Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore

Mechanical Engineering Department

Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
EXPERIMENT NO 1

AIM: To Study I.C. Engine (Two-stroke petrol and diesel engine, and four stroke petrol and diesel
engine)

INTRODUCTION:
Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy in mechanical work. It is classified into two types.
One is internal combustion engine and other is external combustion engine. Internal combustion engine
is a machine that converts chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy. Fuel is burnt in a combustion
chamber, releases its chemical energy in form of heat, which is converted into mechanical energy with
the help of reciprocating piston and crank mechanism.

CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.ENGINES:
The internal combustion engines are classified as follows.
1. According to piston stroke in the working cycle:
(a) Four stroke engines (b) two stroke engines
2. According to types of fuel:
(a) Petrol engine (b) Diesel engine (c) Gas engine
3. According to method of ignition:
(a) Spark ignition engines (b) Compression ignition engines
4. According to position of cylinder
(a) Vertical cylinder engines b. Horizontal cylinder engines c. Radial cylinder engines
5. According to number of cylinder
(a) Single cylinder engines b. Multi cylinder engines
6. According to cooling system
(a) Air cooled engine (b) Water cooled engine
7. According to speed of shaft
(a) Low speed engine (b). Medium speed engine (c) High speed engine

Page 1 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
DIFFERENT PARTS OF IC ENGINE AND THEIR FUNCTION:
1. Cylinder: It is the heart of the engine. The piston reciprocates in cylinder. It has to withstand high
pressure and temperature, thus it should be sufficient strength. Generally it is made by cost iron.
2. Piston: It is reciprocating member of the engine. It reciprocates in the cylinder. It is made by of cast
iron or aluminum alloys. Its surface is made flat for two stroke engine and deflected for two stroke
engine.
3. Crank: It is a rotating member. It makes circular motion in the crank case. Its one end is connected
with crank shaft and other end by connecting rod.
4. Crank Case: It is housing of the crank and body of the engine to which cylinder and other parts are
fastened. It also acts as a ground for lubricating oil.
5. Connecting Rod: It is a link between piston and crank. It transmits power developed on the piston to
crank shaft through crank. It is usually made of carbon steel.
6. Crank Shaft: It is a shaft, a rotating member, which connects crank and power developed by the
engine is transmitted out side through this shaft. It is made of carbon or alloys steel.
7. Cam Shaft: It is provided on four stroke engine. It carries two cams, for controlling the opening and
closing of valves.
8. Fly Wheel: It is mounted on the crank shaft. It is made of cast iron. It stores excess energy in the form
of inertia, and deliver when it is required. Means it minimize the speed fluctuations on the engine.
9. Spark Plug: It is provided on petrol engines. It produces a high intensity spark which initiates the
combustion process of the charge.
10. Fuel Injector: It is provided on diesel engines. The diesel fuel is injected in the cylinder at the end
of compression through fuel injector under very high pressure.
11. Carburetor: It is provided with petrol engines for providing a homogenous mixture of air and fuel
according to our driving condition.

Page 2 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)

Figure 1.1: Components of Internal Combustion Engine

Page 3 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)

Figure 1.2: Components of Internal Combustion Engine

Page 4 of 10
Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)

Figure 1.3: Cylinder Head

Figure 1.4 Cam Shaft

Page 5 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)

Figure 1.5: Cam Mechanism

Figure 1.6: Flywheel Figure1.7: Connecting Rod

Page 6 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE
WORKING & THEORY: The number of strokes required to complete one power cycle is four and
hence the engine is called four-stroke engine. The work is obtained only during one stroke out of four.
The strokes are as follows:
(I) Suction stroke: During this stroke the inlet values stays open and the exhaust valve closed. The
piston moves down ward from TDC to BDC by means of crankshaft, which is revolved by the
momentum of the flywheel or by power, generated by the electric starting motor. This piston movement
creates a pressure difference between outside and inside the cylinder and the higher pressure of the
atmosphere forces the air fuel mixture from the carburetor into the cylinder through inlet valve.

(ii) Compression stroke: The air fuel mixture, sucked during the suction stroke, is compressed in this
stroke. Piston moves from BDC to TDC. Just a little before the end of compression stroke a spark
produced by spark plug ignites the compressed mixture. Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed
during this stroke.

(iii) Working or power stroke: The inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke. Product
of combustion (hot gases) expands due to high temp. and pressure due to this the piston starts to move
downward from TDC to BDC and the power is obtained.

(iv) Exhaust stroke: The inlet valve remains closed while the exhaust valve opens. The major portion
of burnt gases escapes due to own expansion. The upward movement of the piston from BDC to TDC
pushes the remaining gases out of the open exhaust valve. Only a small quantity of burnt gases stays in
the clearance space. This cycle or series of events take place over and over again.

Figure 1.8: Working of Four Stroke Petrol Engine

Page 7 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
FOUR-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

WORKING & THEORY: The engine works on diesel cycle or constant pressure cycle. The working is
as follows:

(I)Suction stroke: The piston moves down from the TDC to BDC. The air is drawn into the cylinder
through inlet valve, which closes at the end of this stroke. The exhaust valve remains closed during this
stroke.

(ii) Compression stroke: In a vertical engine the piston moves up towards TDC from BDC position.
The inlet valve is now closed. The air drawn in the cylinder in the previous stroke is entrapped inside the
cylinder and compressed with the upward movement of the piston. As the compression ratio used in this
engine is high (14 to 22) the air is finally compressed to a pressure as high as 40 bars at which its
temperature is high (as high as 1000ºC) enough to ignite the fuel. As the piston moves after reaching
TDC the fuel is injected into the hot compressed air where it starts burning maintaining the pressure
constant.

(ii) Power or working stroke: Both inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke. The
product of combustion now expands in the engine cylinder pushing the piston down and hence doing
work. The piston finally reaches the BDC position.

(iv) Exhaust stroke: The piston now moves up once again. The inlet and fuel valves are closed but the
exhaust valve opens. Major part of the burnt gases escape due to their own expansion. The upward
movement of the piston pushes the remaining gases out through the open exhaust valve. The exhaust
valve closes at the end of the exhaust stroke. The cycle is thus complete.

Figure 1.9: Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Page 8 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINE

WORKING & THEORY: This engine works on Otto cycle. The process is completed in two strokes
(i.e. one revolution of crank shaft). Bikes, scooters, and racing cars mostly employ these engines. The
working of engine is as follows:

(i) Suction &Compression stroke: Engine is started by external source (by cranking or battery)
assuming that the Charge (air plus fuel) is inside the cylinder, the piston moves from the BDC to TDC
position. The piston first closes the transfer port and then the exhaust port. The fresh Charge is now
compressed. Simultaneously the upward movement of the piston creates some partial vacuum in the
crankcase, due to this the inlet port opens and the fresh charge enters in the crankcase. When the piston
reaches near the completion of its compression stroke the spark is provided by spark plug and
combustion takes place.

(ii). Expansion or power & Exhaust stroke: High pressure and temperature are developed due to
combustion of fuel. The piston is pushed down from TDC to BDC and thus the work is obtained. The
charge drawn from the inlet port in the previous stroke is partially compressed due to this movement of
piston. As the piston moves towards the BDC mostly the exhaust port is slightly uncovered and some of
the burnt gases escape to the atmosphere. Then the transfer port located just below but in opposite to the
exhaust port is also uncovered and the partial compressed fresh charge enters the exhaust port is also
uncovered and the partial compressed fresh charge enters the cylinder from crankcase and further pushes
the burnt gases out of exhaust port.

Suction Compression Ignition Exhaust

Figure 1.10: Working of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Page 9 of 10
 Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lab Manuals Basic.Mechanical.Engineering. (BT-203)
TWO-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

WORKING & THEORY: This engine works on diesel cycle. The process is completed in two strokes
(i.e. one revolution of crank shaft). Stationary power plants & ships mostly employ these engines. The
working of engine is as follows:

(i) Suction &Compression stroke: Engine is started by external source (by cranking or battery)
assuming that the air is inside the cylinder, the piston moves from the BDC to TDC position. The
piston first closes the transfer port and then the exhaust port. The fresh air is now compressed.
Simultaneously the upward movement of the piston creates some partial vacuum in the crankcase, due to
this the inlet port opens and the fresh air enters in the crankcase. When the piston reaches near the
completion of its compression stroke the fuel is injected through fuel injector in the form of fine spray.
The high compression ratio maintains the temperature high enough for self-ignition of fuel and
combustion takes place.

(ii). Expansion or power & Exhaust stroke: High pressure and temperature are developed due to
combustion of fuel. The piston is pushed down from TDC to BDC and thus the work is obtained. The air
drawn from the inlet port in the previous stroke is partially compressed due to this movement of piston.
As the piston moves towards the BDC mostly the exhaust port is slightly uncovered and some of the
burnt gases escape to the atmosphere. Then the transfer port located just below but in opposite to the
exhaust port is also uncovered and the partial compressed fresh air enters the exhaust port is also
uncovered and the partial compressed fresh air enters the cylinder from crankcase and further pushes the
burnt gases out of exhaust port.

Suction Compression Fuel Injection Exhaust

Figure 1.11: Working of Two Strokes Diesel Engine

Questions:
1. Why the power of two stroke engines is more than four stroke engine?
2. What is the difference between port and valve?
3. What is stroke?
4. Why the flywheel of two strokes engine is lighter than four strokes engine?

Page 10 of 10