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RUBBER TECHNOLOGY - Ingredients, Activators, Fillers - Goodyear Rubber
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY - Ingredients, Activators, Fillers - Goodyear Rubber
Fillers
1. Accelerator Activators
■ Stearic, oleic
■ Phenolics – nonstaining
■ Physical Protectants – waxy materials that bloom to surface forming a protective coat
■ Shields the part from ozone, oxygen etc.
■ Hardens ( or usually hardens)- CR, SBR, NBR, BR, EPDM, CSM, FKM
3. Must be compatible with rubber and other compounding ingredients. Incompatibility will result in “bleeding” in the nal produ
poor processing characteristics or both.
4. Typical for plasticizers to act a dual purpose ingredients, increase elongation, reduce hardness, improve tack; depending on the
■ Blowing Agents – gas-generating chemical needed for sponge and microporous rubber
1. ■ Release gas during vulcanization
■ Flame Retardants
1. ■ Chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphate and antimony
2. ■ Generally, these are organic acids that function by lowering ph of compound, thus retarding vulcanization
1. Blacks
2. Clays – semi reinforcing
1. Many types but Kaolins are used exclusively in rubber
1. rule of thumb is 5-6 phr hard clay or 7-8 phr soft clay
7. Main factor to consider with clays is the reduction in cure rate. Accelerators or Activators needed
8. Hard clay at equal loadings to N-990 produces similar properties in Tensile, Tear and Abrasion but is de cient in Modulus and
compression set.
3. Calcium carbonate – extending llers
4. Precipitated silica (reinforcing)
1. used alone reinforces signi cantly less due to its high polarity and that rubber and silica have differing polarities
2. Therefore, organosilanes are used (organic silica compounds) to act as coupling agents between rubber and silica.
3. Chemical Reinforcement: Covalent bonds between llers and rubbers – Mineral Fillers
1. Silica-Silane – the Magic Triangle
2. Roling Resistance, Wear Resistance , Wet Grip
3. Reduces Rolling Resistance by 25% and fuel consumption by 5% over carbon black
1. However, Processing is more dif cult because the chemical reaction must take place. Now time, temperature are cru
4. Bonding Fillers to Rubber – Bifunctional Organosilanes use two groups:
1. Trialkoxy Silyl Group – builds stable siloxane bonds ( ller modi er)
2. Rubber Active Group – reacts with polymer during vulcanization and develops covalent ller-rubber bonds. These bo
are responsible for the high reinforcing potential of the silica-silane ller system.
3. Both chemical reactions have to be carefully controlled.
1. ensure coupling agents are thoroughly mixed
2. Also ensure a reaction with the polymer matrix doesn’t occur in mixing
1. In Natural Rubber with Silicas, Plasticizers of vegetable origin have special characteristics, 5 phr of Tall Oil is equivalent to 30 phr
napthenic oil.
7. Curing Systems
1. The surface chemistry of precipitated silicas differ signi cantly from other llers. This leads to a unique set of compounding
variations. Sulfur-cured rubbers containing precipitated silica must be modi ed to obtain optimum performance.
2. With ne particle silicas above about 20phr, diethylene glycol (DEG) or polyethylene glycol (DEG) reduces accelerator requireme
The glycols also buffer the variable moisture and are an economic advantage.
3. Ef cient Vulcanization systems (EV) rely on sulfur donors or accelerators with available sulfur and little or no elemental sulfur.
4. General guidelines:
1. Combine two or more accelerators, one from the thiazoles or sulfonamides, the second from the guanidines, thiurams, or
dithiocarbamates
2. Add glycol activators (TEA, DEG, PEG) to lessen accelerator demand and buffer variable moisture
3. Sulfur Donor (EV) systems that provide ef cient crosslinking, property optimization and heat-aging
4. High Tear is outstanding with silica and it increases with increasing surface area
1. Rubber lled with small-particle silicas tears in an irregular “saw-tooth” process often called ‘knotty tear’.
2. With silanes, it is important to allow the silica, rubber and silane to mix thoroughly before adding other ingredients
1. It is particularly important that zinc oxide not be present during this phase
1. Rather, add zinc oxide late in 1st stage or in 2nd stage to avoid interference with coupling action
2. Only ingredients essential for processibility (plasticizers) be present during early mixing cycle
9. Silicone-Rubber Compounding
intermediate cost.
1. Special grades offer better electrical properties and reduced water absorption
2. Water Volume swell after 24 hrs is 1-2% with fumed and 5-10% with precipitated
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