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SNEHA PROJECT April 11 2018
SNEHA PROJECT April 11 2018
SNEHA PROJECT April 11 2018
By
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ALUVA
2017-2018
2
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “A study on the oviposition responses of
aedes species to common household substances” is an authentic record of the
work done by Sneha Rachel Joseph under my supervision in the Department of
Zoology as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree ofBachelor of
Science in Zoology.
Place: Aluva
Date :
Examiners:
1.
2.
3
DECLARATION
I, SNEHA RACHEL JOSEPH do hereby declare that this project work entitled “A
study on the oviposition responses of aedes species to common household
substances” submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University is a bonafide work carried
out by me during the period of 2017-2018 under the guidance of Dr. Anu Anto,
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, St. Xavier’s College for Women,
Aluva.
Date :
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above all my very special gratitude goes to my parents for their prayers and
encouragement which make my work successful and satisfactory.
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 6
1. INTRODUCTION 7-11
4. METHODOLGY 18-19
5. RESULT 20-24
6. DISCUSSION 25
7. CONCLUSION 26-27
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 28-29
6
ABSTRACT
Many mosquito-borne diseases prevalent today are caused by Aedes sp. For eg:
Aedes aegyptiis a vector mosquito with dark coloured white lyre markings on the
body and banded legs that can spread Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Zika fever,
Yellow fever and many other diseases. Especially Dengue is a major issue nowadays
but an effective vaccine or medicine is not yet available. Dengue vector control is
still considered the most effective way for controlling and preventing the
transmission of dengue viruses. This study evaluated the oviposition responses of
Aedes species to certain commonly available household substances by use of ovitrap
method.
Ovitraps are the preferred surveillance tool for monitoring Aedes activity. Various
substances used in this study are tap water, cumin, sugar, vinegar and salt. Ovitraps
containing these various substances were exposed weekly in the field (from July
2017 to March 2018) to determine the oviposition patterns of Aedes species. Egg
count obtained was highest in the month of November and was least in the month of
March. Those ovitraps where no ovipositor take place are to be considered as
repellants and those with maximum number of eggs are to be considered as
attractants. Mann Whitney Pairwise statistical analysis revealed no significant
variation in the ovitraps with cumin and sugar solution (P>0.05) when compared
with control ovitraps. In contrast to this, ovitraps with vinegar or salt showed almost
total avoidance/deterrence towards oviposition. Significantly low mean egg count
were noticed in ovitraps with Vinegar and salt solution in comparison with the
control ovitraps (P<0.05).
In this study habitat, it seems that temperature and humidity did play a significant
role in determining the presence of Aedes mosquito. This was showed by significant
values in Pearson’s correlation analysis. Analysis revealed negative correlation (r2=
- 0.792, P<0.05) between mean egg count and temperature and positive correlation
(r2=0.637, P<0.05) between humidity and egg count in the control ovitrap.
effect of salt can be recommended for prevention of Aedes breeding in vases and
other small containers.
INTRODUCTION
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Aedes, genus of more than 950 species of mosquitoes belong to order Diptera and
some members are vectors of disease and sometimes they also transmit potentially
deadly pathogens to humans and other animals. The different species of
Aedesmosquitoes are native to temperate and tropical habitats worldwide.
Somespecies, however have spread beyond their native ranges, either as result of
having been introduced into new areas by humans or as a result of changing
environmental influences. Of particular importance has been the expansion
A.aegyptiand A.albopictusto America from Africa and Asia respectively. This has
facilitated the spread of certain debilitating infectious diseases, notably
Chikungunya fever, Dengue fever, and Zika fever.
Aedes mosquitoes are floodwater mosquitoes, meaning they lay their eggs on moist
soil or in containers that periodically catch rainfall. They prefer to breed in tree holes,
overflow ditches, and old tyres. The eggs can survive drying and hatch once flooded
by water. They develop in a four-stage process like other mosquitoes. As a
predominantly tropical and subtropical group, Aedes mosquitoes tend to breed in
warm weather, although some species can survive in colder environments. The
adults feed day and night, and several of the species are considered particularly
troublesome. The males of all species of mosquitoes do not bite human or animals
of any species, they live on fruit and plant sap. The female feed not only on fruit but
also on blood.
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Aedesvexans, the inland floodwater mosquito, is known as a fierce and painful biter.
Two Aedes mosquitoes are also carriers of dangerous diseases. Aedesalbopictus, the
Asian tiger mosquito, transmits dengue fever and eastern equine encephalitis,
while Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, transmits dengue and yellow
fever.Aedesaegyptiis adapted to breed around human dwellings and prefers to lay its
eggs in clean water which contains no other living species. These eggs become adult
in about one and a half to two weeks. In dengue virus infected mosquitoes, the virus
is present in the salivary glands of the mosquito. When a female Aedes aegypti bites
a human for food, it injects saliva into the wound where the anti-coagulants
contained in her saliva facilitate feeding. Without knowing the mosquito also injects
the dengue virus into the host. Since the virus can be passed from adult to egg, the
dengue virus is guaranteed to survive until the next summer and heavy rains.
Larval habitats of Aedes mosquito varies with species. But they can be broken down
into container mosquitoes and flood water mosquitoes. Container mosquito species
prefer to lay eggs in artificial containers like waste tires, flower pots, gutters, trash
cans etc. or in natural containers like leaf axils, tree holes etc. that can hold
water.Aedesaegypti prefer more artificial container types and Aedesalbopictus
inhabits both artificial and natural containers. Flood water mosquitoes lay eggs in
moist substrates or water logged soil in ground depressions subject to temporary
floods.
The eggs of Aedesaegypti are smooth, long, ovoid shaped, shiny black in appearance
and roughly one millimeter long. They can produce up to five batches of eggs during
its life time. The female mosquito lays eggs separately unlike most other species.
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Not all eggs are laid at once, but they can be spread out over hours or days, depending
on the availability of suitable substrates. Eggs will be most often be placed at varying
distances above the water line. They do not lay the entire clutch at a single site, but
rather spread out the eggs overseveral sites. Eggs can survive for very long periods
in a dry state, often for more than a year.
The larva hatches from the egg and lives in the water. They have siphon or air tube
and spend most of their time on the surface breathing. Larvae eat constantly-feeding
on algae, plankton, fungi, bacteria, and other aquatic organisms. During growth, the
larva moults or shed its skin four times. The stages between the moults are called the
instars. At the fourth instar, the larva have a length of 10mm and the diagnostic
features of the larva are more pronounced. When the fourth instar larva moults, it
becomes a pupa (Figure 1).
Mosquito pupae, commonly called “tumblers” live in water. Pupae are mobile and
respond to stimuli. The pupae do not feed and take approximately two days to
develop. The metamorphosis of the mosquito into an adult is completed within the
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pupal case. The adult mosquito splits the pupal case and emerges to the surface of
the water where it rests until its body dries and hardens.
Substantial vector control efforts have not stopped rapid emergence and global
spread of dengue virus infection. Studies show that there were 96 million apparent
dengue infections globally in 2010. Asia bore 70% of this burden, and is
characterized by densely populated regions coinciding with very high suitability for
disease transmission. India alone contributed 34% of the global total (Figure 2).
In the absence of a vaccine against dengue virus, control of Aedes mosquito is the
only tool for surveillance and management of dengue.The involvement of
community and their role in vector control is very important. Thus, mapping the
distribution of Aedes sp. is essential for public health planning and prevention of
dengue.
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Various studies have been conducted to analyze and evaluate the ovipositor
responses of Aedes sp. towards various substances.Ovipostor responses in
mosquitoes could be effectively studied by placing ovitraps. Ovitrap usually is a dark
coloured container filled with water and provided with a scale wrapped with white
cloth for ovipositor, are the tools for monitoring this study.
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To study the egg laying habits of Aedes sp. and to record the egg count
during different months of a year.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
developed ovitrap made from fiberglass tray (FGTO) was compared with
conventionally used black jar ovitrap (BJO) n field condition in terms of egg
received. FGTO was painted with alternating black and white strips on the outer
surface of the tray. It was also provided with two metal legs at the height of
50cm.FGTO was placed 50cm apart from the BJO. 5ml of 10% hay infusion
and country filter paper was used in both ovitraps to collect egg. Traps were
surveyed on alternate days. A portion of eggs from both traps were allowed to
hatch and reared into adults for species identification. The number of egg laid
was considerably higher in FGTO than in BJO. Out of 33 observations, FGTO
was negative for eggs only in one occasion whereas BJO in six occasions. 88%
of adults emerged were Aedesaegypti and 12% were Aedesalbopictus.
9. Farnesi(2018) worked on the influence of a light and dark cycle on the egg
laying activity of aedesaegypti.The epidemiological importance of the mosquito
aedes based on oviposition behaviour, significant specific knowledge about egg
viability and female fertility under light and dark condition. The number and
viability of eggs was analyzed under three different light / dark regimes: constant
darkness and constant light. Results shows that females prefer to lay their eggs in
dark conditions, but maximizing the number and viability of eggs requires the
occurrence of a light/ dark cycle.
10. Qureshi (2017), worked on the distribution of aedes in eight selected parks of
Lahore, using oviposition traps during rainy season. The study was
conducted in eight parks in Lahore, Pakistan, over three years from 2011 to 2013.
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METHODOLOGY
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STUDY HABITAT
The study was conducted from July 2017 - March 2018.Area selected for study is
Pump Junction, Aluva which is a Town area (Figure 3). Four dengue cases were
reported in this area during the study period.
Various household substances such as Cumin (4g), sugar (4g), vinegar (20ml), and
salt (4g) in 100 ml of water were provided in triplicates in 100mlovitrapbowls for
oviposition. Distilled water was kept as control to check the oviposition response.
The Ovitraps were examined or monitored daily in order to count the number of eggs
laid on the scale wrapped in white cloth. Temperature and humidity of the area were
also noted.
RESULT
The results presented in Table 1 indicate that average number of eggs obtained
in a week of each month from July 2017 to March 2018, when ovitraps with
household substances namely tap water (control), cumin seeds, sugar, vinegar and
salt were offered.
Table 1. Average number of Aedeseggs observed during the study period from
July 2017 to March 2018.
From the experimental results, it was observed that ovitraps with tap water
showed positive oviposition response. It has been observed that cumin seeds
rendered maximum number of eggs, sugar is the next preferred attractant (Figure7,8
and 9). Mann Whitney Pairwise statistical analysis revealed no significant variation
in the ovitraps with cumin and sugar solution (P>0.05) when compared with control
ovitraps. In contrast to this, ovitraps with vinegar or salt showed almost total
avoidance/deterrence towards oviposition. Significantly low mean egg count were
noticed in ovitraps with Vinegar and salt solution in comparison with the control
ovitraps (P<0.05). (Figure no: 11 and Figure 12)
In this study habitat, it seems that temperature and humidity did play a
significant role in determining the presence of Aedes mosquito. This was
showed by significant values in Pearson’s correlation analysis. Analysis
revealed negative correlation (r2= - 0.792, P<0.05) between mean egg count
and temperature and positive correlation (r2=0.637, P<0.05) between
humidity and egg count in the control ovitrap.In July the temperature and
humidity was 26°C, 81% respectively and in March the temperature increased
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to 33°C and humidity was 71%. Egg count decreased as the temperature
increased and vice versa. The egg count increased from July 2017 to
December 2017 and reduced gradually from January 2018 to March 2018.
(Figure5 and Figure 6).
80
70
60
MEAN EGG COUNT
50 CONTROL
40 CUMIN
30 SUGAR
20 VINEGAR
SALT
10
0
JULY AUG NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH
MONTHS
Figure 5. Average number of eggs obtained in a week of each month from July
2017 to March 2018
80
70
60
MEAN EGG COUNT
50 CONTROL
40 CUMIN
30 SUGAR
20 VINEGAR
SALT
10
0
JULY AUG NOV DEC JAN FEB MARCH
MONTHS
Figure 6. Average number of eggs obtained in a week of each month from July
2017 to March 2018
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Figure 10. Egg count in Control Figure 11. Egg count in Salt
(tap water) solution
DISCUSSION
‘Aedes Borne Diseases’especially Dengue Fever, is a major issue of today’s world.
These Diseases are transmitted by the bite of infective mosquito vectors belong to
Aedes Species which breed in domestic and peridomestic containers.
Vector control method is considered the most effective way of controlling and
preventing the transmission of respective viruses.
Many studies have been done to evaluate the oviposition responses of Aedes species
to various substances inorder to use them as attractants or deterrents.
But some of the substances used in the above studies are moreover expensive
and are not commonly available.
Various household substances used in the study are common water, sugar, cumin
seeds, vinegar and salt.
The study period selected was from July 2017 to March 2018, and the study habitat
was Aluva Town in Ernakulam District.
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Ovitraps containing these substances were exposed weekly in the field to determine
the oviposition responses.
Those ovitraps where no ovipositor takes place are to be considered as repellants and
those with maximum number of eggs are to be considered as attractants.
The correlation analysis of data on temperature and humidity shows that temperature
and no of eggs is negatively correlated and humidity and no of eggs is positively
correlated.
It was also observed that cumin seeds rendered maximum number of eggs and is the
most preferred attractant,sugar being the next preferred attractant.Ovitraps with
Vinegar and salt showed almost total avoidance/deterrence towards oviposition.
CONCLUSION
‘Aedes borne diseases’ is a major issue of Today’s world .As there is no effective
vaccine or antiviral therapy commercially available , controlling the primary
mosquito vector of Aedes species is the only means to prevent the outbreaks of the
major mosquito borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya , yellow fever etc… The
conventional insecticidal treatment and the new emerged approaches such as
biological control method, genetic modification techniques etc... are not economical
and have some negative effects.
The study enabled us to know more about vector control methods of Aedes
species and the effect of temperature and humidity in determining the presence of
these species.It has been found that Ovitraps with common household substances are
effective, economically sound, simple control tools for monitoring Aedes activity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hati AK. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in West Bengal
State, India. J Commun Dis. 2006; 38(2) : 124-129.