VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590 018

PHASE 2 Project Report

Review- I

on

“Fully Automated Garbage Collection for Large and Small

Scale Industries and Metro Cities”
For the award of degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
Submitted by
BHARGAVI .K .R (1SJ15TE003)
GOWTHAMI .M .L (1SJ15TE009)
RENUKA .P .R (1SJ15TE033)
SWETHA .A .V (1SJ15TE043)

Under the guidance of

Dr. S. Bhargavi
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

S. J. C. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHICKBALLAPUR-56

1
 S. J. C. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHICKBALLAPUR-562101

(Affiliated to VTU Belagavi and approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Accredited by NAAC and ISO 9001: 2015 Certified

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work Fully Automated Garbage Collection for Large and
Small Scale Industries and Metro Cities carried out by Bhargavi.K.R
(1SJ15TE003), Gowthami.M.L (1SJ15TE009), Renuka.P.R (1SJ15TE033),
Swetha.A.V (1SJ15TE043) are students of S.J.C Institute of Technology, in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Telecommunication Engineering
of Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic year 2018-
2019. It is certified that, they have completed the Phase-2 review 1 of the project
satisfactorily.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Co-ordinator Signature of the HOD

.......................................... ...................................................... ...................................

Dr. S. Bhargavi Mr. G. K. Venkatesh Dr. M. Nagendra Kumar

Mr. Mohan babu

2
 CONTENTS

Sl. No Particulars
Chapter 1:1.1 Introduction 5-6
1.2 Literature review 7-8
1.3 Objectives 9
1.4 Problem statement 9
1.5 Methodology 10
Chapter 2:2.1 Block Diagram 11
Chapter 3:3.1 Hardware requirements and 12-18
its description
3.2 Software requirements and 19-20
its description
Chapter 4:4.1 Advantages 21
4.2 Disadvantages 21
4.3 Applications 22
4.4 Conclusion 22
References

3
“Fully Automated Garbage Collection for Large and Small
Scale Industries and Metro Cities”
ABSTRACT
The main aim of the project is to automatic garbage collection and monitor.
Now this is the modern era of technology where life is becoming simple and
easier in all aspects of the advancement of technology. The new world is
adopting automatic systems. In various areas of the city, the garbage
dumpster is keep in different public places and along the roads where there
are overflowing because of increasing wasting system and lack of
monitoring. It creates an unhealthy environment and unpleasant conditions
for the industries and bad aroma inside environment. Therefore, many
diseases spread around the environment that have dangerous for our health
So, it needs to investigate to solve the problem of overflow garbage
dumpsters. In this paper, there are sensors are kept to monitor the overflow of
the garbage dumpsters So that it is easy to determine which dumpster is full.
When the garbage level reaches the threshold limits, controller will send RF
signal to the vehicle. Once Vehicle receives the RF signal then it will starts
and moves towards the garbage dumpsters and stops below that and
controller activates the dumpster motor to fall garbage inside the vehicle then
vehicle moves to next dumpster. The whole process is completely automatic
but for the safer side in manual mode also given to control the vehicle via
Bluetooth.

4
CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Garbage is a destructive and harmful factor for our surrounding environment. It
deceptions the hazardous threat to our land, air, and water. Land that is overfilled with
garbage, destroy profitable land and take many years to recover the nutrients and the land
spoiled. With the total amount of dissipating produce globally predictable to boost by
nearly 60% over the next decade. For Smart Cities and municipalities in particular areas
of the world, people enjoy the world-class waste management service. There is no any
confusion about the collection of the dumpster by avoiding smells and any type of noise,
air and land pollution. Basically, it is the responsibility of private collector or a local
authority municipality, to collect the garbage and all wastes material on time.
Unfortunately, there is no such mechanism in which the collection of containers and bins
at the right place and on time. They have a compulsion to the citizens and clients to
provide the finest waste management service.

A Geographical Information System (GIS), transportation model for a hard waste

compilation collection and removal have been proposed in for the city of Asansol in
India. Many intend to provide an efficient system specializing in waste collection needs.
In an improved routing and preparation for the Eastern Finland, city of Porto Alleger in
Brazil there some proposed a vehicle-scheduling model for rock-hard waste compilation.
In the normal routine as the dumpsters are getting overflow and concern authority does
not aware the collection on time and due to which unhygienic state shaped in the
background. At the same time, unpleasant smell spread out due to waste material and
presents a dreadful glance of the city that causes air and land pollution. According to the
current system of collecting the wastes material and garbage from dumpsters, there are
some limitations like time-consuming and less effective, trucks come and go and does
not watch the containers whether they are full or not, inflated cost with respect to the
route of the city. While collecting the garbage, unhygienic environment creates the bad
smell that further leads to several diseases of the human normal health. Presents the
current situation of the dumpsters inside the cities.

With the increase in population and all the products used by them, the circumstances of
big dumps of wastes and garbage are at the critical stage so there must be an efficient
thing that serves us in an effective way to get rid of this problem. The adoption of

5
innovative technologies will consequence in more included waste organization solutions
that move further than the traditional use of work, diesel trucks and conventional
landfills. Recent advancement in the production of mobile computers, smart phones,
smart sensors and sensor system unlock vast chances for researchers of various systems
and application in the fields like Smart Homes and Smart Cities. In a Smart City
compilation of waste is a vital point for surroundings and its quality should be measured
gravely. The implementation of ground-breaking technologies will result in more
integrated waste management solutions.

6
 1.2 LITERATURESURVEY

i. Integrated system to monitor waste bins

In order to determine the waste bins monitoring several systems are deployed with the
help of recent technology like GSM, ZigBee and ARM7. All these systems are used to
monitor the waste bins via some GSM technology. SENS dumpsters in are also used for
this purpose than to maintain the number of dumpsters. To check the filling level of
dumpsters with the help of volumetric sensors is able to detect the required amount of
wastes material inside the dumpsters. It is fully ZigBee wireless device. The smart
wastes management level architecture basically consists of internet cloud, Google map
service, and GSM networks. By GSM communication it is easy to implement anywhere.
This architecture was used for transmitting the required data to the data server. In
practice, there are three possibilities of dumpsters with respect to filling level by mean
the probability of dumpsters is empty 0% and the dumpsters is half and the full usually
normal routine is 60% and 90%. By using IOT it is the best strategy when dumpsters are
not cleaned the notification is sent to the concerned authority. With the help of IOT, the
fake report can be judged so the chances of corruption in this department have been
reduced there are some solutions that are commonly used in practice like GPS based
route optimization for municipal authorities; the geographic information system of
wastes management, RFID tagged wastes bins and US sensor-based smart system.
Guerrero et. All visits almost 24 countries in 3 continents and come in conclusion of
about wastes management system. There is no proper scheduling for wastes collecting
from dumpsters. In the author indicates that the major components of solving the
problem of solid-wastes such that GIS, GPS, sensors, camera, and IOTs. This paper
presents the issue of existing wastes management system and provides the IoT based
solution in which smart dumpster are deployed under the selected populated areas of the
city. Through this system, the garbage is filling inside the dumpster and when it exceeds
its defined limit the automatic message is sent to the concerned authority. With the
enable GPS system the location of the dumpster is also sent with its proper coordinates
and optimized route map.

ii. Smart wastes collection system based on location intelligence

With the help of location-based intelligence, the timeframe has been set for dumpsters
between 8-24 hours. If the dumpster is empty the status is sent to the municipal authority.

7
On the contrary, the dumpsters are not empty between proposed timing and the status of
dumpsters is full then the related vehicle collects the wastes material between duty hours.
The related dumpster agent sends the two relative messages like “emptied” and “request”
when the dumpster is empty and full respectively. The color scheme is also used for this
propose like all empty dumpsters are in green color and all full dumpsters denoted by
red. To identify the dumpsters the color scheme is efficient. Fig. 3 represents SWCS. By
the smart wastes collection system, the results point to that below the same states, waste
compilation policy on the real- time implemented system. All the dumpsters filling status
get better the waste collection competence by collecting its proper time. When the
container becomes full then it collected on the same day otherwise it collected by the
fourth reducing factor. There are some terms and conditions in the garbage collection
department when and where the container needs to be clean first and later respectively.
So its depend upon the nearby location and the current status of a dumpster, to reduce the
optimized route cost there is need to make a plan for collecting it at least as minimum
cost for the whole path where all the same status of dumpsters are located.

iii. IOT based waste management system for smart system

In this modern era of technology where the population is increased in some gradually
ascending order, that simply means to increases the wastes material inside the city. It is
essential for today community to adopt the proper wastes collection system. For
example, to monitor the IoT based smart system of dumpsters there are several
dumpsters needs to be kept around the city. With these IoT based dustbins, the micro
sensors are used with IR sensor so that the communication between the dumpster and its
concern authority is easy. Initially, the record of the dumpster is monitor and through IR
bases sensor its value is sent to be the nearby collection system. After it, the appropriate
action is needed to be taking and analyzed through some cloud server in which all the
related information is stored about the location and the current status of dumpsters.
Through some GUI based environment, all these things are easily being handled via
some mobile application on web browser.

8
 1.3 OBJECTIVES
i. Detection of whether dumpster is full or not.
ii. Automatic collection of garbage.
iii. Clean India mission

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The garbage is a destructive and harmful factor for our surrounding environment. It
deceits the hazardous threat to our land, water and air. Land that is overfilled with
garbage, destroy profitable land and take many years to recover the nutrients and the land
spoiled. With the increase in population and all the products used by them, the
circumstances of big dumps of waste and garbage are at the critical stage so there must
be an efficient thing that serves us an efficient way to grid of this problem. The adoption
of innovative technologies will consequence in more includes waste organization
solutions that move further than the traditional use of work, diesel trucks and
conventional landfills.

1.5 METHODOLOGY
9
In the Proposed System there are two units. One is Garbage collection unit and other one
is garbage monitoring unit.

i. In both the units Aurdino Uno is used to monitor as well as to control the
system. In monitoring Unit Aurdino microcontroller is interfaced with RF
transmitter, three IR sensors, IR sensor, and relays to activate motors.

ii. One IR sensor is used to detect the level in dumpster .If IR detects the full
of garbage in Dumpster then controller sends RF signal to the vehicle and
at the same time buzzer starts Beeping to indicate vehicle is coming to
collect garbage.
iii. IR sensors are kept near dumpster to detect the vehicle when vehicle
arrives near dumpster only when dumpster is full.
iv. Vehicle starts moving using line following method and stops
automatically below dumpster then dumpster poured into vehicle then
vehicle moves to next dumpster.
v. The entire vehicle is controlled by monitoring system using RF
technology.
vi. Vehicle can be controlled by Bluetooth in manual mode.

CHAPTER-2
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

10
 BLUETOOTH

ARDUNIO MOTORDRIVER MOTOR

RF RECEIVER MICROCONTROLLER
MOTORDRIVER MOTOR

POWER SUPPLY

Fig 1.1 Vehicle Setup for collecting garbage

RF TRANSMITTER MOTOR MOTOR

DRIVER

IR SENSOR Bin

MOTOR MOTOR
IR LEVEL DRIVER
ARDUNIO
SENSOR MICROCONTROLLER Bin
IR LEVEL
SENSOR BUZZER

IR SENSOR
POWER SUPPLY

Fig 1.2 Garbage Monitoring Unit

CHAPTER-3
3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION

11
3.1.1 HARDWARES REQUIRED
i. Arduino Uno
ii. RF RX TX
iii. Bluetooth
iv. IR Sensor
v. Buzzer
vi. Relays
vii. DC motor

3.1.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

i. ARDUINO UNO
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P ( datasheet ).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Specifications
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE)
were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The
Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference

12
model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated
boards see the Arduino index of boards.

ii. RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is
known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly,

signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range
applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel
even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission
is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific
frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The

transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected
at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is
received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used
for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a
decoder.HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

iii. BLUETOOTH
It is a class-2 Bluetooth module with Serial Port Profile, which can configure as either
Master or slave. a Drop-in replacement for wired serial connections, transparent usage.
You can use it simply for a serial port replacement to establish connection between HC-
05 Specification
HC-05 Specification
Bluetooth protocol: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+ED

Frequency: 2.4 GHz ISM ban

13
Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)

Emission power: 4dBm, Class2

Sensitivity: -84dBm at 0.1% BER

Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1 Mbps (Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous: 1Mbps/1Mbps

Security: Authentication and encryption

How to interface with Microcontroller

Note 1: This is a single unit only. We recommend the purchase a USB dongle to interface
to a computer if you do not already have access to a computer with Bluetooth
connectivity.
Note 2: Do not attach this device directly to a PC RS232 Port. You will need an RS232 to
TTL converter circuit if you need to attach this to a computer
Note 3:I/O Pins are not 5V Tolerant, use level converter for interfacing with 5V
Microcontrollers

iv. IR SENSORS
The transmitter part of the sensor is an infrared which transmits continuous IR rays to be
received by an IR receiver. The output of the receiver varies depending upon its
reception of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as such, therefore this
output can be fed to a comparator. Here operational amplifier (op-amp) of is used as
comparator.
When the IR receiver does not receive signal the potential at the inverting input goes
higher than that that at non-inverting input of the comparator (LM 339). Thus the output
of the comparator goes low and the does not glow .When the IR receiver receives signal
the potential at the inverting input goes low. Thus the output of the comparator (LM 339)
goes high and the LED starts glowing. R1 (100 ), R2 (10k ) and R3 (330 ) are used
to ensure that minimum 10 mA current passes through the IR LED, photodiode and
normal LED, respectively. Resistor VR2 (preset=5k ) is used to adjust the output.
Resistor VR1 (preset=10k ) is used to set the sensitivity of the circuit.

v. BUZZER
A buzzer an audio signalling device which may be mechanical electromechanical and
piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

14
Electromechanical
The electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in
early doorbell until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favour of musical chimes,
which had a softer tone.

Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented by
Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to
1980s. This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by Japanese
manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate Application
Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be "competitively cooperative"
and bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric

bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own
actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall
or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise
that electromechanical buzzers made.

Mechanical
A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer and they require drivers. Other
examples of them are doorbells.

While technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and

undesirable there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used.
Present day applications include:

 Novelty uses

 Judging panels

 Educational purposes

vi. RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil

15
current can be ON or OFF so relays have two switch position and they are double throw
(changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V
AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two
circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large
current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays
designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current
and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value
required for the relay coil.

The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can
supply relay coils directly without amplification. Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but
they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relay with 4 sets of
changeover contacts are readily available. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting
but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the
plastic case of the relay.

The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connection. The coil will be
obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high
voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the
circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.

The relay’s switch connections are usually contains COM, NC and NO.

COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

This is a Single Pole Double Throw relay. Current will flow between the movable
contact and one fixed contact when the coil is energized and between the movable
contact and the alternate fixed contact when the relay coil is energized. The most
commonly used relay in car audio, the Bosch relay is a SPDT relay.

Features

16
Printed circuit mounts 10A relay

 1 pole changeover contacts or 1 pole normally open contact.

 Miniature-“Sugar cube” package.
 DC coil-360mW.
 Cadmium Free contact material option.

vii. DC MOTOR

DC gear motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brushless and servo. A
DC gear motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator and an integral
gearbox or gear head. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets
or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and
torque applications. A DC servomotor has an output shaft that can be positioned by
sending a coded signal to the motor. As the input to the motor changes, the angular
position of the output shaft changes as well. Servomotors are generally small and
powerful for their size, and easy to control. Common types of DC servomotors include
brushless or gear motor types. Stepper motors are classes of motors that provide
incremental motion, or steps, in response to pulses of current that alternately change the
polarity of the stator poles; step motors do not require feedback and are sometimes used
in "Open Loop," or no-feedback applications.

Important performance specifications to consider when searching for gear motors include
shaft speed, continuous torque, and continuous current and continuous output power. The
terminal voltage is the design DC motor voltage. The continuous torque is the output
torque capability of the motor under constant running conditions. Continuous current is
the maximum rated current that can be supplied to the motor windings without
overheating. Continuous output power is the mechanical power provided by the motor
output.

Important DC motor specifications to consider include terminal voltage, motor

construction and commutation. The terminal voltage is the design DC motor voltage.
Motor construction choices include permanent magnet, shunt wound, series wound,
compound wound, disc armature, and coreless or spotless. Commutation choices include
brush or brushless.

17
Important gearing specifications to consider for gear motors and gear heads include the
gearing arrangement, gearbox ratio, and gearbox efficiency. Gearing arrangement
choices for gear motors or gear heads include spur, planetary, harmonic, worm, and
bevel. Gearbox ratio is the ratio of input speed to output speed. A ratio greater than one,
therefore, indicates speed reduction, while a ratio less than one indicates speed increase.
Efficiency is the percentage of power or torque that is transferred through the gearbox.
Losses occur due to factors such as friction and slippage inside the gearbox.

Feedback choices for gear motors include integral encoder, integral resolver, and integral
tachometer. Other important parameters to consider when specifying gear motors
include shaft orientation or type and number of shafts, design units, motor shape,
diameter or width, housing length, NEMA frame size, enclosure options and special or
extreme environment construction. Common features include multi-speed, reversible,
integral driver electronics, integral brake, integral clutch, and brake and clutch
combination.

3.2 SOFTWARES REQUIRED AND ITS DISCRIPTION

3.2.1 SOFTWARES REQUIRED

i. Aurdino IDE
ii. Embedded C

18
3.2.2 SOFTWARES DISCRIPTION
i. Arduino IDE

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and

software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical
board.

The key features are −

 Aurdino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off,
connect to the cloud and many other actions.

 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading
software).

 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto
the board. You can simply use a USB cable.

 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier
to learn to program.

 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.

Board Types
Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different microcontrollers
used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they are programmed
through the Arduino IDE.

The differences are based on the number of inputs and outputs (the number of sensors,
LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board), speed, operating voltage, form factor
etc. Some boards are designed to be embedded and have no programming interface

19
(hardware), which you would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from a 3.7V
battery, others need at least 5V.

ii. EMBEDDED C
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C
extension committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires
nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as
fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations

In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues by
providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number
of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address
spaces and basic I/O hardware addressing.

Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main () function,
variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements (if, switch case), loops
(while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit operations, macros,
etc.

CHAPTER-4
4.1 ADVANTAGES

20
 i. Keep monitoring the dustbins. As it is a fully automatic system it reduces man
power as humans are not require to

ii. Always keeps Dustbin area clean as there is no overflow of waste from dustbin.

4.2 DISADVANTAGES

i. The system is designed only for automatic collection so it is difficult to perform

segregation of waste

4.3 APPLICATIONS
i. This project can be used in all type of industries to keep industry environment

21
 clean.

ii. It can be used in apartments.

iii. This application can be used in university college campus for collection of
garbage from dustbins.

iv. It can be used in hospitals

4.4 CONCLUSION
As we have implemented real-time Smart Dumpsters Monitoring and Garbage Collection
System by using the level sensor to identify the condition of dumpster either the
dumpsters are full. In this proposed system, all the related information of smart
dumpsters can be access to the vehicle from anytime. With the help of this proposed
concept the cost reduction, resource and route optimization, effective usage of smart
dustbins can be done.

REFERENCES

22
[1] M. S. Korai, R. B. Mahar, and M. A. U qaili, "The feasibility of municipal solid
waste for energy generation and its existing management practices in Pakistan,"
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 72, pp. 338−353,2017.
[2] B.S.S.Rani, "IoT Based Smart Trash of Garbage Collection System," IJSEAT, vol.5,
pp.335−340, 2017.
[3] D. E. Popescu, C. Bungau, M. Prada, C. Domuta, S. Bungau, and D. Tit, "Waste
management strategy at a public university in Smart City context," J. Environ. Prot.
Ecol, vol. 17, pp. 1011−1020, 2016.
[4] S. Navghane, M. Killedar, and V. Rohokale, "IoT based smart garbage and waste
collection bin" Int. J. Adv. Res. Electron. Commun. Eng, vol. 5, pp. 1576− 1578,
2016.
[5] R. Lambrou, "Food for thought: a case study of eating from dumpsters,"2014.
[6] M. Al−Maaded, N. Madi, R. Kahraman, A. Hodzic, and N. Ozerkan, "An overview
of solid waste management and plastic recycling in Qatar," Journal of Polymers
and the Environment, vol. 20, pp. 186− 194, 2012.
[7] M. S. Islam, M. Hannan, M. Arebey, and H. Basri, "An overview for solid waste bin
monitoring system," Journal of Applied Sciences Research, vol. 8, pp. 879− 886,
2012.
[8] X. Chen, F. Xi, Y. Geng, and T. Fujita, "The potential environmental gains from
recycling waste plastics: Simulation of transferring recycling and recovery
technologies to Shenyang, China," Waste Management, vol. 31, pp. 168−179,2011
[9] M. A. Memon, "Integrated solid waste management based on the 3R approach,"
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 12, pp. 30−40, 2010.
[10] R.H. Dev, D. H .Emery, E. S. Rustici , H.M. Brown, D.S. Wiggin, E. W. Gray,
et al., "Network management system using model−based intelligence," ed: Google
Patents, 1996.
[11] S. S. Salunkhe, M. D. Yadav, and V. V. Kulkarni, "IOT Based Waste Monitoring
For Smart City."

23