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Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition by Muni Budhu
Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition by Muni Budhu
Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition by Muni Budhu
ABSTRACT
The Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake produced a rich set of 422 strong ground
motion recordings. In this paper we present some results from our analysis
of these recordings. First, we found that the overall level of the observed
horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) values was relatively low (about
50% less) when compared with what would be predicted for an earthquake of
the same magnitude by existing attenuation models based on worldwide data.
High horizontal PGA values at sites on the hanging wall and within 20km of
the surface fault ruptures are notable exceptions. The horizontal PGA values
are indistinguishable among the four different site classes. However, the
horizontal PGA values in Taipei Basin, Ilan Plain, and Hwalien area are
significantly higher than the average at similar distances. The vertical PGA
values on the average are about 0.6 times their horizontal counterparts.
Unlike the horizontal PGA, the observed horizontal peak ground velocity
(PGV) values are relatively high (about 80% higher) when compared with what
would be predicted for an earthquake of the same magnitude by an existing
PGV at- tenuation model based on worldwide data. In summary, as far as
peak ground motion parameters are concerned, the Chi-Chi earthquake may
be called a high-PGV, low-PGA (HV-LA) earthquake. Next, we analyzed the
5% damped acceleration response spectrum shapes for the four different site
classes B, C, D, and E, in order to study possible dependence of the response
spectrum shape on local geologic site conditions. It is found that the peak
spectral amplification factor ranges between 2.3 and 2.5 for all four classes of
site conditions. In general, the response spectrum shape for Class B sites on
soft rocks older than the Pliocene age has spectral amplification for periods up
to about 1.5 seconds. The spectral amplification of Classes C and D sites on
stiff soils occurs over periods up to about 2.0 seconds. The spectral
amplification of Class E sites on soft soils occurs over periods up to about
3.0 seconds. The response spectrum shapes for Taipei Basin and Ilan Plain
are quite similar to Class E sites, whereas Hwalien area is similar to Class C
2 Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Vol. 2, No. 1
case in point was that the earthquake analysis of these recordings. Potential
produced a very rich set of 422 strong implications for engineering applications
ground motion recordings [3]. In this will also be discussed.
paper we present some results from our
discovered that the Chelungpu fault had It was observed that there was large
slipped almost continuously, although uplift with some left-lateral strike-slip
sinuously, movement at many outcrop locations [5,6].
along its whole length, extending This was consistent with the fault-plane
southward from Shihgang in the solution obtained by first motion data and
northern end to Tungtou in the southern CMT inversion, as shown in Fig. 1. It is
end. Soon later, splays of NE-trending remarkable that the amount of slip
increased persistently from several tens of
surface fault ruptures were found
centimeters near the southern end to
extending northeastward from Shihgang
almost ten meters at the northern end of
toward Cholan. The total length of
the fault.
surface ruptures was estimated at about
125km [4]. Figure 1 shows the location
of the Chelungpu fault and the amount of
slips along its length.
Tsai, Huang: Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake 5
Fig. 1 The Chehlungpu fault, and the epicenter of the Chi-Chi earthquake. Also
shown are background seismicity, strong aftershocks, E-W component velocity
waveforms along the fault line
Tsai, Huang: Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake 6
Figure 1 also shows the locations of hypocenter, and then propagated toward
background seismicity and strong north and south. The average rupture
aftershocks of the Chi-Chi earthquake. velocity was about 2.5km/sec. The big
It is seen that most aftershocks took velocity pulse at the northern end was
place far to the east of the Chelungpu significantly enhanced due to rupture
fault in the curved zones of active directivity effects.
background seismicity. Apparently,
Figure 2 shows the regional geology of
the zones of active background seismicity
the epicenter area [6]. The Chelungpu
acted as the boundaries defining the
slipped crustal block. fault clearly marks the boundary between
Figure 1 additionally shows several the Pliocene formations in the east and
E-W component velocity waveforms Holocene alluvium west of the fault. An
integrated from original acceleration E-W cross section at the bottom of the
records obtained along the fault line. figure shows a series of imbricate thrust
The apparent delays of the big pulse show faults dipping to the east. The Chelung-
that the fault rupture started from the pu fault is just one of them.
Fig. 2 Regional geology surrounding the Chehlungpu fault and an E-W cross section
(after [6])
7 Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Vol. 2, No. 1
Fig. 3 Free-field strong motion accelerograph sites and geologic conditions of Taiwan
Tsai, Huang: Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake 8
Fig. 4 The Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake produced a complete set of strong ground
motion recordings for a large M7.7 shallow earthquake
Fig. 5 Recorded horizontal peak ground acceleration values from the Chi-Chi, Taiwan
earthquake of September 21, 1999
0.10
0.01
Campbell form for acceleration
Campbell form
Campbell form
TAP 0.01 Campbell form for acceleration
ILA Campbell form
HWA Campbell form
Hanging wall TAP
Other areas ILA
HWA
Site class-B
0.00 Site class-C
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 Site class-D
Site class-E
Closest distance to rupture surface(km)
0.00
Fig. 7 Comparison of observed 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Closest distance to rupture surface(km)
horizontal peak ground
acceleration data from the Fig. 8 Comparison of observed
Chi-Chi earthquake with the 1997 horizontal peak ground
Campbell’s attenuation model. acceleration data from the
Data from different site classes Chi-Chi earthquake with the 1997
are marked separately Campbell’s attenuation model.
Data from the hanging wall block
However, the data scattering is large in are marked separately
the distance range less than 20km.
This was mainly due to several high PGA the data points. We pick the soil curve
data points in the hanging wall area, as because most of our recording sites are
shown in Fig. 8. Similar patterns were on soil.
observed previously from the 1995 From the figure we can see the slope
Northridge, California earthquake [10]. of Boore, et al.’s curves follows quite well
Figure 9 shows a plot of horizontal with the general trend of data points
PGA values as function of the closest from the Chi-Chi earthquake. However,
distance to the surface projection of fault the observed PGA values from the Chi-Chi
plane, according to the definition of Boore, earthquake are significantly smaller than
et al., [11]. The data points are plotted what would be predicted by the Boore, et
separately, according to the four site al.’s attenuation curve for the same
classes. Again, the data points from the magnitude. In this case the data
Taipei Basin, Ilan Plain, and Hualien scattering at close-in distances is slightly
areas are also plotted separately. In the improved due to the way the site distance
figure we also plot the Boore, et al.’s is defined, as shown in Fig. 10. Again,
median and median +/– one standard the PGA values for Taipei Basin are
deviation curves for PGA on soil sites from apparently higher than the rest of the
Ho
TAP
ILA
HWA
Han
Othe
0.00
0.10 1.00
Closest dista
Tsai, Huang: Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake 11
data set. On the other hand, the PGA Boore, et al.’s attenuation model.
values for Ilan Plain and Hualien area are Data from different site classes
not standing out now, due to change in are marked separately
the distance definition.
Multiply by 0.407
Boore and Joyner Form(1997) Soil sites
1.00
Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration(g)
0.10
0.01
Attenuation curve
TAP
ILA
HWA
Class-B
Class-C
Class-D
Class-E
0.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Closest distance to rupture surface(km)
Figure 11 shows a plot of observed observed horizontal PGA values from the
horizontal PGA values as function of the Chi-Chi earthquake were only 0.532,
closest distance to the fault rupture 0.407 and 0.384 times what would be
surface, according to the definition of predicted for the same magnitude from
Sadigh, et al. [12]. The data points are Campbell’s, Boore, et al.’s and Sadigh, et
plotted separately, according to the four al.’s attenuation models. Conversely,
site classes. In the meantime, the data the observed horizontal PGA values are
points from the Taipei Basin, Ilan Plain, equivalent to what would be predicted
and Hwalien areas are plotted separately. Sadigh Form(1997)
Multiply by 0.384
Soil sites
In the figure we also plot the Sadigh, et 1.00
0.10
0.01
Attenuation curve
TAP
ILA
HWA
Hanging wall
Other areas
0.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Closest distance to rupture surface(km)
for MW 6.6, 6.0, and 6.2 from Campbell’s, damage in the Taipei Basin area was
Boore, et al.’s, and Sadigh, et al.’s attenu- quite widespread.
ation models, respectively. Thus, the ATTENUATION OF VERTICAL
observed horizontal PGA values from the PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
Chi-Chi earthquake are significantly
lower than the worldwide average PGA In Fig. 13 we plot the observed vertical
value of similar magnitude earthquakes. PGA values as function of the closest
This partly explains why the damage in distance to the seismogenic zone,
the epicenter areas, in particular in the according to Campbell’s definition [9].
densely populated areas west of the The data points are plotted according to
Chelungpu fault, was not more severe the four site classes. In the same figure
than what had happened. The observed the data points from the Taipei Basin,
horizontal PGA values at Taipei Basin, Ilan Plain, and Hualien areas are plotted
Ilan Plain and Hwalien areas are separately. It is noted that the vertical
significantly higher than the other areas. PGA values for Classes B, C, D and E sites
This apparently explains why the are well mixed. However, the vertical
14 Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Vol. 2, No. 1
0.10
0.01
Campbell form for acceleration
Campbell form
Campbell form
0.01
HWA Campbell form for acceleration
TAP Campbell form
ILA Campbell form
Site class-B HWA
Site class-C TAP
Site class-D ILA
Site class-E Hanging wall
Other areas
0.00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Closest distance to rupture surface(km) 0.00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Closest distance to rupture surface(km)
Fig. 13 Comparison of observed vertical
peak ground acceleration data
from the Chi-Chi earthquake
with the 1997 Campbell’s
attenuation model. Data from
different site classes are marked
separately.
ATTENUATION OF PEAK
GROUND VELOCITY
1000
Campbell form(1997) Multiply by 1.878 factor is increased from 2.0 to 2.5 for the
modified design spectrum for Taipei Basin
in current Taiwan Building Code (TBC).
Figure 17 shows the normalized
response spectrum shape for Class B
Horizontal Peak Ground Velocity(cm/sec)
100
about 2.3.
Tsai, Huang: Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake 20
recent work,” Seism. Res. Letter, 68, “Attenuation relationships for shallow
pp. 128– 153. crustal earthquakes based on California
12. Sadigh, K., Chang, C.Y., Egan, J.A., strong motion data,” Seism. Res. Letter,
Makdisi, F. and Youngs, R.R. (1997). 68, pp. 180–189.