Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prelim: What Is A Computer?
Prelim: What Is A Computer?
Prelim: What Is A Computer?
What is a computer?
Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. This is the
most basic level on which your computer operates. We can classify hardware into
one of five categories: input devices, system unit, memory, output devices, and
storage.
Software
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Types of software:
System software - The operation of your computer is controlled by
system software. As you boot the computer, the system
software is stored in the computer's memory that instructs
the computer to load, store, and execute an application.
Application Software - Application software lets you accomplish
specific tasks.
Types of Computers
Computers are categorized on the basis of physical structures and
the purpose of their use. Based on capacity, speed and reliability they can
be divided into three categories of computers:
1. The Mainframe Computer – these are computers used by large
organizations like meteorological surveys and statistical institutes
for performing bulk mathematical computations. They are core
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computers which are used for desktop functions of over one
hundred people simultaneously.
2. The Microcomputer – These are the most frequently used
computers better known by the name of “Personal computers”.
This is the type of computer meant for public use. Other than
Desktop Computer, the choice ranges as follows:
Input Devices
These are devices that allows you to enter data into the
computer.
a.) light pen – device that detects light from the cathode-ray-
tube
b.) keyboard – console; an input device which has a
typewriter like keys; with numeric pad and function keys
c.) joystick – a vertical stick that moves the graphics cursor in
the direction that the stick is pushed.
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d.) track ball – the ball inset in the work table in front of the
screen or in the keyboard or on some portable computers.
e.) digitizing pen and tablet – are pen and tablet which has
the same X-Y coordinates as the screen
f.) mouse – “pet peripheral”; when moved in the screen,
moves the graphics cursor accordingly.
Output Devices
These are devices that make information available for you to
view or use.
a.) monitor – video display terminal, monochrome or color
b.) printers – used to create permanent output; printouts,
hardcopies. Printers are used with computers fall into two
categories, impact or nonimpact. Impact printers, such as
dot matrix print by contact against a ribbon-making
imprint on paper. Inkjet printers print images by not
touching the paper. Ink jet printers spray ink onto the
page while a laser printer works like a copying machine.
Processing Devices
The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of your
computer. It contains the electronic circuits that cause the
computer to follow instructions from ROM (read only memory) or
from a program in RAM (random access memory). By following
these instructions information is processed.
Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices, also called secondary storage
devices, are used to store instructions and data when they are not
being used in memory. Two types of auxiliary storage more often
used on personal computers are floppy disks and hard disks. Also,
CD-ROM drives, and USB flash Disks are common.
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Laboratory Exercise #1: Practice Typing – from Basic to Advance
Typing. Refer to Appendix A for typing finger-chart and for
typing exercises.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
Abacus – the first successful counting device; a computing machine with
movable beads
Milestones in the Development of the Early Computers
Date Inventor Machine Capability Technical Innovation
1614 Napier: Napier’s construct multiples from logarithm and slide rule
Bones 1 to 9 times of a number
1643 Pascal Pascal Addition, subtraction Automatic carry
Machine transfer, complement
number representation
1671 Leibniz Addition, subtraction, "Stepped Reckoner"
multiplication, division mechanism
1801 Jacquard Jacquard Automatic control of weaving Operation under
Loom program process
control
1820 Babbage Difference Polynomial evaluation by Automatic multi-step
Engine finite differences operation
1834 Babbage Analytical General-purpose Automatic control
Engine (never computation sequence mechanism,
completed) print-out of results
1939 Atanasoff The ABC Linear equations of type in Special purpose
& Berry physics Machine
1938 ENIGMA message encryption Supplied with
instructions Via
Punched Paper Tape
1941 Zuse Z3 General Purpose The first operational
1942 Eckert & ENIAC nos. presented in decimal 1st General-purpose
arithmetic form can Digital Computer
be electronic Performed in
Decimal System rather than
Binary System
1943 Colossus decryption device Constructed with
Machine Vacuum Tubes and
used Punched-Paper-
Tape Input
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1950 Alan Turing ACE automatic computation General-Purpose
Digital Computer
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The Scientists/Inventors
John Napier – Scottland(1614) Presper Eckert & John Mauchly
Blaise Pascal – France(1643) Philadelphia(1940)
Gottfried Von Leibniz – Germany(1671) Howard Aiken–Us, Harvard Univ.
Joseph Jacquard (1801) (1939-1944)
Charles Babbage – England(1820) John Von Neumann – England
Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff (1946-1949)
Clifford Berry - Iowa (1939) Zuse – Germany(1943)
Alan Turing – Germany(1937)
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(PAGES 7 to 11 ARE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
STUDENTS ONLY)
Base name
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Exercise #1 – Dos Commands (Practicing DIR)
- try typing these commands in the DOS prompt
1. C:\> dir 11. C:\> dir/L/p/b
2. C:\> dir/w now using wildcards…
3. C:\> dir/ad 12. C:\> dir/p_*.*
4. C:\> dir/s 13. C:\> dir/L_*.txt
5. C:\> dir/ad/w 14. C:\> dir_?r??x*.*
6. C:\> dir/p/ad 15. C:\> dir_e*l?.??s
7. C:\> dir/w/ad/L 16. C:\> dir/b_???k*L.*c
8. C:\> dir/w/p 17. C:\> dir/w/p_document.?o?
OUTPUT:
For command #:
1. All files and directories will be listed on the screen. (only the last
group of files/directories will be displayed if there are too many
files and directories to be listed)
2. All files and directories (excluding hidden files) will be listed on
the screen in tabular form, or wide list display.
3. Only directories will be displayed on the screen.
4. All files in main directories including subdirectories will be
displayed.
5. Directories will be listed in wide-list-display.
6. All directories will be listed and display will pause for every
screen full of information.
7. All directories will be listed in wide-list-display and in lowercase
format .
8. All files and directories will be displayed on the screen, display
of information will pause and will be in wide-list format.
9. All directories and files will be displayed in verbose mode and in
wide-list format.
10. All files and directories will be displayed in bare format and
display pauses for every screen full of information
11. All files and directories will be displayed in lowercase format,
bare format and screen pauses…
12. Only files will be displayed
13. All files with extension name-TXT will be displayed in lowercase
format.
14. All files where the second character of the basename is r, the
the fifth character is x but with different extension names will
be displayed.
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15. Display: All files where the basename begins with e, the third
character is L and the last character of the extension name is s.
16. Display: All files where the basename’s fourth character is k,
the basename’s last character is L and the extension name’s last
character s c.
17. Display: All files where the basename is document and the
extension name’s second character is o will be listed in wide-list
display, display will pause.
18. Display: All files where the basename’s last character is k and
the extension name’s first character is L.
19. Display: All files where the basename’s second character is e,
the fourth character is a and with an extension name-TXT.
CD – change directory
cd.. prompts you the previous calling directory
cd\ prompts you the root directory
Example:
Try typing these commands and see the results when enter key will
be pressed
(prompt) C:\>cd windows this command activates the
windows directory
C:\>cd.. this command prompts you back
to the previous calling directory
note: issuing the CD\ command will still prompt you to the
previous directory which is the directory of C:
Example:
If in windows directory:
C:\windows>COPY_*.TXT_C:\
After pressing the enter key, Dos will automatically provide
duplicates of the files specified in the root directory of C. To check
if they exist, type cd\ and issue the command dir_*.txt. Before
doing this, display first the files in the source directory: windows.
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eg. TIME
DEL – deletes one or more files
Syntax:
DEL_<FILENAME/LIST>
Example:
C:\mydir> del_*.txt these commands must provided with
C:\mydir> del_*.* mydir directory with contents
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REN_<OLDNAME/OLDIRNAME> <NEWNAME/PATHNAME>
RD – remove directory
Syntax:
RD_<DIRECOTORYNAME>
TYPE – displays the content of text and specific dos files.
Syntax:
TYPE_[DRIVE:][PATH:] <FILENAME>
VER – displays the DOS / WINDOWS version
eg. VER
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Laboratory Exercise # 3: Create a TXT file inside your tree directory,
copy the file to a subdirectory in your tree
directory, edit the content of the copied file.
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Working with Windows
The Interface
It has a Start Button and Taskbar. The Start Button is used to quickly
open programs, find documents, and use system tools. The taskbar is used to
switch between programs easily as changing channels on your TV.
Types of Windows:
Group Window – a window where you can store the icons for a
group of related programs
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Application Window – a window that displays an
application/program (e.g. Word, Excel, etc.)
Document Window – a window that exist within application
windows and are linked to their application window in one
main way: the menu commands that affect the application
windows also affect the document window.
Desktop - The area on the display screen that displays all your icons. The
desktop can also contain a background image.
Window – a program or group of icons that is open.
Icons – a pictorial representation of a program or file.
Types of Icons:
Program Icon – the graphical representation of a program that
you see inside group windows.
Group Icon – a group window that has been closed
Application Icon – represents an application that is open and
running in your computer memory but whose window has
been closed.
Taskbar – Is the bar that shows the tasks that are open and also
contains the start button, the lunch buttons, and the system tray.
Launch Buttons – start certain window programs immediately
System Tray – Contain programs that started the same time window 98
did.
Task buttons – Show what programs are running
Title bar – Displays the name of the window, or the document in the
window
Menu bar – Show one or two words commands that commands the
computer what to do.
Tool bar – icons that give shortcuts to different commands contained in
the menu bar.
Work area – the white area in the middle of the window.
Status bar – Gray bar at the bottom that gives hints about what you are
doing.
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Window – a framed region in the screen
Window Frame – the borders, the four edges that define the border of a
window
Title Bar – area directly below window’s top border (displays the window’s
name)
Control Menu Box – the upper left corner of the window that has an inner
icon
Sizing/Closing Buttons – buttons appear to the upper-right corner of the
window that is used to minimize, maximize, and close a window. Close,
Minimize, and Maximize buttons. Every window has an (Close button)
in the upper-right corner that you can click to close the window and quit
the program.
Menu Bar – area under the title bar, it provides access to most of the
application commands
Work Area – large blank area inside the window
Scroll Bars and Buttons - buttons and bars that are used to pan across
the screen (up, down, left, right)
Mouse Pointer – indicates where the mouse is currently positioned in the
screen
Status Bar – bar along the very bottom of the window; displays
information about the active document, the page that contains the
insertion point, the status of several keys on your computer and
instructions and/or messages when you are issuing a command.
Using a Mouse
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- position the mouse pointer over the specified element
and hold down the left mouse button and move the
mouse to the desired location and release (drop).
Objects on Desktop
The following are the common objects found in the Windows Desktop.
a) My Computer – this icon, when clicked, will show
the user all the files and folders contained in the
computer. It will also enable the user to access
different drives present in the computer.
b) My Documents – this folder contains all the
files/documents you have created.
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which you will copy the object to, and then Right click and
choose Paste.
In copying a file to a Floppy drive or to a Flash drive, Right click
on the object and choose Send To, then choose for either to a
Floppy drive or to a USB/Flash drive.
In moving an object, Right click on the object and choose Cut,
then choose the destination where you want to move the
object, when you are in the destination folder, Right click and
choose Paste.
5. Deleting an object.
Right in the object that you want to delete and then choose
Delete in the menu list or simply press the Del key in your
keyboard.
Note: You can undo the deletion or restore files by looking in the
Recycle Bin folder.
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MIDTERM
Menu Bar
Formatting
Toolbar
Standard
Toolbar
Ruler Line
Insertion
Point
Work Scroll
Area Bars
View
Buttons
Word Features
choose and change typfaces, type sizes and types styles of fonts
(eg. bold, italic, etc.)
align text and set tabs
set margins, headers/footers and page numbers
draw lines and create shaded borders
insert and manipulate graphic images
draft memos and proof documents
merge addresses with form letters
Screen Features
The Title Bar
The Title bar is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title
bar, Microsoft Word displays the name of the document you are currently
using. At the top of your screen, you should see "Microsoft Word -
Document1" or a similar name.
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The Menu Bar
The Menu bar is directly below the Title bar and it displays the
menu. The menu begins with the word File and continues with Edit, View,
Insert, Format, Tools, Table, Window, and Help. You use the menu to give
instructions to the software.
Toolbars
The Ruler
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The ruler is generally found below the main toolbars. The ruler is
used to change the format of your document quickly. To display the ruler:
Document View
With word, you can display your document in one of four views:
Normal, Outline, Page Layout, or Online Layout.
Normal view
Normal view is the most often used and shows such
formatting as line spacing, font, point size, and italics.
Multiple-column text is displayed in one continuous column.
Outline view
Outline view displays the document in outline form.
Headings can be displayed without the text. A heading can
be moved and the accompanying text moved with it.
Page Layout view
The Page Layout view shows the document as it will
look when it is printed.
Online Layout view
The Online Layout view optimizes the document for
online viewing (viewing the document in a browser).
Text Area
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Just below the ruler is a large area called the "text area". You type
your document in the text area. The blinking vertical line in the upper left
corner of the text area is the cursor. It marks the insertion point. As you
type, your work will show at the cursor location. The horizontal line next
to the cursor marks the end of the document.
2. Exiting Word
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3. Press Enter.
4. If you have entered text, you will be prompted: "Do
you want to save changes to Document1?" To save
your changes, click on Yes. Otherwise, click on No.
5. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box.
6. Name your file in the File Name field.
7. Click on Save.
3. Working with Text and Files
You will be encountering the following symbols and might be
wondering how they are used.
Nonprinting Characters
Denotes a tab
. Denotes a space
¶ Denotes the end of a paragraph
.... Denotes hidden text
Denotes a nonbreaking hyphen
Word Exercise 1
1. Type the following sentence:
Joe has a very large house.
2. Now delete the word "house." Using either the arrow
keys or the mouse, place the cursor between the
period and the "e" in the word "house."
3. Press the Backspace key until the word "house" is
deleted.
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4. Type boat. The sentence should now read:
"Joe has a very large boat."
Word Exercise 2
Delete the word "very" from the sentence you just typed.
1. Highlight the word "very."
2. Place the cursor before the "v" in the word
"very" and press the F8 key. Then press the
right arrow key until the word "very" is
highlighted.
3. Press the Delete key. The sentence should now
read:
"Joe has a large boat."
7. Inserting Text
You can insert text. To insert text, you must be in the Insert
mode. To check to see whether you are in the Insert mode, look at
the Status bar, located at the very bottom of the screen. Look at
the right side of the Status bar. If the letters "OVR" are gray, you
are in the Insert mode. If the letters "OVR" are black, you are in
the Overtype mode.
Word Exercise 3
Make sure the letters "OVR" are gray before proceeding. You
are going to insert the word "blue" between the words "large" and
"boat."
1. Place the cursor between the words "large"
and "boat."
2. Type the word blue.
3. The sentence should now read:
"Joe has a large blue boat."
8. Overtype
You can type over the current text (replace the current text
with new text). However, you must be in the Overtype mode.
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Word Exercise 4
Change the word "blue" to "gray."
1. Place the cursor before the letter "b" in "blue."
2. Type the word gray.
3. The sentence should now read:
"Joe has a large gray boat."
Word Exercise 5
1. Highlight the word large from the previous text.
2. On the menu bar, click on Format
3. Choose Font
4. When the font dialog box appears, choose on the
Font Style option and
5. choose Bold
or
6. After highlight the text, you can directly press CTRL +
B.
7. The sentence should now read:
"Joe has a large gray boat."
b) Italicizing text
Apply italic formatting
1. Select the text you want to change.
2. On the Formatting toolbar, Click Italic
.
c) Underlining text
Add a basic underline
1. Select the text you want to change.
2. On the Formatting toolbar, click Underline
3. Save File
You must save your files if you wish to recall them later.
Before you can save, you must give your file a name. To save your
file and close Word, follow the instructions below:
1. Click on File.
2. Highlight Save As. Press Enter.
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3. Specify the correct folder in the Save In box.
4. Name your file in the File Name box.
5. Click on Save.
6. Click on File.
7. Highlight Exit. Press Enter.
Note: Use SAVE when the document will be saved for the first
time or the document is edited and you want to save it
again using the same filename and use SAVE AS… when
the document is edited and you want to save it under a
new name or the document had to be saved in a different
location.
Formatting Files.
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3. Setting the Page Orientation
Page Orientation will enable you to set the layout of the page.
In doing so, do the following:
a) Click the File menu.
b) Click Page Setup.
c) Click the Margins tab.
d) In the Orientation area choose either Portrait of Landscape.
e) Click Ok.
U
Formatting Text
With formatting commands, you can produce a consistent,
pleasing look that enhances the appearance and the effectiveness
of your documents.
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2. Click Underline or highlight text and press CTRL + U
k) Text Alignment
1. Align text with the left margin
1.1) Select the text you want to align left.
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1.2) Click Align Left.
2. Align text with the left margin
2.1) Select the text you want to align left.
2.2) Click Align Left.
3. Align text with the right margin
3.1) Select the text you want to align with the right
margin.
3.2) Click Align Right.
4. Justify text
4.1) Select the text you want to justify.
4.2) Click Justify.
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1.5 Lines Line spacing for each line that is one-and-one-
half times that of single line spacing. For
example, if 10-point text is spaced at 1.5 lines,
the line spacing is approximately 15 points.
Double Line spacing for each line that is twice that of
single line spacing. For example, in double-
spaced lines of 10-point text, the line spacing
is approximately 20 points.
At Least Minimum line spacing that Word can adjust to
accommodate larger font sizes or graphics that
would not otherwise fit within the specified
spacing.
Exactly Fixed line spacing that Word does not adjust.
This option makes all lines evenly spaced.
Multiple Line spacing that is increased or decreased by
a percentage that you specify. For example,
setting line spacing to a multiple of 1.2 will
increase the space by 20 percent, while setting
line spacing to a multiple of 0.8 will decrease
the space by 20 percent. Setting the line
spacing at a multiple of 2 is equivalent to
setting the line spacing at Double. In the At
box, type or select the line spacing you want.
The default is three lines.
At The amount of line spacing you select. This
option is available only if you select At Least,
Exactly, or Multiple in the Line Spacing box.
Writing Tools
Spelling and Grammar check are two writing tools in MS Word that
help the users to create thoughtful and well-written document.
MS Word automatically checks the spelling and grammar as you
type.
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Spelling errors are noted in with a wavy red line.
Grammar erros and extra spaces between words are indicated by a
wavy green line.
Adding Borders
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including a picture border (such as a row of trees), to any or all sides of
each page in a document.
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1. To change borders in tables, click anywhere in the table. To
change the border of specific cells, select only those cells,
including the end-of-cell marks.
2. To change the border that surrounds a paragraph, click
anywhere in the paragraph. To change the border that
surrounds specific text, such as a word, select the text.
3. On the Format menu, click Borders and Shading, and then
click the Borders tab.
4. Select the options you want, and make sure the correct
option is selected under Apply to.
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2) Replace a clip art image
1. Double-click the image you want to replace.
2. Double-click a new image.
Page Numbers
If you move the page numbers outside the header or footer area,
the page numbers are still part of the header or footer. If you want
to edit or format the page numbers, you need to click Header and
Footer on the View menu.
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If you inserted page numbers by clicking Page Numbers on the
Header and Footer toolbar, Word inserts the page numbers as part
of the text in the header or footer. Page numbers aren't enclosed in
frames, and you can't drag them to a new location.
Printing Documents
You can also select the portion of the document you want to
print. Click Print on the File menu, and then click Selection.
Creating a Calendar
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where you can insert a picture, and you can start the calendar with any
month you want.
1. On the File menu, click New.
2. Click the Other Documents tab.
3. Double-click Calendar Wizard.
4. Follow the steps in the wizard.
The easiest way to create a data source in Word is to use the Mail
Merge command to start a main document. After you've created the data
source, you can delete the blank main document.
In a new document window, click Mail Merge (Tools menu), click
Create, and then click Form Letters. When Word displays a message, click
Active Window. Then click Get Data and create a data source.
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4. After you insert all of the merge fields and complete the
main document, click Mail Merge Helper on the Mail Merge
toolbar.
5. Click Merge.
6. In the Merge to box, click Printer.
You can view the resulting form letters before you print
them or send them online.
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Tips on planning a data source
Allow enough data fields for the data records with the most
information.
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MICROSOFT EXCEL - is an electronic spreadsheet program that you can
use to efficiently evaluate and revise data, calculate and compare
numbers, and create charts and reports.
Uses of Excel
1. Personal Finances
2. Financial Reports
3. Charts
Excel Features
changing the typefaces, size and style of data in sheet
adding borders and shading to data cells
adjusting the width and height for selected cells or entire
ranges of columns and rows
moving and copying columns and rows in a sheet
managing, sorting and searching for workbook data
creating a chart based on workbook data
automating workbook tasks you use regularly
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Screen Components
Workbook – is the file, in which you work and store your data;
contains Sheets. The workbook consists of grids and columns. The
intersection of a row and column is a rectangular area called a cell.
Sheet – basic unit of a workbook
Worksheet – store numbers and words
Chartsheet – store charts
Cell – basic unit of a sheet; formed by intersection of row and
column
Active Cell – displayed with heavy borders around it; indicating that
the cell is selected
Name Box – displays the column number and row letter of the
active cell
Formula Bar – is the area of the workbook where you use to enter
and edit data and formula; displays the contents of
the active cell
The Title bar is located at the very top of the screen. On the Title
bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently
using.
The Menu bar is directly below the Title bar and displays the menu.
You use the menu to give instructions to the software.
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Toolbars
Worksheets
41
1. If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address displays on the left
side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the
Formula bar.
1. If the Status bar is turned on, it appears at the very bottom of the
screen.
Notice the word "Ready" on the Status bar at the lower left
side of the screen. The word "Ready" tells you that Excel is
in the Ready mode and awaiting your next command. Other
indicators appear on the Status bar in the lower right corner
of the screen.
Other functions that appear on the Status bar are Scroll Lock
and End. Scroll Lock and End are also toggle keys. Pressing
the key toggles the function between on and off. Scroll Lock
causes the pointer movement key to move the window but
not the cell pointer. End allows you to jump around the
screen. We will discuss both of these later in more detail.
You can use the down arrow key to move downward on the
screen one cell at a time.
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You can use the Up Arrow key to move upward on the
screen one cell at a time.
You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or
left one cell at a time.
The Page Up and Page Down keys move the cursor up and
down one page at a time.
The End key, used in conjunction with the arrow keys, causes the
cursor to move to the far end of the spreadsheet in the direction of the
arrow.
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7. Press the End key again.
8. Press the left arrow key. Note that the cursor moves to the farthest
left area of the screen.
9. Press the End key again.
10. Press the up arrow key. Note that the cursor moves to the top of
the screen.
If you have entered data into the worksheet, the End key moves
you to the end of the data area.
The Home key, used in conjunction with the End key, moves you to
cell A1 -- or to the beginning of the data area if you have entered data.
d) Scroll Lock
Scroll Lock moves the window, but not the cell pointer.
SELECTING CELLS
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1. Place the cursor in cell A1.
2. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor.
3. Note that EXT appears on the Status bar in the lower right corner
of the screen. You are in the Extend mode.
4. Click in cell E7. Cells A1 to E7 should now be highlighted.
5. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the
highlighting.
ENTERING TEXT
You enter data when you type text or numbers into an empty cell.
If a cell already has data, your typing overwrites the existing data. You
edit data when you make changes to existing data. You clear data when
the cell's contents are erased, but the cell itself is not deleted.
1) Step-by-Step: Enter/Edit/Clear
Start with a blank workbook
a) Select: Cell
Select cell A1 at the upper left by clicking it. (It should be
already selected when you open a new workbook.) The status bar
shows the word Ready and the cell has a darker, wider border
than other cells. You are ready to enter data!
When you start typing, the pointer changes to the I-beam and a
blinking cursor appears in the cell to show where the next
character will appear. The characters appear in the standard font
(also called Normal), which you selected in Options dialog.
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c) Erase Data (before ENTER)
Press the ESC key to cancel your typing. All changes to cell
A1 vanish. This works only if you haven't pressed ENTER yet.
Clear Contents
1. Right click on cell A1, and from the
popup menu select Clear Contents...
(This command is also on the Menu bar
as Edit | Clear | Contents…)
The data in the cell is erased. Any formatting will
remain and will be applied to new data that you enter later.
2. Undo
Delete
1. With cell A1 selected, press the DELETE key. Again the cell
contents are erased. This works when you have many cells
selected, too.
Drag
1. Type numbers in the cells A1, A2
A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3 as
shown at the right.
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surprise and can be hard to figure out if you were not
warned about it.
2) Editing a Cell
After you enter data into a cell, you can edit it by pressing F2 while
you are in the cell you wish to edit.
You can also edit the cell by using the Formula bar.
3. Use the backspace key to erase the "s," "e," and "n."
4. Type ker.
5. Press Enter.
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Alternate Method – Editing a Cell by Double-Clicking in the Cell
When you enter Microsoft Excel, the width of each cell is set to a
default width. This width is called the standard column width. To make
the change, try these steps:
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4. Press the down arrow key until Standard Width is highlighted.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 25 in the Standard Column Width field.
7. Click on OK. The width of every cell on the worksheet should now
be set to 25.
4) Cell Alignment
4.1) Centering by Using the Menu
4.2) Right-Aligning by Using the Menu
4.3) Left-Aligning by Using the Menu
4.4) Alternate Method -- Alignment by Using the Formatting Toolbar
4.5) Centering by Using the Toolbar
You can bold, underline, or italicize text in Microsoft Excel. You can
also combine these features -- in other words, you can bold, underline,
and italicize a single piece of text.
In the exercises that follow, you will learn three different methods
for bolding, italicizing, or underlining text in Microsoft Excel. You will learn
to bold, italicize, and underline by using the menu, the icons, and the
shortcut keys.
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Alternate Method – Adding Underline by Using Shortcut Keys
Alternate Method – Bold, Underline, and Italicize Using
Shortcut Keys
You can change the Font and Font Size of the data you enter.
Whenever you type text that is too long to fit into a cell, Microsoft
Excel attempts to display all of the text. It will left-align the text
regardless of the alignment that has been assigned to it, and it will borrow
space from the blank cells to the right. However, a long text entry will
never write over cells that already contain entries— instead, the cells that
contain entries will cut off the long text. Do the following exercise to see
how this works.
Earlier the column width had been increased. You can also increase
individual column widths. If you increase the column width, you will be
able to see the long text.
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Column A is now set to a width of 55. You should now be able to see all of
the text.
You can also change the column width using the cursor.
1. Place the cursor on the line between the B and C column headings.
The cursor should look like the one displayed here, with two
arrows.
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A B C D E F G
1 1:00 Sun Sunday Jan January 2000 Type 1
2. Place the cursor in cell A1.
3. Press F8. This will anchor the cursor.
4. Press the right arrow key six times
to highlight cells A1 through G1.
5. Find the small black square in the
lower right corner of the
highlighted area. This is called the
Fill Handle.
6. Grab the Fill Handle and drag with your mouse to highlight cells A1
to G24.
7. Note how each cell fills.
2. Press Esc and then click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the
highlighting.
Formatting Cells
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a) Widening Columns
b) Inserting Rows
To insert a row, click on the second row to insert the row before it. For
example, if you want to insert a row between row2 and row3, click on row3 so
the new row will appear before it. The same procedure is done in inserting a
column.
c) Aligning Cells
In aligning cells, select the cell where you want to
center its content, and click on any alignment from the
Formatting bar, refer to the image shown in the right.
Here is another way to center the word. Click right on cell C3. Then click on Format
Cells.
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When the Format Cells Menu appears, click-on the – Alignment Tab and then
click-on -- Horizontal - Center --Vertical - Center -- then click OK.
In this lesson you will learn how to work with numbers and how to
perform mathematical calculations.
+ Addition / Division
- Subtraction ^ Exponential
* Multiplication
The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell to a
cell in a different part of the worksheet.
a) Go to –F5 - this function key will prompt you to the cell you
wish to go.
b) Go to – Ctrl + G – this command is used when you wish to
go to a specific cell.
By Typing
Enter the following:
Cell Type – in
54
B2 4
B3 6
B4 8
B5 1
B6 =B2+B3+B4+B5 and press enter
You will then see that the sum is 19.
By Pointing
Erase what you have entered in B6, type the “=” (equal) sign back,
then use the mouse to point to the values at B2 to B5, put a “+”
(addition) symbol in between cell names and after selecting all cells press
enter, the sum will show.
By Using a Formula
Erase the entry at B6 again, then type the “=sum(B2:B5) then
press enter, the sum will again show.
a) Addition
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Place the cursor in cell A3 and look at the Formula bar.
b) Subtraction
c) Multiplication
1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "g" (Ctrl-g). The Go To
dialog box will appear.
2. Type C1.
3. Press Enter. You should now be in cell C1.
4. Type 2 in cell C1.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 3 in cell C2.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =C1*C2 in cell C3.
9. Press Enter.
10. Note that C1 is multiplied by C2 and the answer is displayed in C3.
Place the cursor in cell C3 and look at the Formula bar.
d) Division
1. Press F5.
2. Type D1.
3. Press Enter. You should now be in cell D1.
4. Type 6 in cell D1.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 3 in cell D2.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =D1/D2 in cell D3.
9. Press Enter.
10. Note that D1 is divided by D2 and the answer is displayed in cell
D3.
e) Automatic Calculation
Make the changes outlined below and note how Microsoft Excel
automatically recalculates.
4) Formatting Numbers
You can format the numbers you enter into Microsoft Excel. You
can add commas to separate thousands, specify the number of decimal
places, place a dollar sign in front of the number, or display the number
as a percent in addition to several other options.
a) Cell Addressing
With relative cell addressing, when you copy a formula from one
area of the worksheet to another, Microsoft Excel records the position of
the cell relative to the cell that originally contained the formula
6) Mathematical Functions
Note: Colon(:) indicates range
a) Sum – adds all the numbers in a range of cells.
Syntax: =sum(range)
b) Average – returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the
arguments.
c) Count – counts the number of cells that contain numbers
and also numbers within the list of arguments. Use COUNT to get the
number of entries in a number field that's in a range or array of
numbers.
d) Max - Returns the largest value in a set of values.
e) Min – returns the smallest number in a set of values.
7) Other Functions
a) If - Returns one value if a condition you specify
evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
Use IF to conduct conditional tests on values
and formulas.
Syntax: IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
b.1) LOOKUP(lookup_value,lookup_vector,result_vector)
Lookup_value is a value that LOOKUP searches for
in the first vector. Lookup_value can be a number, text, a
logical value, or a name or reference that refers to a value.
Lookup_vector is a range that contains only one
row or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be text,
numbers, or logical values.
b.2) LOOKUP(lookup_value,array)
Lookup_value is a value that LOOKUP searches for in an
array. Lookup_value can be a number, text, a logical value,
or a name or reference that refers to a value.
HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_looku
p)
3) MATCH - Returns the relative position of an item in an
array that matches a specified value in a specified
order. Use MATCH instead of one of the LOOKUP
functions when you need the position of an item in a
range instead of the item itself.
Syntax:
MATCH(lookup_value,lookup_array,match_type)
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT - is a powerful tool to create professional looking
presentations and slide shows. PowerPoint allows you to construct presentations from
scratch or by using the easy to use wizard.
VIEWS
PowerPoint provides you with four screen layouts for use in designing your
presentation in addition to the Slide Show view. You can select the page view by the
View menu on the menu bar or by using the view toolbar located just above the drawing
toolbar and at the bottom of the page.
This tiny toolbar is unique to PowerPoint. The icons allow you to switch between 5
different modes of viewing your work.
START UP SCREEN
This screen will be prompted and you will be
asked how you are going to create a new
presentation. You have three options for creating a
new presentation:
← CTRL+Z = Undo
← ALT + F = File (displays the file menu
← CTRL+C = Copy
← ALT + E = Edit (displays the edit menu
← CTRL+V = Paste
← CTRL+X = Cut
← Once a menu is displayed, pressing the
← CTRL+S = Save
underlined letter in a menu item's name executed
that command.
← CTRL+P = Print
e) Adding Text
1. Select the TEXT tool, and 'draw' a container area on your slide.
2. Type your text
f) Adding Graphics
Note: If the Resize AutoShape to fit text check box is selected and
you later try to make the shape smaller, the shape will resize only
to where the text still fits within it.
i) Applying Transitions
1. In slide or slide sorter view, select the slide
or slides you want to add a transition to.
2. On the Slide Show menu, click Slide
Transition.
3. In the Effect box, click the transition you
want, and then select any other options you
want.
4. Click Apply (you would almost never want
to Apply to All - see note below)
j) Applying Animations
You may also want to animate the individual
elements on your slides. The animation effects toolbar can
be accessed by clicking on the STAR tool . This opens
the Animation Effects Toolbar
Important Note: The transitions dialog box at the top of the page is
shown with the worst possible selections in place. If you wish to drive
everyone from the presentation hall before the fourth slide is displayed,
make the above selections and click "Apply to All".
Transitions and animations should be used very sparingly and they should
only be applied when the serve some purpose (i.e. to call attention to a
"Conclusions" slide that summarizes your major points).
These notes will not be seen on your presentation, but they can be
printed out on paper along with the slide the notes refer to by selecting Print
What: Notes Pages on the Print menu.
o) Slide Show
1. Select 'Slide Sorter View' from the toolbar in the bottom left of the screen (the
one with the four boxes, remember?).
Your first slide will fill the screen. To move on to the next slide, click anywhere
on the slide with the mouse (or press the right arrow on your keyboard)
To go back to a previous slide, press the left arrow key. To get back to Slide
sorter view, right-click anywhere on the screen and choose "End show" from
the popup menu.
To start your slide show from the first slide regardless of which slide you
are currently on, press F5, to end the show and return to the slide that
you were working on, press Esc.
p) Editing a Graphic
Select File>Page Setup from the menu bar to access options for printing
the presentation. Select the format the printed slides will be used for from the
Slides sized for drop-down menu or enter a specific print size using the Width
and Height boxes. Select the page orientation for the slides and for other print
material from the presentation in the Orientation section.
Select File>Print from the menu bar to print the presentation.
Print range - Select All to print all the slides in the presentation,
Current slide to print only the current slide, or enter slide numbers in
the Slides field to print only certain slides.
Copies - Enter the number of copies of each slide specified in Print range
and check the Collate box if necessary.
Print What -