GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators

Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with
disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for
the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (Published 2017)
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(17)30293-
X/fulltext#seccestitle180

In 2015, 3·2 million people (95% UI 3·1 million to 3·3 million) died from COPD worldwide, an increase of
11·6% (5·3–19·8) compared with 1990. From 1990 to 2015, the prevalence of COPD increased by 44·2%
(95% UI 41·7–46·6) to 174·5 million individuals (160·2 million to 189·0 million). The decrease in age-
standardised prevalence of 14·7% (13·5–15·9) was much smaller than the decrease in age-standardised
death rates.

Reviewed and approved by the American Lung Association Scientific and Medical Editorial
Review Panel. Last reviewed December 23, 2017. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-
diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/symptoms-causes-risk-factors/what-causes-copd.html

Kekurangan Alpha-1 Antitripsin

Sejumlah kecil orang memiliki bentuk COPD yang langka yang disebut emphysema defisiensi
terkait alpha-1. Bentuk COPD ini disebabkan oleh kondisi genetik (bawaan) yang memengaruhi
kemampuan tubuh untuk menghasilkan protein (Alpha-1) yang melindungi paru-paru.

study of prevalence of anemia along with its diagnosis and treatment.

Hematol Transfus Int J .
2018
https://medcraveonline.com/HTIJ/HTIJ-06-00158.pdf

menurut World Health Organization (WHO) (2013), prevalensi anemia dunia berkisar 40-88%