Lumacad, Rocel D.

BSBA-FM3
NatSci2 TTh 12:00-01:00 February 14, 2019

CELL DIVISION EVALUATION

Stage Events Events to place in order

Interphase G1 Cell starts to grow  chromosomes line up in

Organelles are doubled the middle of cell
Protein synthesis  spindle fibers attach to
G0 Resting period chromosomes
Restriction point  chromosomes condense
S DNA replicated into visible structures
G2 Cell continues to grow  chromatids are pulled
Mitosis Prophase Nuclear membrane disappears apart by spindle fibers
 spindle fibers appear
Centrioles move toward opposite
ends of cell  cell starts to grow
 spindle fibers disappear
Spindle fibers appear
 DNA replicated
Chromosomes condense into
 formation of 2 daughter
visible structures
cells
Metaphase Spindle fibers attach to
 resting period
chromosomes
 centrioles move toward
Chromosomes line up in middle of
opposite ends of cell
cell
 nuclear membrane
Anaphase Chromatids are pulled apart by
reappears
spindle fibers  organelles are doubled
Telophase Nuclear membrane reappears  protein synthesis
Chromosomes no longer clearly  chromosomes no longer
visible clearly visible
Formation of 2 nuclei  nuclear membrane
Spindle fibers disappear disappears
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divided  cell membrane pinches in
Cell membrane pinches in around nuclei around nuclei
Formation of 2 daughter cells  cytoplasm divided
 formation of 2 nuclei
 restriction point
 cell continues to grow
Haploid Cells describes a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. The term
haploid can also refer to the number of chromosomes in egg or sperm cells, which are also
called gametes. In humans, gametes are haploid cells that contain 23 chromosomes, each
of which a one of a chromosome pair that exists in diploid cells.

Diploid cell is a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. This is double the haploid
chromosome number. Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell is considered to be one
homologous chromosome set. The somatic cells in your body are diploid cells.

Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are
connected by a centromere. Chromosome replication takes place during interphase of
the cell cycle. Sister chromatids are considered to be a single duplicated chromosome.

Homologous pairs of chromosomes is the cell has two sets of each chromosome; one
of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father. The maternal and
paternal chromosomes in a homologous pair have the same genes at the same locus, but
possibly different alleles.

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of

homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which results in new allelic combinations in the
daughter cells.

Nondisjunction has three forms; failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to

separate in meiosis I, failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and failure
of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in
daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers “aneuploidy”.

Why is it important to create new cells?

Mitosis is important because it is essential for growth and repair in the body. Mitosis occurs
when a parent cell divides; creating two identical copies, and referred to as daughter cells.
During this process, it is essential that the daughter cells are exactly the same with the
same copies of DNA.
 Cell division serves as a means of reproduction in unicellular organisms through
binary fission. In multi cellular organisms, cell division aids in the formation of
gametes, which are cells that combine with others to form sexually produced
offspring.
 For growth to occur in living organisms, the numbers of cells have to increase
through cell division until it reaches its maximum size.
 The human body also repairs injuries by means of cell division. When skin is cut,
the skin cells on either side of the cut divide to make new cells that heal the wound.
 What is the final product of mitosis?

Mitosis ends with 2 identical cells, each with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA content.
All eukaryotic cells replicate via mitosis, except germ line cells that undergo meiosis to
produce gametes “eggs and sperm”.

PURPOSE OF MEIOSIS

The purpose of meiosis is to reduce the normal diploid cells “2 copies of each chromosome
/ cell” to haploid cells, called gametes “1 copy of each chromosome per cell”. In humans,
these special haploid cells resulting from meiosis are eggs “female” or sperm “male”.

What is the final product of Meiosis?

In contrast to a mitotic division, which yields two identical diploid daughter cells, the end
result of meiosis is haploid daughter cells with chromosomal combinations different from
those originally present in the parent. In sperm cells, four haploid gametes are produced.
A. B. C. D.

E. F. G. H.