1.

World Englishes

World Englishes are divided in

three aspect. Kachrus model
Expanding circle
(2001) presents this
Outer circle
categorisation with three
concentric circles (inner, outer
Inner circle and expanding):

1. Inner circle countries use

English as the first language
(mother language) , e.g. the
USA and UK.

2. Outer circle countries use

English as an official
language or language of
education, government and
the legislature judiciary, ex :
malaysia, philippines, etc.

3. Expanding circle countries

use English as a foreign
language, ex : Indonesia,
Japan etc.

2. Part of speech and Characteristics of A Sentence, Clause, and Phrase

 Noun
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often
used with an article (the, a, an), but not always. Proper nouns always
 start with a capital letter; common nouns do not.
Example: -> I sit in a chair.
-> I looking you from my phone.
 Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually
substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent.
Example: -> She is my daughter.
-> He is my granfather.
 Verb
The verb in a sentence expresses action or being.
Example : -> I ride my car.
-> He brought to me a flower.
 Pronoun
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun.
Example : -> I buy for you a small white flower.
-> I live in the big red house.
 Adverb
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb, but never a noun.
Example : -> You walk very slowly.
-> I will invite you, tomorrow.
 Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a
phrase modifying another word in the sentence.
Example: -> I’m on the way.
-> This party will be held at jhon’s house.
 Conjuntion
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the
relationship between the elements joined.
Example : -> Because of you, I’am here.
-> You and me always be together forever.
  Interjection
An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed
by an exclamation point.
Example : -> Oh my god! Are you feeling it?
-> Ouch! You stepped on my foot.
 Letter
-> an
-> a, etc.
 Syllable
-> dragon fly.
-> flying dutchman, etc
 Word
-> Clock
-> Wallet, etc
 Phrase
->Traping mechanism.
-> Great Tree of Life, etc.
 Clause ( S+V )
-> He came.
-> Lack government, etc.
 Pharagraph
-> Experiment with animal suggest that radiation cause birth deflect in
chickens and reduced production of milk in cows. Also, many humans
who develop brain cancers have used mobile phones.
 Sentenced
-> He came to school with bring a lot of paper.
-> The lack government of United States make a wrong decision.
3. Tenses
a. Simple Present Tense
The Present Simple tense is the most basic tense in English
and uses the base form of the verb, true or normal.
Ex: (+) You read a book.
 (?) Do you read the book?
(-) You do not read a book.
From that statement we conclusion that simple present tense
divided into three kind’s,
1. Positive form

S+V/V‘s+O
Example :
 Jack arrives from NY yesterday.
 I write the letter for dean.
2. Negative form

S + not + do/doesV1 / V1 ‘ s + O

Example :
 I don’t stay home.
 They don’t go to home.
3. Question form

Do + S + V1?

Example :
 Do you drink a tea?
 Does Jhon and Michael meet the teacher?
b. Present Perfect Tense
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an
unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. The
action usually in finished and unfinished action.
1. Finished Action
Example :
 I have been to Kentucky
 They have been umroh in Mecca three times.
2. Unfinished action
Example :
  The mosque has been builts 3 month ago.
 She has liked a flower since she young
Remember!
I
You
They
Have
We
He
She Has
It
c. Passive Tense
In literary language, passive sentences are used to embellish the
words that the reader does not get bored with reading the author.
The following formula passive word and example :

S + to be + V3

Ex: Teacher call me (active)

I have called by teacher (Passive)
d. Complex Sentence
Complex sentence is a types of sentences, which consists of one
independent clause and one or more dependent clause. At complex
sentences, the mind is an independent clause on top mind while an
additional dependent. With lying words, a complex sentence has a
basic foundation of the basic form of independent with additional
information form dependent clauses.
1. Independent clause
Example :
Mr. Didik is my lecturer.
2. Dependent clause
The funniest lecturer in agriculture faculty.
3. Comlex sentence

Mr. Didik is my lecturer who is The funniest lecturer in agriculture faculty.