8 cm, AP = 4 cm and CR = 3.9 cm, then what is the length of PC?
37. In  ABC, BD  AC and AC2 – AB2 = BC2. Prove that BD2 = AD × CD.
38. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding sides.
39. State and prove the Pythagoras Theorem.
Coordinate Geometry
40. If the points (–1, –2), (p, q) and (4, 0) are collinear, then prove that 2p – 5q = 8.
41. The vertices of  ABC are A (2, 0), B (–1, 7) and C (4, 5). BX is the median of  ABC
corresponding to the side AC. If a point P on BX divides BX in the ratio 2 : 5, then find the
coordinates of the point P.
42. In what ratio does the y-axis divide the line joining the points (–4, 5) and (8, 3). Also, find the
point of intersection.
43. Show that the triangle formed by vertices (–1, 1), (7, 5) and (9, 1) is a right triangle. Also,
find the length of the altitude corresponding to the hypotenuse.
44. What are the coordinates of the point dividing the line joining the points (3, 4) and (4, 5) in
the ratio 3 : 2?
45. What are the coordinates of the point (on the y-axis) that is equidistant from points A (6, 4)
and B (3, –2)?
46. If point P(a, b) is equidistant from the points A (3, 2), B (–5, –6) and C (5, 0), then find the
area of the triangle formed by the points P, B and C.
47. The base BC of an equilateral triangle ABC lies on y-axis. The coordinates of point C are
(0,–3). The origin is the mid-point of the base. Find the coordinates of the points A and B.
Also find the coordinates of another point D such that BACD is a rhombus.
48. Find the coordinates of a point P, which lies on the line segment joining the points A (–2, –2)
3
and B (2, –4), such that AP = AB .
7
49. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle coordinates of whose vertex A are (0, –1). D and E
respectively are the mid-points of the sides AB and AC and their coordinates are (1, 0) and
(0, 1) respectively. If F is the mid-point of BC, find the areas of  ABC and  DEF.
4
A (0, –1)
(1, 0) D E (0, 1)
B F C
Introduction to Trigonometry
50. If x = a sin  + b cos  and y = a cos  – b sin  , then what is the value of x2 + y2?
1
51. If cos  2 A  B   and tan(3B – A) = 1, where 0  A  90° and 0  B  90°, then what is
2
the value of sin(4A – 3B)?
2 2
1  1   1 
52. If sinθ  , then find the value of  tanθ     tanθ   .
3  cosθ   cosθ 
1 1
53. Prove that   cosecθ  secθ .
cosθ  sinθ  1 cosθ  sinθ- 1
3
54. If sinθ  , then find the value of 3  3cot 2θ .
5
tan 2 28  cosec 2 59 cos 2 59  sin 59 cos 31  cos 31 cosec 59
55. Evaluate: 
sec 2 31  cot 2 62 sec 2 62  cot 2 28
56. If sin   cos   2 , then find value of sec 2   cosec 2 .
tan  cot 
57. Prove that   1  sec  cosec .
1  cot  1  tan 
cos  cot 
58. Prove that:  cosec  1
1  sin 
59. Prove that sec2 cosec 2  2  cot 2   tan 2 
Some Applications of Trigonometry
60. The angle of elevation of a jet fighter plane from a point P on the ground is 60°. The jet
3 3
fighter plane is flying at the constant height of km. After a flight of 15 seconds, the
2
angle of elevation changes to 30°. At what speed is the jet fighter plane flying?
5
61. From the top of a 10 m high building, the angle of depression of the foot of a tower is 30°
and the angle of elevation of top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. Find the
distance between the tops of the building and the tower.
[Use 7 = 2.64]
62. A pole casts a shadow of length 2 3 m on the ground, when the sun’s elevation is 60°.Find
the height of the pole.
63. At a point A, 20 metres above the level of water in a lake, the angle of elevation of a cloud is
30°. The angle of depression of the reflection of the cloud in the lake, at A is 60°. Find the
distance of the cloud from A.
64. The angles of elevation and depression of the top and bottom of a light-house from the top of
a 60 m high building are 30° and 60° respectively. Find
(a) the difference between the heights of the light-house and the building.
(b) the distance between the light-house and the building.
65. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points, distant a and b from its base in
the same straight line, are complementary. Show that the height of the tower is ab .
Circles
66. If tangents XY and YZ from a point Y to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at
an angle of 64°, then find  YOZ.
67. From a point T outside a circle of centre O, tangents TP and TQ are drawn to the circle.
Prove that OT is the right bisector of line segment PQ.
68. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
69. Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
70. Prove that a parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
71. In fig, l and m are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O, touching the circle at A and
B respectively. Another tangent at C intersects the line l at D and m at E. Prove that
 DOE = 90°.
A D
l
O
C
m
B E
Construction
72. Draw  ABC with sides AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and  ABC = 60°. Then, construct a triangle
3
whose sides are of the sides of  ABC.
4
6
73. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, 7 cm away from its centre draw two tangents to
the circle. Measure the length of each tangent.
74. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. Draw two tangents to the circle inclined at an angle of 60° to
each other.
Areas Related to Circles
75. In the given figure, AD is the diameter of a circle. The length of AD is 42 cm. Three semi-
circles of equal radius are drawn inside this circle taking AB, BC and CD respectively as
 22 
diameters.  Use   
 7 
A B C D
Find the area of the shaded region.

76. The given figure shows a circle with centre O. The points A, B and C are on the circle such
that AB = 14 cm and  ACB = 45°.
C
A B
X
Find the area of the major segment ACBA.
77. In the given figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. Semi-circles are drawn with each side
 22 
of square as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.  use   
 7 
A B
D C
7
78. In the given figure, ABDC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 28 cm and a semi circle BEC is
drawn with BC as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.  Use   22 
 7 
B E
A C
79. In the given figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle with centre O, which are
perpendicular to each other. OB is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the
area of the shaded region.  Use   

22
 7
C
O
B A
D
Surface Areas and Volumes
80. From a cone of radius 40 cm, a cone of radius 16 cm and height 12 cm is cut from the top so
that the circular bases of these cones are parallel. Find the volume of the frustum so obtained.
81. Water is flowing at the rate of 2.52 km/h through a cylindrical pipe into a cylindrical tank, the
radius of whose base is 40 cm. If the increase in the level of water in the tank, in half an hour
is 3.15 m, find the internal diameter of the pipe.
82. From a solid metallic cylinder of height 24 cm, a cone of same height and same base (as
cylinder) is taken out. The density of the metal is 10 gm per cm3. If the mass of the remaining
portion of the cylinder is 24.64 kg, then find the cost required to paint the remaining portion
at a rate of Rs 3 per 440 cm2.
8
83. A well of diameter 4 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out is spread evenly all around the
well to form a 40 cm high embankment. Find the width of the embankment.
84. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 36 cm contains liquid. This liquid is filled into 72
cylindrical bottles of diameter 6 cm. Find the height of the each bottle, if 10% liquid is
wasted in this transfer.
85. Milk in a container, which is in the form of a frustum of a cone of height 35 cm and the radii
of whose lower and upper circular ends are 15 cm and 30 cm respectively, is to be distributed
in a camp for flood victims. If this milk is available at the rate of Rs 45 per litre and 1155
litres of milk is needed daily for a camp, find how many such containers of milk are needed
for a camp and what cost will it put on the donor agency for this. What value is indicated
through this by the donor agency?
86. In the figure given below is a right circular cone of height 30 cm. A small cone is cut off from
1
the top by a plane parallel to the base. If the volume of the small cone is of the volume of
27
cone, find at what height above the base is the section made.
30 cm
87. If the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is halved, keeping the height the same,
then find the ratio of the volume of the cylinder thus obtained to the volume of original
cylinder.
88. 504 cones, each of diameter 3.5 cm and height 3 cm, are melted and recast into a metallic
sphere. Find the diameter of the sphere and hence find its surface area.  Use   
22
 7
Statistics
89. Find the mean and mode of the following data. Using empirical relationship find the median
of the data.
Class Interval 0 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 400 400 - 500
Frequency 6 10 9 18 7
9
90. Calculate the mode of the following data.
Class Interval Frequency
More than equal to 10 68
91. Find median of the following data using graphical method:
Class Interval 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100
Frequency 3 5 9 12 6
92. The given table shows the data of 230 observations whose median is 46.
If the median class is 40 - 50, then what are the values of a and b?
10 - 20 12
20 - 30 30
30 - 40 a
40 - 50 65
50 - 60 b
60 - 70 25
70 - 80 18
93. If the mode of the following distribution is 68, then find the missing frequency corresponding
to the class interval 60 - 80.
Class Interval 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100
Frequency 7 14 8 - 3
94. The following distribution gives the height of 100 students of a class.
Height of Students (in cm) 120 - 130 130 - 140 140 - 150 150 - 160 160 - 170 170 - 180
Number of Students 5 15 25 30 20 5
Convert above frequency distribution into more than type distribution and find the median
height of the students by drawing an ogive.
10
Probability
95. In a fruit basket, the oranges and bananas are in the ratio 2 : 3. 15% of oranges are rotten and
10% of bananas are rotten. If a fruit is selected at random, then what is the probability that it
will be rotten?
96. A number x is selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Another number y is
selected at random from the numbers 1, 4, 9 and 16. Find the probability that product of x and
y is less than 16.
97. There are twenty pens. Some of them are blue and some are red in colour. A pen is selected at
random. The probability of getting a blue pen is one-third of the probability of getting a red
pen. How many blue pens are there?
98. In a cupboard, there are eight shelves and every second shelf of the cupboard has 4 Math
3
books. A book is chosen at random. The probability of it being a non-Math book is . How
7
many books are there in the cupboard?
99. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of playing cards. Find the probability
that the card drawn is
(a) a card of spade or an ace
(b) a black king
(c) neither a jack nor a king
(c) either a king or a queen
100.A dice is rolled twice. Find the probability that

(a) 5 will not come up either time.
(b) 5 will come up exactly one time.
11
X MATHEMATICS
MN Top 100 Questions
Real Numbers
93 3  31 31
1.  3 2
 3 2
600 2  3  5 2 5
It can be observed that denominator of the given number is of the form 2n × 5m, where n and
m are non-negative integers.
93
Thus, will have a terminating decimal expansion.
600
2. Here, 37888 > 1488.
Applying Euclid’s division lemma, we obtain
37888 = 1488 × 25 + 688
Again applying Euclid’s division lemma for 1488 and 688, we obtain
1488 = 688 × 2 + 112
Similarly, 688 = 112 × 6 + 16
112 = 16 × 7 + 0
Thus, the HCF of 1488 and 37888 is 16.
3. Let a be a positive integer. Then, a will be of the form 3m, 3m + 1 or 3m + 2.
Case I:
a = 3m
On squaring both sides, we get
a2 = (3m)2 = 9m2
a2 = 3(3m2) = 3p, where p = 3m2
Case II:
a = 3m + 1
a2 = (3m + 1)2 = 9m2 + 6m + 1
a2 = 3(3m2 + 2m) + 1 = 3p + 1, where p = 3m2 + 2m
Case III:
a = 3m + 2
a2 = (3m + 2)2 = 9m2 + 12m + 4
a2 = 3(3m2 + 4m + 1) + 1 = 3p + 1, where p = 3m2 + 4m + 1
Hence, a is the form of 3p or 3p + 1.
1
a
 
4. Let 4 5  9 be a rational number equal to
b
, where a and b are positive co-prime numbers.
a
 4 5 9 
b
1a 
 5    9
4b 
It can be seen that RHS of the above expression is a rational number whereas LHS is an
irrational number. This is a contradiction.
 
 4 5  9 cannot be a rational number..
 
Thus, 4 5  9 is an irrational number..
5. Length of the track = 1080 m

Speed of Srikant = 90 m/min
1080 m
Time taken by Srikant to walk a complete round of track  90 m/min  12 min
1080 m
Similarly, Time taken by Venkat to walk a complete round of track  72 m/min  15 min
1080 m
Time taken by Bala to walk a complete round of track  60 m/min  18 min
Therefore, the time after which they all meet at the starting point is equal to the LCM of 12,
15 and 18.
LCM of 12, 15 and 18 = 180
Therefore, they all will meet each other at the starting point 180 minutes after 5:30 a.m. i.e. at
8:30 a.m.
Polynomials
6. It is given that 3 and – 3 are zeroes of p (x). Therefore,
 x  3  x  3   x 2
 3 is a factor of p(x).
p(x) can be divided by x2 – 3 as:
2
3x 2  7 x  2
x 2  3 3x 4  7 x3  7 x 2  21x  6
3x 4  9 x2
 
7 x 3  2 x 2  21x  6
7 x3  21x
 
2x2  6
2x2  6
 
0
 3x 4  7 x 3  7 x 2  21x  6   x 2  3 3x 2  7 x  2 
3x2 + 7x + 2 can be factorised as:
3x2 + 7x + 2
= 3x2 + 6x + x + 2 [6x + x = 7x, 6x × x = 3x2 × 2]
= 3x(x + 2) + 1(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x + 1)
1
The zeroes of (x + 2)(3x + 1) are x = –2 and x  
3
1
Thus, the other zeroes of p(x) are –2 and  .
3
7. The given quadratic polynomial is p(x) = 6x2 + 18x
p(x) = 0
 6x2 + 18x = 0
 6x(x + 3) = 0
x(x + 3) = 0
x = 0 or (x + 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = –3
Therefore, 0 and –3 are the zeroes of the given quadratic polynomial.
Sum of zeroes = 0 + (–3) = –3, product of zeroes = 0 × (–3) = 0
For a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
b c
sum of zeroes   , product of zeroes =
a a
For the quadratic polynomial p(x) = 6x2 + 18x,
a = 6, b = 18, and c = 0
b 18
Sum of zeroes      3
a 6
3
c 0
Product of zeroes   0
a 6
Thus, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients of the given quadratic
polynomial is verified.
b c
8. For any quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, sum of zeroes  , product of zeroes 
a a
  5  k
Therefore, for the given polynomial,  +   = 5 and   = k.
1 1
  5
   1  Given 
2  6  Adding the two equations 
  3
Putting  = 3 in  +  = 5:
3+=5
  =5–3=2
k =  = 3 × 2 = 6
Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
9. The given system of equations can be written as

x + 2y – 3 = 0
5x + ky + 7 = 0
Here, a1 = 1; b1 = 2; c1 = –3; a2 = 5; b2 = k; c2 = 7
For the pair of linear equations to have a unique solution,
a1 b1

a2 b2
1 2
 
5 k
 k  10
Thus, the given system of equations will have a unique solution if k  10.
10. Let the number of rows be x and number of students in each row be y.
 Total number of students = xy
According to given information:
 x  5  y  15   xy
 xy  5 y  15 x  75  xy
 15 x  5 y  75
 3 x  y  15 ... 1
Also,  x  3 y  6   xy
 xy  3 y  6 x  18  xy
4
 6 x  3 y  18
 2x  y  6 ...  2
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
3 x  y  15
2x  y  6
  
x9
Substituting x = 9 in (1), we get
3 × 9 – y = 15
 27 – y = 15
y = 12
xy = 12 × 9 = 108
Thus, 108 students were there in the group.
11. The given pair of linear equations is kx + 5y – (k – 5) = 0 and 20x + ky – k = 0.
It is known that the pair of equations a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 has infinite
a1 b1 c1
many solutions, if a  b  c
2 2 2
For the given pair of equations, a1 = k, b1 = 5, c1 = – (k – 5), a2 = 20, b2 = k, c2 = – k
k 5   k  5
 
20 k k
Equating the first two ratios, we have
k2 = 100
 k = ±10
Equating the last two ratios, we have
5k  k 2  5k
 k 2  10k  0
 k  k  10   0
 k  0 or k  10
So, k = 10 satisfies both the conditions.
Thus, the value of k is 10.
12. Let one man alone take x hours to complete the work and one woman alone take y hours to
complete the same work.
According to the given information:
3 8 1
  ... 1
x y 10
11 13 1
  ...  2 
x y 4
5
1 1
Let  u and  v .
x y
Then, (1) and (2) can be re-written as
1
3u  8v  ...  3
10
1
11u  13v  ...  4 
4
Multiplying (3) by 11 and (4) by 3 and then subtracting, we get
11
33u  88v 
10
3
33u  39v 
4
  
11 3
49v  
10 4
44  30
 49v 
40
14
 49v 
40
1
v
140
 y  140
Substituting y = 140 in (1), we get
3 8 1
 
x 140 10
3 1 8
 
x 10 140
3 6

x 140
x  70
Thus, the time taken by a man alone to complete the work is 70 hours whereas the time taken
by a woman alone to complete the work is 140 hours.
13. The given pair of linear equations are
4 1
  5
 2x  3 y   2x  3 y
2 1
 8
 2x  3 y   2x  3 y 
1 1
Let  u and  v , then the given equations become
 2x  3 y  2x  3 y 
6
4u  v  5 1
2u  v  8  2
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
6u = 3
1
u 
2
On putting the value of u in equation (2), we obtain
1
2   v  8
2
1– v = 8
v = 1 – 8
v = – 7
Therefore, we obtain
1 1

 2x  3 y  2
 2x  3 y  2  3
1
 7
 2x  3 y 
 – 7(2x – 3y) = 1
 – 14x + 21y =1 (4)
On multiplying equation (3) by 7 and adding to equation (4), we obtain
14 x  21 y  14
14 x  21 y  1
42 y  15
15 5
 y 
42 14
Putting the value of y in equation (3), we obtain
5
2x  3   2
 14 
15
2x   2
14
15
2x  2 
14
28  15
2x 
14
13
x
28
13 5
Thus, x  and y  is the required solution.
28 14
7
Quadratic Equations
14. The given equation is 25x2 – 10kx + 49 = 0.

This equation has equal roots, if its discriminant D is 0.
Here, a = 25, b = – 10k, c = 49
D0
2
  10k   4  25  49  0
 100k 2  100  49  0
 k 2  49  0
 k 2  49
 k  7
15. The equation is 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0.

7 3
 x2  x   0
2 2
7 3
 x2  2  x      0
4 2
2
7 49
Adding and subtracting    to the LHS of the equation:
 4  16
2 2
 2 7 7  7 3
 x  2 x           0
 4  4    4  2
2
 7  49 3
x    0
 4  16 2
2
 7  49 3
x   
 4  16 2
2
 7  49  24
x  
 4 16
2 2
 7  25  5 
x   
 4  16  4 
 7 5
  x     
 4  4
7 5
x 
4 4
7 5 7 5
 x   or x  
4 4 4 4
12 2
 x  or x 
4 4
1
 x  3or x 
2 1
Thus, the roots of the equation 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 are 3and .
2
8
16. Let the amount of money contributed by each student be Rs x.
12, 900
 Number of students 
x
 12,900 
  14   x  21  12,900
 x 
2,70,900
 12,900   14 x  294  12,900
x
 14 x 2  294 x  2, 70, 900  0
 x 2  21x  19,350  0
 x 2  150 x  129 x  19,350  0
 x  x  150   129  x  150   0
  x  129  x  150   0
  x  129   0 or  x  150   0
 x  129 or 150
Since the amount of money is non-negative, x = 150
Thus, an amount of Rs 150 was contributed by each student.
17. The given quadratic equation is 5 x 2  2 3x  7  0 .
Here, a = 5, b = 2 3 , c = –7
2
 Discriminant, D  b 2  4ac  2 3    4  5   7   12  140  152  0
Thus, the given quadratic equation has two distinct real roots.
18. Let the length of the piece of cloth be x m.
Total cost of the piece of cloth = Rs 200
200
Then, cost per metre = Rs
x
New length = (x + 5) m
Since, the cost of piece of cloth remains unchanged.
200
 New cost per metre = Rs
x5
According to the question,
200 200
 2
x x5
200  x  5  200 x
 2
x  x  5
200 x  1000  200 x
 2
x2  5x
9
 2  x 2  5 x   1000
 x 2  5 x  500  0
 x 2  25 x  20 x  500  0
 x  x  25   20  x  25   0
  x  20  x  25   0
 x  20 or x  25
As x cannot be negative, so x is 20.
200
 Cost per metre = Rs = Rs 10
20
Hence, the length of the piece of cloth is 20 m and original rate is Rs 10 per metre.
19. 9 x 2  9  a  b  x   2a 2  5ab  2b 2   0
 9 x 2  3 2a  b    a  2b  x   2a 2  4ab  ab  2b 2   0
 9 x 2  3 2a  b    a  2b  x  2a  a  2b   b  a  2b   0
 9 x 2  3 2a  b    a  2b  x   2a  b  a  2b   0
 9 x 2  3  2a  b  x  3  a  2b  x   2a  b  a  2b   0
 3 x 3x   2a  b    a  2b  3x   2a  b   0
 3 x   a  2b 3x   2a  b   0
 3 x   a  2b   0 or 3 x   2a  b   0
 3 x  a  2b or 3x  2a  b
a  2b 2a  b
x or x 
3 3
20. 1 1 2
  , x  1, 2,3
 x  1 x  2   x  2  x  3 3
 x  3   x  1  2
 x  1 x  2  x  3 3
2x  4 2
 
 x  1 x  2  x  3 3
x2 1
 
 x  1 x  2  x  3 3
 3   x  1 x  3
 3  x2  4x  3
 x2  4x  0
 x  x  4  0
 x  0, x  4
10
Arithmetic Progressions
21. Here, a  5
5 5 5
d   5   5
2 2 2
Now, an  a   n  1 d
5
 a25  5   25  1 
2
5
 a25  5  24 
2
 a25  5  60
 a25  55
Thus, the 25th term of the given AP is 55.
22. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given AP.
It is given that, 8th term + 17th term = 36
It is known that the nth term, an, of an AP with first term a and common difference d is given
by,
an = a + (n – 1) d
a8 + a17 = 36
  a  7 d    a  16d   36
 2a  23d  36 ... 1
 Sum of the first 24 terms of the given AP

24
  2a   24  1 d 
2 
 12  2a  23d 
 12  36  Using 1 
 432
23. (a) Students of Class I of five schools will plant 1 × 5 = 5 trees
Students of Class II of five schools will plant 2 × 5 = 10 trees
Students of Class III of five schools will plant 3 × 5 = 15 trees
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Students of Class XII of five schools will plant 12 × 5 = 60 trees
Number of trees planted by the students are 5 + 10 + 15 + …+ 60.
Here, a = 5, d = 5, n = 12
n
We know that, S n   2a   n  1 d 
2
11
12
 Sn   2  5  12  1  5  390
2 
Thus, 390 trees will be planted by the students.
(b) The values reflected in the question are teamwork, sharing, responsibility, commitment
towards the society and importance of conservation of nature.
24. The given terms 3k + 2, 4k + 5 and 6k – 4 are in AP.
  4k  5    3k  2    6k  4    4k  5 
 k  3  2k  9
 k  12
Hence, the value of k for which the given terms are in an AP is 12.
25. It is known that the nth term of an arithmetic progression is given by
an = a + (n – 1)d
a21 = a + (21 – 1)d = a + 20d
a29 = a + (29 – 1)d = a + 28d
a37 = a + (37 – 1)d = a + 36d
It is given that:
a21 : a29 = 2 : 1
a  20d 2
 
a  28d 1
 a  20d  2a  56d
 2a  56d  a  20d  0
 a  36d  0
 a37  0
Thus, the 37th term of the arithmetic progression is 0.
26. Suppose the policeman catches the thief after t minutes.
Uniform speed of the thief = 100 m/min
 Distance covered by thief in (t + 1) min = 100 m/min × (t + 1) min = 100(t + 1) m
Distance covered by policeman in t minutes = Sum of t terms of an AP with first term 100
and common difference 10
t
  2  100   t  1  10  m
2
 t 100  5  t  1 
 t  5t  95
 5t 2  95t
When the policeman catches the thief,
5t 2  95t  100  t  1
 5t 2  95t  100t  100
 5t 2  5t  100  0
 t 2  t  20  0
12
 t 2  5t  4t  20  0
 t  t  5  4  t  5   0
  t  5  t  4   0
 t  5 or t  4
 t = 5 (As t cannot be negative)
Thus, the policeman catches the thief after 5 minutes.
27. Let the first term and the common difference of the AP be a and d, respectively.
Therefore,
m
Sum of the first m terms of the AP, S m   2a   m  1 d 
2
n
Sum of the first n terms of the AP, S n   2a   n  1 d 
2
It is given that
m
S m 2  2a   m  1 d  m 2
  2
Sn n n
 2a   n  1 d 
2
 2a   m  1 d  m
 
 2a   n  1 d  n
 2an  mnd  nd  2am  nmd  md
 2an  2am  nd  md
 2a  n  m   d  n  m 
 2a  d
Now,
Tm a   m  1 d

Tn a   n  1 d
Tm a   m  1  2 a
 
Tn a   n  1  2a
Tm a 1  2  m  1 
 
Tn a 1  2  n  1 
T 2m  1
 m 
Tn 2n  1
Hence, the ratio of the mth term to the nth term is (2m – 1) : (2n – 1).
28. The smallest and the largest three digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 11 are 110
and 990 respectively.
So, the sequence of three digit numbers which are divisible by 11 are 110, 121, 132, …, 990.
Clearly, it is an A.P. with first term, a = 110 and common difference, d = 11.
Let there be n terms in the sequence.
So, an = 990
13
 a   n  1 d  990
 110   n  111  990
 110  11n  11  990
 11n  99  990
 11n  990  99
 11n  891
 n  81
n
Now, required sum   2a   n  1 d 
2
81
  2  110   81  1 11
2
81
  220  880 
2
81
  1100
2
 44550
Hence, the sum of all three digit numbers which are multiples of 11 is 44550.
29. We know that the sum of the nth term is given by:
n
Sn   2a   n  1 d 
2
Here:
a = first term
d = common difference
n = number of terms in an A.P.
We need to prove the following:
S30  3  S 20  S10 
Considering R.H.S., we get:
3  S20  S10 
 20 10 
 3  2a   20  1 d   2a  10  1 d 
2 2 
 3 10  2a  19d   5  2a  9d  
 3  20a  190d  10a  45d 
 3 10a  145d 
 15  2a  29d 
Considering L.H.S., we get:
30
S30   2a   30  1 d 
2 
 15  2a  29d 
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence, proved.
14
Triangles
30. In  ABC, DE || BC.

Using corollory of basic proportionality theorem, we have
AD AE

AB AC
5 18  EC
 
12 18
5
 18  EC   18  7.5
12
 EC  18  7.5  10.5 cm
Thus, the length of EC is 10.5 cm.
31. BCED is a square and DC is its diagonal which divides it into two congruent right triangles.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in right  DBC, we obtain
DC2 = BC2 + BD2
DC2 = BC2 + BC2 (BD = BC)
DC2 = 2BC2 ...(1)
Since  ABC and  FDC are equilateral triangles, each of their angles measures 60°.
 A = F = 60°
B = D = 60°
 ABC   FDC (By AA similarity)
We know that ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
their corresponding sides.
ar  ABC  BC 2
 
ar  FDC  DC 2
BC 2
  From 1 
2BC 2
1

2
Thus, the ratio of the area of  ABC to the area of  FDC is 1 : 2.
32.  PQT is right-angled at Q.

Applying Pythagoras theorem in  PQT, we have
PT 2  PQ 2  QT 2
2
1 
 PT 2  PQ2   QR 
3 
1
 PT 2  PQ2  QR 2 ... 1
9
 QRS is right-angled at Q.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in  QRS, we have
15
RS2  QS2  QR 2
2
1 
 RS   PQ   QR 2
2
3 
1
 RS2  PQ 2  QR 2 ...  2 
9
 PQR is right-angled at Q.
Applying Pythagoras theorem in  PQR, we have
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 ...(3)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 1  1 
PT 2  RS2   PQ2  QR 2    PQ 2  QR 2 
 9  9 
10 10
 PT 2  RS2  PQ 2  QR 2
9 9
10
 PT 2  RS2  PR 2  Using equation  3 
9
10
 18  PT 2  RS2   18  PR 2
9
 18  PT 2  RS2   20 PR 2
33. Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one P
side of a triangle to intersect the other two V
sides in distinct points, then the other two U
sides are divided in the same ratio.
S T
We can prove this theorem as follows:
Suppose PQR is any triangle. ST is a line
parallel to QR. Firstly, let us join QT and
RS and then draw SV and TU perpendicular to Q R
PR and PQ respectively.
PS PT
To prove: =
SQ TR
1
Now, ar (  PST)   PS  TU ...(1)
2
1
Similarly, ar (  QST)   SQ  TU ...(2)
2
1
Also, ar (  PST)   PT  SV ...(3)
2
1
ar (  STR)   TR  SV ...(4)
2
On dividing equation (1) by (2), we obtain
1
ar  PST  2  PS  TU PS
   ...  5 
ar  QST  1  SQ  TU SQ
2
16
Dividing (3) by (4), we obtain
1
ar  PST  2  PT  SV PT
  ...  6 
ar  STR  1  TR  SV TR
2
Observe that  QST and  STR are on the same base ST and lie between the same parallels
ST and QR.
Therefore, ar (  QST) = ar (  STR) ...(7)
From (5), (6), and (7), we obtain
PS PT

SQ TR
Thus, the line ST divides the side PQ and PR in the same ratio.
34. Consider a  ABC in which AC2 = AB2 + BC2. We have to prove that B = 90°.
Let us construct  PQR right-angled at Q such that PQ = AB and QR = BC.
A P
B C Q R
From  PQR,
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (By Pythagoras Theorem, as Q = 90°)
 PR2 = AB2 + BC2 …(1) (By construction)
However, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 …(2) (Given)
From (1) and (2), we obtain
AC = PR …(3)
Now, in  ABC and  PQR, we obtain
AB = PQ (By construction)
BC = QR (By construction)
AC = PR [From (3)]
Therefore, by SSS congruency criterion,
 ABC   PQR
By CPCT,
B = Q
However, Q = 90° (By construction)
B = 90°
Hence, in a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
17
35. We know that the areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio of the squares of the
corresponding medians.
2
ar  ABC   AD 
  
ar  PQR   PS 
2
20 cm 2  2
  
ar  PQR   3 
20  9
 ar  PQR    45cm 2
4
Thus, the area of  PQR is 45 cm2.
36. In  DAB, AB || PC. Using basic proportionality theorem, we have

DP DC

PA CB
8 cm DC
 
4 cm CB
DC
2 ... 1
CB
In  DQB, AC || QB. Using basic proportionality theorem, we have
DA DC

AQ CB
DP  PA DC
 
AQ CB
8cm  4 cm DC
 
AQ CB
12 cm DC
  ...  2 
AQ CB
From (1) and (2), we have
12cm
2
AQ
12 cm
 AQ   6cm
2
In  PQR, AC || QR. Using basic proportionality theorem, we have
PA PC

AQ CR
4cm PC
 
6 cm 3.9 cm
4
 PC   3.9 cm  2.6 cm
6
Thus, the length of PC is 2.6 cm.
18
37. Given: In  ABC, BD  AC and AC2 – AB2 = BC2. B
To prove: BD2 = AD × CD
Proof:
In  ABC,
AC2  AB2  BC 2
 AC 2  AB2  BC 2 ... 1 A D C
 ABC  90  Converse of Pythagoras theorem 
In right  ABD,
AB2  BD2  AD 2 .....(2) (Pythagoras theorem)
In right  BCD,
BC2  BD 2  CD 2 .....(3) (Pythagoras theorem)
AB2  BC 2  2BD 2  AD 2  CD 2
 AC 2  2BD 2  AD 2  CD 2  Using 1 
2
  AD  CD   2BD 2  AD 2  CD 2
 AD 2  CD 2  2AD  CD  2BD 2  AD 2  CD 2
 BD 2  AD  CD
38. D
B X C E Y F
Let  ABC and  DEF be such that  ABC   DEF..

2 2 2
ar  ABC 
 AB   BC   CA 
To prove:      
ar  DEF   DE   EF   FD 
Construction: Draw AXBC and DYEF
1
Proof: ar (  ABC) = × BC × AX
2
1
ar (  DEF) = × EF × DY
2
ar  ABC  BC  AX
  ... 1
ar  DEF  EF  DY
19
In  ABX and  DEY::
B = E {  ABC   DEF}
X = Y = 90°
  ABX   DEY {By AA similarity criterion}
AX AB
  ...  2 
DY DE
It is given that:  ABC   DEF
AB BC CA
   ...  3
DE EF FD
Using (1) and (2), we get
ar  ABC  BC  AB
 
ar  DEF  EF  DE
BC BC
   Using  3 
EF EF
2
 BC 
 
 EF 
Using (3), we have
2 2 2
ar  ABC   AB   BC   CA 
     
ar  DEF   DE   EF   FD 
Thus, the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
39. Statement of Pythagoras Theorem: P
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the
other two sides of the triangle.
The proof of Pythagoras Theorem is as follows:
Let PQR be a triangle, right-angled at P. Q S R
Draw PS  QR
Now, we know that if a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right
triangle to the hypotenuse, then the triangles on the both sides of the perpendicular are similar
to the whole triangle and to each other.
  QSP   QPR
Therefore, QS  QP (Since the sides of similar triangles are proportional)

QP QR
QS × QR = QP2 …(1)
Also, we have
 PSR   QPR
20
RS RP
Therefore,  (Since the sides of similar triangles are proportional)
RP RQ
 RS × RQ = RP2 …(2)
QS × QR + RS × RQ = RP2 + QP2
 QR × (QS + RS) = RP2 + QP2
 QR × QR = RP2 + QP2
 QR2 = RP2 + QP2
Thus, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides of the
triangle.
Coordinate Geometry
40. The given points are collinear; therefore, the area of the triangle formed by these points is
zero.
 x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2   0
 1 q  0   p  0  2   4  2  q   0
  q  2 p  8  4q  0
 2 p  5q  8
41. Since BX is the median of  ABC, X is

the mid-point of the side AC. A(2, 0)
Therefore, by mid-point formula, coordinates
 24 05  5
of point X are  ,    3,  X
 2 2   2 5
Let the coordinates of point P be (a, b). P
Then, by section formula, we obtain 2
 5  B(–1, 7) C(4, 5)
 2  3  5  1 2    57 
1 40 
  
a , b  , 2    , 
 25 25  7 7 
 
 
 1 40 
Thus, the coordinates of point P are  , .
7 7 
42. Let the y-axis divide the line segment joining A (–4, 5) and B (8, 3) in the ratio 1 :  .
Therefore, by section formula, the point of intersection is given by
 1 8   4   1 3  5 
 , 
 1  1  
 8  4 3  5 
 , 
 1  1  
The x-coordinate of any point on the y-axis is 0.
21
8  4
 0
1 
 8  4  0
2
Thus, y-axis divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2.
 3  5  2   13 
 Point of intersection =  0,    0, 
 3   3
Thus, the point of intersection of y-axis with the line joining the points (–4, 5) and (8, 3)
 13 
is  0,  .
 3
43. Let the triangle be ABC such that its vertices are A (–1, 1), B (7, 5) and C (9, 1)
The lengths of the sides of  ABC can be calculated as:
2 2
AB   7  1   5  1  64  16  80 units
2 2
BC   9  7   1  5   4  16  20 units
2 2
CA   9  1  1  1  100 units
It can be seen that AB2 + BC2 = CA2.
Therefore,  ABC is right-angled at B and AC is the hypotenuse.
Let BD be the altitude corresponding to AC. C
1 1
Now, Area of  ABC = × AB × BC = × AC × BD
2 2
20 units D
1 1
  80 units  20 units  10 units  BD 10 units
2 2
1600
 BD  units  4 units B
10 80 units A
Thus, the length of the altitude corresponding to the hypotenuse is 4 units.
44. Let P(x, y) be the point dividing the line joining the points A(3, 4) and B(4, 5) in the ratio 3 : 2.
By section formula, the coordinates of P are given by
 3  4  2  3 3  5  2  4   18 23 
 ,  , 
 3 2 3 2   5 5 
 18 23 
Thus, the coordinates of the required point are  ,  .
5 5 
45. Let the required point on the y-axis be R (0, p).
Point R (0, p) is equidistant from points A and B.
 RA = RB
2 2 2 2
  6  0   4  p    3  0    2  p 
22
 36  16  p 2  8 p  9  4  p 2  4 p
 12 p  39
39 13
 p 
12 4
 13 
Thus, the coordinates of the required point are  0,  .
 4
46. It is given that point P is equidistant from the points A, B and C.
PA = PB = PC
PA2 = PB2
(a – 3)2 + (b – 2)2 = (a + 5)2 + (b + 6)2
a2 + b2 + 13 – 6a – 4b = a2 + b2 + 61 + 10a + 12b
 16a + 16b + 48 = 0
a + b + 3 = 0 ...(1)
PA2 = PC2
 (a – 3)2 + (b – 2)2 = (a – 5)2 + (b – 0)2
a2 + b2 + 13 – 6a – 4b = a2 + b2 + 25 – 10a
 4a – 4b = 12
a – b = 3 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get
a = 0 and b = – 3
Therefore, the coordinates of point P are (0, – 3).
It is known that area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3) is given by
1
2
 x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2 
1
Area  PBC   0  6  0   (5)  0  3  5  3  6 
2
1
  15  15 
2
0
Thus, the area formed by the points P, B, and C is zero i.e., they are collinear.
47. Let the coordinates of B be (0, y). If origin is the midpoint of BC, then
y   3
0
2
 y 3
Thus, the coordinates of B are (0, 3).
If triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle and the origin is the midpoint of the base, then A
must lie on x-axis.
Let the coordinates of A be (x, 0).
2 2
BC   0  0    3  3  62  6 units
23
AB = 6 units [  ABC is an equilateral triangle.] Y
In right triangle ABO,
B
AB2  OB2  OA 2
 62  32  OA 2
 36  9  OA 2
X’ D A X
 OA 2  36  9 O
 OA 2  27
 OA  27 C(0, –3)
 OA  3 3
Y’

So, the coordinates of A are 3 3, 0 or 3 3, 0 .  
Since BACD is a rhombus, so the diagonals BC and AD bisect each other at 90°. Therefore,
the Point D must lie on x-axis and opposite to point A.
  
Thus, if the coordinates of A are 3 3, 0 , then the coordinates of D will be 3 3, 0 or if 
the coordinates of A are  3 3, 0  , then the coordinates of D will be  3 3, 0  .
3
48. It is given that, AP  AB , where A, P and B are three points on line segment AB.
7
AB 7
 
AP 3
AB 7
 1   1
AP 3
AB  AP 7  3
 
AP 3
PB 4
 
AP 3
Thus, AP : PB = 3 : 4
It is given that, the coordinates of points A and B are (– 2, – 2) and (2, – 4).
Using section formula,
 3  2  4   2  3   4   4   2  
Coordinates of P are  , 
 3 4 3 4 
 6  8 12  8   2 20 
 ,    , 
 7 7   7 7 
 2 20 
Hence, the coordinates of point P are   ,   .
 7 7 
49. Let the coordinates of B and C be
 x2 , y2  and  x3 , y3  , respectively..
D is the midpoint of AB.
24
So, A (0, –1)
x  0 y 1
1, 0   2 , 2 
 2 2 
x y 1 (1, 0) D E (0, 1)
 1  2 and 0  2
2 2
 x2  2 and y2  1
Thus, the coordinates of B are (2, 1).
B F C
Similarly, E is the midpoint of AC.
So,
x  0 y 1
 0,1   3 , 3 
 2 2 
x y 1
 0  3 and 1  3
2 2
 x3  0 and y3  3
Thus, the coordinates of C are (0, 3).
 2  0 1 3 
Also, F is the midpoint of BC. So, its coordinates are  ,   1, 2 
 2 2 
Now,
1
Area of a triangle   x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2  
2
Thus, the area of  ABC is
1
 0 1  3  2  3  1  0  1  1 
2
1
 8
2
= 4 square units
And the area of  DEF is
1
11  2   0  2  0   1 0  1 
2
1
   2 
2
= 1 square units (Taking the numerical value, as the area cannot be negative)
Introduction to Trigonometry
50. It is given that: x = a sin+ b cos and y = a cos– b sin

2 2
 x 2  y 2   a sin   b cos     a cos   b sin  
  a 2 sin 2   b 2 cos 2   2ab sin  cos     a 2 cos2   b 2 sin 2   2ab sin  cos  
 a 2  sin 2   cos 2    b 2  sin 2   cos   
 a2 1  b2 1 sin 2   cos2   1
Thus, the value of x2 + y2 is a2 + b2.
25
1
51. cos  2 A  B  
2
 cos  2 A  B   cos 60
 2 A  B  60
 B  2 A  60 ... 1
tan(3B – A) = 1
tan(3B – A) = tan 45°
3B – A = 45°
 3(2A – 60°) – A = 45° [Using (1)]
 6A – 180° – A = 45°
 5A = 180° + 45° = 225°
225
 A  45
5
Substituting the value of A in (1), we get
B = 2 × 45° – 60º = 90º – 60º = 30º
 sin(4A – 3B)
= sin(4 × 45° – 3 × 30º)
= sin(180° – 90º)
= sin 90°
=1
Thus, the value of the expression sin(4A – 3B) is 1.
2 2
1   1 
52.  tan      tan  
 cos    cos  
2 2
  tan   sec     tan   sec  
 tan 2   sec2   2 tan  sec   tan 2   sec 2   2 tan  sec 
 2  tan 2   sec 2  
 sin 2  1 
 2 2
 2 
 cos  cos  
 1  sin 2  
 2 2 
 cos  
 1  sin 2  
 2 2 
 1  sin  
 1
 1   1 
 2 3   sin   
 1 1   3
 3
4
 2  4
2
26
53. 1 1

cos   sin   1 cos   sin   1
cos   sin   1  cos   sin   1

 cos   sin   1 cos   sin   1
2cos   2sin 
 2
 cos   sin    1
2  cos   sin  

cos 2   sin    2sin  cos   1
2  cos   sin  

2sin  cos 
cos  sin 
 
sin  cos  sin  cos 
 cosec  sec 
54. 3  3cot 2 
 3 1  cot 2  
 3cos ec2
3

sin 2 
3
 2
5
 3
 
 5
2 2 2
55. tan 28  cos ec 59  cos 59  sin 59 cos 31  cos 31cosec59
sec 2 31  cot 2 62 sec 2 62  cot  28
tan 2 28  co sec2 59 cos2 59  sin 59 cos  90  59   cos 31 cos ec  90  31 
 
sec 2  90  59   cot 2  90  28  sec 2 62  cot 2  90  62 
tan 2 28  cosec 2 59 cos2 59  sin 59 sin 59  cos 31 sec 31
 
cos ec2 59  tan 2 28 sec 2 62  tan 2 62
1
cos2 59  sin 2 59  cos 31
 1 cos 31
2 2
sec 62  tan 62
 1
1  1
1
 1 2
3
27
56. sec 2   cosec2
1 1
 2
 2
cos  sin 
sin 2   cos 2 

sin 2  cos 2 
1

sin  cos 2 
2
1

sin  cos 
2

2sin  cos 
2
 2 2
sin   cos   2sin  cos   1
2
 2
 sin   cos   1
2
 2 sin   cos  2 
 2 1
2

2 1
2
57. tan  cot 


1  cot  1  tan 
1
tan 
  tan 
1 1  tan 
1
tan 
tan 2  1
 
tan   1 tan   tan   1
tan 3   1

tan   tan   1
 tan   1  tan 2   tan   1

tan   tan   1
tan 2   tan   1

tan 
 tan   1  cot 
sin  cos 
 1 
cos  sin 
sin 2   cos 2 
 1
sin  cos 
28
1
 1
sin cos
 1 sec cosec
cos  cot 
58. LHS 
1  sin 
cos 
cos 
sin   cos 2 

1  sin  sin  1  sin  

cos 2 

1  sin  
sin  1  sin   1  sin  
cos 2  1  sin  

sin  1  sin 2  
cos 2  1  sin  
  cos 2   sin 2   1
sin  .cos 2 
1  sin 

sin 
1 sin 
 
sin  sin 
 cosec  1  RHS
Hence proved
2 2 2
59. sec  cosec   2  cot 
 sec2  cosec2  1  1  cot 2 
 sec2  cosec2  1  1  cot 2  
 sec2  cosec2  1  cosec 2 1  cot 2 A  cosec 2 A
 cosec 2  sec 2   1  1
 cosec 2 tan 2   1 1  tan 2 A  sec 2 A
1 sin 2   1 
  1  cosec A  sin A 
sin 2  cos 2   
1
 1
cos 2 
 1 
 sec 2   1 sec A  cos A 
 
 tan 2  1  tan 2 A  sec 2 A
29
Some Applications of Trigonometry
60. The given information can be represented B D

diagrammatically as:
Here, B and D are the positions of the jet 3 3
km
fighter plane, P is the observation point, 2
and BPA = 60° and DPC = 30°,
where A and C are points on the ground 60°
such that BA  PC and DC  PC.
30°
3 3 P A C
AB  CD  km
2
In  ABP:
AB
 tan 60
AP
3 3
  km
 2 
  3
AP
3 3 1  3
 AP     km  km
 2 3 2
In  DCP:
CD
 tan 30
PC
3 3
  km
 2  1
 
PC 3
3 3  9
 PC    3  km  km
 2  2
 
Distance covered by the jet fighter in 15 seconds = BD = AC
= PC – AP
9 3
 km  km
2 2
= 3 km
= 3000 m
Distance 3000 m
Thus, speed at which the jet fighter plane is flying =  = 200 m/s
Time 15s
30
61. The given information can be represented C
diagrammatically as:
Here, AB and CD represent the building and the tower respectively.
AB = 10 m, CBD = 60°, and EAD = 30° so that ADB = 30°
In  ABD:
AB
 tan 30
BD
10 m 1
 
BD 3 A E
 BD  10 3 m 30°
AE  10 3 m
In  BCD:
CD 60° 30°
 tan 60
BD B D
CD
  3
10 3 m
 
 CD  10 3  3 m  30 m
 CE = CD – DE = CD – AB = 30 m – 10 m = 20 m
Applying Pythagoras theorem in  ACE:
AC2 = AE2 + CE2
 AC2 = (10 3 m)2 + (20 m)2
 AC2 = (300 + 400) m2 = 700 m2
 AC = 10 7 m
 AC = 10 × 2.64 m
 AC = 26.4 m
Thus, the distance between the tops of the building and the tower is 26.4 m.
62. Let AB be the height of the pole and BC be the shadow of the pole.
A
Given:
BC  2 3 m
ACB = 60°
In  ABC,
AB
tan 60 
BC
AB 60°
 3 C B
2 3 2 3m
 AB  6 m
Hence, the height of the pole is 6 m.
31
63. Let BE be the surface of the lake. C
Suppose C be the position of the cloud
and C’ be its reflection in the lake. x
Then, AB = 20 m
30°
Let CD = x m. Then, A D
20 m 60° 20 m
CE = C’E = (x + 20) m
B E
In  ACD,
CD
tan 30 
AD
1 x (x + 20)
 
3 AD
 AD  x 3 ... 1
Also,
C’
CD
sin 30 
AC
1 x
 
2 AC
 AC  2 x ...  2 
Now, in  ADC’,
CD
tan 60 
AD
 3
 x  20   20
AD
 AD 
 x  40  ... 3
3
From (1) and (3), we get
x 3
 x  40 
3
 3 x  x  40
 2 x  40
 x  20
From (2), we have
AC = 2 × 20 = 40 m
Thus, the distance of the cloud from A is 40 m.
64. Let AB be the building and CD be the light house. Suppose the height of the light house be
h m.
Given: AB = 60 m,  EAD = 30° and  CAE = 60°.
CE = AB = 60 m
 DE = CD – CE = (h – 60) m
32
In  EAD, D
DE
tan 30 
AE 30°
A E
1 h  60
  60°
3 AE
 AE  3  h  60  ... 1
h
In  ACE, 60 m
CE
tan 30 
AE
60
 3
AE
60 B C
 AE  ...  2 
3
From (1) and (2), we get
60
3  h  60  
3
 3  h  60   60
 3h  180  60
 3h  240
 h  80
 Difference between the height of light house and building = CD – AB
= 80 m – 60 m = 20 m
60
Distance between the light house and building = BC = AE   20 3 m
3
65. Let the two discussed points be A and B.
We have BC = a and AC = b
Here, CD represents the tower.
Let  DBC = 
  DAC = 90°–  (  the angles are given to be complementary)
In  DBC, D
DC DC
tan    1
BC a
In  DAC,
DC DC
tan  90     
AC b
DC
 cot    2  tan  90     cot  
b
90 –
Multiplying (1) and (2), we obtain
A B a C
b
33
DC DC
tan   cot  
a b
2
DC
1
ab
2
 DC  ab
 DC  ab
Thus, the height of the tower is ab .
Hence, proved
Circles
66. We are given that XY and YZ are X

two tangents such that  XYZ = 64°.
Join OX, OY, and OZ.
We know that the tangent at any point 64°
O Y
of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.
 XO  XY and OZ  YZ
  OXY =  OZY = 90° Z
In quadrilateral XYZO,
 OXY +  XYZ +  OZY +  XOZ = 360° (Sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360°)
 90° + 64° + 90° +  XOZ = 360°
 XOZ = 116°
Now, in  XYO and  ZYO,
 OXY =  OZY (Each equal to 90°)
XY = YZ (Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal)
XO = OZ (Radii of the same circle)
  XYO  ZYO (By SAS congruency criterion)
  XOY =  ZOY
Also,  XOZ =  XOY +  ZOY = 116°
16°
116
  XOY =  ZOY =  58
2
Thus,  YOZ = 58°
67. TP and TQ are tangents drawn from an external point T to the circle. O is the centre of the
circle. Suppose OT intersect PQ at point R.
In  OPT and  OQT,,
OP = OQ (Radii of the circle)
TP = TQ (Lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.)
34
OT = OT (Common sides)
P
O T
R
  OPT   OQT (By SSS congruence rule)

So,  PTO =  QTO (By CPCT) .....(1)
Now, in  PRT and  QRT,
T,
TP = TQ (Lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.)
 PTO =  QTO
O [From (1)]
RT = RT (Common sides)
T  QRT
  PRT (By SAS congruence rule)
So, PR = QR .....(2) (By CPCT)
And,  PRT =  QRT (By CPCT)
Now,  PRT +  QRT = 180° (Linear pair)
 2  PRT = 180°
  PRT = 90°
  PRTT =  QRT = 90 .....(3)
From (2) and (3), we can conclude that OT is the right bisector of the line segment PQ.
Q
68. We have a circle with centre O. A point P lies

outside the circle. Also, PQ and PR are two
tangents to the circle. P O
To prove: PQ = PR
Construction: Join OP, OQ and OR.
Proof:
R
 OQP =  ORP = 90º (Tangent is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.)
OQ = OR (Radii)
OP = OP (Common)
  OQP  ORP (By the RHS congruency criterion)
 PQ = PR (Corresponding parts of congruent triangles)
Hence proved.
69. Given: A circle C (0, r) and a tangent l at point A
To prove: OA  l
35
Construction: Take a point B, other than A,
on the tangent l. Join OB. Suppose OB
meets the circle at C.
Proof: We know that among all line segments O
joining the point O to a point on l, the
perpendicular is shortest to l.
OA = OC (Radius of the same circle) C
l
Now, A B
OB = OC + BC
 OB > OC
 OB > OA
 OA < OB
B is an arbitrary point on the tangent l. Thus, OA is shorter than any other line segment
joining O to any point on l.
Here,
OA  l
Hence, the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
D R C
70. Given: ABCD be a parallelogram circumscribing
a circle with centre O.
To prove: ABCD is a rhombus. We know that the S
O
tangents drawn to a circle from an exterior
Q
point are equal in length.
 AP = AS, BP = BQ, CR = CQ and DR = DS.
AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS A P B
(AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)
 AB + CD = AD + BC or 2AB = 2BC (since AB = DC and AD = BC)
 AB = BC = DC = AD.
Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.
Hence, proved.
71. Given: l and m at are two parallel tangents to A D
l
the circle with centre O touching the circle at
A and B respectively. DE is a tangent at the
point C, which intersects l at D and m at E. O
To prove:  DOE = 90°
C
Construction: Join OC.
Proof: m
B E
In  ODA and  ODC,
OA = OC (Radii of the same circle)
36
AD = DC (Length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal)
DO = OD (Common side)
 ODA  ODC (SSS congruence criterion)
  DOA =  COD … (1) (C.P.C.T)
Similarly,  OEB   OEC
 EOB =  COE … (2)
AOB is a diameter of the circle. Hence, it is a straight line.
  DOA +  COD +  COE +  EOB = 180º
From (1) and (2), we have
2  COD + 2  COE = 180º
  COD +  COE = 90º
  DOE = 90°
Hence, proved.
Construction
72. Firstly, draw  ABC with AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and ABC = 60°.

3
Following are the steps to construct a triangle whose sides areof the sides of  ABC:
4
(a) Draw a ray BD making an acute angle with BC on the side opposite to vertex A.
(b) Mark four points B1, B2, B3, and B4 on BD such that BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4.
(c) Join B4 with C, and then draw a line through B3 parallel to B4C intersecting BC at C’.
(d) Draw a line through C’parallel to AC. Let it intersect AB at A’
A’
5 cm
60°
B 6 cm C’ C
B1
B2
B3
B4
D 3
Now,  A’BC’ is the required triangle whose sides are of the sides of  ABC.
4
37
73. Steps of Construction
(a) Taking any point O as centre, draw a circle
of 3 cm radius. Locate a point P, 7 cm away Q
from O. Join OP.
(b) Bisect OP. Let M be the mid-point of OP.
7 cm
(c) Taking M as centre and MO as radius,
O P
draw a circle. M
3 cm
(d) Let this circle intersect the previous circle
at points Q and R.
(e) Join PQ and PR. R
Thus, PQ and PR are the required tangents.
The length of each of the tangents PQ and PR is approximately 6.32 cm.
74. Follow the given steps to construct the tangents.
P
Step 1: Draw a circle of radius 4 cm, with O as centre.
Step 2: Take a point A on the circumference of the
circle and join OA. Draw a perpendicular B
to OA at A.
Step 3: Draw a radius OB, making an angle of 120° 120°
(180° – 60º ) with OA. O A
Step 4: Draw a perpendicular to OB at B. Let these
perpendiculars intersect at P.
Here, PA and PB are two tangents drawn to the circle
inclined at an angle of 60° to each other.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that  APB = 60°.
 OAP = 90° (Construction)
 OBP = 90° (Construction)
 AOB = 120° (Construction)
We know that the sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
 OAP +  AOB +  OBP +  APB = 360°
 90° + 120° + 90° +  APB = 360°
  APB = 60°
This justifies the construction.
Areas Related to Circles
75. It is given that the length of AD is 42 cm.

42
 AB = BC = CD = cm  14 cm
3
38
Area of shaded region
= Area of semi-circle with diameter AD + Area of semi-circle with diameter AB and CD
– Area of semi-circle with diameter BC.
2 2 2 2
1   42   14   14   14  
  π    π    π    π    cm 2
2   2   2 2  2  
1
  π  21 21  π  7  7 cm 2
2
1  22 22 
   21 21   7  7  cm 2
2 7 7 
22
  63  7  cm 2
2
 11 70  cm 2
 770cm 2
Thus, the area of the shaded region is 770 cm2.
76. Join OA, OB.
C
It is known that the angle subtended by an arc at
the centre is double the angle subtended by
it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
  AOB = 2  ACB = 90° O
Therefore,  OAB is a right-angled triangle.
Let the radius of the circle be r.
 OA = OB = r
A B
Using Pythagoras theorem in  OAB: X
AB2 = OA2 + OB2
 (14 cm)2 = r2 + r2
 2r2 = 196 cm2
 r2 = 98 cm2
 r  98 cm  7 2 cm
 OA = OB = 7 2 cm
Area of major segment ACBA = Area of circle – Area of minor segment AXBA
22 2 22
Area of circle =  r 2 
7

 7 2 cm  
7
 98 cm 2  308 cm 2
Area of minor segment AXBA

= Area of sector OAXBO – Area of  OAB
90 22 1
   7 2 cm  7 2 cm   7 2 cm  7 2 cm
360 7 2
1 
=   22 14  49  cm 2
4 
39
 1
  πr 2  OA×OB
360 2
2
  77  49  cm
 28cm 2
Thus, area of major segment ACBA = (308 – 28) cm2 = 280 cm2
77. Let the four shaded regions be I, II, III and IV A P B
and the centres of the semicircles be P, Q, R I
and S, as shown in the figure.
14 cm
It is given that the side of the square is 14 cm. IV O II Q
S
Now,
Area of region I + Area of region III
= Area of the square – Areas of the semicircles III
with centres S and Q. D R C
1
 14  14  2   π ×7 2 Radius of the semicircle  7 cm 
2
22
 196  49 
7
 196  154
 42cm 2
Similarly,
Area of region II + Area of region IV = Area of the square – Areas of the semicircles with
centres P and R.
1
 14  14  2   π ×7 2 Radius of the semicircle  7 cm 
2
22
 196  49 
7
 196  154
 42cm 2
Thus,
Area of the shaded region = Area of region I + Area of region III + Area of region II + Area
of region IV
= 42 cm2 + 42 cm2
= 84 cm2
78. Given:
Radius (r) of the circle = AB = AC = 28 cm
Area of quadrant ABDC:
1
  π  r2
4
 1 22 
    28  28  cm 2
4 7 
 616cm 2
40
Area of  ABC:
1
  AC  AB
2
1 
   28  28  cm 2
2 
2
 392 cm
Area of segment BDC = Area of quadrant ABDC – Area of  ABC
= (616 – 392) cm2
= 224 cm2 ....(i)
Now, in right-angled triangle BAC:
BC2 = BA2 + AC2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
 BC2 = (282 + 282) cm2
 BC2 = 28 × 28 × 2 cm2
 BC = 28 2 cm
Since BC is the diameter of the semi-circle BEC, its radius will be as follows:
28 2
cm  14 2 cm
2
Area of semi-circle BEC:
1
  π  r2
2
 1 22 
    14 2  14 2  cm 2
2 7 
 1 22 
    14  14  2  cm 2
2 7 
2
 616 cm
Area of the shaded portion = Area of semi-circle BEC – Area of segment BDC
= 616 cm2 – 224 cm2
= 392 cm2
79. AB and CD are the diameters of a circle with centre O.
 OA = OB = OC = OD = 7 cm (Radius of the circle)
Area of the shaded region
= Area of the circle with diameter OB + (Area of the semi-circle ACDA – Area of  ACD)
2
7 1 2 1 
 π      π   7    CD  OA 
2 2 2 
22 49 1 22 1
  cm 2    49 cm 2   14 cm  7 cm
7 4 2 7 2
77 2
 cm  77 cm 2  49 cm 2
2
 66.5cm 2
Thus, the area of the shaded region is 66.5 cm2.
41
Surface Areas and Volumes
80. The given information can be represented

A
with the help of a figure as
It is given that the bases of the cones are 12 cm
parallel to each other. D E

In  ADE and  ABC,
16 cm
 ADE =  ABC (Corresponding angles) 30 cm
 AED =  ACB (Corresponding angles)
  ADE ~ ABC (By AA similarity criterion)
AD DE B C
 
AB BC
12 cm 16cm 40 cm
 
AB 40cm
 40  12 
 AB    cm  30 cm
 16 
 BD = AB –AD = 30 cm –12 cm = 18 cm
In the frustum of the cone, r1 = 40 cm, r2 = 16 cm, and h = 18 cm
1
The volume of the frustum of cone is given by πh  r12  r22  r1r2  .
3
1
V  π  18  402  16 2  40  16  cm3  14976 π cm3
3
Thus, the volume of the frustum of the cone is 14976 π cm3.
81. Increase in the level of water in half an hour, h = 3.15 m = 315 cm
Radius of the water tank, r = 40 cm
Volume of water that falls in the tank in half an hour = π r2h
= π × 402 × 315
= 504000 π cm3
Rate of flow of water = 2.52 km/h
2.52
Length of water column in half an hour = = 1.26 km = 126000 cm
2
Let the internal diameter of the cylindrical pipe be d.
2
d  3
Volume of the water that flows through the pipe in half an hour = π     126000 cm
2
 
We know
Volume of the water that flows through the pipe in half an hour = Volume of water that falls
in the tank in half an hour
2
d
 π     126000  504000π
2
42
2
d
  4
2
 d 2  16
 d  4cm
Thus, the internal diameter of the pipe is 4 cm.

82. Height of the cone and cylinder = 24 cm
Let radii of the cone and cylinder be r cm.
Therefore,
Volume of the remaining portion = Volume of cylinder – Volume of cone
 22 1 22 
   r 2  24    r 2  24  cm3
7 3 7 
352 2
 r cm3
7
Now, volume of the remaining portion
Mass

Density
24.64 kg 24640 3
 3
 cm  2464 cm3
10g per cm 10
352 2
 r  2464
7
2464  7
 r2   49
352
r 7
Therefore,radii of the cone and cylinder = 7 cm
Now, slant height of the cone,
l  r 2  h2
2 2
  7 cm    24 cm 
 49  576 cm
 25 cm
Surface area of the remaining portion = Lateral surface area of cone + Lateral surface area
of cylinder + Area of circular base
 22 22 22 
   7  25  2   7  24   7  7  cm 2
7 7 7 
 550  1056  154 cm 2
 1760 cm 2
Therefore, cost of painting the remaining portion
 3 
= Rs 1760 
 440 
= Rs 12
43
83. Depth (h1) of the well = 14 m
Radius (r1) of the circular end of the well 40 cm
4
= m=2m
2
Height (h2) of embankment = 40 cm = 0.4 m 14 m
Let the width of embankment be x.
From the figure, it can be observed that the embankment
will be cylindrical in shape having outer radius (r2) as
(2 + x) m and inner radius (r1) as 2 m. 4m
Volume of earth dug from the well = Volume of earth used to form embankment
πr12 h1  π  r22  r12  h2
2 2
   2  14    2  x   22  0.4
 
x  x  4 4
 4  14 
10
2
 x  4 x  140  0
 x 2  14 x  10 x  140  0
  x  14  x  10   0
 x  10  Because x cannot be negative 
Therefore, the width of the embankment will be 10 m.
36
84. Radius of the hemispherical bowl, r  = 18 cm
2
2 3
Volume of the hemispherical bowl = πr
3
2
  π 18  18  18
3
= 3888 π cm3
Volume of the liquid transferred = 3888 π – 10% of 3888 π
= 3888 π – 388.8 π
= 3499.2 π cm3
6
Radius of each cylindrical bottle, R = = 3 cm
2
Let the height of each cylindrical bottle be h.
Volume of each cylindrical bottle = π R2h
= π×3×3×h
 Total volume of 72 such cylindrical bottles = π × 3 × 3 × h × 72
= 648 π h cm3
According to the question,
Total volume of 72 such cylindrical bottles = Volume of the liquid transferred
44
 648πh  3499.2π
3499.2
h
648
 h  5.4cm
Hence, the height of each cylindrical bottle is 5.4 cm.
85. Height of the container, h = 35 cm
Bottom radius, r1 = 15 cm
Top radius, r2 = 30 cm
Volume of the container
1
 π  r 21  r 22  r1r2  h
3
1 22
  152  302  15  30   35
3 7
 57750 cm3
 57.75 L 1L  1000 cm 3
Amount of milk needed daily for the camp = 1155 L

1155 L
 Number of containers required   20
57.75 L
Thus, 20 such containers of milk are needed for a camp.
Also, milk is available at the rate of Rs 45 per litre.
Cost of milk = Rs 45 × 1155 = Rs 51, 975
Charity, sympathy, humanity are some of the values shown by the donor agency.
86. Let the radius and height of the bigger cone be R and H, respectively.
Given: H = 30 cm
Let the radius and height of the smaller cone
be r and h, respectively.
Now, in  AFE and  AGC,
AEF = ACG (Corresponding angles)
AFE = AGC (90° each)
  AFE ~  AGC (AA similarity)
A
AF FE
 
AG GC
h r h
  ... 1
H R D F r E
It is given that H
Volume of the smaller cone

1 R
= × Volume of the bigger cone B G C
27
45
1 2 1 1
πr h   πR 2 H
3 27 3
2
r h 1
   
 R  H 27
2
 h h 1
     Using 1 
 H  H 27
3
 h 1
  
 H  27
h 1
 
H 3
1 1
h   H   30  10 cm
3 3
Now,
FG = AG – AF = 30 cm – 10 cm = 20 cm
Hence, the section is made 20 cm above the base.
87. Let the radius and height of the original cylinder be r and h respectively.
2
Volume of the original cylinder = r h
According to the question, radius of the new cylinder is halved keeping the height same.
r
 Radius of the new cylinder 
2
Also, height of the new cylinder = h
2
r πr 2 h
 Volume of the new cylinder  π   h 
 2 4
πr 2 h
Therefore, Volume of the new cylinder  42  1
Volume of the original cylinder πr h 4
88. Diameter of the cone = 3.5 cm

3.5
 Radius of the cone, r  cm
2
Height of the cone, h = 3 cm
Now,
1 2
Volume of each cone = πr h
3
2
1 22  3.5 
 × ×  ×3
3 7  2 
= 9.625 cm3
 Volume of 504 cone = 504 × 9.625
= 4851 cm3
46
Let the radius of metallic sphere be R.
It is given that cones are melted and recast into a metallic sphere.
 Volume of the sphere = Volume of 504 cones
4 3
 πR  4851
3
4 22
   R 3  4851
3 7
4851 7  3
 R3 
4  22
3
 R  1157.625
 R  10.5 cm
Diameter of the sphere = 2R = 2 × 10.5 cm = 21 cm
22 2
 Surface area of the sphere  4πR 2  4   10.5  1386 cm 2
7
Statistics
89. To find the mean, we construct the following table:
Class Class marks, Class marks,

Frequency xi fixi
Interval
0 - 100 6 50 300
100 - 200 10 150 1500

200 - 300 9 250 2250
300 - 400 18 350 6300
400 - 500 7 450 3150
Total 50 13500
We know that:
   f
f i xi 13500
Mean x    270
i 50
In the above table, the class interval 300 - 400 has the maximum frequency i.e., 18.
Therefore, modal class = 300 - 400
Here, l = Lower limit of modal class = 300
h = Class size = 100
f1 = Frequency of modal class = 18
f0 = Frequency of class preceding modal class = 9
f2 = Frequency of class succeeding modal class = 7
Now,
47
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
 18  9 
 300    100
 2  18  9  7 
900
 300 
20
 345
We know that:
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean = 345 + 2 × 270 = 345 + 540 = 885
885
 Median =  295
3
90. The frequency distribution table for the given data can be drawn as:
10 - 20 4
20 - 30 6
30 - 40 13
40 - 50 20
50 - 60 13
60 - 70 8
70 - 80 4
Total 68
Here, the maximum class frequency is 20, which lies in the class interval 40 - 50.
Therefore, the modal class is 40 - 50.
l = 40
h = 10
f1 = 20
f0 = 13
f2 = 13
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
 20  13 
 40     10
 2  20  13  13 
 7 
 40     10
 40  26 
70
 40 
14
 40  5
 45
Thus, the mode of the given data is 45.
48
91. Firstly, the given data is converted into less than equal to type.
Less than Less than Less than Less than Less than
Class
60 70 80 90 100
Cumulative 3 8 17 35
frequency
N 35
   17.5
2 2
The points on the graph are plotted and joined to obtain the ogive.
A perpendicular is drawn from point 17.5 on y-axis to the ogive and from that point to the x-
axis. The point where the perpendicular line intersects the x-axis is the median of the data.
Y
50
45
40
Less than ogive
Cumulative frequency
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Median = 80
X
O 60 70 80 90 100
Upper class tlimit
It can be observed that the perpendicular line intersects the x-axis at the point 80.
Thus, the median is 80.14(approx 80).
92. The cumulative frequency table for the given data can be drawn as:
Class Interval Frequency c.f.

10 - 20 12 12
20 - 30 30 42
30 - 40 a 42 + a
40 - 50 65 107 + a
50 - 60 b 107 + a + b
60 - 70 25 132 + a + b
70 - 80 18 150 + a + b
Σ fi = 230
49
f i  230
Now, 150 + a + b = 230
a + b = 230 – 150
a + b= 80 …(1)
f i  n  230
n 230
   115
2 2
It is given that median is 46 and median class is 40 - 50.
Here, l = 40
f = 65
h = 10
c.f. = 42 + a
n 
 2  cf 
Median  l    h
 f 
 
115   42  a  
 46  40     10
 65 
6
115  42  a  10
65
 65  6   73  a  10
 390  730  10a
 10a  730  390
340
a
10
 a  34
From (1) we have b = 80 – a = 80 – 34 = 46
Thus, the values of a and b are 34 and 46 respectively.
93. Let the missing frequency corresponding to the class interval 60 - 80 be f.
Since the mode is 68, which lies in the class interval 60 - 80, the modal class of the given
data is 60 - 80.
From the table, we have
Lower class limit, l = 60
Class size, h = 20
Frequency (f1) of modal class = f
Frequency (f0) of class preceding the modal class = 8
Frequency (f2) of class succeeding the modal class = 3
50
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
 f 8 
 60     20
 2 f  8  3
20 f  160
 68  60 
2 f  11
20 f  160
 8
2 f  11
 20 f  160  16 f  88
 4 f  160  88  72
 f  18
Thus, the missing frequency of the class interval 60 - 80 is 18.
94. We can write the given distribution in more than type as follows:
Height (in cm) Number of students (cf)

More than or equal to 120 100
More than or equal to 130 100 – 5 = 95
(Lower limit, Corresponding cumulative frequency) is the ordered pair of the points to be
plotted. Thus, the points are (120, 100), (130, 95), (140, 80), (150, 55), (160, 25), (170, 5).
Now, by choosing an appropriate scale (along x-axis, 1 unit = 10 cm height and along y-axis,
1 unit = 10 students), we can draw the required ogive.
Y
Now, n  100  50
2 2
100
We mark the point 50 on vertical
90
line and then draw a horizontal line
Cumulative frequency
80
through this point. Let the horizontal 70
line intersect the ogive at point A. 60
Now, through A, draw a vertical line 50 A
that intersects the x-axis at point B. 40
Point B represents the point 152 30
(approx). Therefore, the median 20
height of the students is 152. 10
B
X
O 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
Lower class limit
51
Probability
95. Let the number of oranges and bananas in the basket be 2a and 3a respectively.
 Total number of fruits = 2a + 3a = 5a
15 30a 3a
 Number of rotten oranges   2a  
100 100 10
10 3a
Number of rotten bananas   3a 
100 10
3 3 3a
 Total number of rotten fruits  a a
10 10 5
Let A be the event of selecting a rotten fruit.
3a
3a 1 3
P  A   5   
5a 5 5a 25
3
Thus, the probability selecting a rotten fruit is .
25
96. The numbers x and y can be chosen in the following ways:
(1, 1), (1, 4), (1, 9), (1, 16), (2, 1), (2, 4), (2, 9), (2, 16), (3, 1), (3, 4), (3, 9), (3, 16), (4, 1),
(4, 4), (4, 9), (4, 16)
 Total number of possible outcomes = 16
The product xy will be less than 16 if x and y are chosen in one of the following ways:
(1, 1), (1, 4), (1, 9), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4), (4, 1)
 Favourable number of outcomes = 8
8 1
Probability that the product of x and y is less than 16  
16 2
1
Thus, the required probability is .
2
97. Let the number of blue pens be b.
Total number of outcomes = 20
Let the probability of getting a blue pen be P(B) and of getting a red pen be P(R).
1
P  B    P  R 
3
It is known that:
P  B   P  R   1
1
  PR  P R  1
3
4
  PR  1
3
52
3
 PR 
4
1 3 1
 P  B   
3 4 4
b 1
 
20 4
b5
Thus, there are five blue pens.
98. Let the total number of books in the cupboard be x.
It is given that every second shelf of the cupboard has 4 Math books.
 Total number of Math books in the cupboard = 4 × 4 = 16
3
The probability of choosing a non-Math book is .
7
3 4
Probability of choosing a Math book  1  
7 7
16 4
 
x 7
16  7
x  28
4
Thus, there are 28 books in the cupboard.
99. Total number of cards = 52
(i) Number of cards that are spades or aces = 13 + 3 = 16
Probability that the card drawn is a card of spade or an ace =
Favourable number of outcomes 16 4
 
Total number of outcomes 52 13
(ii) Number of black kings = 2
Probability that the card drawn is a black king =
 
(iii) Number of cards that are jacks or kings = 4 + 4 = 8
Number of cards that are neither jacks nor kings = 52 – 8 = 44
Probability that the card drawn is neither a jack nor a king =
 
(iv) Number of cards that are kings or queens = 4 + 4 = 8
Probability that the card drawn is either a king or a queen =
 
53
100. Possible outcomes on rolling the dice twice are given below:
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
Total number of outcomes = 36
(a) Favourable outcomes for the event that 5 will not come up either time are given below:
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 6)}
Total number of favourable outcomes = 25
Number of favourable outcomes 25
 Probability of not getting 5 either time = 
Total number of outcomes 36
(b) Favourable outcomes for the event that 5 will come up exactly one time are given below:
{(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5)}
Total number of favourable outcomes = 10
 Probability of getting 5 such that it will come up exactly one time =
Number of favourable outcomes 10 5

 
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X MATHEMATICS

MN Top 100 Questions

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

56. If sin   cos   2 , then find value of sec 2   cosec 2 .

Some Applications of Trigonometry

Areas Related to Circles

Find the area of the shaded region.

area of the shaded region.  Use   

91. Find median of the following data using graphical method:

Class Interval 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100

Class Interval 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100

100.A dice is rolled twice. Find the probability that

5. Length of the track = 1080 m

6. It is given that 3 and – 3 are zeroes of p (x). Therefore,

p(x) can be divided by x2 – 3 as:

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

9. The given system of equations can be written as

For the given pair of equations, a1 = k, b1 = 5, c1 = – (k – 5), a2 = 20, b2 = k, c2 = – k

14. The given equation is 25x2 – 10kx + 49 = 0.

15. The equation is 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0.

17. The given quadratic equation is 5 x 2  2 3x  7  0 .

Thus, the 25th term of the given AP is 55.

 Sum of the first 24 terms of the given AP

30. In  ABC, DE || BC.

32.  PQT is right-angled at Q.

36. In  DAB, AB || PC. Using basic proportionality theorem, we have

Let  ABC and  DEF be such that  ABC   DEF..

Therefore, QS  QP (Since the sides of similar triangles are proportional)

41. Since BX is the median of  ABC, X is

50. It is given that: x = a sin+ b cos and y = a cos– b sin

57. tan  cot 

60. The given information can be represented B D

66. We are given that XY and YZ are X

  OPT   OQT (By SSS congruence rule)

68. We have a circle with centre O. A point P lies

72. Firstly, draw  ABC with AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and ABC = 60°.

Areas Related to Circles

75. It is given that the length of AD is 42 cm.

Area of minor segment AXBA

with centres S and Q. D R C

80. The given information can be represented

parallel to each other. D E

Thus, the internal diameter of the pipe is 4 cm.

Amount of milk needed daily for the camp = 1155 L

Volume of the smaller cone

88. Diameter of the cone = 3.5 cm

89. To find the mean, we construct the following table:

Class Class marks, Class marks,

100 - 200 10 150 1500

Class Interval Frequency c.f.

Height (in cm) Number of students (cf)

Number of favourable outcomes 10 5

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