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Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: Mototaka Arakawa, Kota Kudo, Kazuto Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kanai
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: Mototaka Arakawa, Kota Kudo, Kazuto Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kanai
Sensors and Actuators A: Physical: Mototaka Arakawa, Kota Kudo, Kazuto Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kanai
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: An ultrasonic method to measure the changes in radial arterial diameter and blood pressure in a noninva-
Received 1 August 2018 sive manner was proposed to estimate viscoelastic characteristics of the arterial wall to diagnose vascular
Received in revised form endothelial dysfunction at an extremely early stage. In the present study, a measurement method of blood
28 November 2018
pressure using the piezoelectric effect of the ultrasonic probe was investigated. At first, blood pressure
Accepted 16 December 2018
Available online 17 December 2018
waveform measured by the piezoelectric element was discussed using piezoelectric constitutive equa-
tions. We confirmed that the blood pressure waveform can be obtained by integrating the waveform
measured by the piezoelectric element. Then, a conventional ultrasonic probe was modified to mea-
Keywords:
Radial artery sure a blood pressure waveform and the measurement is demonstrated. Changes in the radial diameter
Blood pressure was also measured using an ultrasonic diagnosis equipment with a conventional linear ultrasonic probe.
Diameter The measured voltage by the piezoelectric element was of the same order as the result estimated from
Piezoelectric effect the theoretical consideration with typical material constants of the piezoelectric element. The diameter
Viscoelasticity expanded with an increase in blood pressure and then gradually returned due to the decrease in blood
Ultrasonic probe pressure with viscosity. From the relationship between the arterial diameter and blood pressure, the
hysteresis characteristic of the artery wall during one heartbeat was confirmed.
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.12.019
0924-4247/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
M. Arakawa et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 286 (2019) 146–151 147
In order to measure the arterial diameter and the blood pres- The electric charge Q generated at the piezoelectric element can
sure at an identical position, it is necessary to transmit and receive be obtained by the surface integral of dielectric displacement D3 by
ultrasonic waves and to detect the blood pressure using only a the following equation:
single ultrasonic probe. This will be realized if the blood pres- Q = wlD3 (8)
sure waveform is measured using the piezoelectric effect because
piezoelectric elements are generally used for the ultrasonic probe. The relationship between the force F and the stress T3 is as fol-
However, the frequency of a blood pressure waveform is lower than lows:
approximately 12 Hz [25] and far outside the bandwidth (usually F = wlT3 (9)
several to 10 MHz) of ultrasonic probes. Therefore, it is necessary to
investigate whether blood pressure can be detected with enough The capacity of the piezoelectric element Cd is expressed by the
voltage by the piezoelectric elements of the ultrasonic probe. following equation:
The piezoelectric constitutive equations are as follows: εS33 wl
E
Cd = . (10)
T = c : S − e · E, (1) h
The relationship between voltage V and electric field E3 is as
D = e : S + εS · E, (2)
follows:
where cE , e, and S are the tensors of elastic constant under constant
V =E 3 h. (11)
electric field, piezoelectric constant, and permittivity under con-
stant stress, respectively; and T, S, D, and E are the tensors of stress, The following equation can be derived by substituting D3 in Eq.
strain, dielectric displacement, and electric field, respectively. (7) into Eq. (8) using Eqs. (9) – (11):
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic has a perovskite structure, D
e33 c33
and the independent components of elastic constants, piezoelectric Q = F+ Cd V, (12)
E
c33 E
c33
constants, and permittivity are the same as those of class 6 mm of
the hexagonal system [26]. The coordinate system for the piezo- D is the elastic constant at constant electric displacement,
where c33
electric element with width w, length l, and thickens h, is shown in E :
and has the following relationship with c33
Fig. 1, where P means spontaneous polarization. Voltage V occurs
when the force F is applied to the piezoelectric element. 2
e33
D E
It is assumed that there is no strain along the horizontal direc- c33 = c33 + . (13)
εS33
tions because the piezoelectric elements used in the ultrasonic
probe are usually fixed putting into a casing. That is, strain com- Next, let us consider the measurement of electric charge Q by
ponents other than S3 which corresponds to the strain along the the voltmeter with input resistance R. The current flowing from the
148 M. Arakawa et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 286 (2019) 146–151
dQ e33 dF cD dV
I= = E · + 33
E
Cd . (14)
dt c33 dt c33 dt
e33 dF cD dV
V = RI = R( E
· + 33
E
Cd ). (15)
c33 dt c33 dt
V (f ) = V0 (f ) · ejωt , (17)
where is angular frequency. From Eq. (15), V0 (f) and F0 (f) have
the following relationship:
e33
jωR
cE
V0 (f ) = 33
F0 (f ) . (18)
cD
1 − jωR 33
Cd
cE
33
The transfer function G(f) {= F0 (f)/V0 (f)} from the applied force
to the output voltage, and the amplitude |G(f)| and phase ∠G(f) are
expressed as follows:
cD
e33
jωR 1 + jωR 33
Cd
V0 (f ) cE cE
G (f ) = = 33
33
2 , (19)
F0 (f ) cD
1 + ωR 33
Cd
cE
33
e33 Fig. 2. (a) Amplitude and phase of transfer function of a piezoelectric element. (b)
ωR
cE Transfer function of the output voltage.
G (f ) = 33
cD
2 , (20)
1 + ωR 33
Cd The following equation is obtained by applying the inverse
cE
33 Laplace transform of Eq. (22):
1
t D
∠G (f ) = − . (21) 1 c33
cD f (t) = e V () d − Cd V (t) + f0 , (23)
ωR 33
Cd R 33 0
e33
cE cE
33 33
The calculated result of the transfer function G(f) is shown where f0 is force at t = 0.
in Fig. 2 (a), obtained using the following typical parame- Using the above parameters of the probe, the coefficients of
ters: c33E = 1.28 × 1011 N/m2 , e 2 S
33 = 25.9 C/m , ε33 /ε0 = 2, 021,
the first and second terms of the right-hand side of Eq. (23) were
calculated as 1/(Re33 /c33E ) = 4.95 × 103 N/( · m) and C c D /e =
3
= 7, 500 kg/m , R = 1 M˝, w = 0.2 mm, l = 4.0 mm, and h = d 33 33
3.2 mm. These parameters are the material constants of piezoelec- 3.00 × 10−1 s · N/( · m), respectively. Therefore, the first term is
tric elements used in the present study. The gain increased with dominant in Eq. (23), and the blood pressure f(t) can be obtained
20 dB/decade in the frequency ranges lower than 1000 Hz. by integrating the measured voltage V(t), as follows:
Assuming the difference of the systolic and diastolic arterial t
1
pressures is 50 mmHg, stress T3 is obtained as 6.67 × 103 N/m2 from f (t) = e V () d + f0 . (24)
the pressure difference. Then, F is obtained as 5.33 × 10−3 N from R 33 0
cE
33
Eq. (9). The transfer function of the output voltage of the received
signal is shown in Fig. 2(b). If the main frequency component of To obtain the blood pressure waveform, it is necessary to cal-
the blood pressure waveform is several Hz, the gain is obtained ibrate f(t) by the systolic blood pressure psys and diastolic blood
as approximately -90 dBV (0.03 mV) from Fig. 2(b). As shown in pressure pdia . The calibrated blood pressure waveform p̂ (t) is
Fig. 2, the zero-frequency component of the applied force cannot expressed as follows:
lead to the generation of voltage. It is also understood from the fact psys − pdia
ultrasonic probe that can measure blood pressure and the change
in diameter simultaneously.
4. Conclusions
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elasticity due to endothelium dependent relaxation response by accurate intensity: evaluation of carotid arterial wave intensity and reproducibility,
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change in stress–strain property of radial arterial wall caused by Biographies
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[20] K. Ikeshita, H. Hasegawa, H. Kanai, Flow-mediated change in viscoelastic Mototaka Arakawa received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineer-
property of radial arterial wall measured by 22 MHz ultrasound, Jpn. J. Appl. ing from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, in 1993, 1995, and 2000, respectively.
Phys. 48 (2009), 07GJ10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.48.07GJ10. He is currently an associate professor at the Graduate School of Biomedical Engi-
[21] K. Ikeshita, H. Hasegawa, H. Kanai, Noninvasive measurement of transient neering, Tohoku University. His research interests include developments of the
change in viscoelasticity due to flow-mediated dilation using automated ultrasonic transducer and the acoustic microscopy for tissue and cell characteriza-
detection of arterial wall boundaries, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50 (2011), 07HF08, tion and the application of the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization
http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.50.07HF08. system.
[22] K. Ikeshita, H. Hasegawa, H. Kanai, Improvement in accuracy of ultrasonic
Kota Kudo received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electronic engineering from Tohoku
measurement of transient change in viscoelasticity of radial arterial wall due
University, Sendai, Japan, in 2016 and 2018, respectively. He is currently working
to flow-mediated dilation by adaptive low-pass filtering, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51
at Sharp Corporation. His research interests include development of the ultrasonic
(2012), 07GF14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.51.07GF14.
probe.
[23] M. Sato, H. Hasegawa, H. Kanai, Correction of change in propagation time
delay of pulse wave during flow-mediated dilation in ultrasonic Kazuto Kobayashi received B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Shibaura
measurement of arterial wall viscoelasticity, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 (2014), Institute of Technology, in 1976. He received Ph.D. degrees in 2011 from Tohoku
07KF03, http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.07KF03. University. He is currently a director of Department of Research and Development at
[24] Y. Sakai, H. Taki, H. Kanai, Accurate evaluation of viscoelasticity of radial Honda Electronics Co. Ltd. in Toyohashi, Japan. His research activities and interests
artery wall during flow-mediated dilation in ultrasound measurement, Jpn. J. include medical ultrasound imaging, signal processing and high frequency ultra-
Appl. Phys. 55 (2016), 07KF11, http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.55.07KF11. sound transducers.
[25] D.W. Holdsworth, C.J.D. Norley, R. Frayne, D.A. Steinman, B.K. Rutt,
Characterization of common carotid artery blood-flow waveforms in normal Hiroshi Kanai received a B.E. degree from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan,
human subjects, Physiol. Meas. 20 (1999) 219–240. in 1981, and M.E. and the Ph. D. degrees, also from Tohoku University, in
[26] B.A. Auld, Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983 and in 1986, both in electrical engineering. He is currently a professor
1973. in the Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,
[27] H. Kanai, M. Sato, Y. Koiwa, N. Chubachi, Transcutaneous measurement and Tohoku University. His present interests are in transcutaneous measurement
spectrum analysis of heart wall vibrations, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. of the heart wall vibrations and myocardial response to propagation of elec-
Freq. Control 43 (1996) 791–810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.535480. trical potential and cross-sectional imaging of elasticity around atherosclerotic
[28] K. Nakahara, H. Hasegawa, H. Kanai, Optimization of feature extraction for plaque with transcutaneous ultrasound for tissue characterization of the arterial
automated identification of heart wall regions in different cross sections, Jpn. wall.
J. Appl. Phys. 53 (2014), 07KF09, http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.07KF09.