IMMERSION

Bacteria:
1. Staphylococcus aureus 11. Bacillus anthracis
2. Burkholderia Cepacia 12. Morganella
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 13. Enterobacter cloacae
4. Clostridium difficile 14. Borrelia burgdorferi
5. Klebsiella pneumoniae 15. Treponema denticola
6. Escherichia coli 16. Porphyromonas gingivalis
17. Rickettsia sibirica
7. Acinetobacter baumannii
18. Mycoplasma hominis
8. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
19. Arthrobacter arilaitensis
9. Neisseria gonorrhoeae 20. Lactococcus lactis
10. Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes
Potentially dangerous bacteria that can be found in 5 per cent - 15 per cent of all humans,
residing in the lungs or throat without causing any harm. Streptococcus pyogenes causes over 700
million infections globally every year and has a high mortality rate of 25 per cent in serious cases -
once you have an infection the bacteria can cause a range of diseases ranging from sore throat and
impetigo up to scarlet fever. Luckily, the bacteria is affected by penicillin so is treated easily in most
cases - however several strains are building resistance to various other antibiotics.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
It is spread through sexual contact and causes various infections in both men and women.
Certain strains of the bacteria have shown resistance to antibiotics and have mutated over the
course of 50 years or so, slowly adapting different resistances as doctors change their approach by
using different antibiotics to counter the disease. The small hairs or ‘pili’ on the bacteria act like
hooks that are used to move the cell and attach it to other healthy cells. Using the pili the cell can
exert a force 100,000 times its weight.

Klebsiella pneumoniae
It can cause a range of infections and has proven to be very resistance to a range of
antibiotics. Primarily affecting middle-aged and older men with weakened immune systems, this
bacteria can be dangerous but is mostly ‘opportunistic’ and is far less likely to affect healthy adults.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Quick to mutate and adapt to counter different antibiotic treatments, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa shows an innate ability to develop resistance to antibiotics. Described as ‘opportunistic’
because it primarily affects humans that are already critically ill, this bacteria can cause serious
complications in the treatment of AIDS, cancer or cystic fibrosis patients.

Clostridium difficile
 One of the better known ‘superbugs’ because of a consistent presence in hospitals around
the world, C.difficile is, primarily, an easily spread type of diarrhoea that can lead to complications
in the colon. The chance of catching C. Difficile is actually increased by exposure to antibiotics - one
are more likely to get ill from C.difficile if your internal balance has been upset and the bacteria can
exploit this.

Parasite:
1. Tapeworm 11. Helminths
2. Flukes 12. Ectoparasites
3. Hookworms 13. Guinea worm
4. Pinworms (Threadworms) 14. Dermatobia hominis (human botfly)
5. Trichinosis worms 15. Filarial worm
6. Fasciolosis 16. Vandellia Cirrhosa
7. Babesiosis 17. Chigoe flea/Jiggers
8. Strongyloidiasis 18. Balantidiasis
9. Giardia 19. Microsporidiosis
10. Protozoa 20. Pediculosis

Protozoa

Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in

nature. They are able to multiply in humans, which contributes to their survival and also permits
serious infections to develop from just a single organism. Transmission of protozoa that live in a
human's intestine to another human typically occurs through a fecal-oral route. Protozoa that live
in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an arthropod vector.

Helminths

Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye in
their adult stages. Like protozoa, helminths can be either free-living or parasitic in nature. In their
adult form, helminths cannot multiply in humans. There are three main groups of helminths
(derived from the Greek word for worms) that are human parasites: flatworms, thorny, and
roundworms.

Giardia

Giardia duodenalis (or Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia) is one of the most common
protozoan parasites of humans and mammals. You’re usually infected by ingesting the cyst stage
of the parasite from water or food contaminated with infected faeces. Direct person-to-person
spread can also occur from poor hygiene. Some infected people go on to develop giardiasis, an
intestinal illness characterised by profuse pale diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, fatigue
and weight loss.
Guinea worm

Guinea worm (GW), Dracunculiasis medinensis, is a parasitic roundworm that causes

Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) among people in poor rural areas with little access to clean water or
health care. The female worm emerges from the ulcer releasing millions of larvae which are then
eaten by other Cyclops. People may have more than one worm. There is no available treatment or
vaccine. Instead, the worm is removed slowly by winding it around a small stick after it emerges:
this may take weeks.

Filarial worm

Filarial worms are tiny roundworms that live in lymphatic and subcutaneous tissue, just
below the skin. Most infected people don’t show symptoms but some develop significant swelling,
usually in the legs, after repeated exposure. Secondary skin infections that cause skin thickening
and hardening are common.

Virus:
1. Adeno-associated virus 11. Influenza C virus
2. Aichi virus 12. Lassa virus
3. BK polyomavirus 13. Varicella-zoster virus
4. Coxsackievirus 14. Variola virus
5. Echovirus 15. Zika virus
6. Hepatitis A virus 16. Yellow fever virus
7. Human coronavirus 17. Vaccinia virus
8. Human cytomegalovirus 18. Rubella virus
9. Human immunodeficiency virus 19. Rabies virus
10. Human rhinovirus 20. Poliovirus

Human coronavirus

Common human coronaviruses, including types 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, usually
cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. Most people get
infected with these viruses at some point in their lives. These illnesses usually only last for a short
amount of time. Symptoms may include runny nose, headache, cough, sore throat, fever and a
general feeling of being unwell. It can sometimes cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses, such as
pneumonia or bronchitis. This is more common in people with cardiopulmonary disease, people
with weakened immune systems, infants, and older adults.

Rubella Virus

It can cause severe harm to the unborn child. Latin for "little red." The symptoms of rubella
(also known as German measles) are often so mild that more than half of people with the infection
do not even notice that they have contracted it. However, rubella contracted during early
pregnancy can cause substantial negative outcomes for the unborn child. This is known as
congenital rubella syndrome. The virus replicates in the lymph nodes and the nasopharynx (the
tube connecting the nasal cavity and the soft palate) and is transmitted via coughs. An individual
 with rubella is contagious for 1 week before the rash arrives and for 1 week after. Rubella is a
preventable disease; the vaccine is often given in conjunction with measles and mumps (MMR
vaccine).

Yellow fever Virus

Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.

The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients. Symptoms of yellow
fever include fever, headache, jaundice, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. A small
proportion of patients who contract the virus develop severe symptoms and approximately half of
those die within 7 to 10 days.

Poliovirus

Poliomyelitis is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by a human enterovirus

of the Picornaviridae family. Paralytic poliomyelitis occurs when the virus enters the central
nervous system and replicates in anterior horn cells (motor neurons) of the spinal cord. When it
multiplies in the nervous system, the virus can destroy nerve cells (motor neurons) which activate
skeletal muscles. The affected muscles lose their function due to a lack of nervous enervation, a
condition known as acute flaccid paralysis. In the most severe cases (bulbar polio), poliovirus
attacks the motor neurons of the brain stem, reducing breathing capacity and causing difficulty in
swallowing and speaking. Without respiratory support, bulbar polio can result in death. Polio can
strike at any age, but affects mainly children under three.

Zika Virus

Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. People
with Zika virus disease can have symptoms including mild fever, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle
and joint pain, malaise or headache. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days.

Fungi
1. Aspergillosis 11. Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Candidiasis 12. Sporothrix
3. C. neoformans infection 13. Aspergillus
4. Fungal eye infections 14. Coccidioides
5. Mucormycosis 15. Histoplasma capsulatum
6. Ringworm 16. Candida
7. Blastomycosis 17. Trichophyton
8. Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) 18. Tinea cruris
9. C. gattii infection 19. Tinea Versicolor
10. Histoplasma 20. Sporotrichosis

Aspergillus
 Aspergillus is a common fungus found in soil, decaying vegetation, insulating materials, air
conditioning vents and dust. Aspergillus spores float in the air and can be inhaled into the nose and
lungs. In most instances, Aspergillus spores cause no harm. However, in some people, invasive
infections develop.

Coccidioides

This fungus inhabits dry areas, such as Arizona, Nevada, western Texas, central California
and some areas of New Mexico. Inhalation of dust contaminated with Coccidioides spores
introduces the fungus to the lungs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports 60
percent of people infected with Coccidioides have no symptoms. In those who develop
symptomatic illness, headache, fever, muscle aches, cough and skin rash are common.

Histoplasma capsulatum

It causes the fungal infection known as histoplasmosis. Caves inhabited by bats, bird roosts
and waste from poultry houses often harbor Histoplasma. Histoplasma spores are inhaled when
digging or moving contaminated soil. Most people infected with Histoplasma capsulatum do not
become ill. However, some people experience a respiratory illness characterized by a dry cough,
fever, loss of appetite, muscle aches and chest pain.

Candida

Candida are yeast that cause candidiasis, commonly called a “yeast infection.” The yeast
can infect the mouth or the vagina. If yeast enter the blood, they cause a potentially life threatening
illness. However, this is rare, except in people with a depressed immune system.

Trichophyton

Trichophyton are fungi that cause ringworm. This is a skin infection characterized by a ring-
shaped rash. The rash may occur on the arms, legs, head, neck, or trunk. The same fungi cause
athlete’s foot when they infect the skin between the toes.