TRANSTION ELEMENTS

Any of the set of metallic elements occupying a central block (Groups

IVB–VIII, IB, and IIB, or 4–12) in the periodic table, e.g. iron, manganese,
chromium, and copper. Chemically they show variable valency and a
strong tendency to form coordination compounds, and many of their
compounds are coloured.

In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has

three possible meanings:

 The IUPAC definition[1] defines a transition metal as

"an element whose atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which
can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell".
 Many scientists describe a "transition metal" as any element in
the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on
the periodic table.[2][3] In actual practice, the f-
block lanthanide and actinide series are also considered transition
metals and are called "inner transition metals".
 Cotton and Wilkinson[4] expand the brief IUPAC definition (see
above) by specifying which elements are included. As well as the
elements of groups 4 to 11, they add scandium and yttrium in group
3, which have a partially filled d subshell in the metallic state.
Lanthanum and actinium in group 3 are, however, classified as
lanthanides and actinides respectively.

GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS

 The transition elements are all metals, they are shiny with high
densities, melting and boiling points.
 When solid, they form giant metal lattices with delocalised
electrons so they conduct electricity.
 All transition metals have more than one oxidation state.
 All of the transition metals form a 2+ ion which is often they lose
their 4s electrons.
 The 4s electrons lost first but the 3d electrons are so close in
energy they can also be lost to form stable ions.
 Here is a table to show the oxidation states of each of the
transition elements in period 4 and the colour of the common
ions in water..
 The highest oxidation state will readilly
accept electrons and gets reduced
which makes them powerful oxidising
agents.
 Common examples of this
behavior are
Potassiumpermagnate (VI) and
potassium dichromate (VI).
 Disproportionation is where a species is both oxidised and
reduced in the same recation.
 For Example if we add hot dilute sulphuric acid copper(I) oxide we
form both a blue solution of Cu(II) sulphate ions and brown
precipitate of copper solid.

𝐶𝑢2 𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑢 + 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂

 It’s the copper under goes the disproportionation:

𝟐𝑪𝒖− → 𝑪𝒖 + 𝑪𝒖𝟐+
 𝑻𝒉𝒆 IIB group elements Zn, Cd and Hg, are d-block elements,
because they donot have incompletely d-sub shell both in
elemental forms in divalent states.
 COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
A coordination complex is the product of a Lewis acid-base
reaction in which neutral molecules or anions (called ligands)
bond to a central metal atom (or ion) by coordinate covalent
bonds. Ligands are Lewis bases - they contain at least one pair of
electrons to donate to a metal atom/ion.

 Ligands are Lewis bases - they contain at least one pair of

electrons to donate to a metal atom/ion. Ligands are also
called complexing agents.
 Metal atoms/ions are Lewis acids - they can accept pairs of
electrons from Lewis bases.
 Within a ligand, the atom that is directly bonded to the metal
atom/ion is called the donor atom.
 A coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which one atom
(i.e., the donor atom) supplies both electrons. This type of
bonding is different from a normal covalent bond in which each
atom supplies one electron.
 If the coordination complex carries a net charge, the complex is
called a complex ion.
 Compounds that contain a coordination complex are
called coordination compounds.

Coordination compounds and complexes are distinct chemical species -

their properties and behavior are different from the metal atom/ion
and ligands from which they are composed.

The coordination sphere of a coordination compound or complex

consists of the central metal atom/ion plus its attached ligands. The
coordination sphere is usually enclosed in brackets when written in a
formula.
 Some Coordination Complexes

molecular Lewis Lewis donor coordination

example
formula base/ligand acid atom number

[Ag(NH3)2]+ NH3 Ag+ N 2

[Zn(CN)4]2- CN- Zn2+ C 4

[Ni(CN)4]2- CN- Ni2+ C 4

[PtCl6]2- Cl- Pt4+ Cl 6

[Ni(NH3)6]2+ NH3 Ni2+ N 6

The coordination number is the number of donor atoms bonded to the

central metal atom/ion.

Naming Coordination Compounds

More complicated coordination compounds are composed of an atom

or ion (usually a metal) and a surrounding array of bound molecules or
anions, known as ligands. The atom within a ligand that is bonded to
the central atom or ion is called the donor atom. A typical complex is
bound to several donor atoms, which can be the same or different.
Coordination refers to the coordinate covalent bonds (dipolar bonds)
between the ligands and the central atom.

The set of rules for naming a coordination compound is:

1. When naming a complex ion, the ligands are named before the
metal ion.
2. Write the names of the ligands in the following order: neutral,
negative, positive. If there are multiple ligands of the same charge
 type, they are named in alphabetical order. (Numerical prefixes do
not affect the order.)
3. Multiple occurring monodentate ligands receive a prefix according
to the number of occurrences: di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexa.
Polydentate ligands (e.g., ethylenediamine, oxalate) receive bis-,
tris-, tetrakis-, etc.
4. Anions end in -ido. This replaces the final “e” when the anion ends
with “-ate” (e.g, sulfate becomes sulfato) and replaces “-ide”
(cyanide becomes cyanido).
5. Neutral ligands are given their usual name, with some exceptions:
NH3 becomes ammine; H2O becomes aqua or aquo; CO becomes
carbonyl; NO becomes nitrosyl.
6. Write the name of the central atom/ion. If the complex is an anion,
the central atom’s name will end in -ate, and its Latin name will be
used if available (except for mercury).
7. If the central atom’s oxidation state needs to be specified (when it
is one of several possible, or zero), write it as a Roman numeral (or
0) in parentheses.
8. End with “cation” or “anion” as separate words (if applicable).

metal changed to

cobalt Cobaltate

aluminium Aluminate

chromium Chromate

vanadium Vanadate
copper Cuprate

iron Ferrate

SHAPES OF COORDINATION COMPONDS:-

 Linear for two-coordination

 Trigonal planar for three-coordination
 Tetrahedral or square planar for four-coordination
 Trigonal bipyramidal for five-coordination
 Octahedral for six-coordination
 Pentagonal bipyramidal for seven-coordination
 Square antiprismatic for eight-coordination
 Tricapped trigonal prismatic for nine-coordination

VANADIUM:-