Structure of the human body and the skeleton. Bluc = joints. A Head (caput) B- Thorax (thoracic cavity) C Abdominal and pelvic caves In contrast to most other mammals the human body is adapted for bipedal locomof ‘Three general prin- ciples in the architecture of the human organism are recognizable: 1. The principle of segmentation, which dominates in the trunk. The vertebral column and the thorax consist of relatively equal, segmentally arranged elements. 2. The principle of bilateral symmetry. Both sides of the body are separated by a midsagittal plane and resemble cach other like image and mirror-image. 3. The principle of polarity between the head at one end of the body and the lower extremities at the other. As the center of the information system the head contains the main sensory organs and the brain. ‘The head has a predominantly spherical form while the extremities consist of radially formed skeletal elements, the number of which increases distally. A. The skull consists of two parts: 1. a eranial part containing mainly the brain and the sensory organs and 2. a facial part which contains the nasal and oral cavity and the chewing apparatus. The cranial cavity is con- inuous with the vertebral canal which contains the spinal cord. B. The thorax contains the respiratory and circulatory organs (lung, heart, etc.) but also some of the abdomi- nal organs which are located underneath the diaphragm. C. The abdominal cavity contains the organs of metabolism such as the liver, the stomach and the intestinal tract as well as the excretory and genital organs (kidney. uterus, urinary bladder, etc.) The latter are located primarily in the pelvie eavity with the 1 Cranial part 10 Radius ) 2 Facial pas FOMHESEHM 1 yng J renee 3. Vertebral column 12 Pelvis (cervical part) 1 Weist C@MD6) | gang 4 Chavicle 14 Fingers (phalanges) | 5 Seapula 18. Thigh (femur) 6 Ribs 16. Patella and knee yount 7 Stecnumn 17 “Tie | 8 Arm (humerus) 1k Fibula 9 Vewtebeal column 19 Taras ‘lumbar part) 2 MetatarsalsMean section through the Sternum 21 Sacral promontory Right ventricle of heart 22.‘Sigmoid enlon Diaphragma 23. Anal canal Liver 24 Anus ‘Stomach 25. Head (neurocranium) with brain Transverse mesocolon 26 Ascending colon ‘Transverse colon 27 Appendix Umbilicns 28 Facial region (visceroeranium) Mesentery with oral and nasal cavities Small itestine 29 “Trachea and larynx Uterus 30 Thorax with the lungs Urinary bladder 31 Heart Pubie symphysis 32, Surface projection of the diaphragm Left atrium of heart 33. Spleen ‘Cavdate lobe of liver 34 Descending colon ‘Omental bursa or lesser sac 35. ‘Testis ‘Conuss medullaris Puncreus ‘Cauda equina Intervertebral diss (Gumbar vertebral column) ank (female), Positon of the inner organs of the human body (anterior aspect) ‘The main cavities of the body and their corInternal organs are removed. Ay Cranial eavis Ay Vertebral ca By Thoracic cavity B, Pericardial cavity Abdominal cavity G Pelviccavity D_ Diapheagm a Planes of the body 1 Transverse plane 2. Frontal plane 3. Sagittal plane (midsagittl) Position of the inner organs of the human body Cateral aspen). “The three main cavities of the body and their contents. 1 Head (neurocronium) with the brain 2. Facial tones with oral and nasal eavties 3. Vertebral column (cervical pat) 4 Thorax withthe lungs 3 Heart 6 Surface projection of the diaphragm 7 Seapula 2 Liver 9 Stomach 10 Ascending colon 11 Transverse colon 12 Ureter 13 Appendix 14 Small intestine Ovary, wterine tube Rectum Uterus 18 Urinary hladder