BAB

Maximum displacement from the rest Resonans dalam sistem ayunan

Gelombang
1 Waves
position.
(b) Jarak di antara dua titik berturutan
Resonance in oscillating system

yang bergerak dalam fasa yang 1. (a) frekuensi aslinya, daya luar
Memahami Gelombang
1.1 Understanding Wave sama. / Distance between two natural frequency, external force
continuous points that moved in the (b) panjangnya / length
2. medium, memindahkan tenaga (d) frekuensi aslinya, tenaga, amplitud
same phase.
medium, transports energy
(c) Bilangan gelombang lengkap besar, resonans / natural frequency,
3. tenaga, memindahkan jirim
dihasilkan dalam satu saat. / The energy, large amplitude, resonance
energy, transferring matter
4. gelombang melintang, gelombang number of complete wave produced in 2. (a) tenaganya, daya berkala, amplitud
one second. energy, periodic force, amplitudes
membujur
transverse waves, longitudinal waves (d) Masa untuk menghasilkan satu (b) besar, frekuensi paksaan, frekuensi
gelombang lengkap. / Time taken to asli / large, force frequency, natural
Jenis-jenis gelombang produce one complete wave. frequency
Types of wave (e) Jarak perambatan gelombang (c) sama, frekuensi, frekuensi asli,
1. (a) zarah-zarah medium, berserenjang, dalam satu saat. / Distance travelled tenaga maksimum, amplitudnya,
air, elektromagnet by a wave in one second. resonans
particles of the medium, perpendicular, same, frequency, natural frequency,
Water, electromagnetic Contoh 1 maximum energy, amplitude, resonance
(b) zarah-zarah medium, selari, bunyi T = 2.5 s , f  = 0.4 Hz
particles of the medium, parallel, Sound
Contoh 2 1
2. (a) Gelombang Mekanikal
(a) T = 0.5 s
Mechanical Waves 1. Tempoh / Frekuensi /
(b) v = 2.5 m s–1
(b) Gelombang Membujur Period, T Frequency, f
(c) l = 1.25 m
Longitudinal Waves
2.0 s 0.5 Hz
(c) Gelombang Melintang
Transverse Waves Graf gerakan gelombang 0.02 s 50 Hz
(d) Gelombang Elektromagnet Graph for wave motion 0.01 s 100 Hz
Electromagnetic Waves 1. (a) • satu tempoh / a period 5 × 10–5 s 20 kHz
• amplitud, a, tempoh, T, frekuensi, f
Muka gelombang 2. (a) (i) 0.6 cm
Wavefronts / amplitude, a, period, T, frequency, f
(ii) l = 4 cm
1. puncak, sama / crest, same Contoh 3 (b) (i) T = 1.25 s
2. berserenjang / perpendicular (a) a = 6 cm   (ii) f = 0.8 Hz
3. (a) (b) T = 2.0 s  (iii) v = f l = 3.2 cm s–1
(c) f = 0.5 Hz 
Pantulan Gelombang
(b) • jarak yang dilalui
1.2 Reflection of Wave
distance travelled  1. dibalikkan / are returned
• amplitud, a, panjang gelombang, l 3. kanta cembung, puncak / convex lens, crest
amplitude, a, wavelength, l 4.
(b) Cahaya
Light
Contoh 4
(a) a = 15 cm
(b) λ = 80 cm
(c) f = 1 Hz

Pelembapan dalam sistem ayunan

Damping in an oscillating system

Sistem ayunan 1. amplitud sama / same amplitude

Oscillating system (a) tenaga keupayaan, tenaga kinetik
potential energy, kinetic energy
1. (a) berulang-alik / periodic to-and-fro (b) tenaga kinetik, tenaga keupayaan Pantulan gelombang air
2. (a) A ke C dan balik semula ke A kinetic energy, potential energy
Reflection of water waves
A to C and back to A (c) malar / constant
(b) sesaran maksimum 3. semakin perlahan, berhenti 1. tangki riak / ripple tank
maximum displacement
slow down, stop 2. hukum pantulan, sudut tuju / law of
(c) membuat satu ayunan lengkap 4. rintangan udara, Tenaga, pelembapan reflection, angle of incidence
complete one oscillation air resistance, Energy, damping 3. (a)
(d) ayunan lengkap, satu saat 5. ke hilang tenaga / losses energy
complete oscillations, one second 6. daya geseran, rintangan

frictional force, resistance
Panjang gelombang dan laju
gelombang 7. regangan, mampatan molekul-molekul
Wavelength and wave speed extension, compression, molecules
8. (a) malar, malar / constant, constant
1. (a) Sesaran maksimum dari kedudukan (b) semakin kecil / smaller and smaller
rehat.

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   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(b) (ii) Pantulan gelombang bunyi 2. (a) membias, lebih kecil / refract, smaller
Reflection of sound waves (b) lebih besar / larger

Pembiasan gelombang bunyi

Pembiasan Gelombang Air
1.3 Refraction of Water Wave
Refraction of sound waves

1. dalam, cetek, laju, pembiasan / deep, 2. (a) lemah, tersebar / weak, they spread
45° shallow, speed, refraction out
Normal (b) kuat, dibiaskan, ditumpukan / strong,
4. (a)
refracted, converges
(c)

(c) lebih tumpat, dalam, menumpu
denser, inwards, converge
Normal
 3. Bunyi tidak dapat dikesan oleh mikrofon
kerana gas helium adalah kurang
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek tumpat berbanding dengan udara. Oleh
Deep area Shallow area itu gelombang bunyi terbias ke arah
luar dan mencapah jauh dari mikrofon
(b)
supaya tidak dapat dikesan.
Sound waves cannot be detected by the
microphone because helium gas is less dense
Pantulan gelombang cahaya than air. Sound waves are refracted outwards
Reflection of light waves and diverge aways so they are not detected
by the microphone.
Eksperimen 1.1
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
(a) plastisin / plasticine Deep area Shallow area Fenomena disebabkan oleh pembiasan
(b) protraktor / protractor gelombang
(c) sama / equal (c) Phenomena due to refraction of waves
(d) sudut tuju, i = sudut pantulan, r
the angle of incidence i = angle of reflection, r 1. berkurangan, pembiasan gelombang,
berkurangan
Pantulan gelombang bunyi decreases, refraction of the waves, decreases
Reflection of sound waves 2. melengkung ke arah, lebih bergelora,
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek lebih tenang, tenaga gelombang
Eksperimen 1.2 Deep area Shallow area bend towards, choppy, calm, energy of the
(a) Tiub kadbod bulat / Round cardboard tubes wave
(b) sama / equal (d) 3. lebih kasar, bengkok ke arahnya,
(c) Sudut tuju, i = sudut pantulan, r tenang, bengkok jauh darinya / rougher,
Angle of incidence, i = angle of reflection, r bend towards it, calmer, bend away from it

1. (a) sudut tuju / angle of incidence 3

(b) panjang gelombang tuju
wavelength of incident wave Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
1.
Deep area Shallow area Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
(c) frekuensi gelombang tuju Deep area Shallow area
frequency of incident wave
(d) laju gelombang tuju (e)
Arah N
speed of incident wave
gelombang i
2 Wave
direction
r

1.
Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek 2.
Deep area Shallow area Kawasan cetek Kawasan dalam
Shallow area Deep area
5. laju gelombang, panjang gelombang
wave speed, wavelength Arah N
(a) dibiaskan / refracted gelombang i
(b) membengkok menjauhi / bend away Wave
2. (a) (i) Penghalang papan lembut : direction
6. (a) lebih panjang / longer r
untuk menghalang gelombang
(b) sama / same
bunyi daripada jam randik.
Soft board : to block the sound (c) lebih cepat / faster
waves directly from the stopwatch. 7. perubahan arah, perubahan laju,
ketumpatan / change of direction, change of Pembelauan Gelombang Air
(ii) papan lapis : untuk 1.4 Diffraction of Water Wave
memantulkan gelombang bunyi speed, density
daripada jam randik. Mengkaji pembelauan gelombang
Plywood: to reflect sound waves Pembiasan gelombang cahaya To study diffraction of waves
from the stopwatch. Refraction of light waves
(b) (i) Sudut i = sudut r 2. celah, tersebar luas, bulatan
Angle i = angle r 1. pembiasan / refraction gap, spread out, circular

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 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

(a) (b) 3. (c)

    Cahaya
Light

Pinggir gelap A B
Dark fringes
(d)
(c)

Pinggir cerah Pinggir cerah pusat

Bright fringes Central bright fringe

4. titik pusat yang cerah, jalur gelap, cerah

sepusat / bright central point, concentric
dark, bright fringes
3. dibengkokkan, bertambah 5. (a) monokromatik / monochromatic
bend, increased (b) sama saiz, panjang gelombang
(i) comparable, wavelength
6. saiz celah, sama / slit size, same
constructive, destructive
Pembelauan Gelombang Bunyi
principle of superposition
Diffraction of sound waves
1. panjang, disebarkan, dibelaukan
long, spread out, diffracted
(ii)
2. panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang,
dibiaskan lebih lagi / longer wavelength,
diffracted more
Menganalisis Interferens
1.5 Gelombang
Anaylsing Interference of Wave
1. membina, memusnah
2. prinsip superposisi
3. (a) fasa, puncak, lebih besar, lebih
besar
phase, crest, bigger, bigger
(b) luar fasa, lembangan, menolak
out of phase, trough, cancel
Interferens Gelombang Air
Interference of Water Wave

4 Eksperimen 1.3
Kesimpulan / Conclusion :
1. (a) (b) 1. antinod / antinode
4. kecil, merambat mengelilingi, 2. nod / nod
menutupnya / small, passes around, closes up 3. frekuensi, amplitud, fasa
(i) frequency, amplitude, phase

Interferens gelombang cahaya

   Interference of light wave

(c) Eksperimen 1.4

(a) monokromatik, dwicelah
monochromatic, double slit
(b) fasa yang sama / in phase
(ii) (c) gelap, cerah, jalur
dark, bright, fringes
(d) interferens memusnah, interferens
(d) membina, dwicelah Young
destructive interference, constructive
interference, Young’s double slit
(f) pembelauan, koherens, cerah, gelap
    diffraction, coherent, bright, dark

5. celah, satu halangan Interferens gelombang bunyi

gap, around an obstacle Interference of sound waves
6. lebar / width
2. (a) (b) 1. fasa sama, frekuensi sama
7. (a) sama / same
in the same phase, same frequency
(b) sama / same
2. kuat, lemah / loud, weak
(c) sama / same
3. interferens membina, interferens
(d) lebih kecil / smaller
memusnah
constructive interference, destructive
Pembelauan gelombang cahaya interference
Diffraction of light waves
4. amplitud / amplitude
   5. kuat, lemah / loud, soft
2. pusat maksimum, jalur gelap, jalur cerah
central maximum, dark, bright fringes

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   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

Menganalisis pola interferens Kelangsingan dan frekuensi (e) (i) Untuk mengukur kedalaman
Analysing the interference pattern Pitch and frequency laut / To measure depth of sea
(ii) Pintu automatik / Automatic door
1. antinod 1. lebih tinggi, bertambah / higher, increases

antinodes (a) rendah / Low
2. nod Gelombang Elektromagnet

noded
(b) tinggi / Higher 1.7 Electromagnetic Waves
2. kelangsingan tinggi / high-pitch
3. garis antinod 1. medan elektrik, medan magnet, vakum,

antinodal lines
Kenyaringan dan amplitud 3.0 × 108 m s–1 / electric fields, magnetic
4. garis nod Loudness and amplitude fields, vacuum, 3.0 × 108 m s–1

nodal lines 3. berserenjang / perpendicular
5. 1. nyaring, amplitud, bertambah, tenaga, 4. tenaga, elektrik, magnet / energy, electric,
Garis antinod lebih besar, amplitud magnetic
Garis antinod Antinodal line Garis antinod

louder, amplitude, increases, energy, larger,
Antinodal line
Garis Garis Antinodal line amplitude
Spektrum elektromagnet
Garis nod nod Electromagnetic spectrum
nod Nodal Nodal
Nodal line line Aplikasi gelombang bunyi 1. Gelombang radio, gelombang mikro,
line
Application of sound waves inframerah, cahaya boleh nampak,
Q R
P ultraungu, sinar-X dan sinar gama.
1. gelombang ultrasonik / ultrasonic waves Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
2. (a) pemancar, penerima, bunyi tinggi ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
atau bunyi rendah, gema
transmitter, receiver, high or low sound,
Ciri-ciri gelombang elektromagnet
Characteristics of electromagnetic waves
S1 S2 echo
(b) sonar, kedalaman / sonar, depth 1. (a) melintang / transverse
Contoh 5 (d) pengesan ultrasonik, Gema (b) vakum / vacuum
ultrasonic scanner, Echoes
λ = 0.2 cm, x = 4 cm (c) 3.0 × 108 m s–1
(e) mencuci, gelombang ultrasonik, (d) pantulan, pembiasan, pembelauan
Getaran
5 clean, ultrasonic waves, vibrations
reflection, refraction, diffraction
(e) neutral, cas / neutral, charge
1. λ = 4.3 × 10–3 m (f) elektrik, magnet / electric, magnetic
2. λ = 6.495 × 10–7 m 6
3. D = 2.9 m
Aplikasi gelombang elektromagnet
1. t = 0.059 s Applications of electromagnetic waves
2. (a) Pantulan gelombang bunyi
Gelombang Bunyi Reflection of sound waves 1. panjang, terkecil / longest, smallest
1.6 Sound Waves
(b) Bunyi berfrekuensi tinggi 2. getaran elektron, antena / electrons
2. objek bergetar mempunyai kuasa penembusan vibrate, antenna

vibrating objects yang tinggi. Dengan ini bunyi 3. penyiaran, telekomunikasi, televisyen,
3. getaran tali, getaran tala bunyi, getaran adalah lebih mudah merambat ke telefon selular / broadcasting,
diafragma dalam air dan boleh merambat telecommunication, television, cellular phones
vibrating string, vibrating tunes, vibrating melalui suatu jarak yang lebih jauh.
diaphragm Sound with high frequency has high 4. (a) Gelombang radio / Radio waves
4. gelombang membujur / longitudinal wave penetrating power. So sound is easier (b) Penyiaran / Broadcasting
5. vakum / vacuum to propagate under water and can (c) satelit / satellite
propagate through a longer distance. (d) Infra merah / Infrared
Amplitud dan frekuensi gelombang (c) d = 50 m (e) tujuh komponen / seven components
bunyi (d) Hal ini kerana molekul-molekul air (f) Lampu berpendarflour / Fluorescent
Amplitude and frequency of sound waves tersusun dengan rapat dan dapat lamp
memindahkan tenaga bunyi dengan (g) Sinar-X / X-rays
1. osiloskop sinar katod (OSK) lebih cepat. (h) Radioterapi / Radiotheraphy
cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) This is because water molecules are (i) Bahan radioaktif / Radioactive
2. bentuk gelombang, tempoh, voltan arranged closely and can transfer sound substances
wave shape, period, voltage energy faster.
(j) sel kanser / cancerous cells

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 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Bahagian B
PRAKTIS SPM 1 4. (a) Pembelauan dan interferens/ Diffraction and interference
(b) (i) x dalam Rajah 4.1 (a) lebih panjang daripada x dalam Rajah 4.1 (b).
Soalan Objektif x in diagram 4.1(a) is longer than x in Diagram 4.1 (b).
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C (ii)
a dalam Rajah 4.1(a) lebih pendek daripada a dalam Rajah 4.1 (b).
6. D 7. C 8. B a in diagram 4.1 (a) is shorter than that of in Diagram 4.1 (b).
(iii) Panjang gelombang cahaya yang digunakan adalah sama.
The wavelength of the light used are same.
Soalan Struktur
(iv) Semakin besar a, semakin besar x.
Bahagian A The greater the a, the greater the x.
(c) (i) Jarak di antara pinggir-pinggir, x bertambah. Cahaya merah mempunyai panjang
1. (a) pembiasan/ refraction
gelombang yang lebih besar daripada cahaya biru. Semakin besar panjang
(b) Panjang gelombang menjadi lebih
gelombang, semakin besar nilai x.
pendek.
Distance between the fringes increases. Red light has longer wavelength the the blue light.
The wavelength becomes shorter.
The greater the wavelength, the greater the value x.
(c) (d)
(ii) Satu pinggir yang cerah dan tebal terbentuk di tengah, diikuti dengan celah-
Garisan normal
Normal line celah yang lebih nipis dan malap di dua sisi. Pembelauan berlaku kepada
cahaya yang sedang merentasi celah tunggal yang sempit.
Gelombang terbias A bright and thick fringe formed at the middle, following by thinner and dimmer fringes at
Refracted wave
both sides. Diffraction occurs when the light wave is passing through the narrow single slit.
Q (d)
Pengubahsauaian Keterangan
Gelombang tuju Modifocation Explanation
Incident wave
Air dalam Air cetek Dinding ditutup dengan permukaan yang Menyerap gelombang bunyi
Deep water Shallow water
lembut. Absorb the sound waves
The walls are covered with soft surface
2. (a) Sumber yang menghasilkan
gelombang dengan frekuensi dan Lantai ditutup dengan karpet Mengurangkan pantulan bunyi
fasa yang sama. The floor are covered with carpet daripada lantai
Sources that produce waves of the same Reduce the sound reflected by the floor
frequency in same phase.
(b) (i) a dalam Rajah 2.1 lebih pendek Langir di pasang di atas pentas Menyerap gelombang bunyi
daripada a dalam Rajah 2.2. Curtain is installed on the stage Absorb the sound waves
a in Diagram 2.1 is shorter than that
a in Diagram 2.2. Letakkan pembesar suara di kedudukan Untuk melitupi seluruh kawasan
(ii)
x dalam Rajah 2.1 lebih tinggi dalam dewan
panjang daripada x dalam Place the speakers at a high position To cover the whole area inside the hall
Rajah 2.2.
x in Diagram 2.1 is longer than that Pembesar suara diletakkan pada jarak Jarak antara interferens membina
x in Diagram 2.2. yang agak jauh antara satu sama lain. yang berturut-turut adalah lebih kecil
(iii) Semakin pendek a, semakin Place the two load speakers away to each other Distance between consecutive constructive
panjang x. interference is smaller
The shorter the a, the longer
the x. Bahagian C
(iv) Interferens / Interference 5. (a) Pantulan gelombang
3. (a) P : Sinar X / X-ray Wave reflection
Q : Gelombang mikro / microwave (b) (i)
(b) Frekuensinya cukup tinggi untuk Gelombang mikro Gelombang bunyi
Microwave Sound wave
membawa maklumat dan panjang
gelombang cukup panjang untuk Boleh merambat dalam vakum Merambat dalam medium
menembusi atmosfera. Can travel through vacuum Travel trough mediums
High enough frequency to carry the
information, long enough wave length to Panjang gelombang yang lebih kecil Panjang gelombang yang lebih besar
penetrate the atmosphere.
daripada gelombang bunyi daripada gelombang mikro
(c) (i) 95.8 MHz = 95.8 × 108 Hz Wavelength is smaller than the sound wave Wavelength is larger than the microwave
= 9.58 × 107 Hz
c
(ii) λ= f
(ii) Zarah-zarah air disusun dengan lebih rapat berbanding dengan zarah-zarah
3 × 108 udara. Gelombang bunyi merambat dengan laju di dalam medium yang tumpat.
= 9.58 × 107
The water particles are arranged closer than the air particles. Sound wave travels fast in a
= 3.13 m dense medium.

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  Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(c) (d) (i) Panjang gelombang/ Wavelength,

Ciri-ciri Keterangan λ = 0.02 cm
Characteristic Explanation
(ii) Tempoh/ period, T = 0.01 s
Gelombang bunyi Berupaya merambat dalam air dengan gangguan (iii) Frekuensi/ Frequency,
Sound wave yang minimum 1
f =
Able to travel in water with minimal distraction T
1
=
Frekuensi tinggi Mempunyai tenaga tinggi/ boleh merambat lebih 0.01
High frequency jauh ke dalam laut = 100 Hz
Has high energy/ able to propagate further in the sea (iv) Halaju/ Speed,
v = f λ = 100(0.02)
Halaju tinggi Membolehkan kerja pencerapan dilakukan dalam = 2 cm s–1
High speed jangka masa yang singkat Soalan Klon MRSM
Enable the detection to be done in a short time
1. C
Kuasa penembusan yang tinggi Tidak terhalang oleh zarah-zarah air yang tumpat 2. B
High penetrating power Cannot be stopped by dense water particles

Gelombang yang paling sesuai ialah gelombang S. Gelombang S merupakan

suatu gelombang bunyi, berfrekuensi tinggi, mempunyai kuasa penembusan yang • Frekuensi kekal tidak berubah.
Its frequency remains unchanged.
tinggi dan berhalaju tinggi.
The most suitable one is wave S. Wave S is a sound wave, with high frequency, has a high • Panjang gelombang kekal tidak berubah.
energy, high penetrating power and travels fast. Its wavelength remains unchanged.
• Laju rambatan kekal tidak berubah.
Its speed of propagation remains unchanged.

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 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

BAB (e) (f) negatif, sebahagian besar nyalaan

Elektrik
2 kelihatan bergerak ke arah plat

+
Electricity + –
+ – negatif.
+ – The heat energy of the flame ionises the

+
Medan Elektrik dan Pengaliran Cas + –
2.1 + – air molecules to become positive and
Electric Field and Charge Flow + – –
+ – negative charges. The positive charges

+
+ –
+ – are attracted to the negative plate and
Cas dan arus elektrik + – the negative charges are attracted to the

+
+ –
Charge and electric current + – positive plate. This causes the flame to

+
     disperse in two directions. As the positive
1. menghasilkan, mengumpulkan charges are heavier than the negative
produce, store Kesan medan elektrik charges, a larger portion of the flame is
2. terangkat, cas-cas yang sama, menolak, The effect of an electric field seen moving towards the negative plate.
ke arah atas
lift up, same charges, repel, upwards 1. (a) Plat X bercas positif. Sebelum itu 1
3. bumi, terpesong, cas-cas mengalir, bola tidak bercas. Bola itu diaruh
aliran arus dengan cas negatif pada bahagian 1. (a) + + + + + + +
earth, deflected, charges flow, current flow menghadap plat X dan cas positif
pada sebelah lagi. Hasilnya, bola
Arus elektrik tertarik ke plat X.
Electric current Plate X is charged positive. Initially the – – – – – – –
ball is uncharged. The ball is induced
1. elektron, cas, 1 C s / electrons, charges,
–1 with a negative charge on the side
1 C s–1 facing plate X and a positive charge on (b)
the other away. As a result the ball is
Contoh 1 attracted towards plate X. +
Q = 12 C (b) Apabila bola menyentuh plat X,
sejumlah cas positif diberikan.
Contoh 2 – – – – –
Dengan membawa jenis cas yang
n = 6.25 × 1018
sama, bola itu ditolak dan bergerak
(c)
ke arah plat Y.
Medan elektrik When the ball touches plate X, a net
Electric field
positive charge is given to it. Carrying the +
+ –
–
same kind of charge as plate X, the ball
1. daya elektrik is repelled and moves towards plate Y.
an electric force (c) Apabila bola polistirena yang
2. garis daya elektrik, cas positif bercas positif menyentuh plat Y,
lines of electric force, positive charge elektron (cas negatif) mengalir (d)
3. rapat, kuat, longgar, lemah / closely untuk meneutralkan cas positif.
spaced, strong, widely spaced, weak Aliran elektron menyebabkan
4. (a) (b) penunjuk mikroammeter terpesong – –
menandakan aliran arus.
When the polystyrene ball which is
charged positive touches plate Y, the
– electrons (negative charges) flow to
+ 2. Q = 0.01 C
neutralise the positive charges. The flow
of electrons causes the pointer of the 3. (a) t = 1.0 × 10–3 s
microammeter to deflect, showing that (b) n = 6.25 × 109
current flows.
  (d) n = 1.5 × 1019 Hubungan antara Arus Elektrik dan
2.2 Beza Keupayaan
(c) 2. (a) Nyalaan itu terpisah ke dua arah. Relationship between Electric Current and
Bahagian nyalaan ke arah plat Potential Difference
negatif lebih besar daripada yang Beza keupayaan
positif. Potential difference
+ + The flame dispersed in two separate
directions. The portion of the flame 1. kerja yang dilakukan, cas, titik, volt (V), J
towards the negative plate is larger than C–1 / work done, charge, point, volt (V), J C–1
the portion of the flame towards the
positive plate.
2. 1 joule
(b) Tenaga haba nyalaan mengion Contoh 3
(d) molekul udara untuk menjadi cas V = 3.0 × 1010 V
positif dan negatif. Cas positif
tertarik ke plat negatif dan cas Contoh 4
negatif tertarik ke plat positif. Hal Tenaga elektrik berubah kepada haba,
+ – Electrical energy changed to heat,
ini menyebabkan nyalaan terpisah
kepada dua arah. Oleh kerana cas E = VQ = 240 × 20
positif lebih berat daripada cas = 4800 J

7
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan
Hubungan antara arus dengan beza
keupayaan
Relationship between current and potential
difference
1. (a) Beza keupayaan merentasi
konduktor bergantung kepada arus
yang melalui konduktor.
The potential difference across the
conductor depends on the current that
passes through the conductor.
(b) Apabila arus yang melalui konduktor
meningkat, beza keupayaan
merentasinya juga meningkat.
When the current that passes through a
metal conductor increases, the potential
difference across it increases.
(c) (i) Untuk menyiasat hubungan
antara arus dan beza
keupayaan untuk konduktor
logam.
To investigate the relationship
between current and potential
difference for a metal conductor.
(ii)
Pemboleh ubah yang
dimanipulasikan: Arus, I
Manipulated variable: Current, I
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
Beza keupayaan, V
Responding variable: Potential
difference, V
Pemboleh ubah yang
dimalarkan: Panjang dan jenis
wayar logam
Fixed variable: Length and type of
metal wire
(iii)
Tiga sel kering 1.5 V,
pemegang bateri, ammeter (0 –
1 A), voltmeter (0 – 5 V), 20 cm
dawai konstantan (s.w.g. 34),
reostat (0 – 15 Ω), suis dan
wayar penyambung.
Three 1.5 V dry cells, battery holder,
ammeter (0 – 1 A), voltmeter
(0 – 5 V), 20 cm constantan wire
(s.w.g. 34), rheostat (0 – 15 Ω),
switch and connecting wires.
(v) • Satu litar disambungkan
seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam rajah di atas.
A circuit is set up as shown in the
figure.
• Suis dihidupkan dan
reostat dilaraskan sehingga
mendapat satu bacaan arus
I = 0.2 A pada ammeter.
Beza keupayaan, V,
merentasi dawai konstantan
dicatat dari bacaan voltmeter.
The circuit is switched on and
the rheostat is adjusted until the
ammeter gives a reading,
I = 0.2 A. The potential difference
V across the constantan wire is
recorded from voltmeter.
• Eksperimen diulangi dengan
melaraskan reostat supaya
mendapat nilai-nilai arus
yang berlainan, I = 0.4 A, (c) R = 50 Ω
0.6 A, 0.8 A, dan 1.0 A. 2. lQ = 8 cm
Bacaan voltmeter V yang
sepadan dicatatkan.
The experiment is repeated by Litar Sesiri dan Litar Selari
adjusting the rheostat to fix the 2.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
current at I = 0.4 A, 0.6 A, 0.8 A,
and 1.0 A. The corresponding 2. satu lintasan, litar sesiri
values for potential difference are one path, series circuit
recorded. 3. tiga cabang, litar selari
three branches, parallel circuit
(d) Arus / Current Voltan / Volt
I/A V/V 5. satu lintasan / one path
6. lintasan berterusan, satu cabang
0.2 continuous path, a branch
0.4 8. (a)
0.6
0.8
1.0
(e) bertambah, bertambah
increases, increases Litar sesiri / Series circuit
Hukum Ohm (b)
Ohm’s Law
2. bertambah, bertambah / increases,
increases
3. beza keupayaan, berkadar langsung,
arus, suhu malar / potential difference, Litar selari / Parallel circuit
directly proportional, current, constant
(c)
temperature
4. berkadar langsung, ditetapkan
directly proportional, kept constant
5. (a) pendek, diapitkan dengan ketat
short, tightly fixed
(b) Ralat sifar, disemak, dilaraskan
zero error, checked, adjusted Litar selari / Parallel circuit
(c) tegak di atas imejnya, ralat paralaks
(d)
vertically above its image, parallax error
(d) dimatikan, suhu, ditetapkan
turned off, temperature, kept constant
Perintang
Resistance
Litar sesiri / Series circuit
1. beza keupayaan, V, arus, I
potential difference, V, current, I Membandingkan arus dan beza
Contoh 5 keupayaan bagi litar sesiri dan litar
R = 18 Ω selari
To compare the current and potential
Contoh 6 difference of series circuits and parallel
V = 2.0 V circuits
Superkonduktor Arus dalam litar sesiri
Superconductor Current in series circuit
1. satu lintasan, hilang, litar, arus, titik
1. rintangan elektrik, kehilangan kuasa one path, lost, circuit, current, points
electrical resistance, power loss
2. sangat rendah / very low Beza keupayaan dalam litar sesiri
Potential difference in series circuit
3. rintangan sifar, superkonduktiviti
zero resistance, superconductivity 1. turun / drop
5. rintangannya, sifar / resistance, zero 2. dikongsi / shared
6. suhu genting / critical temperature 3. beza keupayaan, komponen-komponen
7. tanpa kehilangan tenaga yang berasingan
without loss of energy potential differences, separate components
Arus dalam litar selari
2 Current in parallel circuit
1. (a) V = IR = 15 V 1. lebih daripada satu / more than one
(b) I = 0.2 A 2. berpecah, dua lintasan / split, two paths
8
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Beza keupayaan dalam litar selari
Potential difference in parallel circuit
1. dua titik / two points
2. sama, berkongsi / same, share
4. sama / the same
Membandingkan mentol yang
disambung secara sesiri dan selari
To compare bulbs connected in series and
parallel circuits
2. sesiri, selari, kombinasi / series, parallel,
combination
3. dihidupkan, sejuk, filamen pemanas,
dihidupkan, panas / on, cold, heating
filament, on, hot
4. perintang R, keadaan perlahan,
dihidupkan / resistor R, slow mode, on
5. dihidupkan, arus, voltan, bertambah
on, current, voltage, increases
(c) litar tertutup, arus / closed circuit, current
(e) sama, volt (V) / same, volts (V)
(f) lebih kecil, d.g.e. (E), dilesapkan, sel,
tenaga, 1 C cas / smaller, e.m.f. (E),
dissipated, cell, energy, 1 C of charge
Rintangan dalam, r
Internal resistance, r
(a) sedikit rintangan, beza keupayaan

(a) sama / same

3 some resistance, potential difference
(b) rintangan, cas, elektrolit, bateri
(b) berbeza, beza keupayaan / different, 1. (a) 20 Ω resistance, charge, electrolyte, battery
potential difference (b) 4Ω (c) Kerja, kehilangan, beza keupayaan
(c) putus, dikeluarkan, sifar, sifar / break off, (c) 1.25 Ω Work, drop, potential difference
removed, zero, zero (d) 20 Ω
(d) malap, lebih kecil / dimly, smaller (e) 14.7 Ω Eksperimen 2.1
(e) hasil tambah / sum (f) 25 Ω Perbincangan / Discussion:
(f) sama / same 2. p = 10 V/ V
(g) putus litar, masih sama / will break off, still 3. (a) 6.7 Ω
the same E
(b) 1.2 A, 0.6 A
(h) lebih cerah, lebih besar / brighter, larger (c) 3V E–V

Rintangan berkesan dalam litar sesiri

The effective resistance in series circuit
1. (a) sama / the same
(b) bergantung secara langsung
depends directly
(c) jumlah beza keupayaan, dibekal
oleh sumber / the total potential
difference, supplied by the source
Rintangan berkesan untuk litar selari
The effective resistance in parallel circuit
1. (a) sama / same
(b) berkadar songsang / inversely
proportional
(c) arus, selari / currents, parallel
Contoh 7
(a) R = R1 + R2­ + R3 = 10 Ω
(b) I = 2.0 A
(c) V1 = 2 V,  V2 = 6 V,  V3 = 12 V
Contoh 8
(a) Dalam litar selari, beza keupayaan
merentasi setiap perintang dan bateri
adalah sama, 20 V.
In parallel circuit, the potential difference
across each resistor and battery is the same,
20 V
2 (b) Kerana voltmeter disambung terus
(b) R = Ω kepada bateri.
3
(c) I = 30 A
(d) I1 = 20 A,  I2 = 6.7 A,  I3 = 3.3 A
Aplikasi prinsip arus, beza keupayaan
dan rintangan dalam litar sesiri dan
litar selari
Application of principles of current, potential
difference and resistance in series and
parallel circuit
(a) litar terbuka, tiada arus / open circuit, no
1. litar selari, sesiri, selari / parallel circuits,
series, parallel
Daya Gerak Elektrik (d.g.e.) dan
2.4 Rintangan Dalam
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) and Internal
Resistance
1. tenaga elektrik, haba dan cahaya
electrical energy, heat and light
2. tenaga kimia, tenaga elektrik
chemical energy, electrical energy
3. Kerja dilakukan, daya gerak elektrik
Work is done, electromotive force
4. Kerja dilakukan, coulomb cas, litar
lengkap / Work is done, coulomb of charge,
complete circuit
Menganalisis daya gerak elektrik
(d.g.e.) dan beza keupayaan
Analysing between electromotive force
(e.m.f.) and potential difference
2. Hubungan antara daya gerak elektrik,
V E dan rintangan dalam, r suatu sel
A 2. berintangan tinggi, d.g.e. bateri / high
3. (a) Tidak / No
Because the voltmeter is connected
directly across the battery.
(c) Daya gerak elektrik.
Electromotive force.
Membezakan daya gerak elektrik
(d.g.e.) dan beza keupayaan
To distinguish between electromotive force
(e.m.f.) and potential difference
current
V
0 I
I/A
1. mengekstrapolasikan graf
extrapolating the graph
2. daya gerak elektrik / electromotive force
Kesimpulan / Conclusion :
kecerunan graf / gradient of the graph
Perhatian / Notes :
1. rintangan berkesan, berkadar langsung,
rintangan berkesan, beza keupayaan /
effective resistance, is directly proportional,
effective resistance, potential difference
2. pengaliran arus, litar pintas, Rintangan
rendah, arus yang besar / current flow,
short circuit, Low resistance, large current
The relationship between the electromotive
force, E and internal resistance, r of a cell
resistance, e.m.f. of the battery
3. beza keupayaan, V / potential difference, V
4. kurang, beza keupayaan, arus, I / less,
potential difference, current, I
Menganalisis graf V melawan I
Analysing V against I graph
(a) diekstrapolasikan, I = 0 dan V = E, daya
gerak elektrik / extrapolated, I = 0 and V =
E , the electromotive force
(b) garis lurus, V = –Ir + E [from E – V = Ir]
straight line
(c) kecerunan / gradient
(d) negatif, lebih kecil, ‘volt yang hilang’
negative, lesser, ‘lost volts’

9
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan
Contoh 9
R = 2.0 Ω  V  = 10 V
Contoh 10
d.g.e/e.m.f = 3.0 V, r = 1.8 Ω
4 Contoh 11
1. (a) V = 2.8 V
(b) R = 7.0 Ω
2. (a) V = 11.4 V
(b) R = 22.8 Ω
Kuasa dan Tenaga Elektrik
2.5 Electrical Energy and Power
1. haba, cahaya, tenaga mekanik, tenaga
elektromagnet, peralatan elektrik
heat, light, mechanical energy,
electromagnetic energy, electrical devices
Hubungan antara tenaga (E ), voltan
(V ), arus (l ) dan masa (t )
Relationship between energy (E), voltage (V),
current (I) and time (t)
1. coulomb cas (Q), dua titik
coulomb of charge (Q), two points
Hubungan antara kuasa (P), voltan (V)
dan arus (l)
Relationship between power (P), voltage (V)
and current (I)
1. dilesapkan, dipindahkan
released, transferred
2. joule sesaat (J s–1), watt
joule per second (J s–1), watt
3. tenaga elektrik dibebaskan, saat
electrical energy released, second
4. kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW), 1 000 or
103, 1 000 000 or 106
kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW)
E = 8640 J
Contoh 12
R = 28.8 Ω
I = 8.3 A
Contoh 13
(a) P10 Ω : P25 Ω = 5 : 2
(b) P = 20.2 W
Kadar kuasa dan penggunaan tenaga
pelbagai peralatan elektrik
Power rating and energy consumption of
some electrical appliances
(a) tenaga elektrik, 1 saat, bekalan 240 V
electrical energy, 1 second, 240 V supply
(b) (i) kuasa / the power
(ii) masa yang digunakan / the usage time
(c) meter kilowatt-jam / kilowatt-hour meter
(d) kilowatt-jam atau kWj / kilowatt-hour or
kWh
(e) tenaga, 1 jam, 1 kilowatt, 3.6 × 10 J 6
energy, 1 hour, 1 kilowatt
Contoh 14
RM11.55
10
Kecekapan penggunaan tenaga
elektrik
Efficient use of electrical energy
1. bil elektrik, kecekapan penggunaan
elektriknya / electricity bill, electrical
operating efficiency
3. (a) kadar tenaga / energy rating
(b) saiz, ciri-ciri / sizes, features
(c) kawalan masa atau fungsi mati-
kuasa automatik
timer or automatic power-off function
(d) Mencuci / Clean
(e) rendah / lower
Kepentingan penyelenggaran untuk
memastikan kecekapan peralatan
elektrik
The importance of maintenance in ensuring
efficiency of electrical appliances
1. penapis udara / air filter
2. sinaran matahari / sunlight
3. udara masuk, keluar / air inlets, outlets
4. fros, motor / frost, motor
5. penutup pintu / door seal
6. Cuci / Clean
5
V 2
1. (a) E= t
R
(b) E = I  Rt
2
V 2
(c) P = VI   P = I 2R  P =
R
2. (a) I = 3 A , R = 4 Ω
(b) I = 1.5 A

PRAKTIS SPM 2 sectional, the smaller the resistance
Soalan Objektif
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A
6. C 7. A 8. D
Soalan Struktur
Bahagian A
1. (a) (i) Pengaliran cas atau arus
elektrik. Charge flow or electric
current.
(ii) Masa untuk mengecas penjana
Van de Graaff adalah lebih
lama dalam Rajah 1(b). Ini
menunjukkan jumlah cas yang
dihasilkan pada kubah logam
dalam Rajah 1(b) lebih besar.
Maka, sudut pemesongan
petunjuk galvanometer lebih
besar dalam Rajah 1(b).
The time to charge the Van de
Graaff generator is longer in
Diagram 1(b). This shows that the
total charge produced on metal
dome in Diagram 1(b) is larger.
Therefore the angle of deflection of
the galvanometer pointer is larger in
Diagram 1(b).
(b) Lampu M menghasilkan lebih
cahaya kerana filamen bergelung
adalah lebih panjang dan
mempunyai rintangan lebih
tinggi. Kesan pemanasan filamen
berintangan tinggi adalah lebih
besar. Tambahan pula luas
permukaan bagi filamen yang
bergelung adalah lebih besar dan
oleh itu boleh menghasilkan lebih
banyak haba dan cahaya.
The lamp M produces more light
because the coiled filemant is longer and
has higher resistance. The heating effect
for higher resistance filament is greater.
Moreover the surface area of the coiled
filament is very much larger and thus can
produce more heat and light.
2. (a) Arus elektrik
Electrical current
(b) (i) Luas keratan rentas konduktor
pada Rajah 2(b) adalah lebih
besar, bacaan ammeter pada
Rajah 2(b) adalah lebih besar
dan bacaan voltmeter pada
Rajah 2(a) adalah sama
dengan bacaan voltmeter pada
Rajah 2(b).
The cross sectional area of the
conductor for Diagram 2(b) is bigger,
the ammeter reading for Diagram
2(b) is bigger and voltmeter reading
for Diagram 2(b) is the same with
voltmeter reading for Diagram 2(a).
(ii) Lebih besar saiz keratan rentas
konduktor, lebih kecil rintangan
konduktor itu.
The bigger the size of the cross
of the conductor.
(iii) Lebih besar saiz keratan rentas
konduktor, lebih besar arus
mengalir melaluinya. Maka,
bacaan ammeter bertambah
dengan saiz keratan rentas
konduktor.
The bigger the size of cross
sectional of the conductor, the
bigger the current pass through it.
So, the ammeter reading increase
with the cross sectional of the
conductor.
(iv) Rintangan konduktor semakin
kecil, arus yang mengalir dalam
litar semakin besar.
The smaller the resistance of the
conductor, the larger the current flow
in the circuit.
(c) Apabila terminal A dan terminal
B reostat disambung secara
sesiri dalam suatu litar, reostat
bertindak sebagai satu perintang
yang boleh menghadkan arus
mengalir dalam litar. Nilai rintangan
reostat boleh berubah dari nilai 0
Ω sehingga suatu nilai maksimum
mengikut rintangan reostat. Arus
yang mengalir dalam litar elektrik
bergantung kepada nilai rintangan
reostat. Apabila pelaras dilaraskan
dari A ke B, rintangan semakin
bertambah dan arus dalam litar
akan semakin berkurang dari nilai
maksimum ke nilai minimum.
When terminal A and terminal B of
rheostat connected in series in a circuit,
rheostat act as resistor than can limits
the current that can flow through the
circuit. The rheostat resistance value can
change from 0 Ω to the maximum value
according to the rheostat resistance. The
current flow in the circuit depends on the
value of the rheostat resistance. When
the adjuster is adjusted from A to B, the
resistance increases and the current
in the circuit will be reduced from the
maximum value to the minimum value.
3. (a) Medan elektrik ialah suatu kawasan
yang mana satu cas diletakkan
padanya akan mengalami daya
elektrik.
Electric field is a region where an electric
charge is placed in it will experience an
electric force.
(b) 2.4 × 10–3 C
(c) (i) Jarak di antara dua plat: Resistance of the filament increases
Jarak di antara dua plat harus
kecil.
Distance between the two plates:
Distance between the two plates
must be small.
Sebab: Lebih dekat jarak dua
plat, lebih kuat medan elektrik.
11
Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 
Reason: The closer the plates
distance, the stronger the electric
field.
(ii) Jisim bola P: Jisim harus kecil
Mass of ball P: The mass should be
small.
Sebab: Lebih ringan bola, lebih
cepat ditarik oleh plat-plat.
Reason: The lighter the ball, the
faster the attraction between
plates.
(iii) Bekalan V.L.T: Voltan arus
tinggi.
E.H.T. supply: Voltage should be
high.
Sebab: Voltan tinggi akan
member medan elektrik yang
kuat.
Reason: Higher voltage will give
stronger electric field.
(d) Susunan C adalah paling sesuai.
Set up C is the most suitable.
Bahagian B
4. (a) Kadar pengaliran cas
The rate of flow charge.
(b) • Bacaan ammeter dalam kedua-
dua rajah adalah sama.
The ammeter reading both diagram are
equal.
• Mentol dalam Rajah 4 (a) lebih
cerah berbanding mentol dalam
Rajah 4 (b)
The bulb in Diagram 4 (b) is brighter
than Diagram 4 (a)
• Ketebalan gelungan dalam Rajah
4 (a) lebih nipis berbanding dalam
Rajah 4 (b)
The thickness of the coil in Diagram (a)
is thinner than that of in Diagram (b)
• Semakin nipis filamen semakin
cerah mentol.
The thicker the coil the brighter the
bulb.
• Semakin nipis filamen semakin
besar jumlah haba yang
dibebaskan.
The thinner the filament the greater the
amount of heat released.
(c) (i) Hukum Ohm tidak dipatuhi. V
tidak berkadar terus dengan I.
Ohm’s law is not obeying. V is not
directly proportional to I.
(ii) Suhu filamen bertambah
apabila arus elektrik bertambah.
Rintangan filamen bertambah
apabila suhu bertambah.
The temperature of the filament
increasing as the current increasing.
when the temperature increases.
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(d) (c) (i) 12 V

Cadangan Keterangan
Suggestion Explanation (ii) E = I(R + r)
12 = I (6 + 1)
Ketumpatan yang rendah Mengurangkan jisim keseluruhan I = 1.714 A
Low density Reduce the overall mass
(iii) E = I(R + r)
Takat lebur tinggi Tahan suhu tinggi 12 = I (4 + 1)
High melting point Withstand high temperature I = 2.4 A
Kadar pengoksidaan rendah Tidak mudah berkarat dan terbakar
Low rate of oxidation Does not rust and get burnt easily
Soalan Klon MRSM
Kerintangan tinggi Meningkatkan kadar haba yang dibebaskan
High resistivity Increase the rate of heat released 1. A 2. D
Dalam bentuk gegelung Rintangan dawai bertambah kerana panjang dawai
In the form of coils dalam elemen pemanas bertambah
The resistance increases since the length of wire in the
heating element is increase
• Mentol-mentol dalam litar X lebih malap
daripada mentol-mentol dalam litar Y.
Bahagian C The bulbs in circuit X is dimmer than the bulbs
5. (a) (i) Arus terus/ Direct current in circuit Y
(ii) Sambungan sesiri/ Series connection • Kecerahan mentol-mentol dalam setiap
(iii) litar sama ada litar X atau Y adalah
sama.
The brightness of the bulbs in each circuit either
A circuit X or Y is the same.
• Hasil nilai tambah beza keupayaan
merentasi mentol dalam litar X adalah
sama dengan beza keupayaan merentasi
(b) sel.
Ciri-ciri Keterangan The total potential differences of the bulbs in
Chracteristics Explanation circuit X are equal to the potential difference
across the cell.
Sel kering disambungkan secara Untuk mendapat jumlah d.g.e. sebanyak
• Nilai beza keupayaan merentasi setiap
sesiri 4.5 V
Dry cell is connected in series To obtain an e.m.f of 4.5 V
mentol dalam litar Y adalah sama dengan
beza keupayaan merentasi sel.
Mentol-mentol disambungkan secara Lampu suluh masih berfungsi jika salah The potential difference of each bulb in circuit Y
selari. satu mentol terbakar is equal to the potential difference of the cell.
The bulbs are connected in parallel The touch light can still operate if one of the • Kecerahan mentol bertambah apabila
bulb is blown beza keupayaan merentasi mentol
Terminal positif disambungkan kepada Membolehkan pengaliran arus elektrik bertambah.
The enable the flow of electric current The brightness of a bulb increases as the
terminal negatif sel yang satu lagi.
potential difference across the bulb increases.
The positive terminal is connected the
negative terminal of another cell
Perintang disambungkan secara sesiri Melaraskan beza keupayaan merentasi
dengan mentol mentol kepada 3 V supaya mentol-mentol
The resistor is connected in series with itu bernyala dengan kecerahan normal.
the bulbs To adjust the potential difference across the
bulbs to 3 V so that the bulbs can light up with
normal brightness.
Litar Q adalah yang paling sesuai. Dalam Litar Q, sel-sel disambungkan
secara sesiri, mentol-mentol disambungkan secara selari, terminal positif sel
disambungkan kepada terminal negatif sel yang satu lagi, perintang disambungkan
secara sesiri dengan mentol.
Circuit Q is the most suitable. In circuit Q, the cells are connected in series, the bulbs are
connected in paralled, the positive terminal of the cell are connected to the negative terminal
of another, the resistor is connected in series with the bulbs.

12
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

BAB (iv) (b)

Keelektromagnetan
3 Electromagnetism
Aliran arus
Current flow
Solenoid

Kesan Magnet bagi Suatu

3.1 Konduktor Pembawa Arus
Magnetic Effect of a Current-Carrying
Conductor

Elektromagnet Kompas
Electromagnet Compass
3. (a) paling kuat / strongest
1. magnet sementara, melilitkan, teras besi (b) lebih kuat / stronger
lembut, dihidupkan, dimatikan, arus (c) menyongsangkan arah, tidak Arah arus
Current direction

temporary magnet, winding, soft iron core, set berubah / reverse the direction,
on, off, current unchanged
4. petua genggaman tangan kanan, ibu jari 4. (a) lurus, ditaburkan secara seragam,
2. medan magnet, bentuk konduktor
ke atas, sama, arus, genggaman jari kekuatan yang seragam
magnetic field, shape of the conductor

right-hand grip rule, thumb upwards, same, straight, evenly spaced, uniform strength
the current, fingers curl (b) magnet bar, kutub-U, kutub-S
Corak dan arah medan magnet bar magnet, N-pole, S-pole
(B)  Gegelung bulat / Coil
disebabkan oleh suatu arus
The pattern and direction of the magnetic 1. gegelung bulat / circular coil Kutub-kutub suatu solenoid
field due to a current 2. (a) Gegelung bulat Poles of a solenoid
Circular coil
1. serbuk besi, konduktor yang membawa 1. peraturan genggaman tangan kanan
arus / iron filing, current-carrying conductor right-hand grip rule
2. arah / direction (a) menggenggam solenoid, bergulung,
arus, kutub Utara
grips the solenoid, curl, current, to the
Mengkaji corak dan arah medan
Arah arus North pole
magnet yang dihasilkan oleh arus Current direction (b) kutub Utara, arah lawan jam, kutub
elektrik dalam:
To study the pattern and direction of Selatan, arah ikut jam
magnetic field due to a current in: (b) North-pole, anticlockwise direction,
Gegelung bulat
Circular coil South-pole, clockwise direction
(A)  Dawai lurus / Straigth wire
1. membulat, bersudut tegak / circular, at Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
right angles kekuatan medan magnet bagi sebuah
2. (i) elektromagnet
Factors affecting the strength of the
magnetic field of an electromagnet
Arah arus
Current direction 1. besar, kuat
larger, stronger
3. (a) lurus, bersudut tegak / straight, at 2. banyak, kuat
Aliran arus right angles more, stronger
Current flow
(b) paling kuat, pusat gegelung, rapat 3. kuat
strongest, centre of the coil, closest stronger
(ii)   (c) dalam bentuk gelung / in loops
(c) Solenoid / Solenoid Eksperimen 3.1
1. gegelung panjang, bilangan lilitan 1. elektromagnet, arus / electromagnet,
long coil, number of turns
current
2. arus, satu gegelung, medan magnet 2. besar, kuat / larger, stronger
current, single coil, magnetic field
Aliran arus 3. arus, bilangan lilitan gegelung / current,
3. (a)
Current flow number of turns of the coil
Solenoid
4. kekuatan elektromagnet (diwakili
bilangan klip kertas yang tertarik)
(iii)
Aliran arus the strength of the electromagnet
Current flow (represented by the number of paper clips
U
S that are attracted by it.)
5. arus (jika bilangan lilitan gegelung
adalah pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan)
atau bilangan lilitan gegelung (jika arus
adalah pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan)
Arah arus current (if number of turns is the manipulated
Current direction variable) or number of turns of the coil (if
current is the manipulated variable)

13
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

6. Bekalan kuasa 1 volt, ammeter, reostat, Coil A has the smallest number of turns. Medan lastik
wayar kuprum disalut dengan PVC, rod (b) Gegelung B – ditentukan dengan Catapult field
besi lembut atau paku besar 10 cm, peraturan genggaman tangan
kaki retort dan bikar berisi klip kertas. kanan. 1.
1 volt power supply, ammeter, rheostat, Coil B – determined by right-hand grip
copper wire covered by PVC, 10 cm soft iron rule.
rod or large nail, retort stand and beaker (c) Gegelung B – teras keluli
containing paper clips. mengekalkan kemagnetannya
8. bertambah / increases selepas arus dimatikan.
9. (a) arus / current Coil B – the steel core retains its
(b) bilangan lilitan / number of turns magnetism after the current has been
(c) teras besi lembut / soft iron core switched off. 2.
2. (a)
Aplikasi elektromagnet
Applications of electromagnets U S
Kutub-U Kutub-S
Kren elektromagnet / Lifting electromagnet N-pole S-pole
1. mengangkat / lifting
2. loceng elektrik, telefon, pembesar suara
electric bells, telephones, loudspeakers
3. kesan magnet, tiada arus / magnetic 3.
effect, no current

Loceng elektrik / Electric Bell (b) (i) Medan magnet menjadi lebih
1. elektromagnet, dihidup, dimatikan, U S
lemah.
pemukul loceng / electromagnet, off, on, Magnetic fields become weak.
bell hammer (ii) Medan magnet menjadi lebih
Bagaimana loceng elektrik berfungsi? kuat.
How does an electric bell works? Magnetic fields become strong.
1. suis / switch (iii) Medan magnet menjadi lebih
Petua tangan kiri Fleming
2. Teras besi / Iron core kuat. Fleming left-hand rule
3. Kepingan besi lembut / Soft iron armature Magnetic fields become stronger.
4. Tukul / hammer 1. bersudut tegak, arus, medan magnet /
5. Sesentuh / Contact right angles, current, magnetic field
Daya ke atas Suatu Konduktor 3. arus, medan magnet, lebih kecil, selari,
Geganti Elektromagnet 3.2 Pembawa Arus dalam Suatu Medan tiada daya / current, magnetic field, smaller,
Electromagnetic Relay
Magnet parallel, no force
1. suis, arus kecil, arus besar Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) and Internal
switch, small current, large current Resistance 4. (a)
U
Bagaimana geganti elektromagnet Hubungan antara arah daya ke atas +
berfungsi? suatu konduktor pembawa arus dalam A
How does an electromagnet relay works? suatu medan magnet –
1. suis input / input switch The relationship between the directions of
2. Teras besi / Iron core the force on a current-carrying conductor in B
a magnetic field
3. Angker besi lembut / Soft iron armature
S
5. Bekalan kuasa / Power supply 1. (a) bergerak / move
Pemutus litar / The circuit breaker (b) saling tindakan, medan magnet
magnadur, medan magnet, (b) S
1. suis automatik, memutuskan arus
automatic switch, cuts off the current konduktor membawa arus +
2. arus, sentuhan, elektromagnet, terlalu interaction, magnadur magnetic field, A
magnetic field, current-carrying conductor –
besar, elektromagnet, melepaskan,
(c) (i) arah bertentangan
terbuka, memutuskan, butang reset B
current, contacts, electromagnet, too large, opposite direction
electromagnet, release, open, stop, reset (ii) arah bertentangan
U
button opposite direction
(d) bergerak, daya saling tindakan
Fon telinga / Earpiece move, interacting force
1. arus berubah-ubah, elektromagnet, (c)
(e) (i) daya, bertindak, konduktor U
bergetar, menghantar / varying current, pembawa arus –
electromagnet, vibrate, send force, acts, carrying conductor A
(ii) saling tindakan, medan magnet, +
1 konduktor pembawa arus
interaction, magnetic field, current- B
1. (a) Gegelung A mempunyai bilangan
carrying conductor
lilitan terkecil. S

14
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

(d) Kesan putaran suatu gegelung 2. saiz arus atau voltan / size of current or
S
pembawa arus dalam medan magnet voltage
– The turning effect of a current-carrying coil 3. kekuatan / strength
A in a magnetic field
+
2.
2
B
1. (a) (i) Daya berubah ke arah bawah.
b c
U The force changes to act
U S downwards.
(ii) Daya berubah ke arah bawah.
(e) The force changes to act
S – a
d downwards.
A (iii) Tiada perubahan / No change.
+ 2. (a) Daya pada AB ke bawah dan
Arus masuk Arus keluar
Dawai tidak Current in Current out CD ke atas. / Force on side AB is
bergerak downwards and that on side CD is
B This wire is
not moving upwards.
U F
(b) Kerana BC selari dengan medan
magnet. / Because BC is parallel to the
magnetic field.
5. (a) F U S (c) Gelung berputar ¼ pusingan dari
B arah mengufuk ke arah menegak. Ia
bergetar beberapa kali dalam arah
l menegak sebelum keadaan rehat.
F
The coil rotates through ¼ turn from
4. (a) arus / current the horizontal to the vertical position. It
(b) vibrates a few times about the vertical
l (b) lilitan / turns
position, then comes to rest there.
(c) luas / area
(d) Hujung gegelung disambungkan ke
F (d) kekuatan / strength
B bekalan kuasa melalui komutator
dan dua berus karbon. Alat-alat ini
Kegunaan kesan putaran magnet pada menyongsangkan arah arus setiap
suatu gegelung kali gegelung membuat separuh
Uses of the magnetic turning effect on a coil
(c) pusingan dan membolehkan
l Tiada daya
magnet gegelung terus berputar.
1. mengesan arus yang kecil / detect small
No magnetic The ends of the coil are connected to the
force current
power supply via a commutator and two
2. gegelung, silinder besi lembut, magnet carbon brushes. These devices reverse
B silinder, spring pengawal / coil, soft-iron the current direction every time the coil
cylinder, cylindrical magnet, hairspring makes a half turn and thus enables the
3. kesan putaran, menggerakkan / turning coil to rotate continuously.
effect, moves
(d) l
4. diseimbangkan, spring pengawal,
F terpesong. saiz arus / balanced, hairspring, Aruhan Elektromagnet
deflection, size of the current 3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
B
5. (i) Magnet kekal / Permanent magnet
(ii) Gegelung / Coil Aruhan eletkromagnet dalam suatu
(iii) Komutator / Commutator dawai lurus
Electromagnetic induction in a straight wire
(iv) Berus karbon / Carbon brush
6. arus, daya ke arah bawah, daya ke atas
Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi magnitud 1. (a) (i) ke sebelah / one side
/ current, downward force, upward force
daya ke atas konduktor pembawa arus (ii) arus / current
7. arah jam, kedudukan tegak, diputuskan,
dalam suatu medan magnet (b) (i) bahagian bertentangan /
Factors affecting the magnitude of the inertia / clockwise, vertical position, cut off,
opposite site
force on a current-carrying conductor in a inertia
magnetic field 8. arus, daya ke atas, daya ke bawah, ikut (ii) arus mengalir, arah yang
jam / current, upward force, downward force, bertentangan / current flow,
1. Lebih besar, lebih besar / Larger, larger clockwise opposite direction
(a) Menambahkan / Increase 9. menyongsangkan, gegelung, mengubah (c) (i) tidak terpesong / does not deflect
(b) saiz dawai lebih tebal / thicker wire sentuhannya, satu arah / reverse, loop, (ii) tiada arus / no current
(c) dawai lebih pendek / shorter wire changes contact, in one direction (d) (i) tidak terpesong / does not deflect
(d) banyak lilitan dawai (ii) tiada arus / no current
many turns of wire Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju
2. Lebih kuat, lebih besar putaran sebuah motor arus terus Aruhan elektromagnet dalam suatu
stronger, larger Factors that affect the speed of rotation of a
solenoid
direct current motor
(a) yang lebih kuat / more powerful Electromagnetic induction in a solenoid
(b) lebih dekat / closer to
1. bilangan lilitan / number of turns 1. (a) (i) ke sebelah / one side

15
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(ii) arus mengalir / current flow
(a) (i) ke sebelah yang bertentangan /
opposite side
(ii) arus mengalir, arah yang
bertentangan / current flow,
opposite direction
(c) (i) Tiada pemesongan / No
deflection
(ii) tiada arus / no current
(d) (i) ke sebelah / to one side
(ii) arus mengalir / current flow
(e) (i) sebelah yang bertentangan /
opposite side
(ii) arah yang bertentangan /
opposite direction
Daya gerak elektrik aruhan dan arus
aruhan dalam
Induced electromotive force and induced
current in
Dawai lurus / Straight wire
1. d.g.e. diaruh / e.m.f. is induced
2. arus aruhan / induced current
3. selari, tidak dipotong / parallel, not cut
Solenoid / Solenoid
1. mendekati atau menjauhi, fluks magnet,
D.g.e. diaruh / towards or away, magnetic
flux. E.m.f. is induced
2. pemesongan penunjuk, arus aruhan
deflection of the pointer, induced current
Definisi dan arah arus aruhan
Definition and the direction of the induced
current
1. daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.), memotong,
mengubah / electromotive force (e.m.f.),
cutting, changing
2. petua tangan kanan Fleming
Fleming’s right-hand rule
3. hukum Lenz / Lenz’s law
Petua tangan kanan Fleming
Fleming’s Right-hand rule
1. Ibu jari: daya / Thumb: Force( F)
2. Jari telunjuk: Medan magnet
First finger: Magnetic field (B)
3. Jari tengah: Arus aruhan / Second finger:
Induced current (f)
Aplikasi hukum Lenz dalam solenoid 5.
Application of Lenz’s Law in solenoid
Arus
Current
1. kutub Utara, magnet
North pole, magnet
2. kutub Selatan, magnet
South pole, magnet
1 putaran
1 turn
Aplikasi aruhan elektromagnet 1 putaran Bilangan
Application of electromagnetic induction 2 turn putaran
No.of turn
Penjana arus terus
Direct current generator
1. angker, gelang terbelah dua, berus U S
karbon
axle, split-ring, carbon brushes Orientasi gegelung
2. Tiada arus aruhan, tidak memotong Coil orientation
No induced current, does not cut
6. positif (+), negatif (–)
3. medan magnet, Arus aruhan, mengalir
positive (+), negative (–)
keluar, berus karbon 7. paling besar, mengufuk
the magnetic field, Induced current, flows out, greatest, horizontal
carbon brushes 8. sifar, menegak / zero, vertical
4. kedudukan menegak, tiada arus aruhan
vertical position, no induced current
5. arus aruhan, mengalir keluar Arus terus dan arus ulang-alik
Direct current and alternating current
induced current, flows out
6. komutator menyongsangkan, arus,
1. satu arah, penjana arus terus, bateri
sentiasa mengalir, arah yang sama
commutator reverses, current, always flows,
one direction, direct current generator, battery
same direction 2. dua arah bertentangan
two opposite directions
7.
Arus
Current
3
Komutator menyongsangkan arus
Commutator reverses current
1. (a) A – kutub selatan / south pole ;
B – kutub utara / north pole
(b) Komutator. Fungsi : Mengubah arah
1 putaran
1 turn
arus output untuk setiap putaran
separuh gegelung, supaya arus
1 putaran Bilangan dalam litar luar sentiasa mengalir
2 turn putaran dalam arah yang sama.
No. of turns
Commutator. Function: To switch the
direction of the output current every half
U S rotation of the coil, so that the current
in the outside circuit always flows in the
same direction.
Orientasi gegelung (c)
Coil orientation
Arus
Penjana arus ulang-alik Current
An alternating current generator

1. angker, magnet, gelang gelincir, berus

Hukum-hukum aruhan elektromagnet
Laws of electromagnetic induction
karbon, gelang gelincir
axle, magnet, slip rings, carbon brushes, slip Bilangan putaran
rings No. of turns
1. d.g.e. teraruh, kadar perubahan, kadar
pemotongan 2. arus berulang-alik (a.u.)

induced e.m.f., the rate of change, the rate of alternating current (a.c.) Transformer
cutting 3. sentiasa sentuh, berus karbon, 3.4 Transformer
3. Kerja, menentang, tenaga mekanikal, berulang-alik, arah bertentangan
Struktur dan prinsip operasi sebuah
tenaga elektrik / Work, against, mechanical always in contact, carbon brush, to and fro,
opposite directions
transformer
energy, electrical energy Structure and operating principle of a
4. (a) lebih laju / faster 4. sama, putaran gegelung transformer
(b) lebih kuat / stronger same, rotation of the coil
(c) bilangan lilitan / number of turns Struktur / Structure
1. (a) Teras besi lembut / Soft-iron core

16
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

(b) Output / Output 3. lebih besar / larger than 2. Arus ulang-alik (a.u.), diinjak naik,
(c) Gegelung sekunder / Secondary coil 4. menurunkan / step down diinjak turun
(d) Gegelung primer / Primary coil
Alternating current (a.c.), stepped up, stepped
(e) Input / Input Contoh 1 down
(f) teras besi lembut, gegelung primer, Ns = 30 3. meningkatkan. menurunkan

increase, decrease
gegelung sekunder Contoh 2
soft-iron core, primary coil, secondary 4. mengurangkan / reduce
(a) Ns = 180 5. voltan tinggi, lebih cekap
coil
(b) Is = 2 A
high voltage, more efficient
Prinsip kerja / Working principle (c) Ip = 0.11 A 6. Lebih tinggi, lebih kecil
1. elektromagnet, Garis medan, gegelung
greater, smaller
sekunder Kehilangan tenaga dalam transformer 8. kuasa hilang
electromagnet, field lines, secondary coil Energy loss in a transformer
power lost
2. d.g.e. diaruhkan, arus, dipesongkan Contoh 4
e.m.f. is induced , current, deflected 1. Kesan pemanasan / heating effect
(a) P = 31 250 W
3. arus aruhan, menentang 2. dawai tebal / thicker wire
(b) P = 78.1 W

induced current, to oppose 3. arus pusar / eddy current
4. kekal tidak berubah, tiada d.g.e., 4. teras besi berlamina / laminated core
kembali ke sifar 5. pemagnetan, penyahmagnetan / Rangkaian grid nasional

stay unchanged, no e.m.f., returns to zero magnetisation, demagnetisation National grid network
5. hilang, d.g.e., arus, menentang, 6. besi lembut / soft iron
terpesong 7. Kebocoran / Leakage 1. stesen kuasa / power stations

collapse, e.m.f., current, oppose, deflected 8. melilit / winding 2. 25 kV, 132 kV
6. dinyalakan berterusan, lebih cerah, 3. transformer injak turun, 132 kV ke 450
beza keupayaan, gegelung sekunder, Kecekapan transformer V / step-down transformers, 132 kV to 450 V
lebih besar Efficiency of a transformer 5. dikawalkan, dihantar, mengurangkan

lit continuously, brighter, voltage, secondary gangguan
coil, larger Contoh 3 controlled, transmitted, reduce the disruption
7. berubah secara berterusan, sama Kecekapan / Efficiency= 80% 4. kurang cekap, ditutup
change continuously, same
less efficient, closed down
8. tenaga elektrik, primer, sekunder
electrical energy, primary, secondary
7. tanpa mengganggu
Penjanaan dan Penghantaran without disrupting
Jenis-jenis transformer 3.5 Elektrik
Types of transformer Generation and Transmission of Electricity
Contoh 5
(a) NP : NS 25 : 132
Transformer injak naik 1. menjana elektrik / generate electricity (b) P = 718 205 W
Step-up transformer 2. tekanan air, memutarkan penjana / water
1. lebih besar / greater pressure, drive the generator
2. lebih besar / larger 3. (a) Nuklear / Nuclear 4
3. lebih kecil / smaller (b) Hidro / Hydro
(c) Solar / Solar 1. Vt = 10 V
4. menaikkan / step up
2. (a) I = 2 A
Transformer injak turun Penghantaran elekrik (b) P = 6 W, R = 1.5 Ω
Step-down transformer Electricity transmission 3. 0.125 J s–1
1. lebih kecil / less
2. lebih kecil / smaller 1. dinamo besar / large dynamo

17
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(ii) Tiada perubahan dalam arah. Bahagian B

SPM

PRAKTIS 3
No change in direction. 4. (a) Kemagnetan yang dihasilkan oleh
Soalan Objektif (iii) Rujuk(a)(i) / Refer (a)(i) arus elektrik./ A magnetism that is
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D (b) Peraturan genggaman tangan produced by an electric current.
6. C 7. B kanan (b) • Arus yang mengalir dalam Rajah 4
Right hand grip rule (b) lebih besar daripada arus yang
Soalan Struktur (c) (i) Bilangan lilitan gegelung = 20 mengalir dalam Rajah 4 (a).
lilitan / Number of turns of coil = 20 Current flow in Diagram 4(b) is greater
Bahagian A turns than current flow of in Diagram 4(a)
1. (a) (b) Lebih banyak bilangan lilitan, • Kuantiti serbuk besi yang ditarik
lebih besar daya putaran untuk oleh teras besi dalam Rajah 4 (b)
memesongkan jarum. lebih besar daripada dalam Rajah
The larger the number of turns of 4 (a)
– coil, the larger the turning force to The amount of iron filing attracted by
turn the pointer. iron core in Diagram 4(b) is more than
(ii) Magnet kekal berbentuk semi in Diagram 4(a)
+
bulatan • Kekuatan magnet dalam Rajah
Kompas 4 (b) lebih kuat daripada dalam
Compass
Semi circular shaped permanent
magnet Rajah 4 (a)
Membentuk suatu medan The magnetic strength in Diagram 4(b)
Serbuk besi Dawai konduktor radial yang seragam supaya is stronger than in Diagram 4(a)
Iron filing Conductor wire
daya putaran gegelung adalah • Kuantiti serbuk besi yang ditarik itu
seragam pada sebarang bertambah apabila arus bertambah
(c) Peraturan genggaman tangan kedudukan. Amount of iron filing attracted increase
kanan when current increase
To form a constant radial field so
Right-hand grip rule that the turning force of the coil is • Kekuatan medan magnet
(d) (i) Kepadatan serbuk besi di P uniform at any position. bertambah ketika arus bertambah.
The magnetic field strength increase
adalah lebih besar daripada di (iii) Spring yang lemah
when the current increase
Q. Weaker spring
(c) (i) Besi lembut lebih mudah
The concentration of iron filing at P Boleh memberi pemesongan
is more than at Q. dimagnetkan dan
yang lebih besar pada petunjuk.
(ii) Jarak P lebih dekat pada dawai dinyahmagnetkan.
Can give greater deflection to the Soft iron is easier to be magnetised
konduktor berbanding dengan pointer. and demagnetised.
Q. (iv) Reka bentuk yang paling (ii) • Ketika arus yang mengalir
The distance P is closer to the sesuai ialah galvanometer Z
conductor wire compared to Q. terlalu tinggi, kekuatan medan
kerana ia mempunyai magnet magnet menjadi sangat kuat.
(iii) Kekuatan medan magnet kekal berbentuk semi bulatan, When the flowing current is too
pada P adalah lebih besar bilangan lilitan gegelung lebih high, magnetic field strength
berbanding dengan Q. besar dan spring pemulihan become very strong.
The strength of the magnetic field at yang lemah. • Elektromagnet itu menarik
P is larger than at Q.
The most suitable design is amatur besi lembut. Sesentuh
(e) (i) Lebih besar kepadatan serbuk galvanometer Z as it has semi dipisahkan dan arus tidak
besi, lebih kuat medan magnet. circular permanent magnet, the mengalir.
The larger the concentration of iron number of turns of coil is larger and The electromagnet pulls the
filing, the larger the strength of the the restoring spring is weaker. soft iron armature. The contact
magnetic field. 3. (a) (i) sementara / temporary separates and the current does
(ii) Lebih dekat pada konduktor (ii) not flow.
dawai, lebih kuat medan • Ketika butang reset ditekan,
magnet. spring Q menarik amatur besi
The closer the distance from the lembut kembali ke kedudukan
conductor wire, the stronger the
asal.
magnetic field.
When reset button is pressed,
2. (a) (i) spring Q pulls the soft iron
armature back to its original
(b) (i) Bilangan klip kertas berkurang. position.
Kadbod The number of paper clips is less.
Cardboard (ii) Kekuatan elektromagnet
L M N
berkurang.
The strength of the electromagnet
decreases.

18
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

(d) (c) (i) Kuprum

Pengubahsuaian Keterangan
Modification Explanation copper
(ii)
V = 240 V – 220 V = 20 V
Tukarkan gelang gelincir dengan Untuk menyonsangkan sesentuh dengan
komutator berus supaya arus elektrik kekal pada V
I =
Change slip rings with commutator arah yang sama pada litar luaran R
To reverse contact with brushes so that the 20
current flow in same direction in external =
10
circuit
=2A
Tambahkan bilangan putaran dalam Tambahkan kadar perubahan medan (iii)
P = I 2 R
gegelung magnet = 22 × 10
Increase the number of turns in the coil Increase the rate of change of magnetic field
= 40 W
Gunakan magnet yang lebih kuat Tambahkan kekuatan medan magnet
Use stronger magnet To increase the magnetic field strength
Gunakan magnet cekung Untuk mengurangkan kebocoran fluks Soalan Klon MRSM
Use concave magnet magnet
To reduce the leakage of magnetic flux 1. D 2. B

Tambahkan kapasitor pada litar luaran Untuk meratakan arus elektrik

Adding capacitor to the external circuit To smooth out the current

Bahagian C
Ciri-ciri Alasan
5. (a) (i) Transformer injak naik Characteristic Reason
Step-up transformer.
(ii) • Arus ulang-alik menghasilkan medan magnet yang berubah-ubah dalam Ketumpatan rendah Kabel lebih ringan
gegelung primer. Density must be low The cable will be
An alternating current produces changing magnetic field in the primary coil. lighter
• Arus ulang-alik mengalir dalam gegelung primer. Diameter kabel Mengurangkan
Alternating current flows through the primary coil.
mesti tebal rintangan
• Medan magnet yang berubah-ubah memotong gegelung sekunder. Diameter of the cable Reduce the resistance
The alternating magnetic fields cut through the secondary coil. must be thicker
• Arus teraruh dalam gegelung sekunder.
Current is induced in the secondary coil. Muatan haba tentu Suhu tidak
tinggi meningkat dengan
(b) Ciri-ciri Keterangan Specific heat capacity cepat
Characteristic Explanation must be high The temperature do
not increase fast
Teras besi lembut Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan tenaga melalui
Soft iron core histerisis
Reduce the lost of energy through hysteresis
Teras besi berlamina Mengurangkan arus pusar yang mengakibatkan
Laminated core iron pemanasan
Reduce the eddy current that causes the heating
Injak turun Manginjak turunkan voltan supaya sesuai kepada
Step-down telefon bimbit yang memerlukan voltan yang rendah
Step down voltage so that it is suitable for the cellular
phone that requires a low voltage
Wayar kuprum Rintangan rendah.
Copper wire Low resistance
Q ialah jenis transformer yang paling sesuai digunakan. Q mempunyai teras besi
lembut dan berlamina, merupakan transformer injak turun, menggunakan wayar
kuprum.
Q is the most suitable transformer to be applied. Q has a soft iron and laminated core. It is a
step-down transformer, using copper wire

19
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan
BAB
Elektronik
4 Electronics
Osiloskop Sinar Katod (O.S.K.)
4.1 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
1. pembebasan elektron, permukaan
logam
giving off electrons, metal surface
2. satu alur elektron, bergerak
a stream of electrons, moves
Tiub vakum
Vacuum tube
1. tiub kaca yang divakumkan, positif,
negatif
evacuated glass tube, positive, negative
2. anod, katod
anode, cathode
3. voltan tinggi, elektron, sinar katod
high voltage, electrons, cathode rays
Tiub Palang Maltese
The Maltese Cross tube
1. (a) bayang / shadow
(b) sinar katod, garis lurus
cathode rays, straight lines
(c) cahaya hijau, pendarfluor
green light, fluorescence
(d) tenaga / energy
(e) tenaga cahaya / light energy
2. (a) dua bayang
two shadows
(b) cahaya, di tengah
light, at the centre
3. (a) bergerak, dipesong ke bawah
moved, distorted downwards
(b) sinar, suatu daya
the rays, a force
(c) zarah bercas negatif
negatively charged particles
(d) Arah, petua tangan kiri Fleming
direction, Fleming’s left-hand rule
Sifat-sifat sinar katod
Characteristics of cathode rays
1. zarah bercas negatif
negatively charged particles
2. dalam garis lurus
in straight lines
3. tenaga / energy
4. medan magnet, medan elektrik
magnetic field, electric field
Osiloskop sinar katod (O.S.K.)
Cathode ray oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
1. paparan visual / visual display
2. I : Senapang elektron
Electron gun
II : Sistem pemesongan
Deflection system
III : Skrin pendarflour
Fluorescent screen
3. tiub vakum, sinar katod
vacuum tube, cathode ray
4. a : Filamen pemanas/ Heating filament,
katod / cathode
b : Katod / Cathode, awan elektron
cloud of electrons
c : Grid kawalan / Control grid, bilangan
elektron / the number of electrons
d : Anod memfokus / Focusing anode,
Memfokuskan / Focusing
e : Anod memecut / Accelerating anode,
Memecutkan / Accelerating
f : Plat-Y / Y-plate , ke atas, ke bawah /
up, down
g : Plat-X / X-plate, dari kiri, kanan / from
left, right
h : Salutan grafit / Graphite coating,
voltan positif, menarik, mengalirnya,
positif, memecutkan / positive voltage,
attracts, removes, positive, accelerate
i : Skrin pendarflour / Fluorescent screen,
tompok cahaya / bright spot
Sistem pesongan
Deflection system
1. tiada pemesongan / no deflection
2. pesong ke atas, bergerak ke atas
deflects upwards, moves to the top
3. pesong ke bawah, bergerak ke bawah
deflects downwards, moves to the bottom
4. pesong ke atas, ke bawah, surih tegak
yang cerah
deflects up, down, bright vertical trace
Prinsip kerja osiloskop sinar katod
The working principle of the cathode ray
oscilloscope
1. plat-Y, kedudukan menegak
Y-plate, vertical position
2. grid kawalan, keamatan
control grid, intensity
3. ketajaman / sharpness
4. kedudukan mengufuk / horizontal position
5. frekuensi / frequency
6. jenis input / type of input
Mengukur beza keupayaan
Measuring potential difference
2. 1.5 V
3. –1.5 V
4. 1.5 V a.c / a.u.
6. 1.5 V
7. –1.5 V
8. 1.5 V a.c./ a.u.
1 Diod semikonduktor
1. (i) (a) Voltan puncak / Peak voltage
= 2 V
(b) Tempoh / Period, T = 5 × 0.1 s, f
= 1/T = 2 Hz
(ii) (a) Voltan puncak / Peak voltage
= 2 V
20
(b) Tempoh / Period, T = 2 × 1 s, f
= 0.5 Hz
(iii) (a) Voltan puncak / Peak voltage
= 2 V
(b) Tempoh / Period, T = 4 × 0.01 s,
f = 25 Hz
(iv) (a) Voltan puncak / Peak voltage
= 3 × 0.5 = 1.5 V
(b) Tempoh / Period, T
= 6 × 0.001 s,
f = 166.7 Hz
2. (a) Masa / Time, t = 1/50 = 0.02 s
(b) t = 5 × 0.02 = 0.1 s
(c) t = 2.5 × 0.02 = 0.05 s
(d) t = 0.5 × 0.02 = 0.01 s
Diod Semikonduktor
4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
Ciri-ciri semikonduktor
Properties of semiconductor
4. (i) Pembawa cas positif – lohong
Positive charge carrier – holes
(ii) Pembawa cas negatif – elektron
Negative charge carrier – electrons
5. (i) Suhu – pembawa cas bertambah
dengan suhu.
Temperature – charge carrier increases
with temperature.
(ii) Cahaya / Light
6. arus, elektron, lohong
current, electrons, holes
Pendopan semikonduktor
Doping of semiconductors
1. menambahkan, bendasing tertentu,
meningkatkan
adding, specific impurities, increase
2. jenis-n, jenis-p / n-type, p-type
Jenis-jenis semikonduktor
Types of semiconductor
1. atom pentavalen, fosforus, arsenik
pentavalent atoms, phosphorus, arsenic
2. mendermakan, pembawa cas majoriti
donates, majority charge carriers
3. mendopkan, atom trivalen, boron,
galium
doping, trivalent atoms, boron, gallium
4. lebihan lohong, lohong, pembawa cas
majoriti
extra holes, holes, majority charge carriers
5. penderma / donor
6. penerima / acceptor
Semiconductor diode
1. simpang p-n / p-n junction
2. jenis-n, jenis-p, elektron bebas, mengisi
lohong, lapisan susutan / n-type, p-type,
free electrons, fill up the holes, depletion layer
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Fungsi diod (a) Output perata b.k. Suis kawalan cahaya

Diode function Smoothed output p.d. Light controlled switch
1. rendah / low
1. (a) positif / positive 2. menghidupkan / switch on
(b) negatif / negative 3. besar, menghidupkan / large, switch on
(c) rendah / low 4. gelap, cerah / dark, bright light
2. (a) positif / positive
(b) negatif / negative Suis kawalan haba / Heat controlled switch
(b) Output perata b.k.
(c) tinggi / high Smoothed output p.d. 1. tinggi, sangat rendah / high, too low
2. dipanaskan, menghidupkan, dihidupkan
heated, switch on, turned on
Diod sebagai rektifier
Diode as rectifier 3. sejuk, sangat rendah / cold, very low

1. arus ulang-alik, arus terus Get Logik

alternating current, direct current
4.4 Logic Gates
3. dicaskan, dinyahcaskan, Arus nyahcas,
2. (a) arus mengalir voltan output Simbol bagi get logik
current flows is charged, discharged, discharge current, Symbols for logic gates
Output output voltage
1. keputusan, terminal input
decision, input terminals
4.3 Transistor 2. DAN, ATAU, TAK / AND, OR, NOT
The Transistor
1. jenis-n, jenis-p, tiga lapisan Analogi suis bagi tiga get asas

The switch analogy for the three basic gates

n-type, p-type, three layers
(b) tiada arus, mengalir
no current, flows enis transistor / Type of transistor
J 1. (a) dihidupkan, dihidupkan / ON, ON
Output 1. n-p-n, p-n-p Output Algebra Boole
2. tapak (B), pengumpul (C), pengeluar (E) Boolean algebra
base (B), collector (C), emitter (E) Y
Y=A•B
3. pembawa cas, pengumpul 0
charge carriers, collector 0
4. Anak panah, arus 0
arrow, current
(c) pincang ke depan 1
forward biased
Litar transistor / Transistor circuit
(d) pincang ke belakang 1. litar tapak, litar pengumpul (b) dihidupkan, dihidupkan, dihidupkan
reverse biased base circuit, collector circuit / ON, ON, ON
Output 2. menghidupkan, Arus pengumpul
switch on, collector current Output Algebra Boole
3. arus pengumpul, suis Y Boolean algebra:
collector current, switch Y=A+B
0
4. mengawal, amplifier arus
control, current amplifier 1
(f) pincang ke depan 1
Transistor sebagai amplifier arus
forward biased Transistor as a current amplifier
1
(g) pincang ke belakang 1. amplifier arus, mengawal (c) dimatikan, dihidupkan / OFF, ON
reverse biased current amplifier, control
C D 2. arus tapak Ib, mengawal, arus Output Algebra Boole
1 2 pengumpul Ic Boolean algebra:
Y
base current Ib, control, collector current, Ic –
A H 3. gandaan arus / current gain 1 Y=A
G ke OSK
B to CRO 4. perubahan kecil, perubahan besar 0
3 small change, big change
4
Pembahagi beza keupayaan (d) dihidupkan, dihidupkan / ON, ON
F E
Potential divider
1. mengubah / varying Output Algebra Boole
Kapasitor sebagai perata arus 2. sesiri, pembahagi beza keupayaan Boolean algebra:
series, potential divider
Y
Capacitor as current smoothing
1 Y =  A • B 
Transistor sebagai suis automatik
1. arus yang seragam Transistor as an automatic switch 1
steady current 1. pembahagi beza keupayaan 1
2. diratakan, kapasitor yang besar potential divider
smoothed out, large capacitor 0
2. sifar, dimatikan, bertambah
zero, switched off, increase
3. menghidupkan / switch on

21
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(e) dihidupkan, dihidupkan, dihidupkan

/ ON, ON, ON
2 (e)

1. (a) A 0011 1100

Output Algebra Boole OUTPUT
Y
Boolean algebra: A 0010
Y B 0101
Y =  A + B  0011 1100
1 OUTPUT
Y Input Output
1110
0 0101 1010 A B Y
B
0 0 0 0
0 Input Output
0 1 0
A B Y
1 0 1
0 0 1
Contoh 1 1 1 0
Get DAN / AND gate 0 1 1
1 0 1 (f)
Voltan / V
Voltage
1 1 0
A 0011
Voltan / V 1 1
(b) 1100
Voltage
0 0 OUTPUT
Y
0 1 1 A 0011 0001
0001 OUTPUT 1010
0101 0101
Input
Voltan / V
0 0 A Y
Voltage B 0101 B
0 0101
Voltan / V 1 1 Voltan / V Input Output
Voltage Voltage
0 0
0 Input Output A B Y
1 1 1
A B Y 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Input B Output Y 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1

Get ATAU / OR gate 1 1 1

Sistem kawalan get logik
Voltan / V (c) Logic gate control system
Voltage
A 0011 0001 1. Pengesan input / The input sensor
1 1 OUTPUT
Voltan / V 0101 Y 2. Litar kawalan / The control circuit
Voltage0 0 B 1011 3. Peralatan output / The output device
0 1010
1 1
Voltan / V
Input A Sistem kawalan lampu jalan
0
Voltage 0
0 Street light control system
Voltan / V 1 1 Voltan / V
Input Output
Voltage
0 0 Voltage A B Y 1. menghidupkan, malam / switch on, night
0 1 1 1 1 1 2. pengesan cahaya / light sensor
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 1 0 Sistem keselamatan
0 0
1 0 1 Security system
Input B Output Y
1 1 1 1. perintang peka cahaya, pengesan
inframerah, get DAN, penggera
Gabungan get-get logik
Combination of logic gates (d) light sensitive resistor, infrared sensor, AND
gate, alarm
1. DAN, TAKATAU, TAKDAN / AND, NOR, A 0011 2. pencerobohan, sinaran inframerah,
1110 OUTPUT pengesan inframerah, get logik,
NAND 0101 Y
0001 penggera
2. jadual kebenaran / truth table B
night intruder, infrared, infrared sensor, logic
P Q Y Input Output gate, alarm

A B Y
1 1 1
0 0 0 3
1 0 0 0 1 0 1. (a) (I) input A  
1 0 0 1 0 0 (II) input B
1 1 1 (b) P adalah get TAK dan Q adalah get
0 0 0 DAN. / P is NOT gate and Q is AND
gate.

22
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Bahagian B • Arus elektrik mengalir jika diod

PRAKTIS SPM 4 3. (a) Membenarkan arus mengalir dalam disambungkan secara pincang
Soalan Objektif satu arah. hadapan. Arus elektrik tidak
Allow current to flow in one direction. mengalir jika diod disambungkan
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C (b) • Mentol dalam Rajah 3.1 (b) secara pincang songsang.
6. B 7. B 8. A menyala tetapi mentol dalam Electric current is flowing when the
Rajah 3.1 (a) tidak menyala. diode is in forward-biased. Electric
Soalan Struktur The bulb in Diagram 3.1 (b) lights up current is not flowing when the diode
but the bulb in Diagram 3.1(a) doesn’t is in reverse-biased.
Bahagian A light up. (c) (i)
1. (a) Get logik ialah suatu peralatan • Arus elektrik mengalir dalam
elektronik dengan banyak input Rajah 3.1 (b) tetapi tidak
tetapi hanya satu output. mengalir dalam Rajah 3.1 (a).
Logic gate is an electronic device with Electric current flows in Diagram (b)
multiple input but only one output. but doesn’t flow in Diagram (a)
• Diod dalam Rajah 3.1 (a)
(b) (i) Output X dipasang secara pincang
(ii) Kapasitor / Capacitor
Output X songsang manakala diod dalam
(iii)
Rajah 3.1 (b) dipasang secara
0
pincang hadapan.
0 The diode in Diagram (a) is in
reverse-biased whereas the diode in
0 Diagram (b) is in forward-biased.
• Mentol bernyala apabila diod
1
disambungkan secara pincang
hadapan. Mentol tidak bernyala
(ii) Get DAN / AND gate apabila diod disambungkan
secara pincang songsang. (iv)
(iii) The bulb lights up when the diode is
in forward-biased whereas the bulb
doesn’t light up when the diode is in
reverse-biased.

(c) (i) Jisim harus kecil supaya lebih

ringan untuk mengurangkan
inersia. (d) Ciri-ciri Keterangan
The mass should be small so that it Characteristic Explanation
is lighter to reduce inertia.
Termistor digunakan. Nilai rintangan termistor berubah dengan
(ii)
Gunakan kuasa motor lebih
A thermistor is applied. perubahan suhu persekitaran.
berkuasa supaya dapat
The resistance of the thermistor changes with the change
berfungsi lebih cekap. in surroundings temperature.
Use a more powerful motor so that it
can work more efficiently. Termistor itu diletakkan Beza keupayaan merentasi R1 meningkat
2. (a) Alur elektron pada kedudukan R1 dan R1 apabila suhu persekitaran meningkat. Arus
A beam of electron menggantikan tempat PPC. tapak yang mengalir menghidupkan transistor itu
(b) (i) Katod The thermistor is placed at the menghidupkan transistor.
Cathode position of R1 and R1 replaces Potential difference across R1 increases when the
the position of the LDR. surroundings temperature increases. The base current that
(ii) Skrin berpendaflour
flows through the transistor switches on the transistor.
Fluorescent screen
(c) Tingkatkan beza keupayaan V2. Suis geganti digunakan. Suis geganti mengasingkan litar kawalan
Sinar katod terdiri daripada elektron A relay switch is applied. bertransistor daripada litar penghawa dingin yang
yang boleh dipesongkan oleh berkuasa tinggi (lebih bahaya).
medan elektrik. V2 memesongkan The relay switch separates the transistor control circuit
sinar katod secara menegak. form the air conditioner circuit that has a high power (more
Increase the potential difference V2. dangerous).
Cathode ray is made of electrons that
Penghawa dingin Litar penghawa dingin yang berkuasa tinggi boleh
can be deflected by electric field. V2
deflates the cathode ray vertically. disambungkan kepada suis dihidupkan oleh litar kawalan bertransistor yang
geganti. berkuasa rendah.
1 2
(d) E =mv The air conditioner is connected The air conditioner circuit in high power can be switched
2 to the relay switch. on by the transistor control circuit that is in low power.
1
4.8 × 10–16 = (9.0 × 10–31)v2
2 Perintang disambungkan Menghadkan nilai arus yang mengalir melalui
v2 = 1.067 × 1015 pada tapak transistor. transistor.
v = 3.27 × 107 The resistor is connected to the Limits the value of current that flows through the transistor.
base of the transistor.

23
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

Bahagian C (c) (i) 12 V

4. (a) (i) Transistor (ii) R = R1 + R2
(ii) • Arus elektrik yang kecil dari Input A menghidupkan R = 20 kΩ + 40 kΩ = 60 kΩ
komponen M. R2
Small electric current from Input A switch on component M. (iii) VTU = ( )×V
R1 + R 2
• Arus elektrik yang kecil dari Input B menghidupkan
komponen N. 20 kΩ
= × 12
Small electric current from Input B switch on component N. 60 kΩ
• Arus elektrik dibenarkan mengalir daripada +6V = 4 V
ke output X ketika M atau N atau kedua-duanya
dihidupkan
Electric current is allowed to flow from +6V to output X when Soalan Klon MRSM
M or N or both are switched on.
• Output X ialah 1 jika dan hanya jika input A atau 1. C 2. A
input B atau kedua-duanya adalah 1.
Output X is 1 if only if input A or input B or both are 1.
(b) Aspek Keterangan
Aspect Explanation Cadangan Penjelasan
Suggestion Explanation
(i) Input P = 1 Satu isyarat dihantarkan kepada get
logik ketika penumpang dikesan Tukar R1 kepada Boleh mengesan haba apabila suhu dalam
A signal is sent to the logic gate when a termistor bilik tinggi
passenger is detected Change R1 into Able to detect heat when the temperature in the
thermistor room is high
(ii) Input Q = 1 Satu isyarat dihantarkan kepada get
logik ketika tiket dimasukkan Tukar LDR kepada Apabila suhu meningkat, voltan merentasi
A signal is sent to the logic gate when a R1 R1 akan tinggi dan arus tapak akan
ticket is inserted Change LDR into R1 mengalir
(iii) Get DAN Apabila kedua-dua P dan Q adalah When there is a rise in temperature, voltage
AND gate across R1 will be higher and base current will flow
1, output R = 1 sebagai arahan untuk
membuka penghadang. Tukar LED kepada Dapat menyejukkan bilik apabila suhu
When both P and Q are 1, output R = 1, as kipas panas
an instruction to open the barrier. Replace LED into fan Able to cool the room when temperature is high
(iv) Suis geganti Memisahkan litar get logik daripada
dipasang motor yang berfungsi dengan
Relay switch menggunakan voltan tinggi
is installed Separate the logic gate circuit from the
motor that is operated by using high voltage
Sistem J adalah yang paling sesuai digunakan. J terdiri
daripada satu get DAN, suis geganti dipasangkan, isyarat
output R = 1 apabila kedua-dua input P dan Q adalah 1.
System J is the most suitable to be used. J is made up of an
AND gate, a relay switch is installed, output signal R = 1 when
both input P and Q are 1.

24
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

BAB
Keradioaktifan Isotop 2. (b) zarah alfa, zarah beta, sinaran gama
5 Radioactivity
Isotope alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray
(c) sinaran pengionan
1. nombor proton, nombor nukleon ionising radiation
Nukleus Suatu Atom
5.1 The Nucleus of an Atom

proton number, nucleon numbers (d) ais kering / dry ice
2. (a) 18 (e) alkohol / alcohol
Pelbagai model atom (b) 20 (f) ion-ion / ions
Various models of atom
(g) terkondensasi / condensed
1. Model Dalton / Dalton’s model (h) runut / track
2. Model Thomson / Thomson’s model 1 (i) dawai halus, kasa dawai
fine wire, wire gauze
3. Model Rutherford / Rutherford’s model 1. Bilangan Bilangan Bilangan (j) bunga api / sparking
proton neutron elektron (k) bunga api, rawak / sparks, random
Eksperimen Geiger-Marsden
Geiger-Marsden’s experiment Number of Number of Number of (l) mengionkan / ionises
protons neutrons electrons
2. (a) teras yang tumpat, nukleus Ciri-ciri sinaran radioaktif
dense core, nucleus
1 2 1 Characteristics of radioactive emissions
(b) bercas positif, jisim 3 4 3
positively charged, mass 1. (a) Zarah alfa / Alpha particles (α)
(c) Elektron-elektron, orbit 19 21 19 (b) Zarah beta / Beta particles (b)
electrons, orbits (c) Sinar gama / Gamma rays (γ)
36 54 36 2. (a) helium / helium
Komposisi nukleus
Composition of the nucleus 47 60 47 (b) elektron / electrons
(c) gelombang elektromagnet
1. nukleon / nucleons 53 74 53 electromagnetic waves
2. proton, neutron / protons, neutrons
86 136 86 3. mengionkan / ionise
3. bercas positif / positively charged
(a) Zarah-α / α-particles
4. nombor proton, Z / proton number, Z
92 143 92 (b) Zarah-b / b-particles
5. Nombor nukleon, A, nombor jisim /
nucleon number, A, mass number
(c) Sinar-γ / γ-rays
6. nombor nukleon – nombor proton (A – 2. 4. (a) kuasa pengionannya / ionising power
Simbol Nombor neutron
Z) / nucleon number – proton number (A – Z) (b) julatnya lebih panjang / longer range
Symbol Number of neutrons
7. jisim yang sama, sebarang cas / same (c) paling panjang / longest
(a) 
12
mass, any charge C 6 5. (a) sekeping kertas
6
Contoh 1 a sheet of paper
(b) 
14
4 proton, 5 neutron / 4 protons, 5 neutrons 6
C 8 (b) kepingan aluminium
aluminium sheet
Simbol nuklid (c) paling tinggi
(c) 
24
Nuclide notation 11
Na 13
highest

(d)  6. (a) arah bertentangan

60
1. nombor proton, nombor nukleon / proton 27
Co 33
number, nucleon number opposite directions
(b) plat negatif
(e) 
74
2. (a) Nombor nukleon / Nucleon number As 41
(b) Nombor proton / Proton number
33 negative plate
(c) Simbol unsur / Symbol of element (c) plat positif
(f) 
238
92
U 146 positive plate
(d) lebih besar, lebih ringan
3. Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron greater, lighter
Number of protons Number of neutrons (e) tidak terpesong
Reputan Radioaktif not deflected
1 0 5.2 Radioactive Decay
8. petua tangan kiri Fleming
Keradioaktifan
Fleming’s left-hand rule
2 2 Radioactivity 9. lebih berat / heavier
6 6 1. pereputan spontan, zarah bertenaga,
Pereputan radioaktif
foton Radioactive decay

spontaneous decay, energetic particles,
30 35
photons 1. suatu nukleus yang lebih stabil
14
88 138 3. (a) 6C a more stable nucleus
16 2. nuklid induk, anak nuklid
(b) 8O parent nuclide, daughter nuclide
92 146 210 212 5. berkurang 2, berkurang 4
(c) 82Pb , 82Pb
reduced by 2, reduced by 4
9. bertambah 1, tidak berubah
Contoh 2 Alat pengesan sinaran radioaktif increased by 1, unchanged
23 nukleon, 11 proton, 12 neutron Radioactive radiation detector 11. gelombang elektromagnet, sinar-γ
23 nucleons, 11 protons, 12 neutrons
electromagnetic waves, γ-rays
1. proses pengionan / ionising process

25
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

14. nombor proton, nombor nukleon (b) 1 daripada sampel tidak mereput α source is not suitable because
proton number, nucleon number 8 α-particles cannot penetrate the
1 metal foil.
of the original samples does not decay.
Contoh 3 8 (ii) Sumber γ tidak sesuai kerana
214 b, γ 214 a 210 b, γ 210 b sinaran γ mempunyai kuasa
83Bi → 84Po → 82Pb → 83Bi → Penggunaan Radioisotop penembusan yang sangat tinggi
5.3 Uses of Radioisotopes
210 a, γ 206 dan dengan ini kadar pembilang
84Po → 82Pb tidak berkurang dengan banyak
Radioisotop
Radioisotopes selepas melalui kepingan
Separuh hayat logam.
Half-life 1. isotop yang tidak stabil, sinaran γ source is not suitable because
1. masa yang diambil, setengah, nilai radioaktif γ-rays are highly penetrating, so the
unstable isotopes, radioactive emissions count rate does not decrease much
asalnya / time taken, half, original number after passing through the metal foil.
2. Radioisotop buatan
Contoh 4 Artificial radioisotopes
2. 40 000, 1
2 Kegunaan radioisotop Tenaga Nuklear
5.4
4. 10 000, 1 Uses of radioisotopes Nuclear Energy
8
1. sinar gama Unit jisim atom
Atomic mass unit
Contoh 5 gamma rays
Selepas 24 hari, 8 g iodine-131 belum 2. pensterilan 1. jisim / mass
mereput manakala 56 g telah mereput. sterilisation 3. Isotop karbon-12 / isotope carbon-12
After 24 days, 8 g of iodine-131 has not decayed
3. natrium-24 1
5. , 1.66 × 10–27 kg
while 56 g has decayed.
sodium-24 12
Contoh 6 1 4 60 226 0 1 1
4. iodin-131 6. 1 H, 2 He, 27 Co, 88 Ra, –1 e, 1 p, 0 n
Separuh hayat bahan itu ialah 72 s.
iodine-131
Therefore, the half-life of the substance is 72 s
5. Technetium-99
Contoh 7 Pembelahan nukleus
Technetium-99 Nuclear fission
(a) Selepas 108.3 minit, pecahan yang
7. Fosforus-30
belum mereput ialah 1 Phosphorus-30 1. pemecahan, nukleus ringan
8
After 108.3 minutes, the fraction that has not splitting, lighter nuclei
8. Sinar gama
1 2. uranium-236 / uranium-236
decayed is
8
Gamma rays
(b) 84 g 3. dua, tiga / two, three
9. pentarikhan karbon
6. tenaga / energy
Separuh hayat dan aktiviti carbon dating
7. tindak balas kendiri
Half-life and activity 10. zarah beta, umurnya self-sustaining reaction
beta particles, its age
2. Becquerel (Bq) / Becquerel (Bq) 8. tindak balas berantai / chain reaction
3. lengkung pereputan, 55 s, mereput 11. Sinar gama I berlanggar / collides
pada suatu kadar lebih besar, kadar Gamma rays II terbelah / split up
lebih kecil 12. natrium-24, Zarah beta III Dua, tiga / Two, three
decay curve, sss, decay at a faster rate, sodium-24, beta particles IV membelah / split
slower rate 13. Zarah alfa V tindak balas berantai / chain reaction
Contoh 8 alpha particles 9. jisim genting
(a) Maka, daripada graf, separuh hayat = critical mass
25 minit 10. kurang daripada
Therefore, from the graph, half-life = 25 3 less than
minutes.
(b) 75 min. 1. (a) Suatu peningkatan dalam bacaan
Pelakuran nukleus
pembilang GM menunjukkan Nuclear fusion
bahawa kepingan logam adalah
2
lebih nipis daripada normal. 1. gabungan, nukleus berat
214
An increase in the GM counter reading combining, heavier nucleus
1. (a)   82 Pb
indicates that the metal foil is thinner 3. Tenaga yang dibebaskan, tenaga kinetik
than normal.
222
energy released, kinetic energy
(b)   86 Rn (b) Tekanan penggelek harus 4. tenaga, kehilangan jisim
(c)
234 234 dikurangkan untuk membuat
90 Th,   91 Pa energy, loss of mass
kepingan logam lebih tebal.
239 5. jisim dan tenaga
(d)   93 Pu
The roller pressure should be decreased
mass nor energy
to make the metal foil thicker.
(e)
239 235 6. tenaga / energy
  91 Pa,   89 Ac (c) (i) Sumber α tidak sesuai kerana
2. (a) 3 separuh hayat zarah α tidak dapat menembusi Contoh 9
3 half-lives kepingan logam. 7.81 × 10–13 J

26
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

Contoh 10 6. (a) Loya Sisa aras rendah

= 6.47 × 10–13 J Nausea Low-level waste
(b) Keguguran rambut 1. hospital, industri
Hair loss hospitals, industry
Penjanaan tenaga elektrik
Generation of electricity (c) Kerosakan organ 2. kertas, peralatan
Organ failure
paper, tools
1. menjana arus elektrik (d) Penyakit darah
Blood disorder 3. keradioaktifan hayat pendek

generate electricity
short-lived radioactivity
2. (a) Rod kawalan boron, neutron (e) Kecacatan kongenital
Congenital defects 4. Ditanam / Buried
berlebihan 5. dimampat / compacted
Boron control rods, excess neutrons
(f) Kromosom tidak normal
Abnormal chromosome
(b) Moderator grafit, memperlahankan Sisa aras sederhana
Graphite moderator, slow down Intermediate-level waste
Langkah-langkah keselamatan dalam
(c) Rod bahan api uranium, tenaga pengurusan unsur radioaktif 2. tinggi / higher
haba Safety precautions in the handling of
Uranium fuel rod, heat energy
3. resin / resins
radioactive substances
(d) Perisai konkrit, menghalang 4. Dipejalkan
kebocoran 1. Baca, ikut
Solidified
Concrete shield, prevents leakage
Read, follow 5. Sisa hayat pendek
(e) Turbin, aliran stim 2. Sarung tangan
Short-lived waste
Turbines, flow of steam
Gloves 6. Sisa hayat panjang
(f) Dinamo, menjana elektrik 3. Baju makmal, kasut menutup jari kaki
Long-lived waste
Dynamo, generates electricity
Laboratory coats, closed-toe footwear
(g) Kondenser, Menyejukkan 4. tumpah, pecah Sisa aras tinggi
Condenser, cool down spilt, broken High-level waste
5. tangan, lengan 2. bahan api

hands, forearms
fuels
Kepentingan Pengurusan Bahan
5.5 Radioaktif yang Betul
6. kotak plumbum 3. hasil pembelahan
The Important of Proper Management of

lead boxes
fission products
Radioactive Substances 4. jumlah haba yang banyak
Pengurusan sisa radioaktif
large amounts of heat
Kesan negatif bahan radioaktif Radioactive waste management
The negative effects of radioactive 5. bekas keluli
substances
stainless steel canisters
1. sisa berbahaya

hazardous waste
2. pengionan, atom-atom lain
ionisation, other atoms 2. Sisa radioaktif

Radioactive waste
3. kesan somatik, kesan genetik
somatic effect, genetic effect 3. aras rendah, aras sederhana, arah
4. Kesan somatik, dos tinggi

Somatic effects, dose low-level, medium-level, high-level
5. sel-sel pembiakan
reproductive cells

27
   Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan

(iii) Semakin besar perubahan jisim, semakin besar tenaga

PRAKTIS SPM 5 yang dibebaskan.
Soalan Objektif The greater the change in mass, the greater the amount of
energy released.
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B (c) • Nukleus yang berat dan tidak stabil dibedil dengan
6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C neutron.
Heavy and unstable nucleus are bombarded with neutron.
Soalan Struktur • Tindak balas pembelahan nukleus yang berlaku
menghasilkan nukleus-nukleus yang ringan, diiringi
Bahagian A
dengan neutron-neutron yang bertenaga tinggi.
1. (a) Radioisotop adalah isotop yang tidak stabil yang Nuclear fission produces light nuclei, accompanied with energetic
mereput akan dan membebaskan sinar radioaktif yang neutrons.
memudaratkan. • Neutron-neutron yang bertenaga tinggi itu membedil
Radioisotope is unstable isotope which decays and releases nukleus-nukleus berat di sekeliling dan menghasilkan
harmful radiation.
proses pembelahan nukleus dengan kadar yang
(b) Zarah beta berganda.
Beta particle The energetic neutrons bombard the heavy nuclei at the
(c) (i) 8 hari surroundings and create multiples nuclear fissions.
8 days • Proses pembedilan dan pembelahan ini berterusan
T T T T1/2 sehingga bilangan nukleus berat yang tidak stabil itu
(ii) 2000 1/2 1000 1/2 500 1/2 250 125
lebih rendah daripada jisim genting.
Aktiviti = 125 bilangan per minit These processes of bombarding and fissions occur until the
Activity = 125 counts per minute numbers of heavy and unstable nuclei is lower than the critical
2. (a) Pembelahan nuklear mass.
Nuclear fission
(b) A: 92 (d) Cadangan Keterangan
B: 36 Suggestion Explanation
(c) (i) Cacat jisim / Mass defect Dalam bentuk pepejal Senang dikendalikan
= 0.18606 × 1.66 × 10–27 In solid form Easy for handling
= 3.09 x 10–28 kg
(ii) E = m c2 = 3.09 × 10–28 × Kuasa pengionan yang Kesan kemudaratan
(3.0 × 108)2 = 2.78 × 10–11 rendah seperti sinar gama terhadap sel-sel benda
Gamma rays that poses a low hidup lebih rendah
ionizing power The harmful effect to the cells of
Bahagian B
living things is lower
3. (a) Gabungan nukleus-nukleus yang ringan untuk membentuk
nukleus yang lebih berat dan stabil. Separuh hayat yang Boleh digunakan lama dan
Combination of light nuclei to form a heavier and more stable panjang tidak perlu digantikan selalu
nucleus. Long half-life Can last long and don’t have to
(b) (i) be replaced frequently

Persamaan 1 Persamaan 2 Kuasa penembusan Sinar radioaktif dapat

Equation 1 Equation 2 yang cukup tinggi untuk dikesan dan bacaan yang
menembusi keranjang dicatatkan itu berubah
Persamaan/ Similarity aluminum dan diserap terhadap ketebalan
Mengalami cacat jisim/ Amaun tenaga yang besar dibebaskan sebahagiannya keranjang.
Experience a mass defect/ A large amount of energy is release
Penetrating power that high The radiation can be detected
enough to pass through the and the reading registered is
Perbezaan/ Differences
and partially absorbed by the altered by the thickness of the
• Pelakuran nukleus • Pembelahan nukleus aluminum foil foil.
Nuclear fusion Nuclear fission Pengesan Tiub-GM dan Memberikan bacaan yang
• Nukleus yang kecil • Nukleus yang berat dan meter kadar digunakan. tepat mengenai dos sinaran
bergabung untuk membentuk tidak stabil bercerai sehingga A GM-tube and a rate meter radioaktif yang dikesan
nukleus yang lebih stabil menjadi nukleus yang lebih is applied Giving an accurate reading of
Small nucleus combine to form a stabil the dosage of radiation detected
more stable nucleus A heavy and unstable nucleus
• Tidak menjana sebarang disintegrates to form buclei that
hasil yang radioaktif are more stable
Bahagian C
Does not generate any • Menghasilkan sisa radioaktif 4. (a) Reputan radioaktif adalah proses peleraian nukleus yang
radioactive product Produce radioactive waste
tidak stabil dengan memancarkan radiasi sehingga menjadi
stabil.
(ii) • Perubahan jisim dalam Persamaan 1 lebih kecil Radioactive decay is a process which unstable nucleus emits
daripada dalam Persamaan 2. radiation to become stable.
The mass change in Equation1 is smaller than that of in 238 234 4
Equation 2.
(b) (i) 92U 90Th + 2He + Tenaga / Energy
• Amoun tenaga yang dibebaskan dalam Persamaan (ii) Nombor proton berkurang sebanyak 2
Proton number decreases by 2.
1 lebih kecil berbanding amoun tenaga yang
Nombor nucleon berkurang sebanyak 4
dibebaskan dalam persamaan 2. Nucleon number decreases by 4.
The amount of energy released in Equation 1 is smaller than
that of in Equation 2.

28
 Fizik  Tingkatan 5  Jawapan 

(c) (iii) Tenaga / Energy,

Ciri-ciri Keterangan
Characteristics Explanation E = mc2
= (8.47 × 10–30 kg) × (3 × 108)2
Kuasa penembusan Boleh menembusi tanah supaya =7.62 × 10–13 J
yang tinggi boleh dikesan
Has high penetrating Can penetrate through the soil so that
power it can be detected
Soalan Klon MRSM
Sinar gama Kuasa penembusan yang tinggi/
Gamma ray kurang memudaratkan 1. B 2. A
High penetrating power/ less harmful
Separuh hayat Pendek tetapi masih cukup untuk
yang pendek dikesan keradioaktifannya
Has a short half-life Short but enough time to detect the Cadangan Penjelasan
radioactive Suggestion Explanation

Bentuk cecair. Boleh dilarutkan dengan mudah Separuh hayat pendek- Membenarkan baja diserapkan oleh
Liquid form dan mengalir dengan air hanya beberapa hari tumbuhan sebelum pencerapan
Can be dissolved easily and flow with Shorter half life- only few dilakukan
water day Allow time for the fertilizer to be absorbed by
the plant before the detection is conducted
Bahan W adalah yang paling sesuai. W mempunyai
separuh hayat yang pendek, memancarkan sinar gama, Membebaskan zarah Zarah beta berupaya menembusi tisu
cecair dan mempunyai kuasa penembusan yang tinggi. beta tumbuh-tumbuh
Substance W is the most suitable. W has short half-life, emits Emits beta particles Beta particles are able to penetrate through
beta ray, liquid and has high penetrating power. the plant’s tissue

4
(d) (i) 2He Guna GM tube Boleh mengesan zarah beta
Use GM tube Can detect beta particle
(ii) Cacat jisim/ Mass defect
= 230.0331 u – (226.0254 + Guna meter kadar Boleh memberikan kadar bilangan
  4.0026 u) Use rate meter secara terus
= 0.0051 × (1.66 × 10–27 kg) Can give the count rate directly
= 8.47 × 10–30 kg

29