PFF II:

ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION (CH.38)

PLANT RESPONSES (CH.39)

Campbell Biology|2014 25/26 Maret 2019

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 KOMPETENSI 28 – 36 (9)
K31-Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan perkembangan gamet jantan
K32-Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan perkembangan gamet betina
K33-Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi ganda
K34-Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan perkembangan biji
K35-Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tipe buah
K36-Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama hormon tumbuhan
K37-Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fotoperiodisme dan kontrol
pembungaan
K38-Mahasiswa mampu membedakan respon tumbuhan terhadap stimuli
gravitasi dan mekanik
K39-Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan respon tumbuhan terhadap stress
lingkungan
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 ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION

Male long-horned bees (Eucera longicornis) often attempt to copulate with flowers of the European
orchid Ophrys scolopax
CONCEPT 1: FLOWERS, DOUBLE
FERTILIZATION, AND FRUITS ARE
UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE ANGIOSPERM Stamen
Anther Stigma Carpel
LIFE CYCLE Style
Filament Ovary

Flower Structure and Function

A single carpel or group

of fused carpels is
called a pistil Sepal
Petal

Receptacle

(a) Structure of an idealized flower

 The life cycle of
angiosperms.
(a) Development of a male

K31: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan perkembangan gamet jantan

gametophyte (in pollen grain)

Microsporangium
(pollen sac)
DEVELOPMENT OF MALE
Microsporocyte (2n)
GAMETOPHYTES IN POLLEN GRAINS
MEIOSIS

4 microspores (n) • Pollen develops from

microspores
Each of 4
microspores (n)
• The pollen grain consists
MITOSIS
of the two-celled male
Generative cell (n) Male
gametophyte gametophyte and the
spore wall
Nucleus of
tube cell (n)
20 µm
Ragweed
75 µm pollen
grain
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
The development of male gametophyte
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN5Kt-gSiWs

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 (b) Development of a female

K32: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan perkembangan gamet betina

gametophyte (embryo sac)

DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE
Megasporangium (2n) GAMETOPHYTES
Ovule Megasporocyte (2n)
(EMBRYO SACS)
MEIOSIS Integuments (2n)
Micropyle
• Within an ovule,
Surviving megaspores are
megaspore (n)
produced by meiosis and

Female gametophyte
MITOSIS develop into embryo
Ovule

(embryo sac)
3 antipodal cells (n) sacs, the female
2 polar nuclei (n) gametophytes
1 egg (n)
Integuments (2n)
2 synergids (n)
100 µm

Embryo
sac
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
The development of female gametophyte
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz0IbF8J4Z0

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Stigma

K33: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi ganda

Pollen grain

Pollen tube DOUBLE FERTILIZATION

2 sperm
• Double fertilization results
from the discharge of two
sperm from the pollen tube into
Style the embryo sac
• One sperm fertilizes the egg,
Ovary
and the other combines with
the polar nuclei, giving rise to
Ovule Polar nuclei the triploid (3n) food-storing
endosperm
Micropyle Egg
 K33: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fertilisasi ganda
Endosperm
nucleus (3n)
Ovule (2 polar nuclei
plus sperm)

Polar nuclei

Egg

Synergid Zygote (2n)

(egg plus sperm)
2 sperm
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
Double fertilization in angiosperm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I

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 K34: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan perkembangan biji
SEED DEVELOPMENT, FORM, AND FUNCTION
After double fertilization,
•each ovule develops into a seed
•The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed(s)

ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT
• In most monocots and some eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients
that can be used by the seedling
• In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are
exported to the cotyledons
 K34: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan perkembangan biji
Ovule
Endosperm
nucleus
Integuments
Zygote
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
Zygote
Terminal cell
• The first mitotic division of
Basal cell the zygote is transverse,
Proembryo
Suspensor splitting the fertilized egg
into a basal cell and a
Basal cell
terminal cell
Cotyledons
Shoot
apex
Root
apex Seed coat
Suspensor Endosperm
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
Embryo development of monocots
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqFW7ArAqqk

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 Seed coat Epicotyl

K34: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan perkembangan biji

Hypocotyl
Radicle
Cotyledons

(a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons STRUCTURE OF THE MATURE SEED
Seed coat
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Epicotyl the seed dehydrates until its
Hypocotyl
Radicle water content is only about
(b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyledons 5–15% of its weight
Scutellum Pericarp fused
(cotyledon) with seed coat The embryo enters
Endosperm
Coleoptile
Epicotyl dormancy
Hypocotyl
Coleorhiza
Radicle
(c) Maize, a monocot
 Foliage leaves

K34: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan perkembangan biji

Cotyledon
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl

SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING

Radicle DEVELOPMENT
Seed coat
(a) Common garden bean

Foliage leaves

Coleoptile Coleoptile

Radicle
(b) Maize
A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
Seed germination (lima bean)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZMjBO6A7AE

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 Flower Carpels
Stigma Style Stamen
Petal

K52: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tipe buah

Ovary
Stamen
FRUIT FORM AND
Stamen FUNCTION
Stigma Sepal
Ovary
Ovule (in receptacle)
Ovule
Pea
Pineapple flower
inflorescence Raspberry flower
Apple flower
Each segment
Carpel Remains of
develops
(fruitlet) stamens and styles
from the Sepals Stigma
carpel Seed
of one Ovary
flower
Stamen

Seed
Receptacle
Pea fruit
Pineapple fruit Raspberry fruit
Apple fruit
(c) Multiple
(a) Simplefruit
fruit (d)
(b) Accessory
Aggregatefruit
fruit
 PLANT RESPONSES

Upon germination, a parasitic, nonphotosynthetic flowering plant called dodder (Cuscuta), fueled by
nutrients stored during embryo development, searches for a host plant.
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
CONCEPT 2: PLANT HORMONES HELP COORDINATE GROWTH,
DEVELOPMENT, AND RESPONSES TO STIMULI

• In general, hormones control plant growth and development

by affecting the division, elongation, and differentiation of
cells
• Plant hormones are produced in very low concentration, but
a minute amount can greatly affect growth and
development of a plant organ
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
1. AUXIN

• The term auxin refers to any chemical that promotes

elongation of coleoptiles
• produced predominantly in shoot tips and is transported
from cell to cell down the stem at a rate of about 1 cm/hr.
It moves only from tip to base, not in the reverse direction.
• This unidirectional transport of auxin is called polar
transport.
CELL ELONGATION IN RESPONSE TO AUXIN: THE ACID GROWTH HYPOTHESIS.
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
2. CYTOKININS
• Cytokinins are so named because they stimulate
cytokinesis (cell division)

Control of Cell Division and Differentiation

• Cytokinins are produced in actively growing tissues such
as roots, embryos, and fruits
• Cytokinins work together with auxin to control cell division
and differentiation
 Lateral branches

K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
Control of Apical Dominance
• Cytokinins, auxin, and
“Stump” after
rremoval of
strigolactones interact in the
apical bud control of apical dominance,
a terminal bud’s ability to
(b) Apical bud removed
suppress development of
axillary buds
• If the terminal bud is
removed, plants become
bushier
Axillary buds

(a) Apical bud intact (c) Auxin added to

(not shown in photo) decapitated stem
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
3. GIBERELLINS
Gibberellins have a variety of effects, such as stem elongation,
fruit growth, and seed germination
 Gibberellin-induced stem growth

K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
3. GIBBERELLINS

Gibberellin-induced fruit growth

Fruit Growth
• In many plants, both auxin and
gibberellins must be present for
fruit to set
Stem Elongation
• Gibberellins stimulate growth of
leaves and stems
• In stems, they stimulate cell
elongation and cell division
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
Germination: After water is imbibed, release of gibberellins from the
embryo signals seeds to germinate
Early germination

K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
in red mangrove
4. ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)
Seed dormancy
ensures that the seed will
germinate only in optimal
conditions
Coleoptile
In some seeds, dormancy is
broken when ABA is removed
by heavy rain, light, or
prolonged cold
Drought tolerance
ABA is the primary internal
signal that enables plants to
withstand drought
Early germination
in maize mutant
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
5. ETHYLENE
• Plants produce ethylene in
response to stresses (drought,
flooding, mechanical pressure,
injury, and infection)
• The effects of ethylene include
response to

(1) mechanical stress -triple

response: slowing of stem
elongation, a thickening of the
stem, horizontal growth

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.80

Ethylene concentration (parts per million)

 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
(2) Senescence
the programmed death of plant cells or
organs
A burst of ethylene is associated with
0.5 mm apoptosis, the programmed destruction
of cells, organs, or whole plants
(3) Leaf Abscission
A change in the balance of auxin and
ethylene controls leaf abscission
(4) Fruit ripening
A burst of ethylene production in a fruit
triggers the ripening process

Protective layer Abscission layer

Stem Petiole 31
 K36: Mahasiswa mampu medeskripsikan fungsi utama enam tipe hormon tumbuhan
6. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
Brassinosteroids are chemically similar to the sex hormones of
animals
They induce cell elongation and division in stem segments
7. JASMONATES

Plant defense and plant development

Regulate a wide variety of physiological processes in plants
nectar secretion, fruit ripening, pollen production, flowering
time, seed germination, root growth, tuber formation,
mycorrhizal symbioses, and tendril coiling

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8. STRIGOLACTONES

Strigolactones are upwardly mobile signals that

stimulate seed germination,
help establish mycorrhizal associations,
help control apical dominance

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 K37: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fotoperidisme dan kontrol pembungaan
CONCEPT 3: RESPONSES TO LIGHT ARE CRITICAL FOR PLANT SUCCESS
Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons
• Photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day, is the
environmental stimulus plants use most often to detect the
time of year
• Photoperiodism is a physiological response to photoperiod
• Some processes, including flowering in many species,
require a certain photoperiod

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 24 hours

K37: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fotoperidisme dan kontrol pembungaan

(a) Short-day (long-night)
plant
PHOTOPERIODISM AND CONTROL
OF FLOWERING

• Flowering in day-neutral
Light Flash Darkness
of plants is controlled by
Critical
dark period
light plant maturity, not
photoperiod
(b) Long-day (short-night)
plant

Flash of light
 mekanik
K38: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan respon tumbuhan terhadap stimuli gravitasi dan
CONCEPT 4: PLANTS RESPOND TO A WIDE VARIETY OF STIMULI OTHER THAN LIGHT

Gravity: Gravitropism
• Roots show positive
gravitropism; shoots show
negative gravitropism
Statoliths
20 µm
• Plants may detect gravity by
the settling of statoliths,
specialized plastids containing
dense starch grains
(a) Root gravitropic bending (b) Statoliths settling

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A CLIP (SELF-ACCESS)
Plant Response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zctM_TWg5Ik

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 mekanik
K38: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan respon tumbuhan terhadap stimuli gravitasi dan
MECHANICAL STIMULI

Thigmomorphogenesis refers to
changes in form that result from
mechanical disturbance
Rubbing stems of young plants a
couple of times daily results in plants
that are shorter than controls
 K39: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan respon lingkungan terhadap stress lingkungan
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

Stresses can be abiotic (nonliving) or biotic (living)

Abiotic stresses include drought, flooding, salt stress, heat
stress, and cold stress
 K39: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan respon lingkungan terhadap stress lingkungan
DROUGHT
During drought, plants reduce transpiration by closing
stomata, slowing leaf growth, and reducing exposed
surface area
Growth of shallow roots is inhibited, while deeper roots
continue to grow
 K39: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan respon lingkungan terhadap stress lingkungan
Vascular
cylinder

FLOODING
Air tubes
Enzymatic destruction of root cortex cells creates air tubes that help plants
survive oxygen deprivation during flooding

Epidermis

Ethylene-stimulated apoptosis
creates the air tubes
100 µm 100 µm
(a) Control root (aerated) (b) Experimental root (nonaerated) 42
SUMMARY

1. Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the

angiosperm life cycle
2. Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and
responses to stimuli
3. Responses to light are critical for plant success
4. Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
NEXT WEEK
AFF I
 Basic Principles of Animal (Chapter 40)
 Animal Nutrition (Chapter 41)