Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PI Readings 9-11
PI Readings 9-11
‘Christianization’
Neo-Christian Filipinos soon buried their
loved ones in public cemeteries.
Reduccion, an administrative subdivision
where the church, convent and government
offices were to be located
Acceleration of Stratification:
The buildings around the town plaza of
each población reflected the hierarchy of
status in colonial society with the church-
convent and the municipio or seat of civil
authority dominating the square.
GENDER ROLES
PRE-HISPANIC
Women in the pre-Hispanic period had a series of rights that enabled them to establish some
equality with men in issues such as:
SEXUAL PRACTICES
DIVORCE
PROPERTY
POLITICS
RELIGION
SEXUAL PRACTICES
no strict rules about
premarital sex relations
both for men and women
MARRIAGE
both women and men could ask for
divorce
PROPERTY
Women could own money after
getting married, run business, trade
or lend money.
daughters and sons had equal rights
over inheritance unless there were
specific instructions from the
parents.
POLITICS AND RELIGION
women could exercise the role of
barangay and priestess or babaylan
Girls’ School
Earliest School for girls DURING SPANISH REGIME
•Colegiode Santa Isabel 1632 RELIGION
•Colegiode Santa Potenciana1591. PRIESTS & MISSIONARIES
ROMAN ALPHABET
Other Schools and Colleges for girls were
Santa Catalina, Santa Rosa, La Concordia, EXCLUSIVE FOR SPANISH AND
etc. Several religious congregations also PREVILEDGED FILIPINOS
established schools for Spanish orphaned
girls
Personal
Organized by former datus and maharlikas, Moro Resistance
as well as babaylans and katalonans, “Moro Wars”
who had lost their prestige and power with Islam was already widespread in
the coming of the Spaniards. the Philippines before the
introduction of Christianity by the
They also yearn to revert to their own Spaniards.
culture and regain the freedom formerly Spaniards failed to fully subjugate
enjoyed by the native Filipinos before the the Moros in the 1750s
arrival of the Spanish Moro raids a reprevalent;
these caused economic stagnation
Personal in Spanish-colonized areas. Razing
❖Lakandula , Soliman, Augustin was widespread. Thousands of
Legazpi, Martin Pangan, Pitong Gatang, Christians were captured and
Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Kapulong, Francisco subjected to slavery during these
Dagohoy (started an 85-year revolt) raids.
The Nature of the Reform Movement Based on history and through logic,
The unjust execution of the three no uprising could have and would
Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose have succeeded without the
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora was a necessary arms with which to fight
turning point of the Filipino history, the enemy. The middle class, and
for it ushered a new era—the even more so the lower class of
reform movement. Indio’s simply do not have any
●The dissatisfaction of the Filipino men of capacity.
wealth and intellect was centered around
the abuses of both civil and clerical Spanish La Solidaridad
authorities ●Graciano Lopez Jaena and other reformers
●The middle class (composed of Spanish founded the Filipino Circle in Madrid in
and Chinese mestizos) denounced the 1882 and published its mouthpiece to bring
abuse and exploitation by the Spanish to the attention of the peninsular Spaniards
colonizers. the so-called Philippines problem, but the
Master of Colonies discouraged the Circle
hence they dispersed.
●When Marcelo H. del Pilar arrived in Spain, ●In the 391st anniversary of the founding of
the plan was greenlit it was agreed that the America, Lopez Jaena in the presence of the
expatriated would finance the first numbers diplomatic and prominent men in politics
of the periodical, which was called La and arts, delivered an impassioned speech
Solidaridad, or also referred to as Sol. where he called the Philippines the heart in
●The paper was fort nightly dedicated to which all the arteries, all the veins of the
the exposition against the malicious and industrial and commercial wealth converge.
slanderous attacks of the hired writers of He also pointed out that the Filipinos did
the friars, and the publication of studies not want a semi-feudal state and oppressive
about the Philippines and the Filipinos. friars.
●Graciano Lopez Jaena started out as the ●The Filipinos wanted representation in the
first editor. Cortes so that their aspirations could be
considered and recognized by the
Aims of La Solidaridad Government of Spain. There was a wild
Our aspirations are modest, very applause, and the Venezuelan Ministerto
modest. Spain, Dr.Calacano, sprang to his feet and
Our program, aside from being hugged Lopez Jaena in the name of Latin
simple, is clear: to combat reaction, America.
to stop all retrogressive steps, to ●He was the editor of La Solidaridad, a
extol and adopt liberal ideas, to newspaper that was published by the
defend progress; in a word, to be a Filipino reformists, and wrote multiple
propagandist, above all, of articles.
democratic ideas in order to make ●He was almost always be dressed in rags
these supreme in all nations here and the Filipino colony in Spain felt
and across these as. ashamed of him and his eccentricities—
The aims is to collect, to gather eating sardines with his fingers etc.
libertarian ideas which are
manifested daily in the field of Marcelo H. del Pilar
politics, science, art, literature, ●His sense of justice led him early in life to
commerce, agriculture and industry. campaign against the abuses of the friars.
Discuss all problems relating to the ●He founded Diariong Tagalog where he
general interest of the nation and wrote about patriotism.
seek solutions to those problems in
●He wrote pamphlet after pamphlet
high-level and democratic manner.
ridiculing friar sovereignty and exposing
With regard to the Philippines, since
she needs the most help, not being injustices committed to the Filipinos. He
represented in the Cortes, we shall also defended Rizal on his works Noli Mi
pay particular attention of which is Tangere
our patriotic duty. ●His radical activities soon became a reason
That nation of eight million souls for an order of his arrest, but he escaped to
should not, must not be the Spain. He took over the editorship of La
exclusive preserve of theocracy and
Solidaridad, restlessly writing, editing, and
traditionalism.
Graciano Lopez Jaena contacting progressive Spaniards who
●From Iloilo would fight side by side with the reformists.
●Under Pilar, La Solidaridad expanded to
●Was able to observe the sad state of his
country include
●Took to writing early in his life ●The removal of friars and secularization of
●Wrote a tale called Fray Botod, a work the parishes
that deals with the ignorance, abuses and ●Active participation in the affairs of the
immorality of a certain friar called Botod. government
The friars felt ridiculed. ●Freedom of speech, of press and of
●He went to Spain and enrolled for assembly
medicine ●A wider social and political freedom
●Gave speeches and orations about the
●Assimilation
conditions of the Philippines or a defense of
the Filipinos against Spanish abusers. ●Representation of the Spanish Cortes
Spain had internal problems and could not Each member were to pay a monthly due
listen to such cries. of ten centavos, and was free to choose a
La Solidaridad ran out of funds, he even symbolic name for himself.
had to roam around in Barcelona to pick
used cigarettes to warm himself. He died The funds of the society were to be used in
of starvation. the following manner:
●The member or his son who, while not
Jose Rizal having means shall show application and
Most cultured of the reformists great capacity, shall be sustained.
Wrote Noli M iTangere and El ●The poor shall be supported in his right
Filibusterismo against any powerful person.
Wrote multiple articles for La ●The member who shall have suffered any
Solidaridad, and formed La Liga loss shall be aided.
Filipina, a society aimed to support
reformists and representatives ●Capital shall be loaned to the member
present in Spain who shall need it for an industry or
agriculture.
La Propaganda ●The introduction of machines and
A civic society composed mostly, if industries, new or necessary in the country
not exclusively, of the middle class, shall be favored.
established to contribute money to ●Shops, stores and establishments shall be
cover the expenses of the Filipino opened, where the members may be
reformers in Spain who were accommodated more economically than
waging a campaign to obtain elsewhere.
assimilation from the Mother
Country. ●Even if the society had innocent
The funds collected were forwarded intentions, the Spanish authorities
to the Hispano-Filipino Association, considered it dangerous, and Rizal was
but these were malversed, and the secretly arrested and deported to Dapitan.
society passed out of existence. ●Some members continued to support it—
the aims remained the same, but it was
Rizal stepped in a proposed a formation of a agreed that all should contribute towards
new civic society and prepared a the support of La Solidaridad.
constitution for this society while in Hong ●Later, the members grew tired of paying
Kong. their dues, alleging that the Spanish
government was not listening to La
La Liga Filipina Solidaridad that they were financing.
●There was a conflict that arose amongst its
In July 1892, at a house in Tondo, Jose Rizal members:
founded and inaugurated La Liga Filipina. ●The middle-class members of the
society believed that something
Aims of La Liga Filipina could still be done by La Solidaridad
●To unite the whole archipelago into one in its campaign for reforms.
compact, vigorous and homogenous body
●The poor members led by Andres
●Mutual protection in every want and
necessity Bonifacio thought that there was no
●Defense against all violence and injustice hope for reforms anymore
●Encouragement of instruction, agriculture Hence, the La Liga Filipina society died.
and commerce
●Study and application of reforms The intensive campaign of La Solidaridad
for reforms did not yield any tangible
These aims were to be carried out through results in the form of changes in the
the creation of a governing body composed administration of the Philippines.
of the Supreme Council, the Provincial
Council and the Popular Council.
●While it brought to the attention of the other, but knew the original member that
peninsular Spaniards the so-called took them in.
Philippine problem, Spain itself was ●Also agreed upon during the meeting was
preoccupied with its own internal problems, the payment of an entrance fee of one real
and could not allocate any time or fuerte(25 centavos) and a monthly due of a
resources for the colonial problem in the medio real (12centavos).
Philippines.
Katipunan Objectives
●The friars were also too powerful even in
●Political
Spain to beside tracked by Spanish
authorities. They also have a counter active Consisted in working for these
influential and powerful newspaper, La parathion of the Philippines from
Politica de Espana en Filipinas. Spain
●Moral
●Societies established in the Philippines Revolved around the teaching of
with the purpose to campaign for reforms good manners, hygiene good morals
did not have sufficient means to carry out and attacking obscurantism,
their aims. religious fanaticism and weakness of
●There was difficulty in collecting funds for character.
La Solidaridad. ●Civic
Revolved around the principle of
●Some of the members realized the self-help and the defense of the
uselessness of a peaceful propaganda, poor and the oppressed. All
considering that even after six years of
members were urged to come to the
publication, La Solidaridad failed in
aid of the sick comrades and their
convincing Spain to grant the needed families, and in case of death, the
reforms. society itself was to pay for the
●The propagandists were divided against funeral expenses.
themselves by petty jealousies. The result
was the weakening of the ties that bound ●Realizing the importance of a primer to
them together. indoctrinate the members of the society in
its ideals, Jacinto prepared one, of which he
●The news of Rizal’s deportation shocked called Kartilya.
and surprised the people, for Rizal to them
was the symbol of freedom. Kartilya by Jacinto
1.The Kartilla consisted of thirteen
Andres Bonifacio “teachings” which the members of the
●Unlike the members of the middle class, society were expected to follow. The Kartilla
Andres Bonifacio, a man of scanty
reads:
education but with high intelligence and his 2.Life which is not consecrated to a lofty
plebian associates did not dream of mere and sacred cause is like a tree without a
reforms. shadow, if not a poisonous weed.
●They were interested in liberating the
country from the tyranny of the Spaniards 3.Agooddeedthatspringsfrom a desire for
and in their minds, the only way to personal profit and not from a desire to do
accomplish their goal was to prepare the good is not kindness.
people for an armed conflict. 4.True greatness consists in being
●On the night of July 7, 1892, Andres charitable, in loving one’s fellow-men and in
Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, adjusting every movement, deed and word
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few to true Reason.
others met secretly at a house on Azcarrega 5.All men are equal, be the color of their
(now Claro M. Recto Avenue) in Tondo. skin black or white. One may be superior to
●The men gathered around a lamp, another in knowledge, wealth, and beauty,
performed the ancient blood compact and but cannot be superior in being.
signed the membership papers with their 6.He who is noble prefers honor to personal
own blood. gains; he who is mean prefers personal
●It was agreed to win more members to the profit to honor.
society by means of triangle method, in 7.To a man with sense of shame, his word is
which an original member would take in inviolate.
two new members who did not know each
8.Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be Our responsibility to ourselves and
recovered, but time lost will never come the performance of our duties will
again. be the example set for our
9.Defend the oppressed and fight the fellowmen to follow.
oppressor. Insofar as it is within your power,
10.An intelligent man is he who is cautious share your means with the poor and
in speech and knows how to keep the the unfortunate.
secrets that must be guarded. Diligence in the work that gives
11.In the thorny path of life, man is the sustenance to you is the true basis
guide of his wife and children; if he who of love—love for yourself, for your
guides moves toward evil, they who are wife and children, for your brothers
guided likewise move toward evil. and countrymen.
12.Think not of a woman as a thing merely Punish any scoundrel and traitor and
to while away time with, but as a helper and praise all good work. Believe,
partner in the hardships of life. Respect her likewise, that the aims of the K.K.K.
in her weakness and remember the mother are God-given, for the will of the
who brought you into this world and who people is also the will of God.
cared for you in your childhood.
13. What you don’t want done to your wife, The KKK society had three governing
daughter, and sister, do not do to the wife, bodies:
daughter, and sister of another. The nobility ●Kataastaasang Sangunian or the Supreme
of a man does not consist in being a king, Council
nor in the highness of the nose and the o was the highest governing body of
whiteness of the skin nor in being a priest the society and was composed of a
representing God, nor in the exalted president, a fiscal, a secretary, a
position on this earth, but pure and truly treasurer, and a comptroller or an
noble is he who, though born in the woods, interventor.
is possessed of an upright character, who is ●Sangguniang Bayan or the Provincial
true to his words; who has dignity and Council
honor; who does not oppress and does not
help those who oppress; who knows how to o Sangguniang Bayan and
look after and love the land of his birth. Sangguniang Balangay represented,
respectively, the province and the
●Bonifacio, in his Katungkulang Gagawin ng municipality or town. Each of these
mgaZ.LlB. (The Duties of the Sons of the had a council similar to that of the
People) laid down the rules to be followed Supreme Council. The latter,
strictly by the members of the society. together with the presidents of the
The rules constitute the Decalogue: two other councils, constituted the
Katipunan Assembly.
Love God with all your heart.
Bear always in mind that the love of
God is also the love of country, and Judicial matters affecting the members of
this, too, is love of one's fellow men. the society were referred to a sort of court
Engrave in your heart that the true known as the Sangunniang Hukuman or
measure of honor and happiness is Judicial Council.
to die for the freedom of your o Sat as a court of justice to pass
country. judgement on any member who
All your good wishes will be violated the rules of the society or to
crowned with success if you have meditate between any quarrelling
serenity, constancy, brethren or factions.
Reason and faith in all your acts and o In the duration of its existence, the
endeavor. Judicial Council had not passed the
Guard the mandates and aims of the death sentence on any member.
K.K.K. as you guard your honor.