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8 MemoryMM PDF
8 MemoryMM PDF
Memory
Chapter 8 What are typical indications?
Psy 12000.003
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Memory
Memorizing Pi
Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your
neighbors, the English language, the national
anthem, and yourself.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDNDRDJy-vo 5
President Bush being told of 9/11 attack. 6
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Stages of Memory Information Processing
The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of
memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term
memory, and c) long-term memory.
Corbis
Keyboard Disk Monitor
(Encoding) (Storage) (Retrieval)
Sequential Process 7 8
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Effortful Processing Rehearsal
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
learning a concept from a rehearsal by using
textbook. Such processing nonsense syllables: TUV
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
© Bananastock/ Alamy
accessible memories.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
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(1850-1909) 14
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What We Encode Encoding Meaning
“Whale”
Encoding by meaning Q: Did the word begin Structural
Shallow
Encoding by images with a capital letter? Encoding
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Link Method Organizing Information for Encoding
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9NROegsMqNc
List of Items Break down complex information into broad
concepts and further subdivide them into categories
Newspaper
and subcategories.
Shaving cream
Pen
Umbrella
.
1. Chunking
. 2. Hierarchy
.
Lamp
Chunking Hierarchy
Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Complex information broken down into broad
Try to remember the numbers below. concepts and further subdivided into categories and
subcategories.
1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
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Storage: Retaining Information Sensory Memory
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores
of memory are shown below: Sensory Working Long-term
Memory Memory Memory
Retrieval 31 32
The exposure time for the stimulus is so small Sperling (1960) argued that sensory memory capacity was
that items cannot be rehearsed. larger than what was originally thought.
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A D I Low Tone
“Recall” 80
Percent Recognized
Time
N L V Delay
Medium Tone N__
60
(33% recall)
O G H High Tone
40
50 ms (1/20 second)
20
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Sensory Memories Working Memory
The duration of sensory memory varies for the
different senses. Sensory Working Long-term
Memory Memory Memory
Encoding
Iconic Events
0.5 sec. long
Encoding Retrieval
Echoic
3-4 sec. long
Hepatic Retrieval
< 1 sec. long
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Ready?
MUTGIKTLRSYP
Chunking Duration
The capacity of the working memory may be Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured
increased by “Chunking.” the duration of working memory by manipulating
rehearsal.
CHJ
F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M MKT
547
544
HIJ CH??
541
547 …
FBI TWA CIA IBM
4 chunks
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Working Memory Duration Long-Term Memory
Retrieval
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Memory Stores
Shallow vs. Deep Processing
Sensory Working • Deeply processed information is better
Feature LTM
Memory Memory remembered than shallowly processed information
• Shallow instructions:
Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic – look at word list and determine if each word has a
capital letter in it or not
– Is the word a verb or noun?
Capacity Unlimited 7±2 Chunks Very Large
– What rhymes with each word?
• Deep instructions:
Duration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. Years – What is the meaning of each word? Does each word
have more than one meaning?
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– Relate each word to yourself 48
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Storing Memories in the Brain
Adaptive Memory
Through electrical stimulation of the brain,
Wilder Penfield (1967) concluded that old
memories were etched into the brain.
Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed Penfield's
data and showed that only a handful of brain
stimulated patients reported flashbacks.
Using rats, Lashley (1950) suggested that even
after removing parts of the brain, the animals
• Another example of evolutionary psychology’s influence; this time on
retain partial memory of the maze.
memory.
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Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller
Thus, this ink-release behavior can be conditioned, and
neurobiologists can study changes that results.
(LTP) refers to synaptic
Kandel and Schwartz (1982) showed that serotonin release
enhancement after learning
from neurons increased after conditioning. (Lynch, 2002). An increase
Therefore, a biological trace that represents memory. in neurotransmitter release
or receptors on the
receiving neuron indicates
Photo: Scientific American
strengthening of synapses.
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Hippocampus Storing Implicit & Explicit Memories
Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic Explicit Memory refers to facts and experiences that one can
system that processes explicit memories. consciously know and declare. Implicit memory involves
learning an action while the individual does not know or
declare what she knows.
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Anterograde
Amnesia Memory Intact No New Memories
(HM)
Surgery A B C
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery. Each time he
plays it, he is unable to remember the fact that he has already played the
57 game. 58
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Measures of Memory Measures of Memory
In recognition, the person must identify an item In recall, the person must retrieve information using
amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test effort. (A fill-in-the blank test requires recall.)
requires recognition.)
1. Name the capital of France. 1. The capital of France is ______.
a. Brussels
b. Rome
c. London
d. Paris
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Déja Vu Context Effects
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants
from the current situation may unconsciously most strongly respond when retested in the same
trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. context rather than in a different context (Butler &
Rovee-Collier, 1989).
Rutgers University
Courtesy of Carolyn Rovee-Collier,
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Storage Decay Retaining Spanish
Poor durability of stored memories leads to Bahrick (1984) showed a similar pattern of forgetting
their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his and retaining over 50 years.
forgetting curve.
French learned
Spanish learnedbeforehand, interferes proactively
afterwards, interferes retroactivelywith
witha aSpanish
Frenchexam
exam
Psy 12000
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Repression: A defense
mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts,
feelings, and memories from
consciousness.
Culver Pictures
Suppression: Consciously
inhibiting unwanted thoughts.
Sigmund Freud
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Why do we forget? Memory Construction
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(sometimes called unconscious transference)
Broken Glass? (%)
40
32
30
20 14
10
0
Group A (hit) Group B (Smashed into)
Verb
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Discerning True & False Memories False Memories
Repressed or Constructed?
Just like true perception and illusion, real memories Some adults actually do forget childhood episodes of
and memories that seem real are difficult to discern. abuse.
© Simon Niedsenthal
believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.
When students formed a happy or angry memory of
morphed (computer blended) faces, they made
the (computer assisted) faces (a), either happier or (b) angrier. 85 86
87 88
Constructed Memories
Experimentally CreatingFalse
Memories
Loftus’ research shows that if false memories (lost at
the mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in
individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories.
Don Shrubshell
89 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHPQYQ3NOjg 90
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Consensus on Childhood Abuse
Prospective Memory
Leading psychological associations of the world agree
on the following concerning childhood sexual abuse: • Remembering TO DO something, and when
Injustice happens.
Incest and other sexual abuse happens.
People may forget.
Recovered memories are commonplace.
Recovered memories under hypnosis or drugs are
unreliable.
Memories of things happening before 3 years of age are
unreliable.
Memories, whether real or false, are emotionally
upsetting.
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McDaniel, 2008
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