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TurtlesInTrouble PDF
TurtlesInTrouble PDF
Kolej-nivenrtt
Sains
:an
_+.rologi
r,llaysia
InauguralLecture
of
Prof.GhanEng Heng,phD, pJK
Turtlo$
!nIroubls
22 Juty2004
siri syarahan
fnaugurar
KusTEM:T(2004)
Data
NegaraMalaysiaCataloguing-in-Publication
Perpustakaan
Chan,Eng Heng
Turtlesin Trouble/ ChanEng Heng
(SiriSyarahanInauguralKUSTEM:7 (200a)
tsBN 983-2888-07-7
2. Wildlifeconservation-
1. Turtles-Conservation-Malaysia.
Malaysia.l. Title. ll. Series
597.9209595
SIRI SYARAHANINAUGURALKUSTEM
1. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUT 1 (2000)
Fisheries and the NationalFoodSecurity:The Malaysian
Perspective
Prof. Dr. Mohd.AzmiAmbak
2. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUT: 2 (2000)
Development of OceanModelling:The Malaysian
Perspective
Prof. Dr. Alejandro Livio Camerlengo
3. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUT: 3 (2000)
Intothe Wondersof SurfactantBehaviour
Prof. Dr. HamdanSuhaimi
4. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUT: 4 (2000)
FoodChainin the Sea - lts Values,Challenges
and Prospects
Prof. Dr. Lokman Shamsudin
5. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUSTEM:5 (2002)
The Fascinating Worldof Flukes
Prof. Dr. FaizahMohd. Shaharom
6. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUSTEM:6 (2002)
the Travelis at the Speedof Light
The Widthis Unreachable,
Prof. Dr. lsmail Mohd.
7. SiriSyarahanInauguralKUSTEM:7 (2004)
Turtlesin Trouble
Prof. Dr. Chan Eng Heng
T A B L EOF C ONTENTS
1 . Introduction
2 . MalaysianTurtlesand Population
Status
MarineTurtles 3
Tortorsesand FreshwaterTurtles 4
Causesof Population
Decline 8
Egg Exploitation 8
CommercialHarvestand Trade 9
Fisherieslmpacts 10
HabitatDestruction 10
Pollution 12
Negativelmpactsof Tourism 12
lnadequate Legislation 13
Lack of Research 1?
o. Concluding
Remarks zl
7 . Acknowledgements 25
8. References 26
TURTLES IN TROUBLE
lntroduction
communityto developactionplansaimedat
The turtlecrisishas promptedthe international
arrestingthe extinctionpathwayof turtles.ln 2002, The TurtleConservationFund, a
partnershipinitiativeof Conservation the IUCN/SSCTortoiseand Freshwater
International,
TurtleSpecialistGroupand the IUCN/SSCTurtleSurvivalAlliance launcheda GlobalAction
Planfor Conservation and Freshwater
of Tortoises Turtles(TurtleConservation
Fund,2OO2).
tuttles; i, trouble
1
Thispaperwillexaminethe statusof the speciesof turtlesthatoccurin Malaysia, highlight
factorsthat threatentheir survivaland assessconservationeffortscurrentlyin practicein
thecountry.The roleof the University
Collegeof ScienceandTechnology Malaysia(KUSTEM)
through its Sea Turtle ResearchUnit (SEATRU)in turtle researchand conservation,
particularly
in bringingaboutthe recoveryof someof the localturtlepopulations
in Terengganu
is also presented.
B o x 1 : M O T H E RT U R T L E
The following informationabout the tuftle was extractedfrom a letter written over 50 yearsago
to Dr. E.M. Hoffmanfrom a Creek Indianelder,by the name of J.R. Daniels.
"Turtle in many tribes, is a deep and abiding spiritual symbol. The turtle is Mother
Earth...andrepresentsEarth's many blessings to us. Turtle is a circle; its shell is frag-
mented, but it is bound together.Just as are the many different peoplesof our country.
Turtle cannot see all of its shell, but turtle knows it is whole and all there. This is the
element that demonstratesfaith.
Keep the turtle in your heart...thenyou will be kind, unselfish,and happy.Turtle is not
concerned with speed, but with accuracy. Completion is more important to a journey
than haste,especiallyon the road of life.Turtleis the whole embodimentof wisdom. The
shell rises up towards the Great Spirit, but the shell is also downward in the direction of
mother earth...seekbalancebetweenthese two...seekbalancein all things,just as earth
and sky are balanced.
Turtle seems never possessedof things but carries her home within her own life. Carry
your home in your heart, not in your things. Turtle is an exampleof right living and right
action...Tofollow turtle is to move towards what your people call God in your life. ....
Turtle keeps moving, and may even die while crossing an obstacle before giving up.
Dedication and patience are its companions. While turtle is often seen alone... lt is
content between earth and sky with its ever present home. Perhapswe too should see
our environmentas our "ever present" home betweenearth and sky.
turtles:'.,,"trouble
2
MalaysianTurtlesand PopulationStatus
Marine Turtles
CARAPAC
E PLAS]RON
Leatherback
Penyu /6--. R
<=v
YJ
'w'ffi \L-/
Belimbing
i*,,**,"""
rongtluotnat no scutos
"
rrog!s
F i g u r e1. . carapaca scutes
Hawksbill
A simpleidentification
guideto distinguish
Penyu Karah
^@-
7-+€71
-'\
betweenthe four species hawk - lrke
4 lateral/costat
of marineturtlesfoundin scules
C rntreil!rginal
Beath,1981). PenyuAgar
OliveRidley
Penyu Lipas
2 pairs ot
p.rlronta I
,/1
t""'""
5 - 9 p e i r so t
lateral sCut!S
-"@
rntromargina I
turtles'':' trouble
3
The populationstatusof marineturtlesis measuredby the numberof nestsproducedby the
variousspeciesper year, a figure that can be convenientlydeterminedby countingthe
number of nests depositedon the nestingbeaches.This figure does not providean
indicationof the actualpopulationsizesinceit measuresonlythe maturefemaleturtlesthat
ascendthe beachesto nest. Further,each individuallays betweenfour to six clutchesof
eggs per nestingseason.The turtlesdo not nest every year,with each nestingcycle
separatedby an intervalof two to eightyears.
Nestingtrends in the green turtlesof the SarawakTurtle lslandsover the last 30 years
appearto be tn equilibrium,withtwo to threethousandnestingsoccuringper year(Fig.2).
In the early50's,nestingsof over20,000peryearhavebeenrecorded, indicating a decline
of over90% (Tisenand Bali,2000).
turtlesir;,trouble
4
Figure2. Nestingtrendsobservedin the majornesting
populationsof marinetuftlesin Malaysia
800 Terengganu
Leatherback, Terengganu
Hawksbill,
140
120
600
o a 100
5 400
6 o 60
z z 40
200
20
0
1984 l9E6 1988 1990 1992 1994 t996 1998 2000
I 984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 l99E 2000
Year Year
500
OliveRidley,Terengganu 6000 Greenturtle,Terengganu
400 5000
a ,""" l
300
- -\
o o
200
z z .:": \
100
II
looo
0 o
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 199a 2000 1 98 4 ! 9 A 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 2 t 9 9 4 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0
Year Y ear
Greenturtle,Sabah 10 0 0 H a w k s b i l lS
, abah
12000
800
loooo
o
EOO0
q, sooo
o a
2 4 0 00
200
2000
0 0
1970 1980 ,.990 l9 70 1990
Year Y ear-
o
o) 3000
j:
E zooo
z
100
1000
o
1990 1995 2000 1990 r992 1994 1996 199I
r970 1975 1980 1985
Year Year
turtless*'strouble
5
Table1. Nativefreshwaterturtlesand tortoisesin Malaysiaand utilization
(extracted
from Sharmaand Tisen,2000),
Bataguridae
Riverterrapin Batagurbaska Eggsas food,medicinaluse
Paintedterrapin Callagurborneoensis As above
Malaysiangiantturtle Orlitia borneoensis Pet trade,meatsource
GiantAsianpondturtle Heosemysgrandis Pettrade.meatsource.religioususe
Spinyturtle Heosemyssp/nosa Pettrade,meatsource,medicinaland
religioususe
Asian leaf turtle Cyclemys dentate Pettrade,meatsource
Asian box turtle Cuoroamboinensis Pettrade,meatsource,religiousand
medicinaluse
Yellow-headedtempleturtle Hieremys annandalii R e l i g i o uuss e
Malayanflat-shelled
turtle Notochelysplatynota Pet trade,meatsource
Malayansnail-eatingturtle Malayemys subtrijuga Meatsource
Blackmarshturtle SiebenrockieIIa crassico//is Pet trade,meatsource
Testudinidae
Asian browntortoise Manouria emys Eggsas food,pet trade,as meatsource
lmpressedtortoise Manouriaimpressa Pet trade,meatsource
Elongatedtortoise lndotestudoelongata Pet trade,meatsource
turtles ,,,,trouble
6
Figure3. Numberof riverterrapineggscollected for
incubation
in Terengganu from 1995- 2001
(Source:Departmentof Wildlifeand NationalParks,Malaysia)
ZZUU
rct
o
o 2000
-g
o
(J 1800
at,
ct)
ct 1600
o
o 1400
o
.cl
E 1200
:
z 1000
1S95
800
700
600
o
o
500
o
E 400
o
ci 300
z
200
100
0
19 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 S 9 B 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
Year
fssr#es frse*&fe
7
Ga u se so f P o p u l ationDecline
Egg Exploitation
Box 2: Cheaper Green Turtle eggs from Sabah a much sought-after item
"The local varietyof these turtleeggs are sellingfor about RM2.50each while those from
S a b a ha r e a r o u n dR M 1 . 4 0e a c h , "s a i dH a s m a hM a tZ a i n ,3 4 ,w h o h a s b e e ns e l l i n gt u r t l ee g g s
for the last 10 years.
"GreenTurtleeggs are much smallerin size comparedwith thoseof the Leatherbacks," she
added.Hasmahsaid the increasein priceof localturtleeggsoverthe pastseveralyearswas
due to a steep drop in the numberof turtlesnestingin the State.Althoughsome customers
insiston buyinglocalturtleeggs,mostsettlefor the cheaperonesfrom Sabah,she added.
T u r t l ea n d M a r i n eE c o s y s t e mC e n t r ec h i e f K a m a r u d d i nl b r a h i ms a i d w h i l e t h e r e w a s n o
restriction on the sale of GreenTurtleeggs,the sale mustbe donewithinthe State.
"Thesale of Leatherback
Turtleeggs is totallynot allowed."On our part,we are patrollingthe
beacheshereto make sure all eggs are transferred to out turtlehatcheriesand are safefrom
ooachers."he said.
turtlesi': t'trouble
8
Commercial Harvest and Trade
Box 3 : Trawlerwith 130 dead turtles held The Star, 4 May 2004
by MUGUNTANVANAR
turtle'':;trouble
9
Malaysiais activelyinvolvedin the international trade of freshwaterturtlesand tortoises
wherethey are exportedfor meat,traditionalmedicine,as petsand curiosand for religious
release(Compton,2000).The volumetradedis alarming(Tables2 and 3) and has caused
the widespreadcollapseof local populationsin non-protected areas.The non-native
speciespurportedlyexportedfrom Malaysiais an indicationof the role of Malaysiaas a
transitcenterin wildlifetrade that is both legaland illegal.Chiew (2003)highlightsthe
emergenceof Peninsular Malaysiaas a regionalwildlifetransitcenter.
Fisherieslmpacts
Incidentalcapturesin fishing nets has been cited as the major threat to the survivalof
marineturtlesworldwide.ln the southAtlanticand Gulf of Mexico.shrimotrawlscatch
47,000marineturtlesannuallywith 11,000of themresulting (National
in mortality Research
C o u n c i l1, 9 9 0 ) .
Habitat Destruction
turtles trouble
10
Table2. Exportof freshwaterturtlesfrom PeninsularMalaysiafrom
Januaryto October1999(Source:Department of Wildlifeand
NationalParks,Malaysia,and extracted from Sharmaand Tisen,2000)
ReportedQuantity(No.of lifeanimals)by
Species Exporter(Malaysia)
2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
FreshwaterTurtles
Callagurborneoensis 428 6 7RO 274 47
Tortoises
Cuora amboinensis 38,746 3 5 , 0 3 6 27,7190
Geochelone carbonaria* z
Geochelone denticulate* 1
Geochelonegigantea* Z
Geochelonepardalis* 15
Geochelonesulcata* I 4 4 1
Kinixys belliana* '10
Kinixyshomeana* 2
lndotestudoelongata 700 550 olo 941
Manouria emys 164 '188 ,lAn
48 219
Manouria impressa 4 2 7q
*non-native
species,probablyon transitin Malaysia
turtles, ,;'trouhle
11
Nestinghabitatsfor riverterrapinsare destroyedby sand-mining and construction
of dams.
Directevidenceexistsfor the BesutRiverin Terengganuwhere localegg collectorsreport
that the terrapinsaborttheirnestingactivitieswhen the egg chambersexcavatedreachthe
water table due to loss of sand. When water is releasedfrom dams, nestinghabitats
becomeinundated, oftensubmerging anddestroying nestsundergoingincubation.
lmpacts
from dam construction occurin the Terenqqanu. Perakand MudaRivers.
Pollution
turtles, ::trouhle
12
InadequateLegislation
Currently,
exceptfor Sarawakwhichhas updatedconservation measuresunderthe Wildlife
ProtectionOrdinance1998(Tisenand Bali,2000),and Sabahwhichprohibitscommercial
exploitation
of marineturtlesand theireggs,legislation in the otherstatesis inadequate.
Thereis no uniformity
and in PeninsularMalaysia, all turtleeggs(exceptleatherback eggs
in Terengganu and Pahang)are freelyand legallytradedin the localmarkets.
Lack of Research
turtlest, ,trouble
13
water distributionand habitatrequirementsof marineturtles. Researchgaps have to be
identified
in orderto mobilizethe necessarystudiesand to sourcefundingsupport.
Legislation
Two federal fisherieslaws providedunder the FisheriesAct 1985 are rn effect for the
offshoreprotectionof marineturtlesand they are the FisheriesRegulations(Prohibitionof
FishingMethods)1985,Amendment1989(coveredearlier)and the Fisheries(Prohibited
Areas)(RantauAbang)Regulations 1991. The lattercreatedan offshoresanctuaryin Rantau
Abangwherefishingactivitiesare regulatedduringthe nestingseasonto accordprotection
to leatherbackturtles. Enforcementis importantif the requlationis to be effective.
turtles trouhle
14
Egg Protection
Paintedterrapins,by reasonof the fact that they migrateto coastalwatersand nest along
b e a c h e s ,c o m e u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n
o f t h e F i s h e r i e sD e p a r t m e n tT. h e d e p a r t m e n t
purchases the eggsfromlicensedegg collectors for incubation in government hatcheries in
Terengganu and Melaka. As in riverterrapins, therehas been no evidenceof population
recoveryin thesetwo states.
turtles tr*ub8*
15
Malaysiais implementing the Codeof Conductfor Responsible and by doingso
Fisheries
contributesto the reductionof bv-catchthat includemarineturtles.
Table4. Turtlesanctuaries
that havebeenestablished
in Malavsia.
YEAR
STATE NAMEOF SANCTUARY
ESTABLISHED
TurtlelslandsPark '1984
Sabah
Sarawak Talang-Satang
NationalPark 1999
Perak SegariBeach
Melaka P u l a uU p e h
TanjongTuan
Beachat PengkalanBalak
turtles,;,,trouble
16
Public Education
A t t h e r e g i o n a l e v e l ,s o m e i n i t i a t i v e sh a v e b e e n m a d e t o d e v e l o pr e g i o n a lm a r i n e
c o n s e r v a t i o np r o g r a m m e sT. h e T u r t l e l s l a n d sH e r i t a g eP r o t e c t e dA r e a ( T I H P A ) ,a
transboundary protectedarea in the SuluSeawas establishedin 1996betweenSabahand
the Philippines to managejointlythe largemarineturtlepopulations occurringthere.The
MoUon ASEANSea TurtleConservation and Protectionwas signedin 1997whilethe MoU
on the Conservation and Management of MarineTurtlesand their Habitatsof the lndian
Oceanand SoutheastAsia was concludedin 200'1.Malaysiahas yet to ratifythe latter.
,tfOUble
tUrtleS;,,,.
17
coveringscientificpapers in peer-reviewed journals,conferenceproceedings,workshop
reports,unpublishedreportsand educationalmaterials(see Box 5 for a selectionof these
works).The vital informationresultingfrom completedresearchhas formedthe basisfor
importantrecommendations made by KUSTEMto relevantgovernmental agenciesfor the
conservationof marineturtlesin Malavsia(seeTable6 for some examples).
. a r r i e do u t i n c o l l a b o r a t i ownr t h D r . S a l l y S o l o m o no f t h e
1 3 . U l t r a s t r u c t u roef s e a t u r t l ee g g s h e l l sC
University of Glasgowduringthe author'ssabbatical leave.
fus€fes frcss&fe
18
Box 5: A selectionof publishedwork by KUSTEMscientists.
turtles trauble
19
Box 5: A selectionof publishedwork by KUSTEMscientists.(cont'd)
Table6. Significance/application
of researchfindingsof KUSTEM
in turtleconservation
Research Significance
Determination
of rangeof interesting Led to the establishment
of the RantauAbang
movementsof Ieatherbackturtles. RestrictedFishingZone for the protectionof
leatherback turtles.
turtlesixrtrouble
20
KUSTEMhas also provrdedtrarningto graduatesand undergraduates of the universityby
encouraging themto undertakeresearchon turtles.34 studentresearchprojectson various
aspectsof turtlesare given in Box 6, Some of these studentshave taken on academic
positionsin localuniversities
and continuedto maintaintheirresearchinterestin turtles.
C o n cl u d i n gRem ar ks
turtles| r etrouble
21
Box 6: Graduate and Undergraduate Research on Turtles
Master of Science
turtles,;,;trouhle
22
Box 6: Graduateand UndergraduateResearchon Turtles (cont'd)
27. BurhanJapar.1995. Kajiankadarpemangsaanke atas anak tetasanpenyuagar (Cheloniamydas)di
ChagarHutang,PulauRedang.(A studyon thepredation of greentuile (Chelonia mydas)hatchlings in
ChagarHutang,PulauRedang).
28. Mohd.HaizambinAhma l 9d9. 5 . K a . i i a n k e a t a s s t a t u s e k o p
neomai jakdanpemajakantelurpenyudi
Terengganu. (A study on the economicstatusof turtleegg collectorsand economicsof the egg
tendering systemin Terengganu).
29. ZainalAbidinbin Hadzir.1995.Kesansampahsarapdi permukaan laut ke atasanaktetasanpenyu
agar \Cheloniamydas).(Theeffectsof floatingdebnson greenturtle(Cheloniarnydas)hatchlings).
3 0 . P u s h p a l a t haa/ p M . P a l a n i a p p a n1.9 9 4 .T h e e f f e c t so f r e t e n t i o np e r i o d ,i n c u b a t i o n
p e r i o da n d
incubation methodon turtlehatchling vigour.
31. Heng Hau Tong.1992. Efiectsof variousfeeds on the growthand survivalof soft-shelllurtle,Trionyx
slnensisWiegmann.
32. Malarveni a/p Periasamy. '1990. Pergerakan danorientasi anaktetasanpenyubelimbing (Dermochelys
coriacea) terhadapbeberapajenis parameterfizikaldan kimia.(Theefiectsof severalphysicaland
chemicalparameterson the movementand orientationof leatherback(Dermochelyscoriaceal
hatchlings).
33. Lee Loh. 1989.Kesan cahayake atas gerakbalaspenyu belimbing.(The effectsof light on the
movementof leatherback turtles),
34. K. RamnickLal Verma.1988.A studyon the digestibility of squid,jellyfishand macrozooplankton by
leatherback hatchlings.
GreenTurtleHatchling
turtles',, tro,uhle
23
Box 7
@) Awardedto KUSTEMScientists
in recognitionof outstandingpracticalachievements
in the protectionand improvementof the environmentin 2001
@)
UNEP
turttresit:.trouble
24
Box 8
Swethelurths an[ (errafins Camyaign
KUSTEMis involvedrn a projectto savethe marineturtlesof PulauRedangand riverterrapinsof Sungar
Setiu,Terengganu fromextinction.Fundsareraisedto helppurchase turtleandterrapineggsfromlocalegg
collectorsfor hatching.Marineturtlehatchlings are allowedto crawlto the oceanuponemergence while
riverterrapinhatchlingsare raisedin captivityfor one to threeyearsbeforereleaseinto the Setiu River.
We wouldliketo inviteyou to contribute to this worthwhile projectby participating
in our nesl and turtle/
terrapinadoptionschemes.Eachadoptionwillbe provided withthe following:
. An adootioncertificate
. An officialKUSTEMreceiptfor yourdonation(tax-deductible
if your lC no. is provided)
. Informatron aboutyournestor turtle(willbe sentlater)
. An exclusivegift
Acknowledgements
turtles.;;trouble
25
References
turtles:,';trouble
26
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MarineTurtles.IUCNSpeciesSurvivalCommission, IUCN(lnternational Unionfor
Conservation of Natureand NaturalResources).24 pp.
Kemp,E.,Groombridge, 8., Abreu,A. andA. Wilson.2000.Marineturtlesin the wild.WWF.
Gland,Switzerland. 40 pp.
Law,A.T.andY. Rahimi.1986. Hydrocarbon drstribution in the SouthChinaSea. Pp.93-100
in: Mohsin,A.K.M.,lbrahim,M. and Ambak,M.A.(eds.).ExpedisiMatahari'85: A
Studyon the OffshoreWatersof the MalaysianEEZ. UniversitiPertanianMalaysia.
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Committeeon Sea Turtle Conservation, Board on Environmental Studiesand
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Rhodin,A.G.J. 2000. MakingProgressin FreshwaterTurtleand TortoiseConservation.
Turtleand TortoiseNewsletter, 3:2-3
Sharma,D.S.K.and O.B. Tisen. 2000. Freshwaterturtleand tortoiseutilizationand
conservationstatusin Malaysia. Pp. 120-128in: van Dijk,P. P., B. L. Stuartand
A.G.J.Rhodin(eds.).Asianturtletrade,Proc.of a Workshopon Conservation and
Tradeof FreshwaterTurtlesand Tortoisesin Asia. 1-4 Dec. 1999,Phnom Penh,
Cambodia.
Tisen,O.B.and J. Bali. 2000. Currentstatusof marineturtleconservation programmes in
Sarawak,Malaysia.Pp. 12-14in: Mosier,A., A. Foleyand B. Brost(compilers).
Proceedingsof the TwentiethAnnual Symposiumon Sea Turtle Biologyand
Conservation, 29 Feb.- 4 Mar.2000,Orlando,Florida,USA. NOAATech.Memo
NMFS-SEFSC-447.
TurtleConservationFund. 2002. A GlobalActionPlan for Conservationof Tortoisesand
FreshwaterTurtles. Strategyand FundingProspectus2002-2007. Washington,
DC: Conservation International and ChelonianResearchFoundation, 30 pp.
Van Dijk,P.P.2000. The statusof turtlesin Asia. Pp. 15-23in: van Dijk,P. P.,B. L. Stuart
andA.G.J.Rhodin(eds.).Asianturtletrade,Proc.of a Workshopon Conservation
and Trade of FreshwaterTurtlesand Tortoisesin Asia. 1-4 Dec. 1999, Phnom
Penh,Cambodia.
turtlesis gtrouble
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