Report 192 ISSN: 0889-3144

Polymers in Aerospace
Applications

Joel R. Fried

Volume 16, Number 12

Expert overviews covering the

science and technology of rubber
and plastics
 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows:

1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and
Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts
section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts
database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc.

2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Polymer Library
database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below.

3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts
records on the database to aid retrieval.

Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-
based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from
B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding
temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations
of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed
during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that
variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very Abstract
much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during
isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated
that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and
cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition
or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined
from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log
dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over
the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE

Almost all of the documents which are listed in the References and Abstracts section are available in full text form, as
photocopies or pdf files from Smithers Rapra Technology’s Document Delivery Service. Documents can be delivered
by a variety of methods, including email, post or fax. Customers may pay for individual copies at the time of ordering
by credit card or alternatively open up a deposit account. See the back of this report for further information.

Please contact the Document Delivery Department for availability, current prices and delivery methods.

Document Delivery Department

Smithers Rapra Technology, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 Email: documents@rapra.net
 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS VOLUME 16
Series Editor Mrs. F. Gardiner, Smithers Rapra Technology
Rapra Review Reports comprise a unique source of polymer-related information with useful overviews accompanied by abstracts from
hundreds of relevant documents. A Rapra Review Report is an excellent starting point to improve subject knowledge in key areas.
Subscribers to this series build up a bank of information over each year, forming a small library at a very reasonable price. This series
would be an asset to corporate libraries, academic institutions and research associations with an interest in polymer science.
Twelve reports are published in each volume and these can be purchased individually or on a subscription basis.
Format: Soft-backed, 297 x 210 mm, ISSN: 0889-3144
Order individual published Rapra Review Reports (see the following pages for a list of available titles), or purchase a
subscription to Volume 16 (12 issues).

ORDER FORM
Title of Publication Price £/$/€

I would like to order the following Rapra Review Report(s) at £85 / US$136 / €136 each
Report Number(s) ....................................................................................................(please state quantity if more than one)

Please add postage at the following rates: UK £5 total, Overseas £7 / US$11 / €10 per item

Subtotal:

I would like to order ................. subscription(s) to Volume 16 of the Rapra Review Report Series at
£650 / US$975 / €1105 each
Please add postage at the following rates: UK £35 total, Overseas £65 / US$110 / €110 per subscription

All prices are subject to change and orders will be charged at the price Total Order Value:
indicated on www.polymer-books.com on the date of processing

❑ Remittance enclosed (Please make cheques payable to Rapra Technology in

£ Sterling drawn on a UK bank or in US$ / Euros - Unesco coupons are also accepted.) IMPORTANT - Value Added Tax (VAT)
The above prices do not include VAT. Customers in EU member
❑ Please invoice my company countries may be liable to pay VAT if their Registration Number is
❑ Please charge my credit card American Express/Visa/Mastercard (delete as appropriate) not supplied. Please enter your EU Registration Number
(VAT - BTW - IVA - TVA - MWST - MOMS - FPA) below:
For credit card orders we require all of the following details to be
completed prior to processing your order. VAT Number:
Card Number:

Full Name: ________________________________________________

Please enter the cards security code below, or provide us with your telephone number or email address.
(Visa/Mastercard - the last 3 digits from the number on the signature strip on the back of the card, Company: _________________________________________________
Amex - 4 digit code from the front of the card.)

3 or 4 Digit Security Code: ____________

Job Function:_______________________________________________

Signature: ______________________ Exp. date:__________________ Delivery Address (if different from Cardholder's Address): ___________
Issuing Bank: ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Cardholder's Name (as on card): ________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Cardholder's Address: ________________________________________
Postcode: _______________________ Country:___________________
__________________________________________________________
Telephone: ______________________ Fax: ______________________
__________________________________________________________
Postcode: _______________________ Country:___________________ If you would like to receive regular electronic updates informing you of
new titles and offers please enter your E-mail address below.
Telephone: ______________________ Fax: ______________________
Company PO#: _____________________________________________ E-mail:____________________________________________________

Please Publications Sales, Smithers Rapra Technology Tel. +44 (0)1939 250383
Return to: Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 www.rapra.net
SY4 4NR, United Kingdom E-mail: publications@rapra.net
 Previous Titles Still Available
Volume 1 Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova
Petrochemicals Inc.
Report 1 Conductive Polymers, W.J. Feast Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,
Report 2 Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Hotpoint Ltd.
Polymers, D.F. Williams Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health and
Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra
Farnborough. Technology Ltd.
Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.
Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and Volume 4
M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.
Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,
Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant. University of Surrey.
Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding, Report 38 Epoxy Resins, K.A. Hodd
P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson
Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.
R. Spratling, British Telecom.
Report 40 Internal Mixing of Rubber, J.C. Lupton
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry,
R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG.
Volume 2 Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,
J.M. Methven, UMIST.
Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics,
A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology. Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,
J. Green, FMC Corp.
Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure
Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G.
Ltd. Brain, Tooltex.
Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,
G. Woods, Consultant. J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.
Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester
Polytechnic.
Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Report 48 Plastics in Building, C.M.A. Johansson
Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for
Plastics in Agriculture. Volume 5
Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,
Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T.
R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.
van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.
Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,
Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.
H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,
Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.
Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.
Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,
Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, University of Manchester.
Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.
Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, Research Establishment.
R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.
Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.
Volume 3 Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for
Technology Associates. Industriforskning, Norway.
Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. J. Maxwell, Consultant.
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.
Consultant.
Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, Technology Ltd.
C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.
Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Monitoring Consultancy.
Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra
Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, Technology Ltd.
National NDT Centre, Harwell.
Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Volume 6
Dow Corning Ltd.
Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,
Rapra Technology Ltd.
D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and
3M Belgium SA. Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of
T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.
Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,
International Automotive Design. University of Surrey.
Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles,
and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.
Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.
Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood
Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,
Technologies Inc.
V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.
Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis,
Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &
Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station. Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research
and Development Center.
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
Volume 9
University of Belfast. Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire
Econology Ltd. Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &
S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Volume 7 Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,
Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and
and Technology, University of Bradford. Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure
Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson. de Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller
Consulting Ltd. Company.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra
R.C.P. Cubbon. Technology Ltd.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.
Goodyear Technical Center. Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram
Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, Technology Ltd.
J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd. Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,
Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory B.G. Crowther.
and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric
Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,
Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other The Open University.
Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,
Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Applications, J.A. Brydson.
Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,
Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, Volume 10
National Research Council Canada.
Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,
Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic
J.A. Lindsay.
Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra
Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,
R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,
Rapra Technology Ltd.
P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Volume 8 Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,
J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie. Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,
University of Texas at Austin.
Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,
D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd. Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,
V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra
Technology Ltd. Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,
University of Hamburg.
Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,
A.S. Wilson. Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y.
Wang, Tunghai University.
Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and
Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M.
Chemical Company. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting.
Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Volume 13
Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship and
Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and
J.C. Love, The University of Warwick.
J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love and
Shipley Ronal. V. Goodship, The University of Warwick.
Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, Roger P. Brown.
Report 148 Plastics Waste – Feedstock Recycling, Chemical
Volume 11 Recycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials, Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd. Ltd.
Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,
Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and
Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 151 Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and
Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research Council
Applications, F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research &
Canada.
Development.
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe, Report 152 Natural and Wood Fibre Reinforcement in Polymers,
University of Exeter. A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber and O. Faruk, University of
Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR, Kassel.
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated. Report 153 Polymers in Telecommunication Devices, G.H. Cross,
University of Durham.
Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
Report 154 Polymers in Building and Construction, S.M. Halliwell,
University of Nottingham.
BRE.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and Report 155 Styrenic Copolymers, Andreas Chrisochoou and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant. Daniel Dufour, Bayer AG.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau, Report 156 Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact
Lucent Technologies. of Polymeric Products, T.J. O’Neill, Polymeron
Consultancy Network.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,

Volume 14
D.C. Wright. Report 157 Developments in Colorants for Plastics,
Ian N. Christensen.
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright. Report 158 Geosynthetics, David I. Cook.
Report 159 Biopolymers, R.M. Johnson, L.Y. Mwaikambo and
Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner, N. Tucker, Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Clariant Huningue SA.
Report 160 Emulsion Polymerisation and Applications of Latex,
Christopher D. Anderson and Eric S. Daniels, Emulsion
Polymers Institute.
Volume 12 Report 161 Emissions from Plastics, C. Henneuse-Boxus and
T. Pacary, Certech.
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc. Report 162 Analysis of Thermoset Materials, Precursors and
Products, Martin J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers, Report 163 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites, Masami
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University. Okamoto, Toyota Technological Institute.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown. Report 164 Cure Monitoring for Composites and Adhesives, David
R. Mulligan, NPL.
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 165 Polymer Enhancement of Technical Textiles,
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Roy W. Buckley.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear, Report 166 Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers,
K.E. Kear
Khon Kaen University.
Report 167 Polyolefin Foams, N.J. Mills, Metallurgy and Materials,
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and University of Birmingham.
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 168 Plastic Flame Retardants: Technology and Current
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance, Developments, J. Innes and A. Innes, Flame Retardants
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre. Associates Inc.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N. Rothon,

Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan Volume 15
University.
Report 169 Engineering and Structural Adhesives, David J. Dunn,
Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,
FLD Enterprises Inc.
Huntsman Polyurethanes.
Report 170 Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture,
Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewis and Roger P. Brown.
I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science & Technology, Report 171 PVC Compounds and Processing, Stuart Patrick.
Loughborough University.
Report 172 Troubleshooting Injection Moulding, Vanessa Goodship,
Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV. Warwick Manufacturing Group.
Report 173 Regulation of Food Packaging in Europe and the USA,
Derek J. Knight and Lesley A. Creighton, Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd.
Report 174 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers for Drug
Delivery, David Jones, Queen's University, Belfast.
Report 175 Tyre Recycling, Valerie L. Shulman, European Tyre
Recycling Association (ETRA).
Report 176 Polymer Processing with Supercritical Fluids,
V. Goodship and E.O. Ogur.
Report 177 Bonding Elastomers: A Review of Adhesives &
Processes, G. Polaski, J. Means, B. Stull, P. Warren, K.
Allen, D. Mowrey and B. Carney.
Report 178 Mixing of Vulcanisable Rubbers and Thermoplastic
Elastomers, P.R. Wood.
Report 179 Polymers in Asphalt, H.L. Robinson, Tarmac Ltd, UK.
Report 180 Biocides in Plastics, D. Nichols, Thor Overseas Limited.

Volume 16
Report 181 New EU Regulation of Chemicals: REACH,
D.J. Knight, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd.
Report 182 Food Contact Rubbers 2 - Products, Migration and
Regulation, M.J. Forrest.
Report 183 Adhesion to Fluoropolymers, D.M. Brewis and R.H.
Dahm, IPTME, Loughborough University.
Report 184 Fluoroplastics, J.G. Drobny.
Report 185 Epoxy Composites: Impact Resistance and Flame
Retardancy, Debdatta Ratna.
Report 186 Coatings and Inks for Food Contact Materials,
Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.
Report 187 Nucleating Agents, Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer
Consultants.
Report 188 Silicone Products for Food Contact Applications,
Martin Forrest, Smithers Rapra.
Report 189 Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers,
Stuart Fairgrieve, SPF Polymer Consultants
Report 190 Electrospinning
Jon Stanger, New Zealand Institute for Plant and
Food Research
Nick Tucker, New Zealand Institute for Plant and
Food Research
Mark Staiger, Univeristy of Canterbury, New Zeland
Report 191 Polyvinylalcohol: Materials, Processing and
Applications
Vannessa Goodship, Warwick Manufacturing Group,
University of Warwick
Daniel Jacobs, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University
of Warwick
Polymers in Aerospace
Applications

Joel R. Fried

ISBN: 978-1-84735-093-0
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

Contents

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................3

2. Adhesives ......................................................................................................................................................3

3. Coatings ........................................................................................................................................................3

4. Fibres.............................................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Fibre Types ...........................................................................................................................................3
4.1.1 Carbon-Based Fibres...............................................................................................................3
4.1.2 Inorganic Fibres ......................................................................................................................4
4.1.3 Polymeric Fibres .....................................................................................................................5
4.1.4 Hybrid Fibres ..........................................................................................................................6
4.2 Fibre Forms .........................................................................................................................................6
4.3 Interfacial Properties ............................................................................................................................6
4.3.1 Coupling Agents .....................................................................................................................6
4.3.2 Surface Treatment ...................................................................................................................7

5. Composites....................................................................................................................................................7
5.1 Matrix Polymers ...................................................................................................................................7
5.1.1 Thermosetting Matrices .........................................................................................................8
5.1.2 TP Matrices ..........................................................................................................................10
5.2 Fabrication Methods ..........................................................................................................................12
5.3 Non-destructive Testing......................................................................................................................12

6. Nanocomposites ..........................................................................................................................................13
6.1 Nano-Reinforcements ........................................................................................................................13
6.2 Processing ..........................................................................................................................................15
6.3 Properties of Nanocomposites............................................................................................................15

7. Foams ..........................................................................................................................................................16

References ........................................................................................................................................................16

Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................16

Abstracts ..........................................................................................................................................................19

Index ..............................................................................................................................................................131

1
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

Author contact details: Joel R. Fried

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
University of Cincinnati
2600 Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
USA

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those
of Smithers Rapra Technology or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility
or liability of any nature shall attach to Smithers Rapra Technology arising out of or in connection with
any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

2
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
1. Introduction
The last RAPRA Report on Polymers in Aerospace
Applications (W.W. Wright, Report 37) was published in
1990. The present report strives to provide a contemporary
review of this area with an emphasis on the literature
appearing after 1990. It includes coverage of new materials
and technologies (particularly nanocomposites).
The principal use for polymers in aerospace applications
is as a matrix material and/or reinforcing bre for
composites. Other major applications include use in
adhesives, anti-misting additives, coatings, elastomers,
bres, and foams.
2. Adhesives
Applications for adhesives include metal-to-metal
bonding for aluminium and titanium parts, composite-
to-metal bonding, and the bonding of elastomers to
metal parts. Structural adhesives are manufactured in
lm and paste form (344). These are widely used in the
manufacture, assembly, and repair of interior and exterior
aircraft components. Examples include the reinforcement
of honeycomb structures such as luggage lockers and
oor panels (190). Another use is the damping of engine
and noise vibration (190). For example, epoxy-based
syntactic paste has been used for engine vibration
damping. A ame-retardant epoxy paste has been used
for high-strength reinforcement in honeycomb core parts
as well as in fasteners in overhead baggage lockers (190).
Adhesives with working temperatures in the range 315
°C to 400 °C have been reported for advanced thermal
protection systems bondlines. Ultra-high temperature-
resistant epoxy adhesives have been used to join together
polybenzimidazole (PBI) sheets (199) under high-energy
irradiation and low-pressure plasma treatment to provide
service temperatures in the range –260 °C to +370 °C for
potential aerospace and space applications (199).
3. Coatings
Coatings can provide protection against abrasion and
corrosion as well as reduce icing, provide shielding against
electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency
interference (RFI), and to protect insulation. Modied
phosphate pigments contained in an epoxy/polyurethane
carrier have been used for primers for metal and plastic
substrates. These primers are resistant to hydraulic
uids. Polysuldes and silicone resins have been used
for anti-icing applications. Nylon-6,6 reinforced with
nickel-coated carbon bres (CF) have been used for EMI/
RFI shielding. Thin lms of poly(vinylidene uoride),
polyethylene, and polyimides (PI) have been used to cover
layers of insulation in aircraft and space vehicles.
4. Fibres
The most widely used bres for aerospace are glass,
carbon, aramid, and boron (470). Other bres used
for high-performance composites include ultra-high
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and
poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) (217).
A comparison of the modulus and strength of glass,
carbon, and aramid bres is given in Table 1. Principal
differences between bre groups include modulus as
well as thermal and chemical stability. As shown by
representative values in Table 1, the modulus can vary
by more than one order of magnitude. Most bres used
in aerospace applications serve as reinforcements in
composite materials; other uses are found for these
fibres in cabin furnishing, parachutes, and other
specialised applications. Properties and applications
of carbon-based, inorganic, and polymeric bres are
reviewed in depth within the following sub-sections.
Table 1 Mechanical Properties of Typical
Aerospace Fibres (472)
Fibre Modulus (GPa) Strength
(MPa)
E-glass 72.4 3450
S-glass 85.5 4600
Carbon 280–450 4140–5170
(PAN-based)
Aramid 830 4500
PAN: Polyacrylonitrile
4.1 Fibre Types
4.1.1 Carbon-Based Fibres
Carbon bres
Since the 1960s, CF have been the most widely used
reinforcing bres in advanced composites. They can be
produced from PAN, Rayon, or pitch (e.g., petroleum
3
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
or coal tar). Early CF were produced from the pyrolysis
of Rayon precursors. PAN precursors are now more
common because they can be produced without the high-
temperature graphitisation step required for Rayon-based
CF. In general, CF is less impact-resistant that aramid or
glass bre (398). There is a continuing need to produce
lower-cost CF ideally produced at low temperatures
from cheap, abundant precursors such as anthracitic
coal powder. Pitch-based CF have low-to-negative
coefcients of thermal expansion that are attractive for
spacecraft applications (253). CF are stronger than glass
or aramid bres but are less impact-resistant and contact
with metal can result in galvanic corrosion (253). It is
estimated that 30% of CF consumption in 2009 will be
for the aircraft and aerospace sector, with about 54%
of the remaining production targeted for industrial use
and 15% for sporting goods (245). Global demand for
PAN-based CF is expected to grow at >10% per year
(248). This is attributed to a resurgence of the aerospace
market and specically to production demands for new
commercial aircraft such as the Boeing B787 and Airbus
A380, as well as increased demand in other market
sectors including use in the manufacture of windmill
blades. Global production gures for carbon bres
between 1999 and 2009 are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Estimated global production of carbon
bre (245)
Another carbon-based bre with interesting properties,
especially for nanocomposite applications (see Section
6.1) is vapour-grown carbon bre (VGCF) (310). VGCF
has some similarities to multiwall carbon nanotubes
(MWNT) but has larger outer (50–200 nm) and inner
(30–90 nm) diameters, with lengths in the range 50
m to 100 m and aspect ratios between 100 to 500.
VGCF has a typical tensile strength of 2.92 GPa and a
tensile modulus of 240 GPa, and has very high thermal
4
conductivity (e.g., 1950 W/(m·K)). VGCF also has lower
cost but defective microstructure can be a concern.
4.1.2 Inorganic Fibres
Inorganic bres include primarily glass bres but also
bres fabricated from more specialised material such
as quartz and boron that nd use in high-performance
composite applications.
Glass Fibre
Compared with CF, glass bre has higher density but
offers superior impact resistance. Glass bres come in
several forms, including E-glass, S-glass, C-glass, and
quartz. The commonest is E-glass (i.e., electrical grade),
a calcium aluminoborosilicate glass. E-glass is a better
electrical insulator than other glass bres and represents
90% of all glass-bre reinforcements (particularly
berglass). About 50% of the composition of E-glass is
silica oxide. The remaining composition includes oxides
of aluminium, boron, calcium, and other compounds,
including limestone, uorspar, boric acid, and clay (253).
High-strength glass, a magnesium aluminosilicate glass,
is known as S-glass in the USA (R-glass in Europe and
T-glass in Japan). Compared with E-glass bres, bres
made from S-glass have higher silica oxide content
and are about 40–70% stronger (253) and 20% stiffer
(398). Applications include aircraft panels, helicopter
rotor blades, and lament-wound rocket motor cases
(470). Corrosion-resistant glass (C-glass or E-CR glass)
provides greater resistance to acid environments than
does E-glass (253).
Quartz Fibre
Compared with glass bre, quartz bre provides superior
performance, including lower density, better mechanical
properties (e.g., about twice the elongation-to-break and
higher strength and stiffness), higher durability, better
electromagnetic properties (favourable for fabrication of
aircraft radomes), and a near zero coefcient of thermal
expansion (CTE) (309, 398). These superior properties
come at a premium in cost. The use temperature of quartz
bre is as high as 1050 °C for continuous exposure and
up to 1250 °C for short exposures (309).
Boron Fibre
Boron bres were developed in the early 1960s and were
the rst high-performance reinforcements for advanced
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
composites. Boron bres can be made by the vapour-
deposition of boron vapours on tungsten or carbon
laments. They have very high strength and modulus,
and offer excellent compressive properties and buckling
resistance. Although boron bres are expensive, their
superior mechanical properties have led to applications as
structural components on some high-performance military
aircraft (470). Examples of aerospace applications include
aircraft empennage skins, space shuttle truss members,
and prefabricated aircraft repair patches (253, 309).
4.1.3 Polymeric Fibres
Most polymeric bres used for composite applications
are highly aromatic, rigid-chain polymers. These
include aromatic polyamides, known as aramids.
NomexTM and KevlarTM are aramids. These have
high use-temperatures and provide high modulus and
excellent ballistic properties. Specialty polymeric bres
include PBO and polybenzothiozole. Quite distinct
from these high-performance polymers that have highly
aromatic main chains is UHMWPE. UHMWPE is a
highly crystalline aliphatic polymer that is extruded
as a gel under high pressure at low temperatures to
achieve highly extended single chains offering very
high modulus in the tensile direction.
Aramid Fibre
Aramids include poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)
(KevlarTM)
O O
H H
N N C C
Figure 2 Structure of Kevlar
and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (NomexTM)
O O
N N
H H
Figure 3 Structure of Nomex
Nomex is prepared by the condensation polymerisation of
1,3-phenylene diamine and isophthallic acid (254). The most
widely used aramid bre for high-performance composites
is Kevlar. Kevlar is prepared by the polycondensation
of 1,4-phenylene diamine and terephthalic acid. Aramid
fibres have lower compressive strength than CF or
inorganic bres. Other disadvantages include high water
absorption and poor matrix adhesion in some cases. The
high tensile strength (Table 1) of aramid bres offers
important opportunities for composite applications such as
lament-wound rocket motor cases, gas pressure vessels,
and lightly loaded structures on aircraft (470). Aramid
bres provide exceptional impact resistance and tensile
strength (253). Typical high-performance aramid bres
have moduli of about 138 GPa and tensile strength in the
range of 3,447 MPa. The properties of aramid bres can
be modied by surface oxidation or plasma etching that
can improve off-axis strength of the composite (254).
Bonding of the bre to the matrix can be improved through
chemical modication, plasma treatment, or by the use of
a coupling agent (254).
PBO
PBO bres (Zylon®) [a.1] have higher strength than CF.
PBO also offers excellent heat and ame resistance (469)
and has about twice the modulus and tensile strength of
that of an aramid bre. The decomposition temperature
of PBO is about 100 °C higher than Kevlar (253, 309,
398). Comparison of the properties of aramid and PBO
bres is made in Table 2.
N N
O O
Figure 4 Structure of PBO
Polybenzothiazole (PBZT)
Another rigid-rod polymer similar in structure to PBO
is PBZT [a.2]. Like PBO, PBZT has high modulus,
high temperature resistance, and excellent resistance
to organic solvents.
N S
S N
Figure 5 Structure of PBZT
5
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
Table 2 Mechanical Properties of PBO and Aramid Fibres (469)
Fibre Denier Tensile Strength
(g/den)
PBO 500 44.1
PBO high modulus 490 42.1
Aramid 1450 23.1
Aramid high modulus 1440 21.6
den: Denier, a measure of the bre weight reported in the number of grams per 9000 m.
UHMWPE
The attractive properties of these lightweight bres
made from UHMWPE include high impact resistance,
extremely high specic strength, excellent chemical,
ultraviolet (UV), and moisture resistance, outstanding
impact resistance, abrasion resistance, low dielectric
constant, and anti-ballistic properties (253). Conversely,
UHMWPE bres have low resistance to elongation
under sustained load and a comparatively low use-
temperature (398) with a melting point of 150 °C.
UHMWPE fibre is produced by gel spinning of
UHMWPE dissolved in a suitable solvent (254).
Fibre drawing increases strength and modulus (254).
Functional groups can be introduced on the surface of
UHMWPE bres by means of corona discharge and
plasma treatment (254). The aerospace applications
for UHMWPE bre composites are limited, but their
antiballistic properties are suitable for applications such
as the bulletproof insert in fortied cockpit doors in
Boeing single-aisle aircraft (253, 398).
Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK)
PEEK, is a semicrystalline engineering thermoplastic (TP)
with a heat distortion temperature (HDT) of 148 °C.
O
O O C applications, special bre treatments may be used in
Figure 6 Structure of PEEK
PEEK can be spun into high-modulus yarn for aerospace
applications by drawing at 200 °C (1). These yarns can
be used under long-term exposure to 250 °C and short-
term exposure at 500 °C.
6
Elongation at Break Tensile Modulus
(%) (g/den)
4.0 1320
2.6 1790
3.5 610
2.4 910
4.1.4 Hybrid Fibres
CF can be woven with aramid and glass bres to produce
hybrid cloths for composite application. Carbon/aramid
and carbon/glass bre hybrids have been used in some
aircraft applications such as ribbed aircraft engine thrust
reversers (254, 398).
4.2 Fibre Forms
Fibre reinforcements come in various forms, including
continuous spools of tow (carbon) or roving (glass),
woven fabrics, stitched multaxials, non-woven mats, and
chopped bre. Tows are bundles of continuous bres.
The number of individual bres in a tow is designated by
a number followed by ‘K’, indicating a multiplication by
1000. CF tows consist of thousands of bre. Typical sizes
of aerospace-grade tows range 1 K to 12 K (253). Tows
may be used directly in lament winding or pultrusion,
or fabricated in a unidirectional tape.
4.3 Interfacial Properties
Good interfacial strength between the ller and the
matrix polymer is critical to achieving high modulus
and particularly strength [a.3]. This is often achieved
by using a coupling agent that shares the chemical
characteristics of the bre and the matrix, as discussed
in Section 4.3.1. For high-temperature aerospace
place of coupling agents that may degrade at elevated
temperatures.
4.3.1 Coupling Agents
In general, the interfacial strength of composites can
be improved by the use of low-molecular-weight
organofunctional silanes or titanates. For example, the
interfacial strength of a glass bre-reinforced composite
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

can be improved by the use of silicon-containing 5. Composites

coupling agents: these are the most common. Titanate
coupling agents are also used in some cases. Examples
of commonly used coupling agents are given in
Table 3. The effect of two different silane coupling agents
(Table 3) on the exural properties of an unsaturated
polyester composite is illustrated in Table 4. Comparison
shows that vinyl silane and particularly methacrylate
silane improve exural strength under dry exposure and
at 2-hour exposure in boiling water.
4.3.2 Surface Treatment
The interfacial properties of bres can be improved
without the use of traditional coupling agents. For
example, the interfacial adhesion of UHMWPE bre can
be improved by plasma treatment in pure oxygen. The
surface life of bre-reinforced polyimide composites
in a high-temperature oxidative environment can be
extended by coating a polyimide precursor solution
followed by curing at elevated temperature in a nitrogen
environment (468).
Compared with metals, composites offer high strength
and low weight. Other attractive properties for aerospace
applications include good vibrational damping, low
CTE, and good fatigue resistance. Conversely, the
low thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of some
polymeric composites can be a concern for many high-
temperature aerospace applications. Although carbon
fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) represent a small
portion of the total composite market (i.e., compared
with glass-reinforced plastics such as breglass), the
market growth of CFRP is signicantly greater than
for other composite materials.
5.1 Matrix Polymers
Polymeric matrices for composites include traditional
thermosets (e.g., epoxies) and TP resins (475), including
some PI and aromatic ketone polymers (e.g., PEEK
and poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) PEKK). TP are
semicrystalline or amorphous. Some TP polymers such as

Table 3 Common Coupling Agents [a.3]

Type Representative Structure
Epoxy silane O

H 2C C H CH 2O C H 2C H2C H 2 CH 2 Si( OC H 3)

Methacrylate C H3 O

H 2C C C O CH2CH2CH2 Si(OCH3 )3
Primary amine silane NH2CH2C H2CH2 Si(OCH3) 3
Vinyl silane H2C CH Si(OCH3)3
Titanate C H3 O

(H2C C C O )
3
TiOCH(CH3)2

Table 4 Flexural Strength of a Glass-Reinforced Polyester [a.3]

Flexural Strength (GPa)
Coupling Agent Dry Two-Hour Boil
None 0.38 0.23
Vinyl silane 0.46 0.41
Methacrylate silane 0.62 0.59

7
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
PI can be crosslinked though the use of end-functioning
low-molecular weight resin. In general, thermosetting
resins provide greater resistance to aggressive uids
such as acetone and hydraulic uids, but lower-impact
properties and the shelf-life of pre-cure resins is limited.
Composites prepared from TP resins can be fabricated by
a wide variety of methods and provide higher toughness
and increased fatigue and wear resistance, but generally
have poor solvent resistance.
The ability to withstand high temperatures can be a
critical consideration in many aerospace applications.
For example, skin temperatures of Mach 1 aircraft
reach 110 °C, but temperatures can reach 300 °C (327)
for Mach 3 military aircraft. Guided weapons, re-entry
vessels, and space shuttle service can require even higher
use-temperature. PI prepared from the condensation
polymerisation of an aromatic tetracarboxylic acid
and an aromatic diamine, were developed in the
1960s to provide such high service temperatures. PBI,
polybenzoxazoles, and polyquinolines provide even
higher temperature stability but at higher costs.
5.1.1 Thermosetting Matrices
The commonest thermosets for advanced composites
include epoxies, phenolics, cyanate esters (CE),
bismaleimides (BMI), and PI. Typical properties of
epoxy, phenolic, BMI, and CE resins are compared in
Table 5. Although most properties are similar among
the four thermosets, the highest temperature stability
(based upon thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data)
is achieved by the BMI and CE resins. Other polymers
belonging to this category and reviewed in this section
are benzoxazines and phthalonitrile resins.
Benzoxazines are formed from the reaction of phenol
with an aldehyde and aromatic amine (253). Maleimide-
Table 5 Properties of High-Performance Thermosets (462)
Property Epoxy
Density (kg/m3×10-3) 1.2-1.25
Use temperature (°C) RT to 180
Tensile modulus (MPa) ×10-3 3.1-3.8
Dielectric constant (1 MHz) 3.8-4.5
Cure temperature (°C) RT to 180
Mould Shrinkage (mm/mm) 0.0006
TGA onset (°C) 260-340
RT: Room temperature
8
and norbornene-functionalised benzoxazines provide
improved thermal properties, including char yields
of >55% and high glass transition temperature
(Tg) (250 °C) (277).
Bismalemides
BMI thermosetting resin has similar properties to those
of epoxies but offers better temperature performance,
especially hot/wet service temperatures up to 232 °C (462),
and high performance-to-cost ratio. They have been used
for high-temperature structural applications on military
aircraft (290). Like epoxies, the brittleness of BMI resins
is high, but toughened versions (see Table 5) are available
(470). Toughening methods include copolymerisation with
styrene and hydroxyl methacrylate (254). Crosslinked BMI
thermosets such as 4,4-bismaleimide diphenyl methane/o-
o´-diallyl alcohol of bisphenol A (Matrimid 5292, Ciba
Geigy) provide excellent high-temperature performance
(464). A study of the effect of storage ageing on BMI
prepregs have suggested that ageing for >30 days may
reduce the curing rate (16).
Cyanoacrylate Esters
CE provide excellent strength and toughness, low
moisture absorption, and superior electrical properties
with a hot/wet service temperature around 149 °C (253,
398, 462). CE resins provide low dielectric loss, good
adhesive properties, high glass-transition temperature
(i.e., 220 °C to 290 °C), high solubility in ketones, and
low moisture absorption (198). CE are more easily
processed than BMI. Brittleness of cured CE resin
can be a concern, and CE is often toughened (198)
by including TP polymers or rubber. Applications for
CE include ablatives and radomes due to excellent
Phenolic Toughened BMI Cyanate Ester
1.24 1.2-1.3 1.1-1.35
200–250 ~200 ~200
3-5 3.4-4.1 3.1-3.4
4.3-5.4 3.4-3.7 2.7-3.2
150-190 220-300 180-250
0.002 0.007 0.004
300-360 360-400 400-420
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
dielectric properties of CE. CE also can be blended with
epoxies and BMI (462). Epoxy-modied bisphenol-A
dicyanate resin reinforced with high-modulus CF for
potential applications in a space environment has shown
good resistance to thermal cycling, UV-irradiation, and
exposure to boiling water (198). CE can be used for
the formation of interpenetrating networks by blending
with TP and thermosets (462). CE composites are
used in primary and secondary structures in military
aircraft as well as in satellite applications (462). These
can be processed by conventional methods including
pre-preging, resin transfer moulding (RTM), lament
winding, and sheet moulding techniques (462).
Epoxy
Epoxy resins are the most commonly used matrix material
for composites, but their use in high-performance
applications is limited by low service temperature that
is adversely affected by moisture content, loading, and
by the use of toughening agents. For example, an upper
temperature limit of about 177 °C for dry structural use
and only 149 °C for wet exposure has been suggested
(198). Heavy loading of epoxy composites can lower
use temperature to 120 °C. In general, the upper use
temperature for advanced epoxies is limited to 150 °C
to 180 °C (462). Epoxy resins provide many attractive
features, including good handling properties, processibility,
and low cost (470). Epoxies are commonly used in
structural applications. Disadvantages include brittleness
and moisture absorption that can lower use temperature
as mentioned above. Toughened epoxies have found
applications in aircraft structural composites (290) but
toughening can also signicantly lower use temperature
as indicated. Resin ow characteristics and mechanical
properties of tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethane
(TGDM) based epoxy resins can be modied by reactive
blending with an acrylonitrile–butadiene–methacrylic
acid rubber (456).
Oxidative degradation of epoxy resins is also an important
concern. The mechanism of oxidative degradation of
an aerospace epoxy resin based upon TGDM and
triglycidylaminophenol and diaminodiphenylsulfone
has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared
analysis (237). Results show that very different
mechanisms are operative at 120 °C (close to actual use
temperatures) compared with 170 °C (representative
of accelerated ageing) where general oxidative
changes occur in all areas of the matrix. At the lower
temperature, the major reaction is probably oxidation of
a methylene group adjacent to the nitrogen atom of the
TGDM unit, whereas 170 °C ageing resulted in broader,
general changes throughout the matrix.
Phenolic Resins
Phenolics such as phenol–formaldehyde resin are
low-cost, flame-resistant, and low-smoke resins.
Applications include ame-resistant aircraft interior
panels as well as ablative and rocket nozzle applications
(398). Phenolics provide good heat and ame resistance,
ablative characteristics, and low cost (462). Major
shortcomings include brittleness, poor shelf-life, and
the need for high-pressure curing.
Phthalonitrile Resins
Oligomeric phthalonitrile resins have several attractive
properties for high-performance composite applications,
including very low moisture absorption and good thermal
stability (2). These resins have been used to prepare void-
free composites. Phthalonitrile end-capped oligomers
are prepared by reacting pyromellitic dianhydride, an
aromatic diamine, and 4-(aminophenoxy) phthalonitrile
(APPH). Networks can be formed by reacting the end-
capped oligomers with 4,4´-diaminodiphenyl sulfone
at elevated temperatures.
CN
H2 N O CN
Figure 7 Structure for APPH
Polyimides
PI are produced by a two-stage process in which a
poly(amic acid) is rst produced. This is followed by a
nal imidisation step. This intermediate is very corrosive
and requires special consideration in mould design.
The high values of Tg of PI make processing difcult.
Elimination of water from the polycondensation reaction
results in void formation that needs to be carefully
controlled. As a class, PI have good adhesion and heat
and chemical resistance as well as superior mechanical
properties. Fire retardancy can be improved by the
addition of phosphorus substituents. Use of a polyimide
oligomer can promote better bre wettability. Crosslinking
by the use a functionally terminated oligomer as in the
case of PMR-15 (in situ polymerisation of monomer
reactants and the designation ‘-15’ in PMR-15 indicated
the molecular weight of the first formed oligomer
(i.e., 1500)) can lead to high-temperature and void-free
9
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
composites. PI composite can be fabricated using quartz,
glass, boron, and graphite bres reinforcement and are
favoured as engineering laminates in supersonic aircraft
(327). The use temperature for PI is typically 200 °C to
280 °C (463), although working temperatures as high as
315 °C have been reported.
PI resins can be thermosetting and TP. For composite
applications, thermosetting PI are the primary choice.
Thermosetting polyimides can provide hot/wet use
temperature 260 °C to 320 °C. These PI are formed
by a polycondensation reaction, but the release
of volatiles may cause problems in terms of void
formation during cure. Cost is typically high for
these resins.
PMR polyimides such as PMR-15 use a two-stage curing
process. The rst-stage consists of solvent evaporation
and an imidisation reaction to form short-chain imide
oligomers with the release of condensation water. The
second stage involves a ring-opening addition-type
crosslinking reaction at nadic end groups to form the
nal crosslinked polyimide matrix. The absence of
volatile release in the second stage is an advantage in
forming void-free composites. Disadvantages include
the need for a multi-stage cure process and the toxicity of
the monomer 4,4´-methylenedianiline (301, 314). Over
the past 20 years, PMR-15 has been the most widely
used PI in the aerospace industry due to its high Tg (~340
°C) and good thermo-oxidative stability. Oxidation of
the neat resin is diffusion-controlled, resulting in the
formation of a surface oxidation layer (11). Ageing of
PMR-15 neat resin in air at 288 °C has shown a small
increase in Tg (330 °C to 336 °C) attributed to an
increase in crosslink density (7). Ageing for 1000 hours
resulted in a visibly damaged surface layer of ~0.16
mm thickness. This layer results in a decrease in tensile
strength by acting as a crack initiation site, promoting
premature failure. Tandon and co-workers (228)
developed a model for thermo-oxidative ageing with a
diffusion-reaction model whereby temperature, oxygen
concentration, and weight-loss effects are considered.
Extensive studies of the effect of ageing on the nano-
indentation strain rate sensitivity have shown that the
average strain rate sensitivity in the oxidised surface
Table 6 Representative Properties of Thermoplastic Resins (474)
Polymer Morphology Tg (ºC)
PEEK semicrystalline 143
PEI amorphous 210
PPS semicrystalline 88
10
layer is much higher than that of the non-oxidised
interior, indicating that the oxidised surface layer has
limited ductility and, thereby, is more susceptible to
fracture [a.4]. A second-generation material is PMR
II (in situ polymerisation). LARC™-ITPI, based upon
the polycondensation of 4,4´-isophthaloyldiphthalic
anhydride (IDPA) and 1,3-phenylenediamine, is
another high-temperature PI matrix for aerospace
applications (473).
5.1.2 TP Matrices
Composites made using a TP matrix represent a small
but fast-growing market (253, 255, 290, 475). TP can be
amorphous or semicrystalline. Some of the most widely
used TP for composite applications include PEEK,
polyetherimide (PEI), and poly(p-phenylene sulde)
(PPS). Representative properties are shown in Table
6. Continuous bre-reinforced TP composites (471)
provide cost-effective manufacturing achieved by a high
degree of automation. Applications include use in aircraft
interiors, wing ribs and panels, buckhead oor panels,
and landing gear doors. Compared with thermosets, TP
composites provide the advantage of signicantly higher
impact strength. On the negative side, use temperatures
and resistance to solvents such as methyl ether ketone
and hydraulic uids of TP composites are lower than
obtained using thermosetting composites. Such uids
act as stress cracking agents that can lead to mechanical
failure. The properties of non-halogen re-resistant TP
have been reviewed by Lyon and Emrick (40).
Polyarylates
Aromatic polyester carbonates (polyarylates) having
the general structure:
O
O O O
OC
CO
CH3
OCO C OCO
CH3
Figure 8 Structure of Polyarylate
Processing Yield Strength Modulus (GPa)
Temperature (MPa)
(ºC)
380–400 100 3.7
315–360 103 3.6
330–345 79 3.3
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
are available in clear/transparent and pigmented
versions that meet heat and smoke requirements for
aircraft interior applications (40).
Poly(ether ether ketone)
PEEK or poly(ether ether ketone) (Victrex®) is used for
the matrix of TP prepregs containing carbon, glass, and
aramid bres. PEEK has been reported to be capable
of withstanding continuous operating temperature
up to 260 °C in low-stress operations and 120 °C in
aerospace structural applications (191). PEEK has
good resistance to hydrolysis, corrosion, chemical, and
radiation exposure. It provides high thermal stability,
low coefcient of expansion, good abrasion resistance,
low smoke and toxic gas emission, and excellent
stiffness (191).
O quartz fabric-reinforced PI are required at these
O O C temperatures to maintain high flexural strength
Figure 9 Structure of PEEK
Poly(arylether ketone ketone)
Developed in the 1980s, PEKK is a semicrystalline
TP with low ammability, a Tg of 156 °C, and melting
temperatures in the range 300 °C to 310 °C (378). PEKK
is the preferred TP resin matrix at temperatures >90
°C (378). PEKK composites have been prepared from
short and continuous (i.e., tape and fabric, respectively)
glass and CF composites (378). PEKK has high hot/
wet retentions (up to 130 °C) due to low resin moisture
pick-up (378). All high-temperature glass bre sizings
are suitable with PEKK and its processing temperature
(335-345 °C) (378). Choice of sizing, however, can
signicantly affect performance.
Polyetherimide
The commercial PEI Ultem® has the general structure
O O
N CH3
O C O
O
CH3 O
Figure 10 Structure of PEI
PEI is an amorphous polymer, developed in the 1980s,
that offers high heat resistance, strength, and modulus.
The mechanical performance of PEI degrades with
exposure to aggressive uids such as Skydrol hydraulic
uid (255). The effect of moisture on the interlaminar
resistance of woven fabric PEI composite has been
reported (187). Properties of composite structures
formed by reactive heating a phenylethynyl-terminated
PEI (Reactive Ultem®) coating on PAN-based CF
have been reported (189). A suggested application
is the rigidisation of inatable composite structures
in space.
Polyimides
PI composites have been used at temperatures >300
°C for electronics and aerospace applications (466).
High-temperature coupling agents for S-glass and
(466). Thermoplastic polyimides (TPI) include
LARCTM-TPI based on benzophenone dicarboxylic
dianhydride and 3,3´-diamino benzophenone
(254), LARCTM-ITPI based upon IDPA and
1,3-phenylenediamine (473), NR-10 B2 prepared
by reacting hexauoro isopropylidene dianhydride
with a 95/5 molar ratio of p/m-phenylene diamine,
and polyimide 2080 produced by the reaction of
benzophenone dicarboxylic acid dianhydride with a
mixture of 80/20-toluene diisocyanate and methylene
4,4´-diisocyanate (254).
O O
O
O
N N
O O
Figure 11 Structure of LARC-ITPI
Matrimid® is a high T g (approximately 313 °C)
amorphous TPI made from diaminophenylindane and
3,3´-4,4´-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride
(BTDA).
O
O O
C
N
N N
O O
Figure 12 Structure of Matrimid
11
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
Polyamideimides such as TorlonTM, prepared by reacting
trimellitoyl acid chloride with a mixture of 70/30 4,4´-
diamino diphenyl oxide and phenylene diamine, has
some of the properties of polyamides such as toughness
and ductility, and the high heat resistance of PI.
O
O
N O
O
Figure 13 Structure of Polyamideimides
PPS
Current grades of PPS (e.g., Forton®) exhibit good
resistance to temperatures up to 240 °C (melting point
between 280 °C and 290 °C) and are resistant to oils,
fuels, solvents, anti-icing agents, and to acids/bases
in the pH range 2 to 12. Other attractive properties
include excellent hardness, dimensional stability,
and excellent re resistance. Water absorption is near
0.04%, signicantly lower than for other TP (including
PEI and PEEK) used in aerospace applications.
PPS can be processed by various TP composite
technologies, including pultrusion, compression
moulding, thermoforming, automated tape laying/bre
placement, and bladder moulding. Use of PPS matrix
has been reported for structural applications on the
Airbus A340 and A380 (290).
S compared with other alternatives such as autoclaving.
Figure 14 Structure of PPS
Polysulfones
Polysulfones that have been used in aerospace
applications for aircraft interiors, and TP composite
applications include bisphenol A polysulfone (PSF,
UDELTM) and polyphenylsulfone (PPSU, RadelTM).
CH3 O breglass in 1966. Combined with other non-destructive
O C O S
CH3 O radiography techniques, composite properties such as
Figure 15 Structure of PSF
12
O
O O S
O
Figure 16 Structure of PPSU
5.2 Fabrication Methods
NH
Fibre reinforcement and matrix resin may be combined
in a single step by various processes such as wet lay-
up, lament winding, pultrusion, and RTM. For some
applications, resin-impregnated bres (prepregs) are
used. Prepregs can be made by using solvent, holt-
melt, or powder impregnation techniques. A bre-to-
matrix ratio is typically 60:40 or higher for advanced
composite materials (398). Resistive heating has been
proposed as a route for the rigidisation of inatable
composite structures in space (189). The properties of
a CF-reinforced heat-crosslinkable PEI (Ultem®) have
been reported. Forming processes for TP composites
include thermoforming, press-forming, compression
moulding, matched-die moulding, welding, and
diaphragm forming (448). Compression moulding
is a high-volume, high-pressure method suitable for
complex, high-strength glass-mat reinforced TP.
Resin Transfer Moulding
In the RTM process, a resin including high-temperature
PI is injected into a closed cavity mould lled with bre
reinforcement (314). RTM offers low fabrication cost
High-temperature composite parts prepared by RTM
have been incorporated in many high-performance
military aircraft including the F-22 Raptor (314) where
a RTM-processed bismaleimide prepreg has been
used (467). The mould may be evacuated to assist the
moulding process (vacuum-assisted RTM) (253).
5.3 Non-destructive Testing
Ultrasound techniques were used to monitor the cure of
evaluation techniques such as thermography and
density, modulus, and strength can be determined (280).
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
6. Nanocomposites
Several excellent review articles on the properties and
processing of nanocomposites are available (3, 41,
180, 206, 250, 312, 331, 358, 450 [a.5]). In general,
the distinguishing characteristic of nanocomposites
compared with more traditional composite materials is
the dimensions of the reinforcing ller. Nancomposites
contain inorganic reinforcements with high aspect ratio
and dimensions of 1–100 nm. The small size results in
properties often superior to traditional composites. Some
of the attractive properties of nanocomposites important
for aerospace application include improved electrical
and mechanical properties, reduced oxygen and water
permeability, increased thermal stability, better ame
resistance, improved resistance to wear, elevated heat-
distortion temperature, potential for surface and interface
modication, and easier processibility. Applications
include fire-retardant coatings, rocket propulsion
insulation, rocket nozzle ablative materials, aerospace
structural panels, ultra-light space structures, and space
mirror substrates (310, 298). Other potential aerospace
applications include devices such as light-emitting
diodes, photovoltaic cells, and gas sensors [a.6].
One of the rst nanocomposites was fabricated from
Nylon-6 by researchers at Toyota in the late 1980s.
Typical properties of nylon nanocomposites are given
in Table 7. As shown, tensile modulus and strength
are signicantly improved without sacricing impact
strength. Particularly noteworthy is the improvement
in heat-distortion temperature due to the reinforcement.
The use of nanocomposite material has been increasing
very rapidly since the 1980s. The US market for
nanocomposites is expected to reach 11 billion pounds
by the year 2020.
Table 7 Representative Properties of a Nylon-6
Nanocomposite [a.3]
Property Nylon-6 Nancomposite
Coefcient of thermal 13 6.3
expansion (×105)
Heat-distortion 65 145
temperature (°C)
Tensile modulus (GPa) 1.1 2.1
Tensile Strength (MPa) 69 107
Impact strength (kJ/m2) 2.3 2.8
Water absorption (%) 0.87 0.51
Property improvement can be signicant at small loading.
For example, the modulus of polydimethylsiloxane
reinforced by 1% clay can be increased by approximately
100%. For a polysulfone organoclay nanocomposite,
modulus and strength reach a maximum at about 3 wt%
organoclay content with little sacrice in elongation at
break (461). At higher loading, exfoliation decreases
and mechanical properties decline.
Nanocomposites have been prepared from nearly all
commodity and engineering-grade plastics, including
thermosetting resins. Examples of TP include
polysiloxanes, Nylon 11, poly(vinyl acetate)–acrylic
copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide), PEI, PI, and some TP
elastomers such as polyamide silicone copolymer (298).
Thermosets include phenolic, cyanate ester, and epoxies.
Nanocomposite can be made using various llers having
at least one dimension in the nanometer range (95).
Fillers include nanoclays, nanotubes, nanobres, or silica
and various metal oxides. Nanobres are electrospun
whiskers with diameters in the range 10–100 nm and
length-to-diameter ratios >1000.
6.1 Nano-Reinforcements
Fillers used for nanocomposites include organic-
modied montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays, nanosilica,
carbon nanobre (CNF), carbon nanotubes (CNT),
polyhedral oliogomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), and
various nanoparticles such as silica and more exotic
llers such indium tin oxide (ITO) (298).
MMT
The commonest form of nano-reinforcement is organoclay,
MMT. MMT is a naturally occurring 2:1 phylloslicate with
the same structure as talc and mica, but a different layer
charge. Modication of the inorganic surface of MMT
by organic treatment is used to increase dispersion in the
polymer matrix. The crystal structure of MMT consists of
1 nm thin layers with a central octahedral sheet of alumina
fused between two external silica tetrahedral sheets. These
platelets have thicknesses of ~1 nm with aspect ratios (i.e.,
diameter:thickness) of 10:1 to 1000:1 and are arranged
in stacks that can be separated (or exfoliated) during
composite fabrication. Isomorphoic substitution within
the layers (e.g., replacing Al3+ by Mg2+) can be used to
modify the charge exchange capacity. The silicate sheets
in MMT are separated by cations, typically sodium, as
illustrated in Figure 17. These cations balance the overall
charge. The sodium cation in the gallery can be exchanged
with other cations such as lithium, potassium, and calcium.
In water-swollen layered silicates, organic cations, such
as an alkyl ammonium cation, can also be used to
replace Na+. The specic alkyl selection can be used
to improve miscibility with the nanocomposite matrix.
13
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
Some examples include dimethyl distearyl ammonium
chloride and dimethyl stearyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
Silicone rubber nanocomposites can be fabricated by ion-
exchanging Na+/MMT with dimethyl ditallow ammonium
bromide or hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. This
type of organophilic modication improves the polymer
miscibility of MMT. The ion-exchange process also
increases the gallery height in relation to the molecular
size of the organic cation.
Figure 17 Structure of sodium montmorillonite.
Reproduced with permission from Southern Clay
Product, Incorporated
Nanosilica
Nanosilicas such as Aerosil® are very pure amorphous
silica produced by high-temperature hydrolysis of
silicon tetrachloride in an oxy-hydrogen gas ame
to produce particles in the range 7–40 nm (298).
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic grades of nanosilicas are
commercially available. Alkoxysilyl functional groups
can improve matrix–silica binding (197).
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS is a
trademark of Hybrid Plastics (www.hybridplastics.
com)) can serve as multifunctional additives providing
molecular-level reinforcement as well as serving as
processing aids and flame retardants (298). Other
advantages of POSS-filled nanocomposites include
increased service temperature, low density, low thermal
conductivity, thermo-oxidative resistance, and ageing
resistance. The chemical composition of POSS (RSiO1.5),
is intermediate between that of silica (SiO2) and silicones
(R2SiO). The commonest POSS has eight silicon atoms,
each carrying an organic group (Figure 18). The typical
dimensions of POSS particles are 1–3 nm.
14
Figure 18 Representation of a typical POSS structure.
Possible organic substituents, R, are indicated.
Reproduced with permission from D.R. Paul and L.M.
Robeson, Polymer, 2008, 49, 15, 3187.
© 2008, Elsevier
Carbon Nanobres
CNF are discontinuous graphic laments produced in
the gas phase by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. Typical
diameters of CNF range 50 nm to 200 nm with lengths
in the range 50 m to 100 m.
Carbon Nanotubes
CNT provide attractive combinations of high
exibility and strength combined with high stiffness
and low density. Carbon nanotubes can be single-
walled (SWNT) or MWNT. SWNT have diameters
as small as 0.4 nm compared with MWNT that have
diameters in the range 2–25 nm. The typical tensile
strength of CNT is 100–600 GPa. This range is about
two orders of magnitude higher than that of typical CF.
Densities of CNT are about 1.3 g/cm3 compared with
1.8–1.9 g/cm3 for CF (310). Compressive strengths
of CNT are about two orders of magnitude higher
than that of any other bre. CNT also have extremely
high stiffness, with Young’s modulus in the range
1–5 TPa, compared with 750 GPa for CF. CNT can
also carry large current densities (>100 MA/cm2 for
MWNT). Experimental thermal conductivities are
about 200 W/(m·K). A problem with the use of CNT
is the need for chemical modication for favourable
interaction with polymeric matrices. Their use
requires high dispersion. Techniques used to achieve
good dispersion include in situ polymerisation of
the matrix, shear mixing, the use of surfactants, and
solution processing (310).
Graphite Nanoplatelets
An alternative to CNT is the use of graphite
nanoplatelets, especially for conducting nanocomposite
applications. Several forms of nanographite include
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications
expanded graphite, exfoliated graphite, and graphene.
Functionalised graphene sheets can be prepared by
controlled thermal expansion of graphite oxide.
6.2 Processing
Methods to disperse nanoparticles include high-shear
mixing for liquid resins and three-roll milling for
liquid resins, Brabender-type mixing for high-viscosity
resins, and twin-screw extrusion for solid polymers
(298). The process of exfoliation of surface-treated
nanoclays under high-shear mixing is illustrated in
Figure 19. Exfoliation results in improved mechanical
properties, barrier performance, and application
processing. Exchange of natural Na + counter-
ions with long-chain quaternary ammonium cations
results in improved dispersion into hydrophobic
polymers (298).
Figure 19 Mechanism of organoclay dispersion
and exfoliation during melt processing. Reproduced
with permission from D.R. Paul and L.M. Robeson,
Polymer, 2008, 49, 15, 3187. © 2008, Elsevier
6.3 Properties of Nanocomposites
One of the most signicant effects of nanollers on the
properties of the matrix polymer is the signicant increase
in modulus compared with the neat resin. The addition of
nano-sized llers (especially organoclays) can increase
modulus and tensile strength at signicantly smaller
ller content compared with more traditional reinforcing
agents such as glass bre. Modelling of the mechanical
properties of nanocomposite materials has been given
(183, 227, 315, 424). The effect of wt% ller on relative
modulus (i.e., the ratio of composite modulus to matrix
polymer modulus) is compared for MMT and glass bre-
lled Nylon 6 in Figure 20. As shown, approximately 20
wt% of glass bre is necessary to increase the modulus
of Nylon 6 to the same level achieved by addition of 7
wt% of MMT.
Figure 20 Comparison of relative modulus (i.e., the
ratio of the modulus of the nancomposite to that of the
matrix polymer) at different concentrations of glass
bre and MMT concentration in Nylon 6. Reproduced
with permission from T.D. Fornes and D.R. Paul,
Polymer, 2003, 44, 17, 4993. © 2003, Elsevier
Advantages of nanocomposites include improved barrier
to fuel and dimensional stability (i.e., lower CTE)
(301). Higher oxygen barrier performance can increase
thermo-oxidative stability (301). For example, the oxygen
permeability coefcients of polyimide nanocomposites
have been reported to drop by two-thirds and the thermal
expansion coefficient to drop by 20% (301). Water
resistivity also can be improved by adding reactive
inorganic llers. Nanocomposite lms of CNT and ITO
in polysiloxane have the capability for thermal control in
satellite applications (197). Such nanocomposites provide
anti-static properties. POSS and CNT can signicantly
reduce the heat release rate and, thereby, improve ame
retardancy (235). Whereas nanollers have small effects
on the Tg, the effect on the HDT is signicant due to the
large reinforcement effect of the nanoller, as illustrated in
Figure 21. As shown, the storage modulus, qualitatively
related to the tensile modulus, is increased in the glassy
region as well as the rubbery plateau. The result is a
signicant increase in the heat distortion temperature.
Figure 21 Dynamic mechanical storage modulus of
Nylon 6 as a function of temperature and wt% MMT
content. The horizontal line illustrates how HDT at an
applied stress of 1.82 MPa changes with MMT loading.
Reproduced with permission from T.D. Fornes and D.R.
Paul, Polymer, 2003, 44, 17, 4993. © 2003, Elsevier
15
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

The effect of oxydianiline (ODA)-modied clay on the References

tensile properties of a BTDA-ODA polyimide is illustrated
in Figure 22. Values represent relative modulus, relative
maximum stress at break, and relative elongation at
break (compared with the neat polyimide). As shown,
the modulus is increased by more than threefold at only 7
wt% ODA-modied organoclay. This increase in stiffness
is accompanied by smaller improvements in stress and
elongation at break. A similar improvement in tensile
modulus and stress with a maximum at 3 wt% MMT has
been reported for polysulfone nanocomposites (461).
a.1. V. Kholodovych and W.J. Welsh in Polymer
Data Handbook, Ed., J.E. Mark, Oxford
University Press Inc., New York, NY, USA,
2009, p.386.
a.2. V. Kholodovych and W.J. Welsh in Polymer
Data Handbook, Ed., J.E. Mark, 2009, Oxford
University Press Inc., New York, NY, USA,
2009, p.394.

a.3. J.R. Fried, Polymer Science & Technology, 2nd

Edition, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River,
Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 2003.

a.4. Y.C. Lu, G.P. Tandon, S. Putthanarat and G.A.

Schoeppner, Journal of Materials Science, 2009,
44, 8, 2119.

a.5. R.A. Vaia and E.P. Giannelis, MRS Bulletin,

2001, 26, 5, 394.

a.6. D.Y. Godovsky in Biopolymers, PVA Hydrogels,

Anionic Polymerisation, Nanocomposites,
Figure 22 Relative tensile properties (property of Advances in Polymer Science No. 153,
nanocomposite to that of the matrix polymer) reported Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2000, p.163.
for a polyimide (BTDA–ODA) nanocomposite
prepared using ODA-modied organoclay. Data taken
from H-L. Tyan, K-H. Wei and T-E. Hsieh, Journal
of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Edition, Abbreviations for Polymers in
2000, 38, 22, 2873. © 2000, Elsevier
Aerospace Applications
APPH 4-(Aminophenoxy) phthalonitrile
7. Foams
BMI Bismaleimides
In use since 1971, polymethacrylimide (PMI) has BTDA 3,3´-4,4´-Benzophenone tetracarboxylic
been fabricated into foam cores offering high strength, dianhydride
stiffness, and fatigue life. Thermoformed PMI foam
has been used in many aerospace applications (252) as CE Cyanate esters
an alternative to Nomex® and aluminium honeycomb
structures. Applications include helicopter rotor blades CF Carbon bre(s)
and structural sandwich cores of fuselage panels, as well CFRP Carbon bre reinforced plastics
as stringer proles in pressure bulkheads.
CNF Carbon nanobre

CNT Carbon nanotubes

CTE Coefcient of thermal expansion

EMI Electromagnetic interference

HDT Heat distortion temperature

IDPA 4,4´-Benzophenone isophthaloyldiphthalic

anhydride

ITO Indium tin oxide

16
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

MMT Montmorillonite

MWNT Multiwall carbon nanotubes

ODA Oxydianiline

PAN Polyacrylonitrile

PBI Polybenzimidazole

PBO Poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)

PBZT Polybenzothiazole

PEEK Poly(aryl ether ether ketone)

PEI Polyetherimide

PEKK Poly(ether ketone ketone)

PI Polyimide(s)

PMI Polymethacrylimide

PMR In situ polymerisation of monomer

reactants.

POSS Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

PPS Poly(p-phenylene sulde)

PPSU Polyphenylsulfone

PSF Polysulfone

RFI Radio frequency interference

RTM Resin transfer moulding

SWNT Single wall carbon nanotubes

Tg Glass transition temperature

TGA Thermogravimetric analysis

TGDM Tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethane

TP Thermoplastic

TPI Thermoplastic polyimides

UHMWPE Ultra-high molecular weight

polyethylene

UV Ultraviolet

VGCF Vapour-grown carbon bre

17
 Polymers in Aerospace Applications

18
 References and Abstracts
Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database
Item 1
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
112, No.4, 15th May 2009, p.2497
PROPERTIES OF HIGH MODULUS PEEK
YARNS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Shekar R I; Kotresh T M; Rao P M D; Kumar K
India, Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical
Laboratory; Bangalore,Central Silk Technological
Research Institute; Kanpur,Defence Materials Stores
Research & Development Establishment
The effects of the interactions between the rheological
properties, spinning process variables and drawing
conditions were investigated in order to obtain high
modulus PEEK yarns that could be tailored for aerospace
applications. Wide angle X-ray diffraction results indicated
that drawing carried out above the glass transition
temperature affected unit cell parameters, density
and mechanical properties. The degree of orientation,
characterised in terms of sonic velocity, was as high as 3
km/s with a sonic modulus of 105 gpd. The crystallinity
increased with increasing draw temperature. Useful
properties were observed at an optimum draw temperature
of 200 deg.C (which may be the region of maximum
crystallisation rate) and were primarily attributed to
the maximum crystallisation temperature and the heat
setting effect. The thermal stability of PEEK yarn under
dynamic conditions suggested that PEEK could be used
for high temperature applications (up to 250 deg.C) for
long periods of exposure and 500 deg.C for short term
exposure. 29 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.1043036
Item 2
Macromolecular Symposia
No.277, 2009, p.190
DEVELOPMENT OF OLIGOMERIC
PHTHALONITRILE RESINS FOR ADVANCED
COMPOSITE APPLICATIONS
Selvakumar P; Sarojadevi M
Anna, University
Phthalonitrile terminated oligomers were prepared in two
stages by reacting an excess amount of pyromellitic dianhydride
with aromatic diamines in a N,N-dimethylacetamide/
toluene solvent mixture to form an anhydride terminated
oligomeric intermediate, which was terminated by reaction
with 4-(aminophenoxy)phthalonitrile. The oligomers were
converted to network polymers using 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl
sulphone as curing agent at elevated temperatures.
Polymerisation of the oligomeric phthalonitrile/diamine
mixtures and prepolymers was followed by DSC and the
complex viscosity of the prepolymers during polymerisation
determined by means of isothermal rheometric analysis. The
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
thermal and thermooxidative properties of the polymers
were investigated by TGA, which showed that the polymers
possessed better thermal and thermooxidative stability
than current commercially available high-temperature
thermosetting resins. 32 refs. (POLYCHAR-16, World
Forum on Advanced Materials, Lucknow, India, 17th -21st
Feb.2008)
INDIA
Accession no.1040402
Item 3
European Polymer Journal
45, No.4, 2009, p.967
PERMEABILITY OF POLYMER/CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES: A REVIEW
Choudalakis G; Gotsis A D
Crete, Technical University
This is a review of the existing studies on the permeability
of gas molecules in nanocomposite materials that consist of
inorganic platelet-shaped fillers in polymeric matrices. We
describe the dominant mechanisms for the transport of small
molecules in polymers and polymer nanocomposites, as well
as the procedures for the measurement of the permeability
and the diffusivity. The emphasis is given on the various
models that have been proposed for the prediction of
permeability in polymer-clay nanocomposites. The influence
of the characteristics of the inorganic particles on the barrier
properties of the composite membrane is discussed and
tested using the model and the available experimental data.
Some aspects on the methods of improving the barrier
properties of the nanocomposite are examined and a few
applications of these materials as gas barriers are presented.
67 refs. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1039758
Item 4
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Multifunctional
Materials: Working Smarter Together. Proceedings of
a conference held Memphis, Tn., 8-11 Sept., 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, Paper 44, pp.8
TAILORING THERMAL PROPERTIES
IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND ITS
INTERFACES FOR THERMOMECHANICAL
APPLICATIONS
Roy A K; Sangwook Sihn; Ganguli S; Varshney V
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; Dayton, University,
Research Institute; Universal Technology Corp.
(SAMPE)
Thermal transport phenomena in aerospace fibre-reinforced
composites, composite joints and the composite material
19
 References and Abstracts
interface are analysed. It is shown through finite element
analysis and molecular dynamics simulations that interface
impedance plays an important role in dictating thermal
transport through the interface and that through materials
modelling parameters can be identified to guide processing
for tailoring interface performance. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.1036261
Item 5
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Multifunctional
Materials: Working Smarter Together. Proceedings of a
conference held Memphis, Tn., 8-11 Sept., 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office
2008, Paper 12, pp.13
LIFE PREDICTION OF CARBON FIBER/PEKK
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIAL
FOR STRUCTURES DESIGN
Dan-Jumbo E; Keller R; Westerman B; Kuraishi A; Tsai
S W; Wang J
Boeing Co.; Stanford, University
(SAMPE)
The development of a life prediction technique for characterising
the long-term behaviour of composites fabricated from
standard modulus carbon fibre and polyetherketoneketone
using Miyano’s Accelerated Testing Methodology, which
is based on viscoelastic theory. The accelerated testing is
combined with the time temperature superposition principle
to relate long-term deformation and strength to short-
term accelerated tests over a series of elevated operating
temperatures, including repair analysis. Creep master curves
are generated from the data for static strength and deformation
predictions applicable to a wide range of temperatures and
times for design and repair applications. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.1036229
Item 6
KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe
61, No.12, Dec.2008, p.642-646
COMPARISON OF FLUORINATED LIQUID
SILICONE RUBBER AND HEAT CURED
FLUOROSILICONE ELASTOMER
Franssen O; Bosshammer S; Riley G; Toub M
Momentive Performance Materials GmbH
The development by Momentive Performance Materials of
fully fluorinated liquid silicone rubber(LSR) compounds
with good fuel and oil resistance and processability
equivalent to that of commercial standard LSRs is
described. Data on the physical properties, fluid resistance
and processability of the new LSRs are presented. The new
materials are currently available in the 40-70 Shore A range
of durometer and they are expected to play a major role in
providing cost-effective options for demanding applications
in the automotive and aerospace industries. 12 refs.
20
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1034712
Item 7
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
111, No.1, 5th Jan.2009, p.228
EFFECTS OF PRIOR AGING AT 288 DEG.C IN
AIR AND IN ARGON ENVIRONMENTS ON
CREEP RESPONSE OF PMR-15 NEAT RESIN
Ruggles-Wrenn M B; Broeckert J L
US,Air Force Institute of Technology
The creep behaviour of PMR-15 polyimide thermoset
polymer, aged in air and in argon at 299 deg.C for up
to 1000 hours was evaluated. Prior isothermal ageing
increased the elastic modulus and decreased the capacity
to accumulate creep strain. A rise in Tg with ageing time
was attributed to an increase in the crosslink density of the
polyimide. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.1033531
Item 8
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, 158 papers
SAMPE FALL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 2008. PROCEEDINGS
OF A CONFERENCE HELD MEMPHIS, TN., 8-11 SEPT., 2008
MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS: WORKING
SMARTER TOGETHER.
(SAMPE)
The Fall 2008 SAMPE Technical Conference consisted
of over 150 papers, covering topics which focused on
nanocomposites and multifunctional materials. Papers were
presented under the following topics: aerospace structures
and applications; carbon-carbon composites and foams;
composite design and analysis; composite fatigue and
fracture; composites for the automotive industry; composites
from agricultural products; design for multifunctionality;
electromagnetic multifunctional materials; environmental
considerations; high temperature resins and composites;
infrastructure applications; joints in composite structures;
manufacturing and processing advances; multifunctional
materials with integral NDE; analysis and characterisation of
nanocomposites; applications of nanocomposites; CNT/CNF
alignment of nanocomposites; electrical and thermal properties
of nanocomposites; fire behaviour of nanocomposites;
processing of nanocomposites; nano-industrial applications;
nanostructured multifunctional materials; NDE and structural
health monitoring; resins and adhesives; sandwich structures;
testing of composites; thermomechanical multifunctional
materials; and thermoplastic composites
USA
Accession no.1033201
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 9
Journal of Plastics Technology
No.5, 2008, pp.19
NEW YARN MATERIALS FOR HIGH-
PERFORMANCE FIBRE-REINFORCED
COMPOSITES MADE OF STITCHED
PREFORMS
Beier U; Sandler J K W; Altstaedt V; Spanner H;
Weimer C; Roser T; Buchs W
Bayreuth,University; Eurocopter Deutschland GmbH
The results are reported of a study of the use of innovative low
melting temperature polyamide and soluble phenoxy stitching
yarns to manufacture cost-reduced textile preforms for liquid
composite moulding of high-performance composites for
aerospace applications. Tests are carried out on stitched
composite panels to assess panel quality, compression
performance, apparent interlaminar shear strength and
compression after impact behaviour. The innovative yarns,
which are compared with conventional polyester stitching
yarn, are shown to reduce fibre undulations in the carbon
fibre-reinforced epoxy composites, allowing further pre-
stabilisation of the dry preforms by thermobonding and
optimised composite performance. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1032937
Item 10
Advanced Composite Materials
17, No.3, 2008, p.301-317
EVALUATION METHOD OF ADHESIVE
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS BASED ON DOUBLE
CANTILEVER BEAM (DCB) TESTS INCLUDING
RESIDUAL THERMAL STRESSES
Yokozeki T; Ogasawara T
Tokyo,University; Japan,Aerospace Exploration Agency
The energy release rate associated with crack growth in
adhesive double cantilever beam specimens, including
the effects of residual stresses, was formulated using
laminate beam theory, and the calculation of the correction
for temperature effects based on specimen geometry and
thermomechanical properties such as coefficient of thermal
expansion, is described. The results are compared with
those based on finite element analysis, and the residual
stress effects on the evaluation of adhesive fracture
toughness are discussed in terms of aerospace applications
of fibre-reinforced composite laminates. 13 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.1031855
Item 11
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.20, Oct.2008, p.6714-6723
INFLUENCE OF AGING TEMPERATURE, TIME,
AND ENVIRONMENT ON THERMO-OXIDATIVE
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
BEHAVIOR OF PMR-15: NANOMECHANICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
Putthanarat S; Tandon G P; Schoeppner G A
Dayton,University; US,Air Force Research Laboratory
The effects of ageing temperature, ageing time, and
ageing environment on the thermo-oxidative behaviour
of a commercial high-temperature polyimide resin with
applications in the aerospace industry were investigated
by optical microscopy and nanoindentation testing
to characterise localised mechanical properties and
the development and growth of the oxidative layer.
The results are discussed in terms of the chemical
changes taking place in the polymer during oxidation.
26 refs.
USA
Accession no.1031743
Item 12
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.20, Oct.2008, p.6682-6694
COMPOSITE BOND INSPECTION
Crane R L; Dillingham G
Brighton Technologies Group Inc.
A brief review on existing methods of adhesive bond
strength determination is presented with emphasis on
aerospace applications. The recent development of two
new methods for the non-destructive inspection of bond
strength, laser shock preened proof testing to determine
joint properties in situ, which requires access to two
surfaces and expensive instrumentation, and the tape
peel test, which is an inexpensive method to determine
adhesion potential of a composite surface prior to final
bond consolidation, are discussed in terms of their scope
of application and limitations. 143 refs.
USA
Accession no.1031740
Item 13
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.20, Oct.2008, p.6604-6618
VIBRATION DAMPING IN SANDWICH PANELS
Maheri M R; Adams R D; Hugon J
Bristol,University; Alcatel; Kerman,University
The inherent damping mechanism in sandwich panels,
including those with both aluminium and carbon fibre-
reinforced composite plastic skins with aluminium
honeycomb cores was analysed using the basic laminate
theory, a first-order shear deformation theory and a
discretisation method. Implementation of the method
using a finite-element software package to predict the
overall damping value of a sandwich honeycomb panel
for each specific mode is described, and the results are
discussed in comparison with experimental data for
typical honeycomb structural panels used in aerospace
applications. 17 refs.
21
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
IRAN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1031732
Item 14
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.20, Oct.2008, p.6578-6585
VERY STIFF FIBRES WOVEN INTO
ENGINEERING’S FUTURE: A LONG-TERM
PERSPECTIVE
Kelly A
Cambridge,University
Advances in the design, development and properties of
fibre-reinforced composite laminates and the growth in
their use since the 1960s are reviewed with emphasis on the
use of glass, carbon and synthetic (such as aramid) fibres
for reinforcement, especially for aerospace applications.
Problems associated with composite design, testing for
fatigue and damage, and environmental concerns such
as recycling of composite structures, are also discussed.
2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1031730
Item 15
Polymer Engineering and Science
48, No.11, 2008, p.2075-2089
CHALLENGES OF SHAPE MEMORY
POLYMERS: A REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS
TOWARD OVERCOMING SMP’S LIMITATIONS
Rousseau I A
General Motors Corp.
Many applications ranging from biomedical to aerospace
have been proposed for the use of shape memory polymers
(SMPs). To optimize SMPs properties for appropriately
targeting such wide-spreading application requirements,
it becomes necessary to understand the structure/property
relationships in SMPs. The literature was reviewed and the
recent advances made in the development of SMPs were
determined to establish guidelines for composition and
structure considerations for designing SMPs with targeted
chemical, physical, and shape memory (SM) properties. It
was concluded that covalently crosslinked glassy thermosets
appear to be better SMP candidates because of their
intrinsically higher modulus, greater thermal and chemical
stability, higher shape fixity and recovery, and possibly
their longer cycle life. However, material design allows for
reaching comparable or better properties for all classes of
SMPs. This emphasizes that optimisation of SMPs requires
application-specific molecular, structural, and geometrical
design. Current techniques for improving stress recovery
and cycle time, which compared to shape memory alloys are
the two main limitations of SMPs, are extensively discussed.
Understanding the relationships between the composition
and structure of an SMP and its SM properties as well as
22
its limitations enables one to better define the development
areas for high performance SMPs. 74 refs.
USA
Accession no.1031691
Item 16
Polymer Composites
29, No.11, 2008, p.1269
EFFECTS OF STORAGE AGING ON THE CURE
KINETICS OF T700/BMI PREPREGS FOR
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
GUO Z
SHANGHAI,UNIVERSITY
The effects of room temperature ageing on the cure
kinetics of a bismaleimide (BMI) matrix prepreg have been
characterized by different time and storage conditions. The
study has focused on the stability of BMI matrix carbon
fibre prepregs, when exposed to controlled environmental
conditions before being used in composite manufacturing.
The effects of ageing on reactivity, glass transition
temperature, and process window have been investigated
by differential scanning calorimeter through dynamic and
isothermal tests. A theoretical kinetic model for epoxy
matrix prepregs, developed in previous studies, has been
applied to the cure of both aged and virgin BMI matrix.
The model is able to satisfactorily describe the effect of
processing variables such as temperature and degree of
cure during the curing of the composite under different
conditions (curing temperature and heating rate). The effects
of diffusion-controlled phenomena on the cure kinetics,
associated with changes in glass transition temperature as a
function of the degree of cure, have been taken into account
in the formulation of an nth-order kinetic model. 12 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.1031684
Item 17
JEC Composites
No.44, Oct.2008, p.72-74
SERIAL PRODUCTION OF CFRP
THERMOPLASTIC PROFILES
Spelz U
xperion Aerospace GmbH
The serial production of CFRP thermoplastic profiles
for aircraft applications, specifically the fixation rails
of the sidewall panels of the Airbus A330/340, by
xperion Aerospace GmbH is described. The continuous
compression moulding process used is outlined, together
with the weight reduction resulting from substitution of
aluminium, and the material and process chain, involving
polyether-imide. The manufacture of the individual
components of the fixation rails is discussed and subsequent
processing is considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1031432
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 18
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
21, No.6, Nov.2008, p.543-555
IMPACT OF ND-YAG LASER DRILLING ON THE
FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF APC-2A/AS4
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Young T M
Limerick,University
The effect of neodymium-doped-yttrium aluminium garnet
laser drilling on the static tensile strength and fatigue life
of quasi-isotropic thermoplastic composites APC-2A/AS4
(PEEK thermoplastic composite material in unidirectional
form) for aerospace applications was investigated. The
holes had diameters of about 120 micrometers and were
spaced about 500 micrometers apart. The drilled specimens
were inspected using scanning electron microscopy. A
maximum stress versus cycles to failure was represented
by a power law function, which was used with a reduced
coefficient of fatigue strength value to describe the
fatigue life characteristics of the laser-drilled specimens.
13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; IRELAND;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1031249
Item 19
ADVANCED COMPOSITE CENTRE FOR
INNOVATION AND SCIENCE. Proceedings of the
Annual Conference, held University of Bristol, 9th July
2008.
Bristol, Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation &
Science, 2008, paper 2, pp.5, 30 cm, 012. Downloaded
from : www.bris.ac.uk/composites (Accessed 23/7/08)
AUXETIC MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
Scarpa F
(UK,Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and
Science; Bristol,University)
This is a PowerPoint presentation on auxetic materials
and structures. It deals with foams, composite laminates
and honeycomb structures. Some data on properties are
included and some applications indicated.
Accession no.1030718
Item 20
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
110, No.4, 15th Nov.2008, p.2525-2530
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF A NOVEL POLYPROPYLENE/POLYVINYL
ALCOHOL/ALUMINUM HYBRID LAYERED
ASSEMBLY FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE
FIBROUS INSULATION
Wu H; Fan J; Qin X; Mo S; Hinestroza J P
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University; Shanghai,Donghua
University; Cornell University
A hybrid layered assembly based on aluminium-coated
PVAL nanofibre supported on a PP web was fabricated
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
by electrospinning and physical vapour deposition.
Characterisation was carried out using SEM and TEM.
IR spectral transmission and water vapour transmission
through the materials with or without the nanofibre of
metal coating were determined. Potential applications in
protective clothing, sleeping bags, building applications
and aircraft are mentioned. 28 refs.
CHINA; USA
Accession no.1030492
Item 21
Advanced Materials
20, No.19, 2nd Oct.2008, p.3759-3763
SENSOR PAINTS
Wolfbeis O S
Regensburg,Universitat
Current and future trends in the development of sensor paints,
such as pH-, pressure- and temperature-sensitive paints,
which respond to a chemical or biochemical parameter
with a change in their optical properties are reviewed.
The use of various polymers such as ethyl cellulose,
poly(dimethylsiloxane), fluorinated polymethacrylates,
polystyrene and poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) are discussed
in terms of applications of sensor paints in marine
research, high-throughput screening and combinatorial
microbiology, medicine, and in the design of aircraft and
road vehicles. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1029181
Item 22
SAMPE ‘08: Material and Process Innovations:
Changing our World. Volume 53. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 18-22 May, 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, Paper 194, pp.9
A NEW NON-METALLIC ACOUSTIC CORE
WITH A BURIED SEPTUM FOR APPLICATION
IN COMPOSITE ACOUSTIC PANELS
Welch J M; Kitt B R; Gallman J
Spirit AeroSystems
(SAMPE)
A new, non-metallic Acousti-Cap honeycomb core with a
permeable plastic septum cap for application in composite
acoustic panels for nacelle applications is reported and
application possibilities associated with the new core
are briefly discussed. A typical production method for
fabricating the acoustic panel using the new core involving
perforated sheet construction and cure, perforated sheet
to acoustic core bonding and machining, is described
and non-destructive testing of a large area acoustic repair
to identify any anomalies incurred during bonding is
briefly reported.
USA
Accession no.1028788
23
 References and Abstracts
Item 23
SAMPE ‘08: Material and Process Innovations:
Changing our World. Volume 53. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 18-22 May, 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, Paper 191, pp.14
PROCESS AND SIMULATION CHAINS
FOR ADVANCED TEXTILE STRUCTURAL
COMPOSITES
Drechsler K
Stuttgart,University
(SAMPE)
Various textile preforms, including braided and stitched
textile structures, for composites are described and
their use in aerospace and automotive applications is
discussed. Methods for simulating the manufacturing
process and predicting the mechanical performance of
textile-reinforced composites are also considered and some
application examples are presented. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1028785
Item 24
SAMPE ‘08: Material and Process Innovations:
Changing our World. Volume 53. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 18-22 May, 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, Paper 160, pp.13
ATL DESIGN TOOL FOR TOW PATH
OPTIMIZATION
Wyatt J; Haj-Hariri H; Gruber M
Virginia,University; Accudyne Inc.
(SAMPE)
An algorithm for automated tape laying is presented
and applied to industrial applications, including pad-up
geometries in aircraft panels and aircraft cowling, to calculate
optimal tow paths, constrained to prevent overlap and to
minimise tow gaps. It calculates natural paths, optimises
initial conditions for the natural paths, forces tows off natural
paths to close remaining gaps and quantifies various design
metrics. These metrics include fibre strain, compression
wrinkle caused by bi-normally bending trajectories and
folding wrinkle created by rapid substrate variations.
5 refs.
USA
Accession no.1028756
Item 25
SAMPE ‘08: Material and Process Innovations:
Changing our World. Volume 53. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 18-22 May, 2008.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, Paper 228, pp.18
3-D WOVEN PI PREFORM JOINTS: AN
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE
24
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Schmidt R P; Lee S M; Cooke L M
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co.
(SAMPE)
A report is presented on the development of a new class of
three-dimensional woven Pi preform composite joints with
highly interlocked three-dimensional weave architecture
demonstrating a 250 to 300% increase in out of plane
load-carrying capacity as compared to conventional two-
dimensional composite joint designs. The enabling aspects
of the new preforms are described and the advantages of
the preforms, which include ease of joining, superior joint
strength and process flexibility, are detailed. Structural
applications are demonstrated and validation of various
aircraft structures (from risk reduction to full scale level)
based on the preforms is covered. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.1028512
Item 26
Composites Part A
39, No.9, 2008, p.1572-1581
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES BASED
ON PREFORMS STITCHED WITH INNOVATIVE
LOW-MELTING TEMPERATURE AND MATRIX
SOLUBLE THERMOPLASTIC YARNS
Beier U; Wolff-Fabris F; Fischer F; Sandler J K W;
Altstadt V; Hulder G; Schmachtenberg E; Spanner H;
Weimer C; Roser T; Buchs W
Bayreuth,University; Erlangen-Nurnberg,University;
Eurocopter Deutschland GmbH
In order to achieve a superior overall mechanical
performance of composites based on stitched preforms for
demanding aircraft applications, innovative thermoplastic
stitching yarns are comparatively evaluated in carbon fibre-
reinforced epoxy composites. Low-melting temperature
yarns based on polyamide and phenoxy in comparison
to a standard polyester yarn allow prestabilisation of the
dry preforms by thermobonding and lead to significantly
reduced laminate disturbances following liquid composite
moulding; thereby minimising the degradation of the
resulting composite strength properties. While the
softening polyamide yarns allow partial rearrangement
of the carbon fibres during the resin injection process,
the dissolution and subsequent phase-separation of the
phenoxy can induce a further local toughening of the
epoxy matrix. The improvements in overall composite
performance when using stitching yarns are partly due to
the particular yarn material but also depend on variations
in linear yarn density. Last but not least, it is demonstrated
that stitching seams close to a bolted joint have only little
effect on the bolt bearing strength of the stitched composite
whereas seams running directly through the hole and
oriented in the load direction induce small degradation
of the bolt bearing strength. 32 refs. Copyright (c) 2008
Elsevier Ltd.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1028020
Item 27
High Performance Polymers
20, No.4-5, Aug-Sept.2008, p.461-474
THE PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL
POLYETHERIMIDES IN A LOW EARTH ORBIT
ENVIRONMENT
Stienstra M M; Dingemans T; Van Eesbeek M; Rohr T
Delft,University of Technology; ESA/ESTEC
The performance of a new series of all-aromatic
polyetherimides prepared from either 3,3’,4,4’-
biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride or 3,3’,4,4’-
oxydiphthalic dianhydride and diamines consisting of 1,2
or 3 additional aryloxy units with either para, meta or ortho
substitutions was investigated under simulated low Earth
orbit conditions. The effect of polymer backbone structure
on the thermooptical stability of the polyetherimides under
simulated UV radiation and atomic oxygen exposure was
examined and the performance of these new polymers
compared with that of Kapton and Upilex to assess their
suitability for space applications. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1027810
Item 28
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
29, No.1, 2009, p.77-90
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE AGEING
OF EPOXY ADHESIVE JOINTS
Doyle G; Pethrick R A
Strathclyde,University
Adhesive bonded joints are exposed to a range of different
environments in aerospace applications. This paper
reports dielectric and mechanical analysis of aluminium-
epoxy bonded adhesives joints exposed to de-ionized
water, aqueous urea solution and salt water at 65 deg.C.
The changes observed are the results of plasticisation
and corrosion. In the case of the aqueous urea solution,
passivation of the oxide by the urea reduced the rate of
corrosion. Sea water contains mobile ions and a new
feature is detected associated with filiform corrosion.
The non-polar media aviation fuel and hydraulic fluid are
able to plasticise the adhesive and there is a consequent
reduction in the strength of the joint. Propylene glycol,
although it is polar solvent, produces limited plasticisation
and degradation of the joints. Dichloromethane was very
aggressive and produced a rapid loss of strength of the
joints. 23 refs. Copyright (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1027527
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 29
Future Materials
Sept.2008, p.8-9
‘NANONET’ MOVES FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS
CLOSER TO REALITY
Researchers have overcome a major obstacle in producing
transistors from networks of carbon nanotubes, a
technology that could make it possible to print circuits
on plastic sheets for applications including flexible
displays and an electronic skin to cover an entire aircraft
to monitor crack formation. The so-called “nanonet”
technology - circuits made of numerous carbon nanotubes
randomly overlapping in a fishnet-like structure - has been
plagued by a critical flaw: the network is contaminated
with metallic nanotubes that cause short circuits. The
discovery solves this problem by cutting the nanonet into
strips, preventing short circuits by breaking the path of
metallic nanotubes.
Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign;
Purdue,University
USA
Accession no.1027203
Item 30
Reinforced Plastics
52, No.8, Sept.2008, p.34-39
NEW RECIPES FOR SMC INNOVATION
McConnell V P
SMC formulations continue to abound in answer to a
diverse range of applications. Automotive applications
form the largest market for SMC, and over the past five
years, automotive SMC recipes have continued to meet
and enhance this segment’s performance requirements.
Among those are toughness, low density, low profile,
conductivity, in-mould colouring and coating and powder
priming. Greener, more environmentally friendly SMCs
are definitely making news, and Ashland has been a pioneer
in this regard. Its Envirez 1807 polyester resin made with
a 75/17/8% content ratio of petroleum, soybean oil and
ethanol has been used since 2002 in Class A exterior styling
panels on all John Deere combines, as well as many of
the OEM’s tractor models and hay balers. The National
Composite Center is looking at reinforcing structural
SMC with biomaterials such as natural fibre and recyclate.
Hexcel is making big news with its application of HexMC
carbon fibre SMC in the large window frames on Boeing’s
new 787 Dreamliner commercial aircraft. With base resin
and compound prices rising, along with costs for the energy
to conduct processing, some moulders are extending their
technology grasp by adding in-house compounding.
WORLD
Accession no.1026357
25
 References and Abstracts
Item 31
ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual
Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th
May 2008.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.1977-1981
IMPROVING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
OF EPOXY HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES FOR
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Movva S; Guerra D; Zhi-qi Cai; Yunior Hioe; Lee L J;
Castro J
Ohio,State University
(SPE)
The poor thermal conductivity of polymer based
composites has long been a deterrent to their increased
use in high end aerospace applications. In this study, the
thermal conductivity of Epoxy-Carbon fibre composites is
improved dramatically by a novel method of incorporating
carbon nanoparticles into the system. A comprehensive
study of the preparation and properties of the highly
thermally conductive Epoxy-Carbon fibre-Carbon
nanofibre composites is presented. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.1026196
Item 32
ANTEC 2008. Proceedings of the 66th SPE Annual
Technical Conference held Milwaukee, Wi., 4th-8th
May 2008.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2008, p.1256-1259
IMPROVING ADHESION PERFORMANCE
BETWEEN LOW SURFACE TENSION
COMPOSITE AND DISSIMILAR SUBSTRATES
Wolf R A
Enercon Industries Corp.
(SPE)
The growing demand for high performance plastic
components for automobile, aerospace, medical and
electronic applications has made the job of formulating
paints, adhesives and coatings more challenging. Composite
plastics having low surface energies but which deliver
high-strength, low-weight performance are becoming more
prevalent. Adhesion to the surfaces of these composites, as
well as between dissimilar high performance materials, is
being solved by atmospheric pretreatment technologies.
This paper links specific atmospheric surface pretreatment
improvements in adhesion to an array of composite and
dissimilar materials. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.1025816
Item 33
Chemical Weekly
LIV, No.1, 19th Aug.2008, p.174
NEW NANOMATERIAL MAKES PLASTIC
STIFFER, LIGHTER AND STRONGER
26
It is briefly reported that a Michigan State University
research team has developed a nanomaterial that makes
plastic stiffer, lighter and stronger. The material xGnP
Exfoliated Graphite NanoPlatelets will be instrumental
in the development of new and expanded applications
in the aerospace, automotive and packaging industries.
The nano-scale material, which is electrically and
thermally conductive, has reduced flammability and
barrier properties. The graphene nanoparticles are being
manufactured by a new startup company, XG Sciences,
which has an exclusive licence to manufacture the material.
The researchers are already looking ahead to more uses for
the product, such as recyclable, economical or lightweight
units to store hydrogen for the next generation of fuel
cell-powered autos. Attention is being directed to high-
end applications where substantial changes can be made
in the way electronics, fuel cells, batteries and solar cells
perform as a result of using the material.
Michigan,State University
USA
Accession no.1024374
Item 34
Advanced Materials
20, No.11, 4th June 2008, p.2074-2079
ACTUATING SINGLE WALL CARBON
NANOTUBE-POLYMER COMPOSITES:
INTRINSIC UNIMORPHS
Cheol Park; Jin Ho Kang; Harrison J S; Costen R C;
Lowther S E
US,National Institute of Aerospace; US,NASA,Langley
Research Center
An actuating single-walled carbon nanotube(SWNT)/
polyimide (Langley Research Center-Electroactive
polyimide) composite was developed that exhibited a
large strain (about 2.6%) at a low driving voltage (less
than 1 MV/m), while possessing excellent mechanical
and thermal properties. The strain energy density was
at least an order of magnitude greater than any state-
of-the-art polymeric materials reported. The actuating
characteristic mainly originated from the electrostrictive
contribution, presumably due to interfacial polarisation.
The composite intrinsically formed a unimorph during
the fabrication process to actuate without the need for
additional inactive layers. The tunable multifunctionality
and structural reinforcement achieved in these composites
could contribute to the design of intelligent and durable
components for future aerospace vehicles as well as
terrestrial applications. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.1024215
Item 35
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
95, No.624, June 2008, p.479-488
Spanish
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
RESIN FILM INFUSION FOR AIRCRAFT
APPLICATIONS
Lopez-Quintana S; Leal L; Casado J; Poveda J; Diez S;
De Benito A
CIDAUT; Aries Complex SA
A report is presented on the manufacture of aircraft using
the resin film infusion process. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1023954
Item 36
High-Performance Composites
16, No.4, July 2008, p.72-75
ASSESSING CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
NDI FOR COMPOSITE AIRCRAFT
Roach D
The rapidly increasing use of composites as structural
aircraft materials has brought with it the challenge of
making sure damage inspection can keep pace. Accurate
non-destructive inspection (NDI) methods are a necessity
to ensure aircraft airworthiness and passenger safety.
Over the last several years, a series of experiments
have been designed and implemented to assess how
well both conventional and advanced NDI techniques
can detect voids, disbonds, delaminations and impact
damage in honeycomb structure, solid laminates and
adhesively bonded structures. The test programme, called
Composite Flaw Detection Experiments, was undertaken
at the Federal Aviation Admin. Airworthiness Assurance
NDI Validation Center (AANC), operated and staffed
by Sandia National Laboratories. Many of the AANC
composites activities are conducted under the auspices of
the Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
(CACRC). This article discusses the CACRC’s Inspection
Task Group’s Probability of Detection experiments, some
of the results gathered thus far, and potential applications of
new technology for effective NDI on composites-intensive
aircraft as they enter commercial service.
US,Federal Aviation Administration
USA
Accession no.1023634
Item 37
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
109, No.3, 5th Aug.2008 p.1625-1634
“EX SITUÖ CONCEPT FOR TOUGHENING THE
RTMABLE BMI MATRIX COMPOSITES, PART I:
IMPROVING THE INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
Qunfeng Cheng; Zhengping Fang; Xiao-Su Yi; Xuefeng
An; Bangming Tang; Yahong Xu
Zhejiang,University; Beijing,National Key Laboratory
of Advanced Composites; Beijing,Research Institute of
Aerospace Special Materials and Technology
Interlaminar fracture toughness of bismaleimide
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
composites, as used for aerospace applications, was
achieved using an ex-situ resin transfer moulding process
with a polyether ketone (PEK)thermoplastic. The process
was briefly described, and samples were evaluated against
an untreated base sample using double cantilevered beam
tests or end notch flexure test to assess mode 1 or mode 2
fracture toughness respectively. Fractured samples were
examined using scanning electron and optical microscopies,
and it was shown plastic deformation and rupture of the
PEK phase was responsible for fracture toughening. The
toughening mechanism was discussed. 26 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.1023008
Item 38
Advanced Composite Materials
17, No.2, 2008, p.125-137
MONITORING OF A CFRP-STIFFENED PANEL
MANUFACTURED BY VARTM USING FIBER-
OPTIC SENSORS
Takeda S; Mizutani T; Nishi T; Uota N; Hirano Y;
Iwahori Y; Nagao Y; Takeda N
Japan,Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo,University;
KADO Corp.
The structural health monitoring of a carbon fibre-
reinforced epoxy resin composite laminate panel
fabricated via vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding and
containing embedded fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors
and optical fibres was investigated by measurement of
residual internal strains during curing and post-curing and
during four-point flexure by means of reflection spectra of
the FBG sensors. The results are discussed in comparison
with those obtained using conventional strain gauges and
finite element analysis, and in terms of potential aerospace
applications. 5 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.1022924
Item 39
Engineer
293, No.7753, 28th July-17th Aug.2008, p.32/34
HIGH-FIBRE DIET
Pierce J
Carbon fibre is seen as one of the engineering materials of
the future, with use expected to increase by 37% over the
next four years. Although carbon fibre is already a success
in its present form, attempts are being made to improve
manufacturing both the material and parts made from it, to
increase its range of applications. Festo produces electric
handling solutions for carbon fibre production and has been
carrying out pioneering work with the Textile Composites
Group at Manchester University’s School of Materials.
The project aims to use Festo’s automation range to cut
waste and improve the dimensional strength in carbon fibre
products. Rockwell Automation has recently worked with
DuPont on its Kevlar line. During an update of DuPont’s
27
 References and Abstracts
Maydown Kevlar production plant in Derry, Rockwell
replaced the existing dated PLC units with Allen-Bradley
ControlLogix PLCs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1022792
Item 40
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
19, No.6, June 2008, p.609-619
NON-HALOGEN FIRE RESISTANT PLASTICS
FOR AIRCRAFT INTERIORS
Lyon R E; Emrick T
Atlantic City International Airport; US,Federal Aviation
Administration; Massachusetts,University
Strategies for developing fire-proof aircraft cabin materials
are reviewed in the light of environmental legislation
restricting the use of halogens in plastics. Fire tests
for aircraft materials are indicated and fire resistance
mechanisms of plastics are outlined and described in terms
of their effect on heat release rate in flaming combustion.
Finally, the results are reported of fire tests carried out on
non-halogen polymers, including polyphenylsulphone,
polyester carbonate and bishydroxydeoxybenzoin-based
polyarylate, polyphosphonate and poly(arylate-co-
phosphonate), which are optically clear and potentially
useful for aircraft cabin applications. 34 refs.
USA
Accession no.1022630
Item 41
Polymer
49, No.15, 2008, p.3187
POLYMER NANOTECHNOLOGY:
NANOCOMPOSITES
Paul D R; Robeson L M
Texas,University at Austin; Lehigh University
In the large field of nanotechnology, polymer matrix
based nanocomposites have become a prominent area of
current research and development. Exfoliated clay-based
nanocomposites have dominated the polymer literature but
there are a large number of other significant areas of current
and emerging interest. This review will detail the technology
involved with exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites
and also include other important areas including barrier
properties, flammability resistance, biomedical applications,
electrical/electronic/optoelectronic applications and fuel
cell interests. The important question of the “nano-effect’’
of nanoparticle or fibre inclusion relative to their larger
scale counterparts is addressed relative to crystallisation
and glass transition behaviour. Of course, other polymer
(and composite)-based properties derive benefits from
nanoscale filler or fibre addition and these are addressed.
284 refs. Copyright (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
USA
Accession no.1022152
28
Item 42
Polymer Testing
27, No.5, 2008, p.645-652
CURE STUDIES ON BIFUNCTIONAL EPOXY
MATRICES USING A DOMESTIC MICROWAVE
OVEN
Rao S; Rao R M V G K
India,National Aerospace Laboratories
Three types of bifunctional epoxy-amine matrix systems
(two room temperature (RT) cure types and one elevated
temperature (ET) cure type), used for aerospace composite
applications, were cured in a domestic microwave oven.
Microwave cure schedules equivalent to vendor-specified
thermal cure schedules were evolved for each resin system,
using the glass transition temperature (T”g) as the index of
cure completion. Both continuous and pulsed microwave
heating modes were employed. The cure status and cure
uniformity were assessed using differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and thermal imaging techniques. The
studies showed that pulsed microwave-heated samples
exhibited greater degree and uniformity of cure (both in
terms of temperature attained and the T”g shown across
the samples), compared to the continuous microwave-
heated samples for all the resin systems studied. 16 refs.
Copyright (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
INDIA
Accession no.1022001
Item 43
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2008, 257 papers
SAMPE ‘08: Proceedings of a conference held Long
Beach, Ca., Volume 53.18-22 May 2008
MATERIAL AND PROCESS INNOVATIONS:
CHANGING OUR WORLD.
(SAMPE)
Over 250 papers dealing with aspects of materials and
process innovations were presented at the SAMPE ‘08
conference. Papers were presented under the following
main headings: adhesives and bonding; advancements
in non-destructive evaluation; aircraft applications
technologies; biomaterials; civil engineering and
infrastructure; design and analysis; durability, impact
and damage; electrical properties of composites and
nanocomposites; high temperature resins and coatings;
alternative energy applications; automotive and flame
retardant applications; metals and ceramics; natural
materials; nanomaterials; pressure vessel technology;
process development and manufacturing; resin infusion;
resins and interfaces; sandwich cores; smart materials,
including shape memory materials; structural health
monitoring; testing and test methods; textile and preform
technology; thermoplastics; and tooling, repair and
composites affordability.
USA
Accession no.1021971
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 44
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
27, No.8, 2008, p.835-850
AN EXAMINATION OF FAILURE CRITERIA
FOR NOTCHED ORTHOTROPIC CERAMIC
MATRIX COMPOSITE LAMINATES
Yeh H-Y; Murphy K S; Yeh H-L
California,State University; Taiwan,I-Shou University
The application of the Yeh-Stratton failure criterion to
newly developed fibre-reinforced orthotropic ceramic
matrix composite laminates based on an aluminoborosilicate
fabric impregnated with a silica-alumina matrix was
investigated analytically in comparison with experimental
test data for laminates containing a central crack under
tensile loading and with linear elastic stress models. The
results are discussed in comparison with those for graphite
fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composite laminates and in
terms of aerospace applications. 19 refs.
TAIWAN; USA
Accession no.1021370
Item 45
Journal of Materials Chemistry
18, No.21, 7th June 2008, p.2475-2482
POLYMER NANOENCAPSULATED
MESOPOROUS VANADIA WITH UNUSUAL
DUCTILITY AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES
Leventis N; Sotiriou-Leventis C; Mulik S; Dass A;
Schnobrich J; Hobbs A; Fabrizio E F; Luo H; Churu G;
Zhang Y; Lu H
Missouri,University of Science and Technology;
US,NASA,Glenn Research Center; Ohio Aerospace
Institute; Oklahoma,State University
An aerogel-like composite material was prepared by
casting a conformal diisocyanate-derived polymer coating
on the bird-nest like skeletal framework of mesoporous
vanadia and its physicochemical and mechanical properties
investigated. The nanoencapsulated vanadia exhibited
a highly unusual ductility at cryogenic temperatures
and did not fail even under high strain compression.
The high strength of the nanoencapsulated vanadia was
attributed to interlocking of skeletal nanoworms and the
high ductility to sintering-like melting and fusion of the
polymer coating under compression. The composites
are considered suitable for applications, such as armour,
cryogenic fuel containers and landing gear for aerospace
applications. 28 refs.
USA
Accession no.1020829
Item 46
SAMPE Journal
44, No.3, May-June 2008, p.44-51
DEVELOPMENT OF CRYOGENIC COMPOSITE
OVER-WRAPPED PRESSURE VESSELS (COPVS)
DeLay T; Patterson J; Noorda J; Schneider J
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
NASA,Marshall Space Flight Center; HyPerComp
Engineering Inc.; Mississippi,State University
The results of a feasibility study on the development
of cryogenic composite over-wrapped pressure vessels
for aerospace and other applications, involving the
development and evaluation of materials, test methods
and tank design, are reported. The mechanical properties
and burst pressures of composite vessels fabricated
using carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin or urethane
resin systems with aluminium liners of different
thicknesses were investigated experimentally at cryogenic
temperatures, and the results are discussed in terms
of potential savings in weight compared to alternative
existing designs. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.1020711
Item 47
SAMPE Journal
44, No.3, May-June 2008, p.22-34
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL EVALUATION
OF NEW CARBON FIBRE/PEEK COMPOSITES
FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS
Kilroy J P; O’Bradaigh C M; Semprimoschnig C O A
Composites Testing Laboratory Ltd.; Eire Composites;
European Space Agency
The thermomechanical properties of laminates fabricated
using a commercially available carbon fibre-reinforced
poly(etheretherketone) composite pre-impregnated tape
processed under pressure-formed autoclave conditions
were investigated by tensile, compression, flexure, in-plane
shear and interlaminar shear testing over a wide range of
temperatures, and fracture toughness, moisture uptake
and DSC measurements. The results are compared with
those for laminates fabricated using thermoplastic in-situ
automated tape placement and are discussed in terms of the
fabrication of large composite structures such as cryogenic
fuel tanks for aerospace applications. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; IRELAND;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1020710
Item 48
Composites Technology
14, No.2, April 2008, p.28-32
MICROSPHERES: FILLERS FILLED WITH
POSSIBILITIES
Wood K
The most versatile of fillers available to composites
manufacturers are microspheres (also called microballoons),
which can provide a range of product enhancements and
process improvements. This article provides detailed
information about these tiny hollow spheres, under the
section headings: chemical composition and construction,
density and crush, part processability, component cost,
and optimised functionality. Additional boxes include
29
 References and Abstracts
information on material alternatives, as well as core,
acoustic and anti-blast applications.
AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; SOUTH KOREA;
SWEDEN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1020309
Item 49
Composite Solutions
2, No.2, March-April 2008, p.25-27
Italian; English
COMPOSITES TO ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF
AIRCRAFT WEIGHT
Recent advances in composites for aerospace applications
are reported, focusing upon products from Hexcel,
including Hexweb HRH-36 Flexcore honeycomb made
from Kevlar paper and reinforced with a high temperature-
resistant phenolic resin, HexMC, a new kind of cost-
effective carbon fibre epoxy moulding concept and
Hextool composite tooling material based on HexMC.
Some examples of Hexcel’s products on display at the
Farnborough Airshow are included.
Hexcel
Accession no.1020252
Item 50
Journal of Materials Chemistry
18, No.19, 21st may 2008, p.2262-2267
FABRICATION OF CLOSED-CELL POLYIMIDE
INVERSE OPAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS WITH
EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
THERMAL STABILITY
Xiao Chen; Lihua Wang; Yongqiang Wen; Yuqi Zhang;
Jingxia Wang; Yanlin Song; Lei Jiang; Daoben Zhu
Beijing,Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of
Sciences; Yan’an,University; Beijing,Graduate University
Closed-cell fluorinated polyimide inverse opal photonic
crystals (IOPC)s were fabricated using core-shell
poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) colloidal
spheres as the template and their heat stabilities,
morphologies, photonic band gaps, contact angles,
hardnesses and elastic moduli investigated. The mechanism
of formation of the closed-cell structure was studied
and properties of the closed-cell fluorinated polyimide
IOPCs compared with those of open-cell polyimide
IOPCs prepared using PS colloidal spheres as a template.
The closed-cell polyimide IOPCs were thermally and
mechanically stably and were considered potentially
suitable for use in thermal insulation, energy absorption
and aerospace applications. 20 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.1020128
Item 51
JEC Composites
No.40, May 2008, p.62-64
30
RESIN FLOW MONITORING IN THE
COMPOSITE INFUSION PROCESS
Costantino S; Cara F
Huntsman Advanced Materials; MAPE Engineering
Switzerland SA
The resin infusion process is outlined and two examples of
extreme infusion environments, namely high-temperature
infusion for composite parts in the aerospace industry and
ambient isothermal resin infusion for tooling applications,
are described. The first example shows that the resin flow
front can be detected during high-temperature infusion even
through caul plates and the second one demonstrates that
active sensors are needed to detect isothermal infusion.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1020029
Item 52
Composites Part A
39, No.5, 2008, p.705-711
EVALUATION OF PREFORMS STITCHED
WITH A LOW MELTING-TEMPERATURE
THERMOPLASTIC YARN IN CARBON FIBRE-
REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Beier U; Fischer F; Sandler J K W; Altstadt V; Weimer
C; Spanner H; Buchs W
Bayreuth,University; Eurocopter Deutschland GmbH
A comparative assessment of the influence of assembly seams
based on two different thermoplastic yarn types on key in-
plane and interlaminar properties of carbon fibre-reinforced
epoxy composite is presented. Non-crimped fabric (NCF)
composites prepared with a thin low melting-temperature
polyamide stitching yarn showed an overall mechanical
performance similar to that of the non-stitched equivalent,
independent of the stitch geometry. In contrast, comparable
composites prepared with a thicker standard unwashed
polyester yarn revealed a clear reduction in compression
and apparent interlaminar shear strength, with the exact
level of degradation depending on the stitch geometry.
These deviations in mechanical performance are explained
on the basis of a fundamental microstructural difference of
the composites following resin transfer moulding. Using
the thinner meltable but immiscible polyamide yarn in the
stitched preforms instead of the standard polyester yarn
appears to reduce localised fibre undulations; an effect
most likely inducing the observed enhancements in key
composite properties relevant for aircraft applications.
22 refs. Copyright (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1019724
Item 53
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
36, No.1, Jan.2008, p.69-72
PRESSURE EFFECTS ON OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION FLAMMABILITY
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
THRESHOLDS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Hirsch D; Williams J; Beeson H
US,NASA,Johnson Space Center
The results are reported of a study of the effects of pressure
on the oxygen concentration flammability thresholds of a
range of polymeric materials, including polyoxymethylene,
PE, PTFE, aliphatic polyamide, PCTFE, PDMS,
fluoroelastomer, SBR, nitrile rubber, polychloroprene and
EPDM, for aerospace applications. For the range of total
pressures tested, the oxygen concentration and oxygen
partial pressure flammability thresholds show a near linear
dependence on total pressure and appear to increase with
increasing oxygen concentration (and oxygen partial
pressure) thresholds. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.1019591
Item 54
Journal of Composite Materials
42, No.9, May 2008, p.865-888
INVESTIGATION OF SCALING EFFECTS IN
FIBER-METAL LAMINATES
McKown S; Cantwell W J; Jones N
Liverpool,University
The mechanical properties of scaled specimens of fibre-
metal laminates consisting of an aluminium alloy and
a self-reinforced thermoplastic composite based on
polypropylene fibres in a polypropylene matrix were
investigated by a series of quasi-static tensile and flexural
tests and low-velocity impact tests. Scaling effects in the
laminates were studied by comparison of the test results to
a scaling law that predicts response parameters based on
a simple geometrical relationship of the input parameters,
and the results are discussed in terms of engineering
applications especially in aerospace components. 25 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1019185
Item 55
Polymer Composites
29, No.5, 2008, p.473-482
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS
GRADIENT AND VARIATIONS IN VACUUM-
ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
PROCESS
Li J; Zhang C; Liang R; Wang B; Walsh S
Florida A & M University; US,Army Research
Laboratory
As vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)
is being increasingly used in aerospace applications, the
thickness gradient and variation issues are gaining more
attention. Typically, thickness gradient and variations result
from the infusion pressure gradient during the process and
material variations. Pressure gradient is the driving force
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
for resin flow and the main source of thickness variation.
After infusion, an amount of pressure gradient is frozen
into the preform, which primarily contributes to the
thickness variation. This study investigates the mechanism
of the thickness variation dynamic change during the
infusion and relaxing/curing processes. A numerical model
was developed to track the thickness change of the bagging
film free surface. A time-dependent permeability model as
a function of compaction pressure was incorporated into an
existing resin transfer moulding (RTM) code for obtaining
the initial conditions for relaxing/curing process. Control
volume (CV) and volume of fluid (VOF) methods were
combined to solve the free surface problem. Experiments
were conducted to verify the simulation results. The
proposed model was illustrated with a relatively complex
part. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.1019147
Item 56
Composites Technology
14, No.2, Suppl., April 2008, p.92-95
SPACE BASES
Composite materials are in service on the International
Space Station (ISS) and the equipment sent to explore Mars,
and they are in leading contention for a future base on the
Moon. Composites’ main competitor in these applications,
as elsewhere in the aerospace sector, is aluminium. Twelve
composite-overwrapped pressure vessels are currently in
orbit, mounted externally on the ISS and protected from
micrometeoroids by thin aluminium bumpers. Elsewhere
on the ISS, composites form about 40 storage, payload
and system racks. The racks were built by Boeing from
graphite/epoxy composites by hand layup of a framework
of rectangular tubes and I-beam sections as well as skin
panels. A relatively new type of composite, featuring a
shape-memory polymer matrix, soon might be available
to designers of in-space deployment systems for solar
arrays, communication antennae and optical systems. One
example is the Elastic Memory Composite Hinge created
by Composite Technology Development. Carbon fibre
composite technology for unmanned planetary exploration
vehicles is well developed. The composites used have
to go from the ambient Earth temperature at which they
were assembled, to the autoclave temperature of about
177 deg.C, to the extreme cold in space and on Mars.
USA
Accession no.1018944
Item 57
Composites Technology
14, No.2, Suppl., April 2008, p.77-83
LAUNCH VEHICLES
One of the earliest applications of space system composites
was in strap-on solid rocket motor (SRM) cases for space
launch vehicles. Early SRM cases were made from fibreglass/
31
 References and Abstracts
epoxy and later aramid/epoxy. However, improvements in
fibre properties since then have made carbon/epoxy the SRM
material of choice. More recently, composites have been
adopted for first-stage boosters, payload adaptors and payload
fairings. The design of launch vehicle structures is driven
primarily by stiffness. ATK Launch Systems Group produces
the GEM (graphite epoxy motor) family for Boeing’s Delta
launch vehicles as well as Orion rocket motors for Orbital.
Vibration loads are a significant design issue for spacecraft.
CSA Engineering’s expertise is viscoelastic materials,
or VEMs, which are typically rubbery materials that can
reduce vibration amplitudes and peak dynamic stresses. One
successful application was a space truss structure experiment.
For manned space vehicles with crew modules, composites
could eventually find use on NASA’s latest initiative, the
Constellation, a Space Shuttle replacement that is expected
to return astronauts to Earth’s Moon by 2020.
WORLD
Accession no.1018941
Item 58
Composites Technology
14, No.2, Suppl., April 2008, p.72-75
INTERIORS
The continued push for aircraft weight reduction is
driving composites growth in cabin applications. Today,
composites are used for floor and ceiling panels, overhead
stowage bins, partitions, window and door surrounds,
cabin and galley walls, lavatory modules, food and drink
trolleys, cargo hold liners and ventilation ducts. Inroads
are also being made into seating components such as rails
and pedestals, which are still primarily manufactured of
aluminium.
WORLD
Accession no.1018940
Item 59
Composites Technology
14, No.2, Suppl., April 2008, p.52-57
CONTROL SURFACES
Composites continue to earn their way into flight-critical
aircraft components with help from innovative fabrication
strategies. The incursion of autoclaved prepreg composites
into flight control surface structures has a history that
goes back several decades. Today, however, a variety of
material and process innovations are enabling a dramatic
upswing in metal-to-composite conversions. This article
presents examples which are representative of many
creative applications. These include: composite wings;
resin transfer moulded wing spars; one-piece wingskins;
vacuum-assisted resin-transfer moulded trailing edges;
fibreglass-reinforced thermoplastic leading edges; tail
structures; pultruded tail stringers; hand layered rib trusses;
and resin transfer moulded prepreg wingtips.
WORLD
Accession no.1018937
32
Item 60
Welding International
22, No.2, Feb.2008, p.122-129
ADHESIVES AND BONDING MATERIALS FOR
COMPONENTS IN AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
Lukina N F; Anikhovskaya L I; Dement’eva L A;
Petrova A P; Tyumeneva T Y
Russia,State Research Centre; All-Russia Scientific
Research Institute of Aviation Materials
A report is presented on research conducted over many
years at the Russian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation
Materials with the aim of developing suitable adhesives
and bonding agents for aviation technology. The materials
include high-strength and high-elasticity film and paste-
like adhesives for constructional applications, adhesive
composite materials based on the adhesive matrix and glass
and carbon fillers, aluminium-polymer composite materials
based on aluminium alloys and adhesive prepregs, adhesives
for special applications (including heat-resisting, adhesives
for rubber engineering applications), self-bonding materials
based on aluminium foil, and protective film coatings.
Data on the properties of these adhesives are tabulated. It
is shown that the adhesives and bonding agents developed
ensure efficient operation of adhesively-bonded joints in the
temperature range from -196 to 1600 deg C. 9 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.1017799
Item 61
Polymer International
57, No.5, May 2008, p.689-699
DIELECTRIC STUDIES OF WATER
ABSORPTION AND DESORPTION IN EPOXY
RESINS: INFLUENCE OF CURE PROCESS ON
BEHAVIOUR
McConnell B K; Pethrick R A
Strathclyde,University
The results are reported of a study of the mechanism of
water uptake and desorption in dicyandiamide- and amine-
cured epoxy resin adhesives (AF 163-2K and Epibond
1590) used in aerospace applications. Uptake and loss of
moisture are monitored gravimetrically, using broad band
dielectric, DMTA and thickness measurements performed as
a function of time at various temperatures. Uptake and loss
profiles for the adhesives are compared and resorption studies
performed on Epibond 1590 adhesive. Differences between
the adhesives are rationalised in terms of the different abilities
of the matrix to interact with the water molecules. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1017691
Item 62
Silicone Elastomers 2008. Proceedings of the Second
International Conference held Munich, Germany, 12th-
13th March, 2008.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra, 2008, Paper 3, pp.12
REAL FLUOROSILICONES COMBINED WITH
LSR. PROCESSING. NEW PRODUCT FAMILY
FFSL
Franssen O; Bosshammer S
Momentive Performance Materials GmbH
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The introduction of new fluorinated silicone liquid rubbers
having comparable fluorine content to fluorosilicone heat
cured elastomers and Shore hardnesses ranging from 40 to
70 is reported and these new fluorosilicone liquid rubbers
are compared with fluorosilicone heat cured elastomers
in the areas of processability, physical properties and fuel
and solvent resistance, particular emphasis being placed on
requirements for automotive and aerospace applications.
11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1017671
Item 63
Plastics Engineering
64, No.3, March 2008, p.10/13
OUT OF THIN AIR, AEROGELS EMERGE
Toensmeier P A
An aerogel is a wispy, foam structure that is more than
99% air. Properties include outstanding insulation
and acoustic dampening, hydrophobic or hydrophilic
performance, absorption, additive and reinforcement
benefits in polymers and low dielectric constant. Aerogels
are extremely light and particle size is less than 100nm,
so they can be used in parts that require transparency or
purity. The leading end-use application by far is thermal
insulation, which accounted for 57.6% of market value
in 2006. One application in which aerogels provide a
unique benefit is "daylighting" - translucent window and
roof systems that let filtered light into a room with no
increase in heating or cooling costs. Aerogels are supplied
in various forms. Aspen, whose specialty is insulation,
fabricates them mainly in fibrous sheets and blankets,
which are installed on products like gas and oil pipelines,
used in defence and aerospace applications, or added to
cold-weather gear. Other companies like Cabot produce
granular products that can be mixed with resins or made
into various products.
USA
Accession no.1017028
Item 64
Machine Design
80, No.6, 20th March 2008, p.44/49
STRONGER AND LIGHTER Û COMPOSITES
MAKE THEIR MARK
Zweben C
Most engineers likely know that the new Boeing 787
Dreamliner is made primarily of carbon fibre-reinforced
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
epoxy composites. Considering that carbon fibres were first
developed in the late 1960s, this is remarkable progress.
Carbon-epoxy composites have outstanding properties
so it is not surprising that they have become the baseline
materials in aerospace and sporting goods. The properties
of polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites,
carbon matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites
are compared. Industrial and commercial composite
applications are discussed.
USA
Accession no.1017026
Item 65
Progress in Polymer Science
33, No.3, 2008, p.289-345
PROCESSIBLE POLYAZOMETHINES AND
POLYKETANILS: FROM AEROSPACE TO
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES AND OTHER
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Iwan A; Sek D
Polish Academy of Sciences
Conjugated polymers have attracted widespread interest
during the last two decades, because of their useful
electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical and non-linear
optical properties. In this paper we discuss synthetic
routes (Section 2) and spectroscopic properties (Section
4) of the principal conjugated polymers with imine
groups (C=N) in the main chain, such as polyazomethines
(Schiff bases) and polyketanils (polyketimines). Special
emphasis is put on the molecular and supramolecular
engineering approach (Sections 3-7), which allows tuning
of processability and special desired properties of these
polymers. Selected examples of possible technological
applications of conjugated polymers containing imine
groups are presented, such as their use as optical pH
sensors, detectors, catalyst carriers or light-emitting
diodes (Section 4). Additionally, the polyazomethines and
polyketanils are thermally stable, making them potential
candidate materials for aerospace applications (Section
4.1). Polyazomethines with liquid crystal properties are
also considered (Section 5). The paper is completed by
discussion of non-covalent interactions between dopant
(Lewis and Bronsted acids) and conjugated polymers
(polyazomethines and polyketanils) (Sections 3.2 and 7).
185 refs. Copyright (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.1016947
Item 66
PROTECTING THE SUBSTRATE AND THE
ENVIRONMENT. Proceedings of the International
Protective Coatings Conference, held Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 24th-25th October, 2007.
(Hampton), PRA, 2007, Paper 2, pp.14
WATERBORNE EPOXY TECHNOLOGY AND TOP
PERFORMANCE: NO LONGER A FAIRY TALE?
33
 References and Abstracts
Vandenberghe D; Heine F; Clayes-Bouuaert P; Van
Poppel K; Rans M; Frederix A
Hexion Specialty Chemicals
(PRA)
The development of waterborne epoxy binder technologies as
a means of attaining volatile organic compound compliance
is described. The historic development of waterborne binder
families, including the NEW GEN technology, is discussed.
The importance of applying the appropriate ‘formulation know-
how’ in order to achieve top performance in some key market
segments, such as aerospace applications and transportation
coatings and primers for the agriculture, construction and
earth-moving equipment markets, is highlighted. The
performance data presented should help waterborne systems
find applications in the most conservative and difficult market
segments, such as marine coatings. 7 refs.
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.1016911
Item 67
COMPOSITES: ENABLING A NEW ERA IN CIVIL
AVIATION. Proceedings of the American Society for
Composites:Twenty-second Technical Conference,
held University of Washington, Seattle, Wa., 17th-19th
Sept.2007.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2007, Paper 164
CHARACTERIZATION OF DISCONTINUOUS
CARBON FIBER/EPOXY SYSTEMS FOR
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS: PART I
Feraboli P; Peitso E; Deleo F; Cleveland T; Graves M;
Stickler P
Washington,University; Boeing Phantom Works;
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
(American Society for Composites)
The results are reported of a study of the effect of fibre
length on the mechanical properties of a high-performance
SMC composed of discontinuous carbon fibre-epoxy
panels obtained from high-grade prepreg for aerospace
applications. The tensile, compression and flexural
properties of the composites are discussed and comparisons
are made with continuous carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy
panels. Fibre distribution in the composites and the effective
random nature of the composites are characterised by means
of image analysis and testing of tensile specimens cut at 0,
45 and 90 degrees from the longitudinal axis. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.1016734
Item 68
COMPOSITES: ENABLING A NEW ERA IN CIVIL
AVIATION. Proceedings of the American Society for
Composites:Twenty-second Technical Conference,
34
held University of Washington, Seattle, Wa., 17th-19th
Sept.2007.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2007, Paper 90
IMPACT DAMAGE MONITORING OF
SANDWICH STRUCTURE BY DISTRIBUTED
STRAIN MEASUREMENT WITH CM-ORDER
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
Minakuchi S; Okabe Y; Takeda N
Tokyo,University
(American Society for Composites)
The development of an impact damage detection system
for composite sandwich structures, which uses the specific
response of a pre-pump pulse Brillouin optical time domain
analysis sensing system to non-uniform strain distribution
along an optical fibre, is reported. The system is applied
to the detection of non-uniform strain distribution along
a dent of the CFRP facesheet of a sandwich panel with an
aluminium honeycomb core and is considered suitable for
inspecting sandwich structures for aerospace applications.
14 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.1016668
Item 69
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 116, pp.15
UPDATES FOR TRANSITION POTENTIAL OF
LIGHT WEIGHT COMPOSITE AIRCRAFT &
SPACECRAFT THERMAL MANAGEMENT
COMPONENTS
Watts R; Maxwell G; Steenwyk M; Biels J; Chang S;
Carroll T
US,Air Force Research Laboratory; GE Aviation;
Touchstone; Triton Systems Inc.
(SAMPE)
The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and
Manufacturing Directorate is continuing to provide
revolutionary lightweight hybrid carbon composite
processing technology applied to heat transfer applications
for aircraft potential transition and more demanding
mega watts direct energy cooling. Updates on two key
thermal management component areas for payoff, i.e.
carbon composite heat exchangers and avionic hybrid
carbon enclosures, are provided. The ultimate goal is to
develop ‘advanced composite material’ manufacturing
options to double the effectiveness of the existing systems
and provide new energy sources for the environmental
management systems. The transition to space material
applications is considered. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.1015932
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 70
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
COVINA, CA., SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2007, PAPER 114, PP.12
FORMULATING CHALLENGES IN EPOXY
BASED INFUSION SYSTEMS FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Hoge J
Huntsman Advanced Materials
(SAMPE)Formulating challenges related to the
development of epoxy-based systems for use with
the vacuum infusion process for applications in the
aerospace industry are discussed. A challenging balance
of processing and ultimate physical properties must be
met to qualify these systems for aerospace specifications.
Various difficulties arise in formulating aerospace infusion
systems to meet the complex requirements of the vacuum
infusion process and aerospace structural parts. Several
opposing property parameters exist such as processing
temperature/viscosity vs. pot life, low viscosity vs. high
Tg, low viscosity vs. high temperature toughness, and
high modulus vs. high toughness. Data are presented and
comparisons are made with experimental epoxy blends
and curing agents by studying one-part and two-part epoxy
systems. Advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-
part infusion systems are discussed. The ultimate goal is
to develop systems which meet all of the processing and
performance requirements for complex aircraft parts.
3 refs.
USA
Accession no.1015930
Item 71
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 104, pp.7
DAMAGE PREDICTION OF CARBON/EPOXY
COMPOSITE PANELS SUBJECTED TO
BALLISTIC IMPACT
Zhiqiang Wang; Gang Qian; Ming Xie
GE Global Research Centre; GE Infrastructure-Aviation
(SAMPE)
Damage resistance capability of carbon fibre composite
panels subjected to ballistic impact was investigated for
potential aerospace applications. Numerical simulations
were carried out to predict impact gouging behaviour
and perforation limit with different panel thickness. The
simulations were conducted with the explicit finite element
code LS-DYNA, where a special user material subroutine
was implemented to capture the carbon/epoxy composite
material behaviour. The numerical results were correlated
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
with panel impact test data with different thicknesses and
impact velocities. Results showed that the panel gouge
depth and perforation limit were predicted with reasonable
accuracy. Such an analytical prediction provided the
possibility of significantly reducing experimental cost
in the investigation of composite impact performance.
11 refs.
USA
Accession no.1015920
Item 72
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
COVINA, CA., SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2007, PAPER 101, PP.15
ANALYTICAL PREDICTIONS OF FAILURE OF A
BOLTED JOINT IN COMPOSITE PANEL DUE TO
DIRECT IMPACT
Gagel J; Ming Xi; Vijayvargiya A; Reddy V
GE Infrastructure-Aviation
(SAMPE)
Composite materials are used for aerospace applications
because of their lightweight and high strength properties,
but attachment design on a composite structure remains
a great challenge. A metallic bracket, rather than an
integral composite flange, often has to be used to attach
two structures. In this study, a numerical analysis using
LS-DYNA software was performed to simulate a metallic
bracket bolted to a composite panel and subjected to a
ballistic impact from a metallic projectile. A parametric
study of the ballistic impact simulation was conducted,
which included various impact velocities and impact
locations. The effects of finite element mesh density were
also investigated. Predictions on bolted joint performance
are presented. 5 refs.
INDIA; USA
Accession no.1015917
Item 73
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 96, pp.9
ALTERNATIVE ALKYNE-BASED MATERIALS
FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS
APPLICATIONS
Morgan A B
Dayton,University,Research Institute
(SAMPE)
Alkyne-containing monomers are currently used in the
manufacture of some polyimide-based composites where a
high level of crosslinking and thermal stability is required
35
 References and Abstracts
in the end-use application. A variety of alkyne-based
materials are made efficiently from brominated aromatic
starting materials, which may be useful for this application.
The materials discussed in this paper were originally
designed as high carbon char-forming materials for rocket
booster ablative and flame retardancy applications, but
through the control of chemical structure it was found
that the alkyne crosslinking reaction could be raised or
lowered, and different levels of carbon char could be
generated. The versatility of organic synthesis allows for
the creation of multi-alkyne containing structures which
are highly soluble in a variety of solvents and whose alkyne
crosslinking temperature can be tailored. The synthesis of
these materials is described and possible advantages and
disadvantages of these materials for the manufacture of
new aerospace materials are considered. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014978
Item 74
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 67, pp.12
THERMO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF
ADAPTIVE POLYMER FOAM
Di Prima M A; Lesniewski M; Gall K; McDowell D L;
Sanderson T; Campbell D
Georgia,Institute of Technology; Raytheon Missile
Systems Co.; Composite Technology Development Inc.
(SAMPE)
Adaptive (shape memory) polymer foams have potential
aerospace applications, but their thermomechanical
behaviour under deformation conditions is not well
understood. Epoxy resin adaptive foams with an average
relative density near 20% were examined by deforming
them under conditions of varying stress, strain and
temperature. The Tg of the foam was measured to be 90
deg C, while compression and tensile tests were performed
at temperatures between 25 and 125 deg C. Tensile strain to
failure was measured to probe the foam’s maximum recovery
limits in temperature and strain space. Compression tests
were performed to examine material compressibility as
a function of temperature. These foams were compacted
up to 80% and still experienced full strain recovery over
multiple cycles. Both tensile strain to failure and cyclic
compression recovery tests revealed that deforming at 80
deg C minimised damage and maximised macroscopic
strain recovery. Deformation temperatures above or below
this optimal value led to lower failure strains in tension
and the accumulation of permanent strains in cyclic
compression. Micro-computed tomography(microCT)
scans of the foam at various compressed states were used to
understand foam deformation mechanisms. The microCT
studies revealed the bending, buckling and collapse of cells
36
with increasing compression, consistent with published
numerical simulations. 38 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014949
Item 75
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 66, pp.11
ACTIVE MULTISTABLE STRUCTURES FOR
MORPHING APPLICATIONS
Schultz M R
Composite Technology Development Inc.
(SAMPE)
Multistable structural components, i.e. components that
have more than one stable equilibrium shape, can be
beneficial in creating morphing structures because power
is only required to transform the structure between shapes,
not to hold the structure in the new shape. As such, the
use of multistable structural components can lead to
reduced power requirements, and can provide a series
of set operating shapes. This paper examines the use of
piezocomposite actuators to bring about shape change
in multistable structures. Two types of structures are
considered, i.e. simple multistable cross-ply composite
plates and a type of multistable airfoil-like twisting
device that is made by combining two pre-curved shells.
These structures are both based on graphite-epoxy resin
composites. Piezocomposite actuators were shown to be
effective in actively transforming both types of multistable
structures at frequencies up to 10 Hz. It is shown that, in
general, the combination of multistable structures with
piezocomposite actuators can produce interesting active
morphing structures. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014948
Item 76
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
COVINA, CA., SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2007, PAPER 63,
PP.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEAR
DEFORMATION AND STRAIN RECOVERY
BEHAVIOR IN SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS
Khan F; Jeong-Hoi Koo; Monk D; Eisbrenner E
Miami,University
(SAMPE)
The large strain deformation behaviour of a styrene-based
shape memory polymer(SMP), Veriflex, was investigated
in tensile and shear loading conditions with the aim
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
of characterising the mechanical properties. Particular
attention was paid to the recovery behaviour, which
was critical for the development of new SMP-based
applications, and the effect of filler loading. Magnetite
and iron spherical nanoparticles were used as fillers.
The magnetite-filled samples were prepared to allow
the investigation of magnetic induction-based heating
to serve as a trigger for the thermally-activated SMP.
Very favourable response times were observed using this
technique. The iron-filled samples were prepared to render
the polymer electrically conductive. Testing of the materials
was performed in tensile and shear test conditions at room
and elevated temperatures. Following tensile and shear
deformation to lock-in plastic strain, the SMP exhibited a
rapid rise in the recovery force following the application
of a thermal trigger. Full recovery of the plastic strain was
observed. The data should provide information on matrix-
filler interaction and permit constitutive modelling through
an investigation of the elastic, inelastic, and recovery
deformation response of the SMP. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014945
Item 77
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 62, pp.13
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF AN OPEN CELL
EPOXY SHAPE MEMORY POLYMER FOAM
Sanderson T; Di Prima M A; Gall K; Lamb J; Arzberger S
Arizona,University; Georgia,Institute of Technology;
Raytheon Missile Systems Co.; Composite Technology
Development Inc.
(SAMPE)
The thermal properties of an epoxy SMF (shape memory
polymer foam) were measured and reported for a foam of
18% density, and it was found that the thermal diffusivity
increased by an order of magnitude in going from
fully expanded to fully compressed, while the thermal
conductivity increased by almost as much. Under the
same conditions, the specific heat increased by less than
50% on average, while the density increased by a factor
of about 3.5. Overall, the properties were similar to those
of a thermally-insulating material, as expected. A simple
transient thermal analysis was then carried out for using
this material with an electric resistance heating element
as the skin of a morphing aircraft wing. At steady state,
for a 9.5 mm thick SMF skin, the ratio of the maximum
to minimum temperature within the material was found to
be 21 for the compressed foam and 69 for the expanded
foam, which was excessive for practical applications. A
dense network of electric resistance heating elements
embedded within the material would be required. The
analytical results presented emphasised the need to develop
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
volumetric material heating systems if shape memory
polymers were to be used extensively for morphing aircraft
applications. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014944
Item 78
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 52, pp.12
STRENGTH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE
PROPERTIES OF A NEW GENERATION
OF HIGH PERFORMANCE R-GLASS
REINFORCEMENTS
Ying Peng; Spoo K; Hartman D
Owens-Corning Science & Technology Center
(SAMPE)
A new high-performance R-glass fibre (HiPer-Tex), which
promises to be a cost-effective high-strength reinforcement
in numerous application areas, is shown to exhibit superior
corrosion resistance in a variety of common corrosive
media. Applications that demand higher tensile strength
or modulus, e.g. wind turbine blades, pressure vessels,
ballistic panels, and numerous aerospace applications,
are discussed. In applications such as these, meeting
secondary requirements such as corrosion resistance is
absolutely necessary. The data demonstrate that the long-
term performance of HiPer-Tex R-glass fibre in corrosive
environments should meet or exceed the requirements of
these and other applications. Comparison is made with
Advantex boron-free E-glass fibre. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.1014934
Item 79
Machine Design
80, No.4, 21st Feb.2008, p.74/76
WHERE RETICULATED POLYURETHANE
FOAM’S A FIT
Gliganic R
Crest Foam Industries Inc.
Reticulated PU foam is strong enough to handle industrial
applications ranging from sound and vibration absorption
to spark proofing fuel tanks in aircraft and race cars. The
flexible foams feature an open-pore structure with pore
sizes and densities engineered specifically to suppress
explosions and mitigate noise. Foam under compression, as
in gasketing applications, can be made with a void volume
as high as 98%. The production process for PU used as a
filter or gasket can be tweaked to optimise properties for a
particular application. Typical pore sizes for reticulated PU
foams used industrially range from 4 to 120 ppi. In addition
to use as sealants or gaskets, reticulated PU foams can be
37
 References and Abstracts
specified as dielectric insulators. They can be embedded
with conductive metal particles in cases where a gasket
or seal must also serve as a conductive material, as when
providing a ground connection.
USA
Accession no.1014163
Item 80
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2007, 162 Papers
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites:
Twenty-second Technical Conference, held University
of Washington, Seattle, Wa., 17th-19th Sept.2007
COMPOSITES: ENABLING A NEW ERA IN
CIVIL AVIATION.
Edited by: Feraboli P; Stickler P
(American Society for Composites)
168 original research papers were presented in September
2007 at the 22nd technical conference of the American
Society for Composites, held in conjunction with the
Materials Science Department at the University of
Washington in Seattle. Research papers are presented
by authors from Japan, the USA and Europe, offering
technical insights into the design and applications of
traditional composite materials, nanocomposites, natural
composites, and emerging hybrids. A special session is
devoted to trends in composite education and training,
featuring input from Boeing company personnel. Papers
are organised under the following headings: T. K. O’Brien
Honorary Symposium; education; laminate behaviour and
analysis; crashworthiness; characterisation and processing;
hybrid laminates; applications in aeronautics and wind
turbines ; thermoplastics; damage tolerance; bonded joints
and repairs; nanocomposites; foam; multifunctional; health
monitoring; bioapplications; natural composites; and new
material forms.
USA
Accession no.1014043
Item 81
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, 146 papers.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st.Nov.2007
SAMPE FALL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE
2007: FROM ART TO SCIENCE: ADVANCING
MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERING.
(SAMPE)
The Fall 2007 SAMPE Technical Conference consisted of
over 140 papers focusing on four emerging tracks in the
field of materials today: nanotechnology (characterisation,
devices and applications, electrical properties, synthesis and
processing); propulsion (high temperature technologies,
composite materials, high temperature resins, textile
performing, and impact and dynamic behaviour);
computational materials science and morphing (morphing
and adaptive structures, novel resins and reinforcements).
38
Other topics covered include fire protection, liquid
moulding, adhesive bonding, composite repair, high
performance fibres, resin and process development,
new metallic materials, aerospace coatings, spacecraft
materials, and testing methods.
USA
Accession no.1014031
Item 82
Rubber Fibres Plastics International
3, No.1, Jan.2008, p.34-40
FULLY FLUORINATED LSR - A NEW PRODUCT
FAMILY
Franssen O; Bosshammer S; Riley G; Toub M
Momentive Performance Materials GmbH; Momentive
Performance Materials Inc.
The introduction of a fluorinated liquid silicone rubber
with a comparable fluorine content to fluorosilicone high
consistency elastomer is reported and a comparison is made
of the processability, physical properties, fuel resistance
and solvent resistance of these silicone rubbers. Emphasis
is placed on requirements for automotive and aerospace
applications and the development of a new self-bleeding
grade (FFSL 7286/40) is reported. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1013962
Item 83
Journal of Materials Science
43, No.1, Jan.2008, p.413-416
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A REACTIVE
GRAPHITE NANOFIBER-REINFORCED EPOXY
Jana S; Zhong W-H
Washington State,University
The dielectric constants, electrical and thermal properties
of composites of epoxy resin with small proportions of
reactive graphitic nanofibres were investigated after curing
by surface conductivity, complex dielectric permittivity (via
broadband dielectric spectroscopy) and thermal conductivity
measurements. The effects of different proportions of
reactive graphitic nanofibres on the properties of the epoxy
resin matrix are discussed in terms of potential applications
such as aerospace and wind energy. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.1013512
Item 84
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
80, No.5, May 2007, p.184-190
Japanese
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE AND
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS
Kuramoto N
Yamagata,University
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
The characteristics and applications of conducting polymers,
such as polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene
derivatives, are described. Emphasis appears to be on
polyaniline. 24 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.1012731
Item 85
High Performance and Speciality Elastomers 2007.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, held
Frankfurt, Germany, 5th-6th Dec.2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 20, pp.5
MODIFICATION OF ELASTOMER FRICTION
BY ION BOMBARDMENT
Bielinski D M; Pieczynska D; Jagielski J
Stomil; Lodz,Technical University; Warsaw,Institute of
Electronic Materials Technology
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Various elastomers for sealing applications in aerospace
and automotive applications were subjected to ion beam
bombardment with helium or argon ion beams and the
effect of ion beam bombardment on the friction coefficient,
surface geometry, wear resistance and microhardness of
the surface treated rubbers investigated. Rubbers studied
were nitrile rubber, polychloroprene, silicone rubber,
thermoplastic PU elastomer and thermoplastic polyether-
amide elastomer (Pebax 5533 SN 01). Comparisons were
made with rubbers treated by solution sulphonation and
chlorination. 11 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.1011845
Item 86
High Performance and Speciality Elastomers 2007.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, held
Frankfurt, Germany, 5th-6th Dec.2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 10, pp.12
INNOVATIONS IN FLUORINATED LIQUID
SILICONE RUBBER
Franssen O; Bosshammer S
Momentive Performance Materials GmbH
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
A new line of novel fluorinated liquid silicone rubbers
having a comparable fluorine content to fluorosilicone
heat cured elastomers is reported and compared with
fluorosilicone heat cured elastomer in the areas of
processability, physical properties, fuel resistance and
solvent resistance, with emphasis on requirements for
automotive and aerospace applications. The new materials
are currently available in the 40 to 70 Shore A range of
durometer. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1011835
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 87
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 11, pp.18
SURFACE TREATMENT AND APPLICATION
PROCESSES FOR EPOXY BONDING TO
BISMALEIMIDE COMPOSITES
Rider A N; Wang C H; Chang P; Brack N
Australia,Defence Science & Technology Org.
(SAMPE)
The results are reported of an investigation into a range
of candidate structural adhesives for use in the repair
of high temperature carbon/bismaleimide composites.
Adhesives evaluated include an epoxy resin with good
high temperature strength, a film adhesive in paste form
with flexibility in curing below 177 degrees C and a new
generation bismaleimide film adhesive for high temperature
composite applications. The effect of factors, such as
adhesive solvent levels, surface treatment and adherend
moisture levels, on voiding levels are examined, methods
of reducing voiding levels are considered and processes to
provide reliable adhesion are evaluated. 8 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.1011769
Item 88
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 10, pp.14
STRUCTURAL REPAIR TECHNIQUES FOR
HIGHLY-LOADED CARBON/BMI COMPOSITES
Wang C H; Rider A N; Chang P; Charon A; Baker A
Australia,Defence Science & Technology Org.
(SAMPE)
The results are reported of an experimental and analytical
investigation carried out to evaluate the performance of
mechanically fastened and adhesively bonded repairs to
carbon/bismaleimide composites for aircraft applications
at an elevated temperature of 177 degrees C when repairs
are cured close to the operating temperature. Types of
repairs under consideration are fastened patch repair,
bonded patch repair, bonded scarf joint, multi-row bolted
repair and bonded doubler-scarf repair. 16 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.1011768
Item 89
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
39
 References and Abstracts
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 7, pp.7
SILYLATED POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES:
NEXT GENERATION JET FUEL & HYDRAULIC
FLUID RESISTANT PSA’S
Griswold R; Frye R
Momentive Performance Materials
(SAMPE)
Typical physical properties, adhesive properties and solvent
resistance of novel pressure-sensitive adhesives based on
silylated PUs, which offer unique resistance to jet fuel
and hydraulic fluids in aerospace labelling applications,
are described. These adhesives are isocyanate-free and
extend temperature and shear resistance, bridging the
gap between conventional organic adhesives and silicone
pressure-sensitive adhesives. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.1011765
Item 90
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 2, pp.18
LASER PRETREATMENT OF SURFACES FOR
ADHESIVE BONDING
Walters C T; Smith J A
Walters C.,Associates; Dayton,University,Research
Institute
(SAMPE)
An investigation was carried out into the possible use of
short pulse Nd:YAG laser devices for pretreating metal
and composite surfaces for aerospace applications prior
to adhesive bonding, A series of mechanical tests (wedge
and lap shear strength tests) were performed on panels
bonded after laser pretreatment of their surfaces and the
results compared with those pretreated by conventional
grit blasting and solvent wipe. Substrates tested were
aluminium alloys and carbon fibre/epoxy composites. The
data obtained revealed that, generally, the laser pretreated
adherends performed as well as the solvent-wiped and
grit-blasted control adherends. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.1011760
Item 91
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: From Art to
Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering.
Proceedings of a conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 29th
Oct.-1st Nov.2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 1, pp.15
IMPROVEMENTS IN SOL-GEL SURFACE
40
PREPARATION METHODS FOR METAL
BONDING APPLICATIONS
Blohowiak K Y; Grob J; Grace W B; Cejka N; Berg D
Boeing Co.
(SAMPE)
Improvements in the use of sol-gel methods, based on the
Boegel -EPH system, which is currently formulated as a
four-part kit, for preparing metal surfaces for bonding
with 121 and 177 degrees C-cure epoxy adhesives are
discussed. These improvements include the use of four new
expanded abrasion sandpaper materials and techniques and
use of a two-component sol-gel kit. Tests which measure
adhesive durability and strength and are sensitivity to
surface changes (crack extension, wedge and peel tests)
are employed to compare the sandpapers and performance
and durability tests are carried out on bonded aluminium
specimens to validate the equivalent performance of the
two- and four-part sol-gel kits after ageing. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.1011759
Item 92
Journal of Polymer Engineering
27, No.8, 2007, p.565-582
ANALYSIS OF CURE REACTION KINETICS
OF ARAMID/TOUGHENED-EPOXY PREPREG
SYSTEM AIMING AT PROCESSING OF
COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURAL
APPLICATIONS
Soahib A; Zhe M; Irfan Y
Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard; Lyon,Ecole Centrale;
Pakistan,Institute of Space Technology
The cure reaction kinetics and rheological properties
of a prepreg system based on an aramid fabric as
reinforcement impregnated with a toughened bisphenol-A/
epichlorohydrin-derived epoxy resin using an aliphatic
amine curing agent were investigated by dynamic DSC,
rheometry and dynamic and isothermal DMA techniques.
The results are discussed in terms of optimisation of the
curing process for fabrication of structural components
with aerospace applications. 27 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
PAKISTAN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1011585
Item 93
Composites Technology
13, No.6, Suppl., Dec.2007, p.6/45
COMPOSITES FLY HIGH AROUND THE
WORLD
This comprehensive article provides an overview of the
composites industry. Fibre reinforcements, matrix resins,
nanotechnology, part design criteria, fabrication methods,
tooling considerations and applications are discussed.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
WORLD
Accession no.1011469
Item 94
High-Performance Composites
15, No.6, Nov.2007, p.26-30
CARBON FIBER STOPPING POWER
Wood K
Low weight, thermal shock resistance and extreme strength
drive growth of carbon-reinforced friction products and
materials in brake applications. Driven by growth in the
aerospace sector as well as the inherent performance
characteristics of the material, carbon-reinforced
composites, such as carbon/carbon, are expected to offer the
best opportunity for growth in the North American friction
market, according to BCC Research. C/C is a composite
made from a carbon fibre reinforcement impregnated with
a carbon matrix by a lengthy and expensive process that
involves exposure to extreme heat (pyrolysis). The result
is an extremely lightweight composite characterised by a
very low coefficient of thermal expansion and excellent
resistance to the extremely high temperatures generated
in braking applications. Production costs associated with
the manufacture of C/C friction products are very high.
Over the past five years, major producers of friction
products and materials have designed and patented a
number of process variations, including advancements in
antioxidant systems, process automation, fibre orientation,
densification methods and process flow, all in an effort to
reduce manufacturing time and costs while maintaining
thermal and strength properties.
USA
Accession no.1011419
Item 95
Plastics Engineering
No.11, Nov.2007, p.50-54
NANOCOMPOSITES FAST TRACK TO
COMMERCIALISATION
Ramasubramanian H
Frost & Sullivan Ltd.
An overview is presented of Frost & Sullivan’s recent
global study on nanocomposites, which are currently
entering an important phase in their product life cycle,
moving from innovation to growth. The focus of the
overview is on technical challenges, commercialisation
challenges and issues, health and safety aspects and the
markets for nanoclays and nanotubes.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1010806
Item 96
SAMPE Journal
43, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2007, p.53-60
HIGH PERFORMANCE 3-D BRAIDED FIBER
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
PREFORMS: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING
ADVANCEMENTS FOR COMPLEX COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES
Mungalov D; Duke P; Bogdanovich A
3TEX Inc.
Recent advances in the design and manufacture of
three-dimensional braided products fabricated on three-
dimensional rotary braiding machines are reported,
focusing upon large cross-section integral carbon fibre
Hat-stiffeners primarily intended for aircraft applications
and carbon or glass fibre truss-like integral structures
for potential aerospace, marine and civil engineering
applications. Fabrication approaches used for consolidating
the three-dimensional braided composites are detailed and
some of the basic characteristics of the composites are
described. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.1010756
Item 97
SAMPE Journal
43, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2007, p.17-20
A REVIEW OF ALIGNED DISCONTINUOUS
CARBON FIBER SYSTEMS FOR COMPOSITES
FORMING
Ng S J; Meilunas R J
NAVAIR
An overview is presented of past and recent developments
in new material systems based on aligned, discontinuous
carbon fibre forms for advanced composite aerospace
and other commercial applications. Candidate material
systems considered include LDF thermoplastic composite
technology, Stretch Broken Carbon Fiber, Discotex and
Schappe Technique, all of which enable lower touch labour
cost manufacturing and fabrication of complex geometric
composite parts. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.1010754
Item 98
Polymers Paint Colour Journal
197, No.4518, Nov.2007, p.6
FROZEN FISH PAINT COULD HOLD KEY TO
AIRCRAFT SAFETY
The development of antifreeze coatings based on anti-
freeze proteins found in plants, fish and insects and
synthesised at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing
Technology in Bremen, Germany, is reported. Potential
applications of the coatings include the prevention of ice
formation on the wings of aircraft, a process that increases
drag and can cause dangerous turbulence during take off
and landing. 0 refs.
Accession no.1010450
41
 References and Abstracts
Item 99
Reinforced Plastics
51, No.11, Dec.2007, p.20-25
STITCH IN ITS TIME: FABRICS SEW UP
DIVERSE COMPOSITES MARKETS
McConnell V P
From traditional unidirectional wovens to stitched
multiaxials and unique hybrids, reinforcement fabrics
deliver the increased strength, stiffness, weight and cost
properties now demanded in composite applications. Both
woven and nonwoven fabrics vary in thickness, areal weight
and may be coated with sizing or binder. SAERTEX utilises
specially-formulated SAEFIX bonding agent as an option
on its standard fabrics to promote self-adhesion. SAEFIX
eliminates spraying up an adhesive, such as might be used
in boat hull manufacture, but still allows rearrangement of
the fabric during lay-up, contains no solvents and reduces
the overall amount of adhesive necessary. Of the multiple
markets utilising composites, renewable energy systems
comprise a strong niche taking advantage of non-crimp
fabrics. Both SAERTEX and Vectorply list wind energy
among their key market segments, as does glass producer
Owens Corning. Hexcel is applying advanced materials
technology to high-performance yachts. In May, the
company tested its three-ply, symmetric, double bias
carbon fibre woven fabric, HexForce, relative to the in-
plane shear requirements of thick, load-bearing marine
structure such as hull girders, bulkheads and booms. The
security/safety market for personal, vehicle and building
armour represents another growth area for reinforced fabric.
3TEX has received a 2m US dollars appropriation from the
US Department of Defense for further development of its
trademarked 3WEAVE composite armour technologies in
combat vehicles. 3TEX uses patented textile preforming
processes to weave its three-dimensional fabric with fibre
orientations in the X, Y and Z directions.
WORLD
Accession no.1010355
Item 100
Eureka
27, No.12, Dec.2007, p.14
TAKING THE HITS WITHOUT FLINCHING
Shelley T
At Reading University in the UK, scientists have
discovered that reinforcing plastic with helical fibre tubes,
wound at an angle of just 15 degrees, produces composite
materials that can absorb very large amounts of impact
energy before they break, regardless of whether impact
is fast or slow. Applications are envisaged in security,
defence, aerospace, and motor vehicles. Full details are
provided in this article.
Reading,University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1010036
42
Item 101
Eureka
27, No.11, Nov.2007, p.28
WEAVING ARAMID WITH CARBON MAKES
FOR BETTER COMPOSITES
The manufacture by researchers at the University of
East London of a composite which combines aramid and
carbon fibres in the weave is briefly described. The failure
mechanism when the fabric is loaded in different directions
is considered. Applications are expected in the automotive
and aerospace industries.
East London,University
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1009237
Item 102
172nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2007.
Proceedings of a conference held Cleveland, Oh., 16th-
18th Oct.2007.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2007, Paper 46,
pp.19
COMPARISON OF FLUORINATED LIQUID
SILICONE RUBBER AND HEAT CURED
FLUOROSILICONE ELASTOMER
Riley G; Toub M; Franssen P; Bosshammer S
Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A fully fluorinated liquid silicone rubber having excellent
fuel and oil resistance and processability equivalent to
commercial standard liquid silicone rubbers is compared
with fluorosilicone heat cured elastomers in the areas of
processability, physical properties and fuel and solvent
resistance with emphasis on requirements for automotive
and aerospace applications. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.1008951
Item 103
High Performance Polymers
19, No.5-6, Oct.-Dec.2007, p.665-683
USE OF DIELS-ALDER
CYCLOPOLYMERIZATIONS IN THE
PHOTOCURING OF POLYMERS
Meador M A; Meador M A; Tyson D S; Ilhan F
US,NASA,Glenn Research Center; Ohio Aerospace
Institute; Abhu Dhabi,University
The synthesis of polyimides and polyesters via
photocuring by Diels-Alder cyclopolymerisation of
o-methylphenylketone-derived o-quinodimethanes and
trapping by a bis(dienophile) such as bismaleimide or
bisacrylate, is described. The products were characterised
by proton and carbon-13 NMR, FTIR, TMA, DSC,
TGA and GPC, and the effects of molecular structure on
properties are discussed in terms of potential aerospace
applications. 6 refs.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES; USA
Accession no.1008518
Item 104
Journal of Materials Science
42, No.22, Nov.2007, p.9170-9175
INFLUENCE OF NOVEL ADDITIVE ON BMI
RESIN AND BMI RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITE
Zhang B Y; Li M; Chen X B
Beijing,Institute of Aeronautical Materials
In order to achieve high performance in a bismaleimide(BMI)
matrix composite manufactured by the vacuum bag cure
only technique, a novel additive WD-01 (a toluene solution
of alkylammonium salt of acrylate-acrylamide copolymer)
was selected to modify BMI-B resin based on modified
polyetherketone-toughened 4,4’-bismaleimidodiphenyl
methane/O,O’-diallylbisphenol A system, and the
properties of WD-01-modified BMI resin(BMI-WD) and
resin matrix/carbon fibre composite were investigated.
Results indicated that the cure shrinkage rate of BMI-B
resin was reduced from original 4.0% to 1.8% and the
surface morphology of neat resin casting were changed
significantly by incorporating 1 wt % WD-01, with no
change of chemical cure behaviour of BMI resin being
observed. Vacuum-consolidated BMI-WD/T700 laminates
had autoclave cure quality with good mechanical properties.
A high-performance vacuum-bag curable prepreg with
promising characteristics is thus being developed, which
is expected to find use in advanced composite structures,
e.g. for aerospace applications. 9 refs.
Yantai Science and Technology Corp.
CHINA
Accession no.1008294
Item 105
Composite Structures
82, No.4, 2008, p.629-635
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
ON TRANSIENT HYGROTHERMAL STRESSES
DURING MOISTURE DESORPTION IN
LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES
Benkhedda A; Tounsi A; Adda Bedia E A
Sidi-Bel-Abbes,University; Blida,Universite Saad
Dahleb
Polymer matrix composites are relevant materials for future
supersonic aircraft due to their high specific properties.
However, in such aeronautical applications, the material is
exposed to severe environmental conditions. The present
paper aims at assessing an approximate model to evaluate
hygrothermoelastic stress in composite laminated plates
during moisture desorption taking into account the change
of mechanical characteristics induced by the variation of
temperature and moisture. The developed method permits
us to calculate such stresses during desorption phase
without the computation of the moisture concentration,
through laminated plates. It observed through this
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
study that the variation of elasticity modulus due to the
temperature causes a stress relaxation. These stresses
have to be taken into account for the design of composite
structures submitted to a moist environment. Through the
presented study, we hope to contribute to the understanding
of hygrothermal behaviour of composite laminated plates.
22 refs. Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.
ALGERIA
Accession no.1007487
Item 106
Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications.
Proceedings of an international conference held
Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 19, pp.10
POLYMERS FOR EXO-ATMOSPHERIC
SUPERSONIC VEHICLES: A TOUGH LIFE
Broughton D; Narbron D
AWE PLC
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The range of materials, including adhesives, potting
compounds and rigid and flexible foams, which AWE has
built up expertise with for exo-atmospheric supersonic
vehicle applications, is described and some specific
examples of problems/issues relating to material supply
and PU adhesive manufacture, which have had to be
solved, are presented.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1007167
Item 107
Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications.
Proceedings of an international conference held
Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 14, pp.22
DEVELOPMENT OF WIDER PERFORMANCE
RANGE RUBBER SEAL MATERIALS AND THE
UTILITY OF FEA MODELING
Keller R W
Freudenberg-NOK General Partnership
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The development of new materials (fluoroelastomer and
EPDM materials) for aerospace sealing applications
is described and examples are presented of the use of
testing at actual application conditions (temperature,
pressure and fluid exposure) to more thoroughly determine
whether the new materials will perform in the intended
O-ring applications. Examples are also presented where
application testing and finite element analysis were used to
avoid potential problems and where testing was not used
and problems were observed. Tables are included showing
the original properties of the materials (hardness, tensile
strength, elongation and specific gravity) and changes in
43
 References and Abstracts
properties, including compression set, upon air ageing and
after fluid immersion. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.1007163
Item 108
Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications.
Proceedings of an international conference held
Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 10, pp.14
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONDUCTIVE AND
MICROWAVE-LOSSY MATERIALS INVOLVING
CONDUCTING POLYMER COATINGS
Avloni J; Henn A
Eeonyx Corp.; Marktek Inc.
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The basic properties of EeonTex textiles coated with
conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole, polyaniline and
polyethylenedioxythiophene, are described and end-use
applications of the coated fabrics in defence and aerospace
applications are indicated. The properties and applications
of Eeonfoams, which consist of polymeric foams coated
with conducting polymers, are also described. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.1007159
Item 109
Polymers in Defence and Aerospace Applications.
Proceedings of an international conference held
Toulouse, France, 18th-19th September 2007.
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2007,
Paper 3, pp.6
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES WITH CARBON
NANOTUBES IN AEROSPACE AND DEFENCE
Njuguna J; Pielichowski K
Cranfield,University; Cracow,University of Technology
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The use of carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites based
thereon for the manufacture of structures for aerospace
and defence applications is discussed, focusing upon
methods of production, effects of the preparation method
on the structure and phase distribution of polymer
nanocomposites and structure-property relationships.
Examples of a number of potential applications of
nanocomposites in aerospace and defence applications,
including sensors and thermal management systems, are
given. 9 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.1007152
Item 110
International Journal of Crashworthiness
12, No.4, 2007, p.411-428
A REVIEW OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
44
SUBJECTED TO DYNAMIC LOADING
Hampson P R; Moatamedi M
Salford,University
An overview of recent developments in theoretical,
experimental and numerical methods for low, high, and
hyper-velocity impact of composite structures reported in
the literature is presented, with emphasis on experimental
apparatus and techniques such as drop-weight testing and
the implementation of failure criteria in finite element
modelling methods which predict material behaviour.
Applications within the marine, automotive and aerospace
industries are discussed and potential future research
topics such as the study of oblique impacts are identified.
158 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1006788
Item 111
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 120, pp.14
ENGINEERED SANDWICH CORES FOR
VEHICULAR BRIDGE DECKS
Kos E; Stoll F
WebCore Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
Technical results obtained from recent applications of
innovatively-engineered composite cores for bridges and
ground matting systems are presented. The sandwich core
designs are based on patented fibre reinforced cores used in
infusion moulding process. Examples include a vehicular
bridge deck recently installed in Summit County, Ohio,
and an airfield mat development programme in which
deployable panels placed on soft soil are subjected to
highly concentrated wheel loads. Laboratory and field test
data are presented. 1 ref.
USA
Accession no.1006277
Item 112
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 227, pp.9
MULTI-CHANNEL STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORING NETWORK, POWERED &
INTERROGATED USING ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
Arms S W; Hamel M J; Townsend C P
MicroStrain Inc.
(SAMPE)
A report is presented on the EmbedSense network of
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
versatile, embedded wireless sensing nodes that are
powered and interrogated by external electromagnetic
fields. The embedded nodes support a wide range of
sensors, and include a factory programmable radio-
frequency identification code. It is shown that power
for these systems may be provided through one or
more inductive ‘coupling points’ where access is less
restricted, but sensors may be extended on or within the
smart structure to allow data to be sampled from remote,
hard-to-access areas. Monitoring applications in smart
medical implants, composite civil structures and composite
aerospace structures are described. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.1006187
Item 113
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 220, pp.14
ROHACELL FOAM FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS
Hogue P; Rooney M; Webb A; Huebert D; Marinelli B;
Daugherty A; Price D J
Johns Hopkins University; US,Naval Air Weapons
Center; Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems
(SAMPE)
Rohacell foams, closed cell polymethacrylimide(PMI)
materials manufactured by Degussa, are used in terrestrial
lightweight construction such as aircraft seating, helicopter
rotor blade core, antenna radome construction and as part of
the PHENIX multiplicity detector at Brookhaven National
Laboratory. The requirements for their use in space-based
applications are, however, much more stringent. The
present study indicates that stiffness remains reasonably
flat over the temperature range -160 deg C to +120 deg C.
However, the foam swells on the order of 1.8E-3 cm per
cm under room temperature vacuum and exhibits very slow
relaxation in a vacuum at 25 deg C. While the PMI foam
evaluated meets NASA outgassing requirements when
water is subtracted from the total mass loss, the rate of
water diffusion at 23 deg C is only 6.3E-11 cm2/s. At 100
deg C, this value is 1.6E-7 cm2/s giving activation energy
for diffusion of 93.3 kJ/mol. Hydrogen bonding to nitrogen
and adjacent carbonyl groups is a possible explanation for
the unusually strong bond with water. TGA and thermal
expansion results are also presented. 18 refs.
Degussa
USA
Accession no.1006180
Item 114
Future Materials
Sept.2007, p.16
NANOTUBE COMPOSITE SENSING SKIN
Michigan,University
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
A coating which could be painted or sprayed on structures
to sense their stability over time has been developed by
researchers at the University of Michigan’s College of
Engineering. The coating material is an opaque, black
material made of layers of polymers with networks of
carbon nanotubes running therethrough, each layer being
capable of measuring different things, such as the pH
level of a structure, which changes with corrosion, or
registering cracks by cracking under the same conditions
as the structure. The perimeter of the carbon nanotube skin
is lined with electrodes connected to a microprocessor or
computer, which creates a two-dimensional visual map
of the electrical resistance in the nanotube skin, revealing
corrosion or fracturing too small for human eyes to
detect. Potential applications include bridges, buildings
and airplanes.
USA
Accession no.1005296
Item 115
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 2. August 2005.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Washington,
D.C., August 2005.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2005, p.802-803
SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBE
COPOLYPEPTIDE BIONANOCOMPOSITES FOR
POTENTIAL AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Lovel 1 C; Worthington E; Deming T J; Stucky G D;
Jinho Kang; Wise K E; Harrison J S; Fitz-Gerald J M;
Cheol Park
Virginia,University; California,University; US,National
Institute of Aerospace; NASA Langley Research Center
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Bionanocomposites were prepared from a random
copolypeptide of leucine and phenylalanine and single
walled carbon nanotubes. These materials were evaluated
for their mechanical, dielectric and electrical conductive
properties, and it was shown that the addition of carbon
nanotubes into this biopolymer allowed the potential of
using it as a sensor to investigate shear forces in aerospace
vehicles. Nanotube addition improves both dielectric
constant and electrical conductivity of the peptide
copolymer composites, as well as improving mechanical
durability. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.1005029
Item 116
Iranian Polymer Journal
16, No.6, June 2007, p.375-387
THERMAL DEGRADATION PROCESS OF
RESOL TYPE PHENOLIC MATRIX/KAOLINITE
LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITE
Bahramian A R; Kokabi M; Behesty M H;
Famili M H N
45
 References and Abstracts
Tarbiat Modarres,University; Iran,Polymer &
Petrochemical Institute
The preparation of nanocomposites of a resol-type
phenolic resin and kaolinite layered silicate clay reinforced
with asbestos cloth and their characterisation by XRF,
XRD, FTIR and SEM, is described. Thermal degradation
of the nanocomposites during pyrolysis was investigated
using TGA and cone calorimetry, and the effects of layered
silicate on thermal stability are discussed in terms of
potential aerospace applications as an ablative insulation
material. 22 refs.
IRAN
Accession no.1004800
Item 117
Cellular Polymers
26, No.4, 2007, p.229-244
LOW-DENSITY PHENOLIC SYNTACTIC
FOAMS: PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES
John B; Nair C P R; Ninan K N
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
The mechanical properties of low density phenolic
resin syntactic foams with different volume fractions
of glass microballoons were investigated by tensile,
flexural and compression testing, SEM examination of
fracture surfaces, and DMA. The results are discussed in
comparison with those for syntactic foams based on an
addition cure phenolic resin, propargyl ether novolac resin,
in terms of potential aerospace applications. 27 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.1004787
Item 118
Polymer Composites
28, No.5, 2007, p.588-592
CONDUCTING POLYANILINE COMPOSITES AS
MICROWAVE ABSORBERS
John H; Thomas R M; Jacob J; Mathew K; Joseph R
Cochin,University of Science & Technology
Conducting polymers are excellent microwave absorbers
and they show technological advantage when compared
with inorganic electromagnetic absorbing materials,
being light weight, easily processable, and the ability
of changing the electromagnetic properties with nature
and amount of dopants, synthesis conditions, etc. In this
paper we report the synthesis, dielectric properties, and
expected application of conducting composites based on
polyaniline (PAN). Cyclohexanone soluble conducting
PAN composites of microwave conductivity 12.5 S/m
was synthesised by the in situ polymerisation of aniline
in the presence of emulsion grade polyvinyl chloride.
The dielectric properties of the composites, especially the
dielectric loss, conductivity, dielectric heating coefficient,
absorption coefficient, and penetration depth, were studied
using a HP8510 vector network analyzer. The microwave
46
absorption of the composites were studied at different
frequency bands i.e, S, C, and X bands (2-12 GHz). The
absorption coefficient was found to be higher than 200
m-1 and it can be used for making microwave absorbers
in space applications. 35 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.1004740
Item 119
Materials World
15, No.10, Oct.2007, p.26-27
CAN WE FIX IT?
Jones F
Sheffield,University
With the introduction of advanced composite materials
into many structural applications, such as the Airbus 380
and Boeing 787, it has become necessary to find a way to
autonomically heal mechanically induced damage. Early
work on self-healing used embedded glass capillaries
containing a liquid repair resin that would fracture in the
path of a propagating crack. The released resin would
polymerise and heal the damage. This approach has been
developed further to employ continuous hollow glass fibres
to encapsulate potential resin systems. At the University of
Sheffield, the need to accredit materials for the aerospace
industry has driven the development of a structural health
monitoring system for composite materials. It comprises
a damage detection system that induces the healing effect
and a matrix system that employs standard resins that are
easily modified for healing.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.1004632
Item 120
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - COAST TO COAST AND
AROUND THE WORLD. Volume 52. Proceedings of a
conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 36, pp.9
CHARACTERIZATION OF “ULTRA” LOW
OUTGASSING SILICONE MATERIALS FOR
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Riegler B; Burkitt B; Thomaier R
NuSil Technology LLC
(SAMPE)
Newly developed ultra low outgassing silicone adhesives
with total mass loss and collected volatile condensable
material one-tenth the previous specifications and intended
for aerospace applications are characterised by physical,
outgas and optical testing and compared with standard
materials meeting basic outgassing requirements. 11
refs.
ASTM
USA
Accession no.1004229
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 121
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - COAST TO COAST AND
AROUND THE WORLD. Volume 52. Proceedings of a
conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 26, pp.15
EPOXY PREPREGS BASED ON FLAX FIBERS,
THEIR APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES
Van Raemdonck J; Van Acker J; Defoirdt N; McKee H
IPA Composites; Ghent,University; Bast Fibers LLC
(SAMPE)
Flax fibre epoxy prepregs were fabricated by in-line
technology and their water absorption behaviour,
resistance to biological attack, tensile properties, elastic
modulus, flexural strength and dimensional stability
investigated. Hybrid carbon-flax epoxy composite tubing
was also manufactured and used in the production of racing
bicycles and aircraft wings.
BELGIUM; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.1004219
Item 122
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - COAST TO COAST AND
AROUND THE WORLD. Volume 52. Proceedings of a
conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 17, pp.7
ALIGNED DISCONTINUOUS CARBON FIBER
FOR COMPOSITES FORMING
Ng S J; Meilunas R J
NAVAIR
(SAMPE)
An overview is presented of past and recent developments
in new material systems based on aligned, discontinuous
carbon fibre forms, which offer additional deformation
mechanisms associated with fibre axis stretching, thereby
alleviating in-plane and interply shearing requirements that
constitute the principal process limitations of continuous
fibre systems. The material systems considered are LDF
thermoplastic composite technology, stretch broken carbon
fibre, Discotex and the Schappe Technique, which is based
on the use of long fibres producing yarns which are more
bulky, of higher tenacity and which can be produced in
a number of blends. All four of the technologies enable
lower touch labour cost manufacturing and fabrication of
complex geometric composite parts for potential aerospace
and other applications. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.1004210
Item 123
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - COAST TO COAST AND
AROUND THE WORLD. Volume 52. Proceedings of a
conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 11, pp.12
HIGH STRENGTH AND DURABILITY NACELLE
FILM ADHESIVE, HYSOL EA9658
McKillen J M; Miao T Y; Cornwell R E; Marsicano J M
Henkel Corp.
(SAMPE)
The development of a state-of-the-art, high temperature
and durable epoxy-based film adhesive, called Hysol
EA9658, for use in aerospace nacelle bonding applications,
is reported. The impact-cure kinetics, bulk thermal
performance, adhesive performance (tensile lap shear,
peel properties and flatwise tension performance),
environmental fluid resistance, heat ageing performance
and primer properties of this adhesive, which is a
177 degrees C cure system possessing unusually high
toughness and peel strength and controlled flow, are
described. It is suitable for demanding applications where
continuous exposure (6,000+ hours) to temperatures up to
177 degrees C is required. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.1004204
Item 124
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - COAST TO COAST AND
AROUND THE WORLD. Volume 52. Proceedings of a
conference held Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 7, pp.12
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH
PERFORMANCE ADHESIVE FILM FOR
AEROSPACE BONDING APPLICATIONS
Sang J J; Kohli D K
Cytec Engineered Materials
(SAMPE)
The development, processing and applications of a new
structural adhesive film, called FM 320, designed for
bonding of metallic and composite monolithic and sandwich
structures for aerospace applications, are described. The
adhesive film, which is dual curing (121/177 degrees C)
and uses new toughening technology, exhibits very high
toughness at low temperatures and high shear strength
up to 121 degrees C and provides a minimum of 30 days
outtime at 23 degrees C. Metal bonding performance and
thermal characteristics of the adhesive film are evaluated
and the effects of primer thickness, different cure cycles
and humidity exposure on adhesive performance evaluated.
6 refs.
USA
Accession no.1004200
Item 125
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
47
 References and Abstracts
2007, Paper 85, pp.13
HYBRID POLYMERS FOR HIGH
TEMPERATURE AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Keller T M; Kolel-Veetil M K
US,Naval Research Laboratory
(SAMPE)
The results are reported of a study of the processability
and thermooxidative properties of high temperature
materials prepared from poly(carborane-siloxane-
acetylene)s, blends thereof with poly(siloxane-acetylene)
s and hydrosilation reaction involving vinyl-containing
carboranylenesiloxane. The aim of the study was to
develop unique high temperature thermosets, coatings for
polymeric and carbon fibres and ceramic compositions
upon heat treatment. Data are included on thermal cure
behaviours obtained by DSC, oxidative stability of coated
carbon fibres upon heating to 1000 degrees C in air and
weight retention of networks obtained from the reaction
of vinyl-containing carboranylenesiloxane with various
crosslinkers obtained by TGA upon heating to 1000
degrees C in nitrogen and air. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.1004011
Item 126
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2007, Paper 53, pp.10
A NEW THERMOPLASTIC FLUOROPOLYMER
COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR
NONFLAMMABLE TANKS AND STRUCTURES
DeLong D; Greason J
XCOR Aerospace
(SAMPE)
Advances which have been made in the manufacture of a
fluoropolymer composite material (Nonburnite) suitable
for lightweight, oxygen compatible, linerless liquid
oxygen tanks for propulsion, fuel cell and life support
applications are described. The composite material is
resistant to microcracking and has a low coefficient of
thermal expansion and inherent resistance to combustion.
When used in a skin-foam-skin composite, the composite
material also serves as thermal insulation. Fabrication and
test experience with a newly released Teflon PFA TE-224
dispersion formula, which replaces Teflon PFA 335, is
also described. 1 ref.
USA
Accession no.1003978
Item 127
SAMPE ‘07: M&P - Coast to Coast and Around the
World. Volume 52. Proceedings of a conference held
Baltimore, Md., 3rd-7th June, 2007.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
48
2007, Paper 52, pp.11
CRYOGENIC DAMAGE TOLERANCE EFFECT
ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Noorda J; Patterson J; Fronk T; Swenson D; DeLay T
HyPerComp Engineering Inc.; Utah,State University;
US,NASA,Marshall Space Flight Center
(SAMPE)
The results are reported of cryogenic Izod impact testing
of neat epoxy resins and toughened resin systems typically
employed in aerospace and commercial applications and
the effects of low and high energy impacts at cryogenic
temperatures (specifically liquid nitrogen) on composites
made from aramid and/or carbon fibres and two of the
resins. The composites were also subjected to tensile
testing after impact. The data obtained will be used to
design pressure vessels with improved toughness at
cryogenic temperatures. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.1003977
Item 128
Materials and Manufacturing Processes
22, No.5-6, 2007, p.768-772
MANUFACTURING INFLUENCE ON THE
DELAMINATION FRACTURE BEHAVIOR
OF THE T800H/3900-2 CARBON FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES
Zhang J; Fox B L
Deakin,University
The delamination fracture behaviour of carbon fibre-
reinforced epoxy resin composite laminates for aerospace
applications, cured under different processing conditions,
were investigated by mode I interlaminar fracture
toughness tests, double cantilever beam tests, indentation-
debonding tests, SEM examination of fracture surfaces,
and AFM of debonded fibres. The effects of different
fracture mechanisms during delamination on delamination
resistance during crack growth are discussed. 15 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.1003664
Item 129
Materials and Manufacturing Processes
22, No.5-6, 2007, p.741-749
ADVANCES IN POLYMER-FILLER
COMPOSITES: MACRO TO NANO
Ray S; Easteal A J
Auckland,University
An overview of polymer-clay nanocomposites (PCNs)
based on layered silicates with or without modification
by cationic surfactants, is presented in terms of their
preparation by in-situ intercalative polymerisation,
solution or melt intercalation, the characterisation of
their intercalated or exfoliated structures by techniques
such as SAXS and TEM, and their mechanical, barrier,
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
flame retardant and other properties. Current and potential
future applications of PCNs in automobiles, construction,
aerospace, electrical, electronics, food packaging, coatings
and pigments are discussed. 55 refs.
NEW ZEALAND
Accession no.1003661
Item 130
Future Materials
Aug.2007, p.3
KEVLAR BLASTS OFF WITH NASA
DuPont has signed a Space Act Agreement with NASA
for development of urethane foam insulation reinforced
with Kevlar fibre, which is intended for applications
including the new launch vehicle being designed to
replace the space shuttle. Scientists will specifically seek
to develop a process to incorporate Kevlar fibre into the
cells walls of the foam, to enhance the performance of
the thermal protection systems used in the Ares I crew
launch vehicle.
DuPont; NASA
USA
Accession no.1002544
Item 131
Shawbury, Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd., 2006, 21
papers, pp.73
Proceedings of an international conference held 18th-
19th September 2007, Toulouse, France
(Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.)
POLYMERS IN DEFENCE AND AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS.
This conference covers a broad range of subjects relating to
the use of polymers in defence and aerospace applications,
presented by some of the world’s leading authorities and
organisations. A significant number of papers are devoted
to the use of composites and nanocomposites. Other
presentations relate to novel polymer systems, elastomers
and rubbers, and polymer processes and applications.
WORLD
Accession no.1002354
Item 132
JEC Composites
No.34, July-Aug.2007, p.62-63
ALTERNATIVE CFRP SURFACE TREATMENTS:
FOR ADHESIVE BONDING REPLACE MANUAL
GRINDING
Wachinger G; Kolb M; Klug M; Scholler J
EADS; EADS Military Air Systems
The use of corona and atmospheric plasma treatment
as alternatives to the surface treatment of carbon fibre-
reinforced polymer surfaces by manual grinding and
grit blasting to remove traces of peel ply release agent
prior to adhesive bonding in aerospace applications were
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
investigated by XPS, peel tests and visual examination of
fracture surfaces. The advantages of atmospheric plasma
treatment are discussed in terms of durability of surface
activation, performance and the potential for automation
of the process. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.1001679
Item 133
Materials Science & Engineering R
56, No.1-6, 2007, p.28-64
INFECTIOUS DISEASE: CONNECTING INNATE
IMMUNITY TO BIOCIDAL POLYMERS
Gabriel G J; Som A; Madkour A E; Eren T; Tew G N
Massachusetts,University
Infectious disease is a critically important global healthcare
issue. In the U.S. alone there are 2 million new cases of
hospital-acquired infections annually leading to 90,000
deaths and 5 billion dollars of added healthcare costs.
Couple these numbers with the appearance of new
antibiotic resistant bacterial strains and the increasing
occurrences of community-type outbreaks, and clearly this
is an important problem. Our review attempts to bridge the
research areas of natural host defence peptides (HDPs),
a component of the innate immune system, and biocidal
cationic polymers. Recently discovered peptidomimetics
and other synthetic mimics of HDPs, that can be short
oligomers as well as polymeric macromolecules, provide
a unique link between these two areas. An emerging class
of these mimics are the facially amphiphilic polymers that
aim to emulate the physicochemical properties of HDPs
but take advantage of the synthetic ease of polymers. These
mimics have been designed with antimicrobial activity
and, importantly, selectivity that rivals natural HDPs. In
addition to providing some perspective on HDPs, selective
mimics, and biocidal polymers, focus is given to the arsenal
of biophysical techniques available to study their mode
of action and interactions with phospholipid membranes.
The issue of lipid type is highlighted and the important
role of negative curvature lipids is illustrated. Finally,
materials applications (for instance, in the development of
permanently antibacterial surfaces) are discussed as this
is an important part of controlling the spread of infectious
disease. 231 refs. Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V.
USA
Accession no.1001265
Item 134
TECH 30: Global Conference VI. Proceedings of the
Pressure Sensitive Tape Council, held Orlando, Fl.,
16th-18th May 2007.
Northbrook, Il., Pressure Sensitive Tape Council, 2007,
p.99-106
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SILYLATED
POLYURETHANE, SILICONE AND NON-
SILICONE PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVES
49
 References and Abstracts
Griswold R M
Momentive Performance Materials
(Pressure Sensitive Tape Council)
The adhesive properties and chemical resistance of new
pressure-sensitive adhesives based on silylated PUs
are discussed and compared with those of conventional
high-performance acrylic and silicone adhesives. The
new adhesives offer excellent adhesive properties for
applications requiring long-term exposure to chemicals
and their properties can be altered for repositionability
and permeability for a range of applications, including
medical, pharmaceutical, automotive and aerospace
applications. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.1000974
Item 135
Polymer Science Series C
49, No.2, April-June 2007, p.182-187
FLUOROSILOXANE SEALANTS FOR AVIATION
INDUSTRY
Donskoi A A; Baritko N V
All-Russian Institute of Aviation Materials
The properties of commercially available sealants based
on fluorosiloxane oligomers containing the gamma-
trifluoropropyl group and their applications in the aviation
industry are reviewed. The mechanical, thermal and
physical properties of the sealants and their resistance to
oils, fuels and other solvents are discussed with regard
to their uses in surface and interjoint sealing and in
comparison with those for fluorocarbon rubbers. 52 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.1000607
Item 136
Polymer Science Series C
49, No.2, April-June 2007, p.166-170
STABILITY OF SHEAR MODULUS OF GLASS-
REINFORCED PLASTICS BASED ON ADHESIVE
PREPREG IN A HUMID MEDIUM
Startsev O V; Krotov A S; Ponomareva N V;
Anikhovskaya L I; Batizat D V; Dement’eva L A
Altai,State University; NTF Tekhpolikom; All-Russian
Institute of Aviation Materials
Strength properties and moisture absorption of glass fibre-
and carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin based on solvent-
free adhesive prepregs were investigated in a humid
atmosphere by ultimate moisture saturation, diffusion
coefficient, shear modulus and swelling measurements.
The effects of a cyclic action of moisture and temperature
on shear modulus along the sheet plane were studied
and the results are discussed in terms of the sealing of
honeycomb structures in aerospace applications. 3 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.1000603
50
Item 137
Future Materials
July 2007, p.20
FR FIBRE FOR COLOURFUL INTERIORS
GE Plastics, in partnership with Fiber Innovation
Technology, has commercialised a new fibre technology
based on GE’s high-performance, flame-retardant Ultem
polyetherimide resin. The new fibre is an excellent
candidate material for textiles and nonwovens used
in aircraft interiors and other applications requiring
compliance with strict, flame, smoke and toxicity
regulations. Currently, FIT can produce up to 10 million
pounds/year of 6-denier per filament yarns and staple fibres
from GE’s Ultem 9011 resin using a state-of-the-art melt-
spinning conversion line especially designed to handle
high-temperature resins. Fibres based on Ultem resins are
easily dyed using a broad range of colours and offer flame
retardance without the use of halogens.
GE Plastics; Fiber Innovation Technology Inc.
USA
Accession no.1000535
Item 138
Composites Manufacturing (USA)
23, No.6, June 2007, p.60/62
NEW MOLDING PROCESS SHOWS PROMISE
FOR RANGE OF APPLICATIONS
Couch H
US,National Composite Center
Quickstep Technologies’ Quickstep composite moulding
technology, with applications in the aerospace, automotive,
marine and construction industries, is described. The fluid-
based technology is shown to permit the curing, partial
curing and joining of composite materials. Using balanced
pressure and liquid heating and cooling, the process works
by rapidly applying heat to a laminate trapped between a
free floating rigid (or semi-rigid) mould that floats in a heat
transfer fluid(HTF). The mould and laminate are separated
from the circulating HTF by a flexible membrane or
bladder. The temperature and pressure of the HTF behind
the mould and flexible membrane stay the same. Balanced
pressure, combined with vibration within the HTF and
vacuum on the laminate, removes air and compacts
and heats the laminate to cure the part. The composite
cure reaction can be stopped at any point, allowing the
manufacturer to restart the curing cycle of uncured sections
to join and bond them to other structures.
Quickstep Technologies Pty.Ltd.
AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.1000206
Item 139
ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual
conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.1606-1611
NEW TRANSPARENT COPOLYCARBONATE
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
COMPOSITIONS WITH LOW OSU HEAT
RELEASE VALUES
Di J; Davis G; Jackson K; El KAssmi A; Mullen B;
Schultz L; Sinha M; Sybert P D; Zhang J
GE Plastics; GE Global Research
(SPE)
New polyester carbonate copolymers afford the first resins
with low colour, high transmission and low haze combined
with low OSU Heat Release values. In addition, the
fabricated articles can be hard coated to provide improved
levels of scratch resistance. These compositions can be
varied to maximise the various mechanical properties
depending on the needs of the application. The excellent
clarity combined with OSU 65/65 compliance allow for
applications such as interior transportation windows/
dust covers, partitions, mirrors and lighting lenses. The
excellent colourability also allows for the fabrication of
interior opaque components for the transportation industry.
9 refs.
USA
Accession no.999508
Item 140
ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual
conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.1547-1550
NANOMECHANICAL AND NANOTACK
PROPERTIES OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
Morgan S E; Jones P J; Tucker S J; Wiggins J S
Southern Mississippi,University
(SPE)
Joining and adhesive properties of polymeric composites
are of critical importance for emerging applications
in the aeronautical, aerospace and marine industries.
Traditional macroscopic adhesion testing techniques
evaluate macroscopic properties of materials, with
limited information on the molecular level processes
that control actual performance. Nanomechanical and
nanotack evaluations utilising advanced nanoprobe
techniques of polymer/fibre composites reveal differences
in performance at the molecular level. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.999497
Item 141
Polymer
48, No.14, 2007, p.4184-4195
COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
Jordan J L; Siviour C R; Foley J R; Brown E N
US,Air Force Research Laboratory; Oxford,University;
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Polymers are becoming increasingly used in aerospace
structural applications, where they experience complex,
non-static loads. Correspondingly, the mechanical
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
properties at high strain rates are of increasing importance
in these applications. This paper presents an investigation
of the properties of Dupont 9B polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) across strain rates from 10-3 to 105 s-1. The samples
were tested using an Instron mechanical testing machine
for static loading, traditional split Hopkinson pressure bars
(SHPBs) for high strain rates, and a miniaturized SHPB
for ultra-high strain rates. Additionally, the material was
tested using dynamic mechanical analysis to determine the
effects of time-temperature superposition on the strain rate
behaviour of the samples. The results of the experiments
are analyzed using the Zerilli-Armstrong model for
polymers, which shows good agreement with other PTFE
studies. 53 refs. Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.999120
Item 142
Composites Part A
38, No.7, 2007, p.1655-1663
MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF CARBON
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES BASED ON
STITCHED PREFORMS
Beier U; Fischer F; Sandler J K W; Altstadt V; Weimer
C; Buchs W
Bayreuth,University; Eurocopter Deutschland GmbH
A comparative assessment of the influence of pure
assembly seams based on a thin (11 tex) polyester yarn in a
zigzag geometry on the resulting mechanical performance
of a non-crimped fabric (NCF) carbon fibre-reinforced
epoxy composite manufactured by vacuum-assisted resin
transfer moulding is presented. This study was aimed
at generating a solid foundation regarding the overall
performance level of stitched NCF composites and at
identifying critical property changes. The comprehensive
evaluation of the mechanical composite properties includes
static as well as dynamic tests of the in-plane properties
as well as a characterisation of the interlaminar properties
such as apparent interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and
compression after impact (CAI). It is demonstrated that
mechanical properties such as the tensile and compression
stiffness and CAI strength are not degraded by the
chosen stitching parameters, whereas the tensile and
compression strength, ILSS as well as the tensile fatigue
behaviour are reduced as a result of pronounced localised
fibre ondulations. A direct comparison to properties of a
commonly used 5H satin woven fabric composite verifies
that the overall performance of these particular stitched
NCF composites must be enhanced with regard to the
identified key criteria to meet the level required for aircraft
applications and in order to maintain the performance
advantage of NCF composites as compared to standard
woven fabrics in general. Promising approaches include
the use of different yarn materials based on soluble
thermoplastics and/or modified stitching parameters. 22
refs. Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.
51
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.999076
Item 143
Composites Technology
13, No.3, June 2007, p.32-37
THERMOSETTING STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES
Black S
When compared to mechanical fasteners and welding,
structural adhesives distribute stresses over wider areas,
act as sealants and also reduce noise and vibration. A
structural adhesive must have strength enough to transfer
or share loads between highly stressed components.
Three basic thermosetting resin chemistries dominate the
structural adhesives market: epoxy, PU and acrylic. In
transportation, marine and industrial applications, all three
types are in common use, while in the aerospace sector,
epoxy dominates, due mainly to very high strength and
temperature resistance and compatibility with the sector’s
predominately epoxy-based laminates. Acrylics excel at
bonding unprepared metals and composites; epoxies give
the highest strength and highest temperature resistance
and are a good choice for prepared metals and composites
in high-stress environments; and urethanes offer good
resilience and flexibility for a range of materials. Case
studies are presented that best illustrate the unique benefits
of select products.
WORLD
Accession no.998952
Item 144
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites.
Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a
conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 73
GAS PERMEABILITY OF COMPOSITE
LAMINATES FOR CRYOGENIC STORAGE
SYSTEMS
Van Pelt J; Sankar B V; Ifju P G
Florida,University
(American Society for Composites; Michigan-
Dearborn,University)
The effect of micro-cracking on the gas permeability
of composite laminates for cryogenic storage tanks for
aerospace applications was investigated using a procedure
developed according to ASTM D1434-82 standards. Loads
induced by launch and landing of vehicles were simulated
by subjecting the composites to a given load and tank
refuelling simulated by cryo-cycling of the laminates. The
effects of the duration of the test, type of gas used and
magnitude of upstream pressure on gas permeability were
evaluated and the relationship between gas permeability
and cryo-cycling examined. An uncertainty analysis was
also carried out and a new geometry of specimen developed
to achieve a seamless integration between test equipment
52
and specimen. Finite element modelling demonstrated that
the new geometry would allow for accurate permeability
measurements. 4 refs.
ASTM
USA
Accession no.998204
Item 145
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites.
Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a
conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 69
PREDICTION OF GAS PERMEABILITY IN
CROSS-PLY LAMINATES USING FINITE
ELEMENTS
Jianlong Xu; Sankar B V
Florida,University
(American Society for Composites; Michigan-
Dearborn,University)
The permeation model based on Darcy’s law is used to
predict gas permeability in cross-ply laminates for such
applications as cryogenic propellant tanks under biaxial
loading. The problem is decoupled into two parts, namely
determination of crack density and interlaminar cross-
sectional area. Crack densities are taken from experimental
measurements and two different models are used to
compute interlaminar cross-sectional area. The variation
of permeability as a function of average stress for three
different lay-ups is computed using a specially written
MATLAB program and the results discussed. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.998200
Item 146
Macromolecular Research
15, No.4, June 2007, pp.357-362
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF POLYIMIDE/CARBON-NANOTUBE
COMPOSITES
Kim B S; Bae S H; Park Y H; Kim J H
Sung Kyun Kwan University
Polyimide/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films,
potential useful in high-performance microelectronics
and aerospace applications, were prepared by mixing a
solution of a polyisoimide solution with a suspension
of CNTs in NMP, followed by casting, evaporation
and thermal imidisation. The CNTs were modified by
treatment with nitric acid to improve their thermal and
electrical properties, and to provide good dispersion of
the CNTs in the polymer matrix. The modified CNTs were
well dispersed in the polyimide matrix, with a uniform
diameter of about 50 nm. The thermal stability of the films
containing the CNTs was improved as a result of enhanced
interfacial interactions between the polymer and CNTs
and good dispersion of the modified CNTs. The thermal
expansion coefficient of the composite films was slightly
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
decreased, whereas the dielectric constants increased
linearly with increasing CNT content. 15 refs.
SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.997846
Item 147
ANTEC 2007. Proceedings of the 65th SPE Annual
conference held Cincinnati, Oh., 6th-11th May 2007.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2007, p.1849-1853
A CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR CREEP
LIFETIME OF PBO BRAIDED CORD
Sterling W J
US,NASA,Goddard Space Flight Center;
NASA,Wallops Flight Facility
(SPE)
A constitutive model to describe the creep lifetime of PBO
braided cord has been developed and fit to laboratory data.
The model follows an approach proposed for p-aramid
cord in similar applications, and has an Arrhenius-type
representation that arises from consideration of the
failure phenomenon mechanism. The data were obtained
using a hydraulic-type universal testing machine, and
were analyzed according to Weibull statistics using
commercially-available software. The application of
concern to the author is NASA’s Ultra- Long Duration
Balloon and other gossamer spacecraft, but the motivations
for the related p-aramid works suggest broader interest.
30 refs.
USA
Accession no.997522
Item 148
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November
2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 83, pp.11
APPLICATIONS & PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
FOR CETEX THERMOPLASTICS IN
AEROSPACE
Bernard D; Kok W; Lenferink R
Ten Cate Advanced Composites
(SAMPE)
The use and processing of CETEX thermoplastic materials
in structural and interior aerospace applications are
discussed. For aircraft applications, two resin systems
are primarily used. CETEX PEI is an amorphous
polyetherimide resin offering outstanding toughness and
high heat resistance. It is qualified at Airbus and Boeing
for both structural and interior applications. CETEX
PPS is a semicrystalline polyphenylene sulphide resin
offering outstanding toughness and excellent chemical
and solvent resistance. It is qualified at Airbus and Boeing
for multiple structural applications. Both materials are
inherently flame resistant with low smoke emission and
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
easily meet 35/35 OSU. CETEX products are typically
supplied in 12ft by 4ft pre-consolidated laminates and
sandwich panels using the customer’s designated ply
count, orientation and reinforcement, including hybrid
laminates. By utilising pre-consolidated sheets and
avoiding hand lamination, the customer can significantly
reduce the cycle time required to produce a finished part
by, for example, heated press, autoclave, creep/stretch
forming and vacuum forming. Lightning strike material
can be incorporated and the laminates can be pigmented
and/or textured. Thermoplastics have the unique capability
of allowing parts to be welded or fused and folded, which
facilitates lower part count structures.
Airbus; Boeing
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.997376
Item 149
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 82, pp.10
TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF XYTREX
POLYMERS OF 3P CORPORATION
Jiaxiang Ren
Performance Plastics Products
(SAMPE)
Xytrex polymers from Performance Plastics Products (3P)
represent a family of high performance thermoplastics
and their composites, using thermoplastics such as
PEEK, polyphenylene sulphide and polyimide. Some of
the polymers are compounded with property-enhancing
reinforcing fillers and lubricants. The tribological
properties of several Xytrex materials were studied. The
results showed that by adding lubricants, such as PTFE
and graphite, the wear factor and coefficient of friction
of the composites improved. With the same fillers, the
wear resistance performance of various polymer-based
composites differed. Potential applications in aerospace,
automotive, electronic components, pump, valve and
compressor components, and other industries are
considered. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.997375
Item 150
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November
2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 73, pp.16
MEMBRANE BASED VARTM PROCESSING:
MODELLING AND CHARACTERIZATION
Amouroux S C; Henau J F; Heider D; Gillespie J W
53
 References and Abstracts
Delaware,University
(SAMPE)
The use of a nanoporous PTFE membrane as a means of
improving the quality and repeatability of the vacuum
assisted resin transfer moulding process for affordable
high-performance composites for aerospace applications
was investigated. By ensuring a uniform compaction
pressure and a continuous venting over the entire part
surface, the membrane provided a unique multifunctional
solution to reduce thickness gradients and volatile-
induced porosity and eliminate dry-spots. Previous
experiments showed empirically that the choice of resin
drove the choice of membrane. However, the fundamental
mechanisms of the membrane and interactions with the
resin needed further study. A first generation model based
on capillary effects and convective flow was developed.
The comparison between predictions and experimental
results, however, showed discrepancies. A critical
assessment of the experimental set-up and the sensitivity
of the model predictions to several input parameters is
presented. Improvements in the experimental method and
the model are identified. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.997366
Item 151
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November
2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 65, pp.6
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICALLY
CONDUCTIVE PTFE COMPOSITE BY ADDING
CARBON NANOFILLERS
Jiaxiang Ren
Performance Plastics Products
(SAMPE)
An electronically conductive PTFE composite has been
developed at Performance Plastics Products(3P) by adding
nanofillers. Traditionally, a high concentration of carbon
black or carbon fibre is blended with PTFE to make
a realistic electronically conductive PTFE composite.
Mechanical properties of the composite, however, suffer
significantly and the viscosity of the mixture is too high
to be produced by some PTFE production processes. In
this study, it is demonstrated that, by breaking bundles of
the nanofillers and dispersing them homogeneously in the
PTFE matrix, an electronically conductive PTFE composite
with a lower nanofiller concentration can be manufactured
using the production facility at 3P. The nanofillers used are
vapour grown carbon nanofibres and carbon nanotubes.
The mechanical strength of the composite is shown to
be comparable with that of the unfilled PTFE. Potential
applications of the electrically conductive PTFE composite
in batteries, fuel cells, and automotive and aerospace
applications are discussed. 7 refs.
54
USA
Accession no.997358
Item 152
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November
2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 52, pp.14
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF EXFOLIATED
GRAPHITE NANO-REINFORCEMENTS
Allred R E; Gosau J M; Barlow J P
Adherent Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
Methods are discussed for modifying the surface chemistry
and energy of nano-reinforcements of graphite and carbon,
such as flakes, worms and tubes, to allow improved wetting
and provide a means for chemical bonding at the interface
with polymers such as epoxy resin. Two approaches for
surface modification are presented, i.e. oxidative plasma
treatments to populate the graphite surface with carboxyl
and hydroxyl groups, and bonding of epoxy oligomers to
the nano-reinforcements using reactive coupling agents.
Both of these approaches are shown to be successful
with exfoliated graphite nano-flakes. These unique nano-
reinforcements are expected to find many applications in
structural composites for military and commercial aircraft,
aerospace, chemical processing, and medical structures.
20 refs.
USA
Accession no.997345
Item 153
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 51, pp.5
EMI SHIELDING POLYMERS BASED ON
CARBON NANOTUBE HYBRIDS
Tiano T; Phely-Bobin T; Lynch A; Carey C; Hess D;
Marchand J; Czerw R
Foster-Miller Inc.; ARC Technologies Inc.; NanoTech
Labs Inc.
(SAMPE)
The development by Foster-Miller and ARC Technologies
of a series of highly conductive polymer-based materials
for use in lightweight EMI shielding applications, from
aerospace to portable electronics, is described. The use
of carbon nanotubes in different geometries, particularly
as buckypaper, is shown to offer the advantages of good
shielding effectiveness in a lightweight durable polymer,
such as a two-part polysulphide. It is demonstrated that
very high performance structures can be obtained which
can be applied to surfaces in a similar manner to that in
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
which adhesive tape is put down. The reconfiguration of
this structure for the preparation of microwave-absorbing
materials is also discussed. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.997344
Item 154
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 47, pp.9
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES FOR
LINERLESS COMPOSITE TANKS
Arzberger S C; Tomlinson M; Cronin J; Ryan K;
Mallick K; Munshi N
Composite Technology Development Inc.
(SAMPE)
The development of suitable materials for lightweight,
linerless composite tanks for aerospace applications
is discussed. Analytical models are used to identify
the best morphology of the nano-reinforcement and to
optimise the reinforcement volume fraction to achieve
the desired performance. The material development
and characterisation of polymer nanocomposites to
meet these requirements are considered. These novel
materials were shown to offer microcrack resistance over
a broad temperature range. Substantial mechanical and
thermal property improvements were demonstrated with
Composite Technology Development(CTD)-developed
polymer nanocomposites prepared from highly anisotropic
nano-reinforcements (vapour grown carbon nanofibres) at
loading levels below 3 vol % in CTD’s high-performance,
microcrack-resistant epoxy matrix resins. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.997340
Item 155
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November
2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 11, pp.10
PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF
SILICONE RUBBER
Haibing Zhang; Cloud A
Arlon Silicone Technologies
(SAMPE)
Some applications which require silicone performance in
extreme environments also require low gas permeability.
These applications cover a range of aerospace components
such as inflatables, ducting and diaphragms. A technical
review is presented of the gas permeability characteristics
of silicone rubber, including analysis of the gas penetration
mechanism through the elastomer. The chemical structure
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
of silicone rubber affects permeability, as do other
governing factors such as temperature and gas type. In
particular, phenyl vinyl methyl silicone(PVMQ) has
the lowest Tg (-120 deg C) of all elastomers, but its gas
permeability is very high. The development by Arlon of a
proprietary technology to reduce the gas permeability of
PVMQ is described. The approach produces large gains
in gas permeability reduction without sacrificing excellent
low temperature elastomeric flexibility. 14 refs.
Dow Corning
USA
Accession no.997305
Item 156
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 10, pp.11
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEXT-GENERATION
NON-CHROMATED ZERO VOC WATER
BASED PRIMER FOR ADHESIVE BONDING
APPLICATIONS
Shah K; Kohli D
Cytec Engineered Materials
(SAMPE)
The development by Cytec Engineered Materials of a
water-based non-chromate primer, based on an amine-
cured epoxy resin, for adhesive bonding applications is
discussed. The primer, designated BR 6700, is formulated
to meet both the US Environmental Protection Agency
regulations and the corrosion and bonding requirements
of metallic substrates in the aerospace industry. The
primer provides good corrosion protection, durability and
mechanical performance in combination with 121 deg
C and 177 deg C curing adhesives. The performance of
the new BR 6700 primer is comparable with the industry
standard primers, BR 127 and waterborne BR 6747-1. 2
refs.
US,Environmental Protection Agency
USA
Accession no.997304
Item 157
SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in
Materials and Process Engineering. Vol. 38. Proceedings
of a conference held Dallas, Tx., 6th-9th November 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 2, pp.13
HIGH-TEMPERATURE ADHESIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Gray R A; Magato J R; Vannucci R; Dillingham G
Maverick Corp.; Brighton Technologies Group Inc.
(SAMPE)
The recent development of AFR-PE-4 polyimide
composites for large jet engine structures has increased
55
 References and Abstracts
the need for a high-temperature adhesive system to bond
these components to other structures. This study focuses
on the development of a high-temperature adhesive that
will allow the market to take full advantage of AFR-
PE-4 composite systems in aggressive aircraft engine
environments. This technology will have a high impact
on both space and military launch vehicles, in addition
to dual-use applications in automotive and the chemical
industry. Maverick Corp. evaluated two candidate
polyimide resin chemistries with the goal of developing the
‘next-generation’ high-temperature adhesive technology
for AFR-PE-4 composite components. The overall goal
of the study was to formulate addition-cured polyimide
resins and to study the effect of chemical structure on
high temperature properties, adhesion, and joint durability.
2 refs.
USA
Accession no.997296
Item 158
Journal of ASTM International
3, No.8, Sept.2006, pp.15
MECHANICAL IMPACT TESTING: DATA
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Engel C D; Herald S D; Davis S E
Qualis Corp.; Marshall Space Flight Center
A review and evaluation of mechanical impact test data
collected by NASA since the 1970s for six non-metallic
materials in high-pressure liquid oxygen(LOX) and
gaseous oxygen and in ambient LOX environments are
presented. The impact mechanism is a proven ignition
mechanism, which must be considered and understood in
the design of an oxygen system for aerospace applications.
The non-metallic materials considered are nylon-66, Lexan
FR 700-701, neoprene, silicone polymer, Teflon PTFE
and Viton. Results of tests conducted to determine the
statistical nature of the test procedure, to help establish
sample size guidelines for material characterisation,
are discussed. It is shown that the current practice of
reporting reaction frequency data at dropped energy rather
than energy the sample receives does not offer a means
of comparing data between facilities. 14 refs. (ASTM
Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials
in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, Washington, DC, USA,
Oct.2006)
USA
Accession no.997232
Item 159
Journal of ASTM International
3, No.9, Oct.2006, pp.15
PROACTIVE MITIGATION OF PCTFE-RELATED
IGNITION HAZARDS IN OXYGEN SYSTEMS.
I. DEVELOPMENT OF A VOLUNTARY
CONSENSUS STANDARD SPECIFICATION
TO CONTROL PROPERTY VARIATION IN
56
FINISHED PCTFE PARTS
Waller J M; Julien H L; Newton B E; Beeson H D
US,NASA,Johnson Space Center; Wendell Hull &
Associates Inc.
Reports of dimensional instability in PCTFE semi-finished
articles and finished parts have raised concerns that leaks
or part failure could occur during service, leading to
catastrophic component or system failure, especially in
high-pressure gaseous oxygen systems where flow friction,
flow resonance or kindling chain ignition mechanisms
are operative. These concerns culminated in the release
of an internal NASA Kennedy Space Center Problem
Advisory and a Government-Industry Data Exchange
Program Problem Advisory on PCTFE. Release of the
advisories coincided with a task group study examining
the factors contributing to property variation in PCTFE.
More specifically, the effect of resin grade, process
route, annealing method and machining on dimensional
stability, molec.wt. and crystallinity was determined. To
gain better control of dimensional stability, for example,
a Biot-Fourier method was developed that allowed
calculation of the time needed for PCTFE parts of known
geometry to reach thermal equilibrium during annealing.
A voluntary consensus material specification was then
implemented to control properties in finished PCTFE
parts used in aerospace applications. 25 refs. (ASTM
Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials
in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, Washington, DC, USA,
Oct.2006)
US,NASA,Kennedy Space Center; Daikin
USA
Accession no.997226
Item 160
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites.
Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a
conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 10
NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS SUPPORTING
NASA COMPOSITE OVERWRAPPED PRESSURE
VESSEL ASSESSMENTS
Saulsberry R; Greene N; Beeson H; Thesken J C;
Phoenix S L; Revilock D; Grant J; Thorton S; Yolken T;
Madaras E; Cramer E; Newman J
US,NASA,Johnson Space Center; Cornell University;
US,NASA,Glenn Research Center; US,NASA,Marshall
Space Flight Center; Texas Research Institute;
US,NASA,Langley Research Center; Laser Technology
Inc.
(American Society for Composites; Michigan-
Dearborn,University)
A comprehensive report is presented on the application of
non-destructive testing techniques to the pre-test screening
of Kevlar and other carbon composite over-wrapped
pressure vessels for aerospace applications. Techniques,
which have been employed or are under evaluation include
ultrasonic testing, eddy-current testing, flash thermography
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
and shearography. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.996951
Item 161
Proceedings of the American Society for Composites.
Twenty-first Technical Conference. Proceedings of a
conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-20th Sept.2006.
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, Paper 4
DETERMINATION OF DAMAGE PROGRESSION
IN NOTCHED NON-TRADITIONAL LAMINATES
UNDER TENSILE LOAD
Treasurer P; Johnson W S; Houghton P; Hoffman D J;
Razi H
Woodruff G.W.,School of Mechanical Engineering;
Atlanta,School of Material Science and Engineering;
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
(American Society for Composites; Michigan-
Dearborn,University)
Non-traditional carbon fibre/toughened epoxy prepreg
laminates with slightly off-axis longitudinal plies were
evaluated for damage suppression and compared with
laminates with traditional 0 degree longitudinal plies.
Open hole tension and filled hole tension tests were carried
out on quasi-isotropic (25/50/25) and hard (60/30/10)
lay-ups with longitudinal fibre orientations and in-situ
die-penetrant enhanced X-ray radiography was utilised
to determine damage mode and progression. The effects
of notch constraint, lay-up and off-axis longitudinal
plies on overall laminate response were evaluated and
the advantages of the non-traditional laminates over the
traditional laminates for structural applications, such as
aerospace applications, considered. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.996945
Item 162
Adhesives and Sealants Industry
14, No.5, May 2007, p.19-20
ADVANCED COMPOSITES FOR TERRESTRIAL
APPLICATIONS PROVE USEFUL IN SPACE
INDUSTRY
Johnson S; Sher S
YLA Inc.
The benefits of advanced composite materials based on
precision adhesives combined with compatible prepreg
resins, such as YLA’s RS-3 (modified polycyanate resin),
SF-5 (polycyanate syntactic film) and RS-4A (polycyanate
film adhesive), for aerospace applications are outlined and
some examples of aerospace parts, which utilise these
composites, are given.
USA
Accession no.996130
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 163
Composites Science and Technology
67, No.11-12, 2007, p.2592-2605
MODELING OF PERMEATION AND DAMAGE
IN GRAPHITE/EPOXY LAMINATES FOR
CRYOGENIC TANKS IN THE PRESENCE OF
DELAMINATIONS AND STITCH CRACKS
Nair A; Roy S
Alabama,University
Composites are extensively used for various aerospace
applications and one of its important potential uses is as
cryogenic fuel tank material for crew launch vehicles.
Composites offer high specific strength and stiffness, and
therefore are preferred over many other materials. However
under structural mechanical loads and/or thermal loads,
transverse micro-cracks develop in the polymer matrix.
These cracks along with interlaminar delaminations
produced at the crack tips, lead to permeation of cryogenic
fuel permeation through the laminates. In this study,
mathematical models have been proposed to determine
the delaminated crack opening displacement (DCOD)
for each ply of a damaged laminate and the permeability
associated with it. In addition, a stitch crack model has
been proposed to address experimental observations.
The through-thickness DCOD distribution for a damaged
composite under the action of thermal and/or mechanical
load is predicted using a five-layer model which is
developed based on first order shear deformation theory.
The DCOD predicted by this mathematical model, with
and without stitch cracks, shows good agreement with two
dimensional finite element analysis. The DCOD values
predicted for IM7/5250-4 laminate of lay-up [0/45/-
45/90]”S were used to predict permeability using Darcy’s
law for fluid flow through porous media. The analysis
results were benchmarked using test data from Air Force
Research Laboratory. A parametric study for permeability
conducted with varying stitch crack lengths shows that the
permeability of the composite is sensitive to this form of
damage in individual plies. 27 refs. Copyright (c) 2007
Elsevier Ltd.
USA
Accession no.995898
Item 164
Elastomers for Engineering: Future Trends. Proceedings
of a conference held London, 23rd. Nov.2006.
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2006, p.97-101
FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ELASTOMERS
IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Taylor M
Airbus
(UK,Institute of Materials,Minerals & Mining)
This paper discusses the requirements of sealants used in
airframe structures. A modern civil jet plane is assembled
using several hundred kilograms of sealant, much of
which performs critical functions for the aircraft. In such
applications, sealants routinely operate under fatigue and
57
 References and Abstracts
static loads in hostile environments and in temperatures
ranging from -55 deg.C to 250 deg.C. The sealants may be
in contact with fuel, water or aerospace chemical fluids,
and must be durable for the lifetime of the airframe, which
may exceed 20 years. Key considerations when selecting
an aerospace sealant are health, safety and environmental
issues, the need to reduce density and weight reduction,
and the need to be able to adhere to a variety of substrates.
The suitability of polysulphide sealants to meet these
requirements is examined.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.995417
Item 165
JEC Composites
No.32, May 2007, p.56-57
LARGE-SCALE COMPOSITE COMPONENTS
MADE OUT-OF-AUTOCLAVE
Cornforth J
GKN Aerospace
Advantages of out-of-autoclave (OOA) processing are
discussed with reference to the production of large scale
composite components. OAA processing of composites
uses a different resin formulation that permits the
component to be successfully cured under vacuum pressure
only, whereas carbon-epoxy composites for aerospace
applications are usually cured under a pressure close
to seven bars. One advantage is that the tooling used to
cure the component doesn’t need to be so substantial,
which means that composite tooling can become viable.
Energy consumption is reduced, since with OOA, the
heat is applied locally, directly from the tool itself, with
the external surfaces of the component well insulated. In
addition, OOA can support a cellular-based lean operation,
where all of the processing on that component is done in
one location and parts no longer need to be moved around
the factory. GKN Aerospace has developed a fibre-optic
thermometer based on the Bragg Grating principle of
operation, which avoids the need to add multiple disposable
thermocouples to the edges of the pre-cured laminate stack
to monitor temperature during cure, thereby saving time
and money. The company has already manufactured parts
up to 2.5 m long and weighing 80 kg. It is claimed that the
advantages outlined make out-of-autoclave processing a
target technology for a factory of the future.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.995380
Item 166
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition
45, No.9, 1st May 2007, p.1641-1652
PENDENT POLYIMIDES USING MELLITIC
ACID DIANHYDRIDE. II. STRUCTURE-
PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS FOR
58
ZIRCONIUM-CONTAINING PENDENT
POLYMERS
Illingsworth M L; Dai H; Wang W; Chow D; Siochi E J;
Yang K; Leiston-Belanger J M; Jankauskas J
Rochester,Institute of Technology; US,NASA,Langley
Research Center
The synthesis of polyimide films with zirconium-
containing pendant groups derived from pyromellitic
dianhydride and 4,4’-oxydiphthalic anhydride as
dianhydrides and 4,4’-oxydianiline, 3,4’-oxydianiline and
1,3-diaminophenoxybenzene as diamines is described. The
products were characterised by FTIR, proton NMR, GPC,
TGA, DSC, flexibility, solvent resistance and cracking
resistance of multilayer films, and the structure-property
relationships are discussed in terms of potential aerospace
applications. 80 refs.
USA
Accession no.994785
Item 167
Journal of Advanced Materials
39, No.2, April 2007, p.3-12
A REVIEW Û FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS (SMPS)
Dietsch B; Tong T
Cornerstone Research Group Inc.
The development of shape memory polymers (SMPs), a
type of æsmart’ or intelligent materials that function by
changing their modulus in response to an external stimulus
such as heat, light or chemical exposure, is reviewed.
The mechanism of the shape memory effect is described
and potential applications of SMPs, such as actuators,
in clothing manufacture, deployable space applications,
morphing aircraft and in medical treatment, are discussed.
44 refs.
USA
Accession no.994765
Item 168
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, 85 papers
VOL. 38. Proceedings of a conference held Dallas, Tx.,
6th-9th November 2006.
SAMPE FALL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE:
GLOBAL ADVANCES IN MATERIALS AND
PROCESS ENGINEERING.
(SAMPE)
Papers are divided into the following main sessions:
adhesives, joining and bonding, aircraft materials
recycling, coatings and sealants, composites repair, testing
and inspection technologies, design and analysis, fibre
reinforcement, textile and preform, fire safe materials,
high temperature materials, innovative material forms,
nanocomposites, nanomaterials for space applications,
natural fibres, new advances in resin infusion processing,
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
new materials applications and challenges for aircraft, and
thermoplastic composites.
USA
Accession no.994688
Item 169
Reinforced Plastics
51, No.5, May 2007, p.13
TRIPLE-PLY TAPE DEVELOPED
It is briefly reported that Polystrand has introduced
a lightweight and balanced reinforcement tape for
applications needing a higher strength-to-weight ratio.
The continuous 25 inch wide tape provides 70% high-
performance glass fibres by weight in a thermoplastic
matrix. Polystrand Tri-Ply tape is made in a proprietary
process that impregnates continuous fibres with a PP
thermoplastic resin. The reinforcement weighs only
29.4 ounces per square yard, a 20% reduction in weight
compared to a three-layer product made with standard
tapes.
Polystrand Inc.
USA
Accession no.994543
Item 170
High Performance Plastics
March 2007, p.5
FIRE RETARDANT PP FOR TRANSPORT
APPLICATIONS
Brief details are presented in this small article about
a European Union project, co-ordinated by Polymer
Laboratories in Germany, which seeks to resolve the
difficulty of producing PP-based flame retardants filled
with magnesium hydroxide particles, for use in cars, planes
and ships. The project is called “FLARETPOL”.
Polymer Laboratories
EU; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.994074
Item 171
Composites Part A
38, No.6, 2007, p.1525-1532
A SELF-HEALING CARBON FIBRE
REINFORCED POLYMER FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Williams G; Trask R; Bond I
Bristol,University
Self-healing is receiving increasing interest worldwide
as a technology to autonomously address the effects of
damage in composite materials. This paper describes the
results of four point bend flexural testing (ASTM-D6272-
02) of T300/914 carbon fibre reinforced epoxy with resin
filled embedded hollow glass fibres (HGF) which provided
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
a self-healing functionality. The study investigated the
effect of the embedded HGF on the host CFRP mechanical
properties and also the healing efficiency of the laminates
after they were subjected to quasi-static impact. Specimens
were tested in the undamaged, damaged and healed
conditions using a commercial two-part epoxy healing
agent (Cytec Cycom 823). Microscopic characterisation
of the embedded HGF was also undertaken to characterise
the effect on the host laminate fibre architecture. 26 refs.
Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.993176
Item 172
Journal of Composite Materials
41, No.5, 2007, p.613-632
THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF HIGH-
TEMPERATURE FIBER-METAL LAMINATES
Cortes P; Cantwell W J
Liverpool,University
The impact properties of laminates of a metal alloy
and either carbon fibre-reinforced PEEK or glass fibre-
reinforced polyetherimide composites were investigated
under high and low velocity impact loading conditions
with the aim of developing a lightweight hybrid material
for high-temperature aerospace applications. Low velocity
impact tests were performed using an instrumented impact
tower and high velocity impact tests were conducted using
a nitrogen gas gun. Fracture mechanisms were identified
by optical microscopy and a comparison made of the
impact properties of the carbon fibre-reinforced PEEK
versus glass fibre-reinforced polyetherimide composites.
18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.991679
Item 173
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
104, No.2, 15th April 2007, p.0138-1042
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL
POLYTRIAZOLE RESIN
Wan L; Luo Y; Xue L; Tian J; Hu Y; Qi H; Shen X;
Huang F; Du L; Chen X
East China,University of Science & Technology;
Shanghai,Bureau of Astronautics; Shanghai,Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials; Beijing,Institute of
Aeronautical Materials
Details are given of the synthesis and characterisation
of a novel polytriazole resin. Solubility in acetone was
determined. The Tg and thermal degradation temperature
of the cured resin were investigated. Tensile and flexural
properties are discussed. Potential applications in aviation
and aerospace materials are mentioned. 15 refs.
59
 References and Abstracts
CHINA
Accession no.991488
Item 174
High Performance Polymers
19, No.1, Feb.2007, p.78-96
POLYKETANILS: PREPARATION OF PI-
CONJUGATED POLYMER BASES FROM
P-DIBENZOYLBENZENE WITH VARIOUS
DIAMINES. PROTONATION WITH DL-
CAMPHOR-10-SULPHONIC ACID
Iwan A; Kasperczyk J; Kaczmarczyk B; Janeczek H;
Jurusik J; Mazurak Z; Sek D
Polish Academy of Sciences
New luminescent materials, aromatic polyketanils(PKs)
containing p-phenylene and biphenylene linkages in the
backbone and electron-donating side-group substitutions,
were synthesised via melt polycondensation (180 deg.C,
24 h). Their structures were confirmed by elemental
and spectral FTIR, 13C and “1H-NMR, and UV-visible
analysis. All the PKs were solution-processable and
thermally stable, making them potential candidate
materials for applications in microelectronics and
aerospace. These ketanil polymers showed high thermal
stability and well-defined Tg. The temperature at which the
polymers lost 10% of their weight ranged from 420 to 520
deg.C. Depending on the polymer structure, PKs showed
Tg values in the range of 133 to 244 deg.C. The polymers
emitted either blue radiation or green radiation depending
on the mutual presence of conjugated and saturated chain
segments. The HOMO/LUMO energy gap of the polymers
was in the range of 2.74-2.19 eV. The photoluminescence
properties of the PKs after protonation with DL-camphor-
10-sulphonic acid(CSA) were tested. The structure
formation of (PKs)1 (CSA)2 complexes is discussed on
the basis of 1H-NMR spectroscopy. 32 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.990788
Item 175
High Performance Polymers
19, No.1, Feb.2007, p.33-47
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
CYANATE EPOXY COMPOSITES
Jayakumari L S; Thulasiraman V; Sarojadevi M
Anna,University
Anthraquinone dicyanate was prepared by treating
CNBr with 1,4-dihydroxy anthraquinone in the presence
of triethylamine at -5 to 5 deg.C. The dicyanate was
characterised by FTIR spectroscopy. The prepared
dicyanate was blended with commercial epoxy resin
in different ratios and cured at 120 deg.C for 1 h, 180
deg.C for 1 h and post-cured at 220 deg.C for 1 h using
diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. Castings
of neat resin and blends were prepared and characterised
by FTIR analysis. The composite laminates were also
60
fabricated from the same composition. The mechanical
properties such as TS, flexural strength and fracture
toughness were measured as per ASTM D 3039, D 790
and D 5528, respectively. The TS increased with increasing
cyanate content (3, 6, and 9%) from 52.1 to 80.1 MPa.
The values of fracture toughness also increased from
0.7671 kJ.m2 for the neat epoxy resin to 0.9168 kJ.m2
for the 9% cyanate ester epoxy-modified system. The
thermal properties were also studied. The 10% weight loss
temperature of pure epoxy was 358 deg.C and it increased
to 381 deg.C with incorporation of cyanate ester resin.
The incorporation of cyanate ester up to a 9% loading
level did not affect the Tg to a very great extent. These
new cyanate-modified epoxy composites could have the
potential to provide better performance in engineering and
aerospace applications. 17 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.990785
Item 176
High Performance Polymers
19, No.1, Feb.2007, p.3-20
STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF DIGLYCIDYLETHER-
TERMINATED POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE-
MODIFIED EPOXY-BISMALEIMIDE MATRICES
Kumar R S; Alagar M
Anna,University
Diglycidylether-terminated polydimethylsiloxane
(DGETPDMS) toughened epoxy matrix systems
w e r e d ev e l o p e d a n d f u r t h e r m o d i fi e d w i t h
bismaleimide(BMI), i.e. N,N’-bismaleimido-4,4’-
diphenylsulphone. The matrix systems were cured using
4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane(DDM) as curing agent.
The mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties were
studied by standard test methods. The introduction of
DGETPDMS into epoxy resin improved the impact
strength with reduction of TS, flexural strength and Tg
in comparison with the unmodified epoxy, whereas the
incorporation of BMI into epoxy resin improved TS,
flexural strength, Tg and heat distortion temperature
in comparison with the unmodified epoxy resin. The
incorporation of BMI into DGETPDMS-modified epoxy
resin improved thermal stability, dielectric strength,
surface resistivity and arc resistance with increasing
loading level. SEM micrographs of both BMI-modified
epoxy and BMI-modified DGETPDMS-epoxy systems
exhibited homogeneous morphology. The results obtained
indicated that these hybrid matrix systems could be used to
fabricate advanced composite components for engineering
and aerospace applications with better performance and
enhanced longevity. 24 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.990783
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 177
Aiken, SC, c.
2007, pp.12
KYDEX THERMOPLASTIC SHEET PRODUCTS
IN SPECIALIZED GRADES FOR DEMANDING
APPLICATIONS
Kleerdex Co.LLC
Kydex proprietary thermoplastic was first introduced by
Rohm & Haas in 1965. It’s properties made it suitable for
applications such as aircraft interiors. In 1987, the Kleerdex
company purchased the Kydex product line and developed
additional grades to provide the physical, electrical, and
chemical properties and fire ratings required to provide
applications in mass transit vehicles, electrical enclosures,
medical products and other demanding applications, as
well as general purpose grades which outperform fire
retardant ABS and polycarbonate at comparable prices.
In addition to thermoforming applications, Kydex
sheet is also used as a protective wall covering. It is
an extremely durable thermoplastic alloy, extruded in
a range of colours, patterns, textures, thicknesses and
grades. Specialised grades satisfy the requirements of
thermoforming, membrane pressing, post forming, brake
forming, laminating, and mitre folding. Production
methods, applications, and features are described, and
a standard grade overview is included giving tabulated
technical details for a range of grades.
USA
Accession no.989875
Item 178
High Performance Plastics
Dec.2006, p.1
NANO-RESIN HAS BETTER MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
Nanoledge, a French nanotechnology company, has
introduced a carbon nanotube-filled resin, which it has
called “Nano in Res Laminates 1”, it is announced in this
concise article. Brief details are presented about the new
product, its properties, and its intended applications.
Nanoledge; Compositec
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.989554
Item 179
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
45, No.10-12, Oct.-Dec.2006, p.1143-1153
STRUCTURAL CARBON/EPOXY PREPREGS
PROPERTIES COMPARISON BY THERMAL
AND RHEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Costa M L; Rezende M C; De Paiva J M F; Botelho E C
Brazil,Centro Tecnico Aerospacial; Sao Paulo,Centro
Universitario Salesiano; UNESP
Two different carbon fibre/epoxy resin prepreg materials
were characterised and compared using DSC, TGA, DMA
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
and rheological testing. A prepreg system currently used
commercially in the aircraft industry (carbon fibre prepreg/
epoxy resin F584) was compared with a prepreg system
that is a prospective candidate for the same applications
(carbon fibre prepreg/epoxy resin 8552). The differences
in the curing kinetics mechanisms of both prepreg systems
were identified. Based on the thermal analysis techniques,
it was proved that the curing of both epoxy resin systems
followed a cure kinetic of n order. Even though their
reaction heats were found to be slightly different, the
kinetics of these systems were very similar. The activation
energies for both prepreg systems were determined by DSC
analysis, using Arrhenius’s method, and were found to be
quite similar. DMA measurements of the cured prepregs
demonstrated that they exhibited similar degrees of cure
and different Tgs. Furthermore, the use of the rheological
analysis revealed small differences in the gel temperatures
of the two prepreg systems that were examined. 30 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.988565
Item 180
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
291, No.12, 8th Dec.2006, p.1449
TWENTY YEARS OF POLYMER-CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES
Akane Okada; Arimitsu Usuki
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
A report on the 20-year history of research into polymer/
clay nanocomposites is presented by pioneers in this
technology at Toyota Central R & D Laboratories.
Nylon-clay nanocomposites are discussed with particular
reference to the dry polymerisation method, wet
polymerisation methods, compounding methods, and
structure and reinforcement mechanism of nylon-6/
clay hybrids. Composites of polyimide/clay, polyolefin/
clay, and rubber and thermosetting resin/clay are also
described. Nanocomposite hydrogels and liquid crystal/
clay composites are considered and the introduction of a
layered microdomain structure in block copolymer by clay
is examined. 112 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.988479
Item 181
Materials Research
9, No.3, July-Sept.2006, p.247-256
A REVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND
PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FIBER/EPOXY/
ALUMINIUM HYBRID COMPOSITES FOR
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
Botelho E C; Silva R A; Pardini L C; Rezende M C
Brazil,Instituto de Aeronautica e Espaco; UNESP;
Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica
The development of lightweight hybrid composite
laminates of continuous carbon or glass fibre-reinforced
61
 References and Abstracts
epoxy resin matrix and aluminium layers for aerospace
applications and methods for their fabrication are
reviewed. The properties of the laminates, including
tensile and compression strength, shear strength and
damping properties and the effects of moisture absorption
are discussed in terms of the synergistic effects of the
combination of metal and polymer composite laminates.
73 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.987940
Item 182
Lancaster, Pa., DEStech Publications, 2006, 126 Papers
Proceedings of a conference held Dearborn, Mi., 17th-
20th Sept.2006
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY
FOR COMPOSITES. TWENTY-FIRST
TECHNICAL CONFERENCE.
Edited by: Mallick P K
(American Society for Composites; Michigan-
Dearborn,University)
Over a hundred papers are presented at this twenty-
first technical conference of the American Society for
Composites. Papers are divided into the following sessions:
fatigue and fracture, composite overwrapped pressure
vessels (COPV), impact/impact damage, testing and
evaluation, nanocomposites, foamed composites, textile
composites, natural fibre composites, multifunctional
composites, joining, environmental effects, analysis,
processing, automotive/aerospace applications, civil
structures, and education.
USA
Accession no.987883
Item 183
Macromolecules 40
No.2, 23rd Jan.2007, p.290-296
MECHANICS OF POLYMER-CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES
YuanQiao Rao; Pochan J M
Eastman Kodak Co.
The mechanics of polymer-clay nanocomposites is studied
using a designed polymer and solution nanocomposite
synthesis. A copolymer latex with functional groups that
interact strongly with the surface of the clay nanoplatelet
and Tg lower than room temperature is synthesised.
Uniformly dispersed nanocomposites are then generated
using water as the intercalation agent. The chain mobility
is studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and
dielectric thermal analysis. The modulus of the composite
increases significantly and this enhancement is studied
experimentally and theoretically. The structure of the
nanocomposites is also discussed. 30 refs.
USA
Accession no.986861
62
Item 184
Journal of Materials Science
41, No.20, Oct.2006, p.6718-6724
IMPACT DAMAGE TO THICK CARBON
FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITE
LAMINATES
Breen C; Guild F; Pavier M
Bristol,University; London,University,Queen Mary
College
Impact resistance of thick carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy
resin composite laminates for aerospace applications was
investigated experimentally by drop weight impact testing
followed by examination of the geometry of the damage
by C-scan, deply and post-impact strength measurements.
The effects of central and edge impacts on the geometry
of damage and residual tensile and compressive strengths
are discussed. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.984714
Item 185
Textile Progress
38, No.4, 2006, p.1-71
HYBRID YARNS AND TEXTILE PREFORMING
FOR THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
Alagirusamy R; Fangueiro R; Ogale V; Padaki N
A comprehensive review is presented on thermoplastic
hybrid yarns, which includes sections on types of hybrid
yarns, hybrid yarn characterisation, textile preforming,
manufacture of thermoplastic composites with hybrid
yarns and textile preforms, compaction and consolidation
of hybrid yarns, hybrid yarn structure-composite property
relations, potential applications for thermoplastic
composites and trends in thermoplastic composite
applications (natural fibre reinforced thermoplastic
composites, environmental issues and recyclability). 214
refs.
Accession no.983116
Item 186
High-Performance Composites
14, No.5, Sept.2006, p.28-34
ENGINEERED TO INNOVATE
Gardiner G
In the 1970s, in space and aircraft applications, aluminium
honeycomb became the core of choice. Today, aluminium
honeycomb shares the market with aramid and carbon
honeycombs in prepreg constructions, and honeycomb
is no longer the only core in town. Advanced composite
sandwich constructions are employed in a broad range of
applications that involve performance demands, moulding
methods and constraints on labour, time and cost that
make honeycomb’s open cell structure impractical. Albany
Engineered Composites has ramped up production of
X-COR, its innovative structural core material, which has
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
been selected for use in the new all-composite tailcone, part
of a major upgrade of the US Army’s UH60M Black Hawk
helicopter. For a jet engine fan case, WebCore is using a
combination of TYCOR core material, with carbon fibre
reinforcement and rigid 100% PMI closed cell foam, and
braided fabric skin, which is integrally stitched through
the thickness of the entire sandwich structure.
WORLD
Accession no.981661
Item 187
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
19, No.6, Nov.2006, p.715-729
MOISTURE EFFECT ON THE INTERLAMINAR
RESISTANCE OF WOVEN FABRIC
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE
Zenasni R; Saadi B A
Mostaganem,University; Oran,University of Sciences
and Technology
An investigation was carried out into the effect of moisture
on the interlaminar fracture toughness of woven fabric
8H Satin glass fibre and 8H Satin carbon fibre reinforced
polyetherimide composites of the type used in aeronautical
and aerospace applications. Interlaminar fracture behaviour
was analysed using the Mode I, double cantilever beam test
and Mode II, end notched flexure to determine the energy
required for initiation and growth of cracks. Delamination
energies were calculated using various methods and the
fracture mechanism was analysed using scanning electron
microscopy. 22 refs.
ALGERIA
Accession no.980944
Item 188
ANTEC 2006. Proceedings of the 64th SPE Annual
conference held Charlotte, NC., 7th-11th May 2006.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2006, p.258-62
HARNESSING MOLECULAR FORCES TO
EXFOLIATE CLAY IN THERMOSET SYSTEMS
Gintert M J; Jana S C; Miller S G
Akron,University; US,NASA,Glenn Research Center
(SPE)
Layered silicate PMR-15 polyimide nanocomposites
are being developed for high-performance aerospace
applications. The goal is to achieve full exfoliation under
quiescent conditions using a novel approach, whereby
intra- and extra-gallery modulus and viscosity are
engineered to result in a net force pushing clay layers
apart during cure. The current study explores treatment of
clay with reactive surfactants which are thermally stable
and participate in crosslinking with PMR resin, providing
higher thermo-oxidative stability than possible with current
technologies. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.980308
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 189
Journal of Composite Materials
40, No.20, 2006, p.1871-1883
CONSOLIDATION OF REACTIVE ULTEM
POWDER-COATED CARBON FIBER TOW
FOR SPACE STRUCTURE COMPOSITES BY
RESISTIVE HEATING
Naskar A K; Edie D D
Clemson,University
A crosslinkable, radiation-resistant, phenylethynyl-
terminated polyetherimide (Ultem) was applied to carbon
fibre tows using a powder coating procedure and an
electrical current passed across the coated fibre tows to
melt the thermoplastic powder and form rigid composites,
which were characterised by scanning electron microscopy
and tensile testing. The melting temperature and specific
heat of the thermoplastic were measured by differential
scanning calorimetry. The power requirement for wetting
the fibre tows with the powder on earth and in outer space
was determined by measuring the applied current and
degree of consolidation and the curing of the composite
was monitored by torsional oscillatory rheological
measurements. The results obtained showed that the
resistive heating technique was feasible for producing rigid
inflatable composites for aerospace applications. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.979869
Item 190
European Design Engineer
Oct.2006, p.46/48
THE SKY’S THE LIMIT FOR EPOXY
ADHESIVES AND SYNTACTICS
Christou P
Huntsman Advanced Materials (Switzerland) GmbH
Some of the latest product developments in the field of
epoxy resin syntactics and structural adhesives, which
can meet the requirements of a range of critical and
demanding applications for aerospace manufacturing
and repair industries, are described. These developments
include an epoxy-based aerofoil syntactic paste for engine
vibration damping and a bromine-free, flame retardant
epoxy syntactic paste for high strength reinforcement in
honeycomb core parts.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.979107
Item 191
Modern Plastics Worldwide
83, No.10, Oct.2006, p.88-89
PEEK-BASED COMPOSITES
PEEK is now being used as the polymer matrix for
thermoplastic composite prepregs, suspending carbon,
glass or aramid continuous fibres for a composite material
that can replace metals and thermosets in aerospace,
63
 References and Abstracts
offshore, medical and industrial applications. The material
comes in viscosities ranging from standard, to medium, to
very low. PEEK is able to withstand continuous operating
temperatures of up to 260 deg.C in low-stress applications
and 120 deg.C in aerospace structural applications. Victrex
has partnered with composite producers to create dry and
multiaxial fabrics; braid, two and unidirectional tape;
unidirectional sheet; and consolidated fabric, it is briefly
reported.
Victrex USA Inc.
USA
Accession no.978301
Item 192
High Performance Plastics
June 2006, p.4
BENZOXAZINE RESINS
Henkel KGaA of Germany has commercialised a range
of low-viscosity, one-part benzoxazine resins for use in
the manufacture of large fibre-reinforced plastic parts for
aerospace applications. The resins are stable at ambient
temperature, have a long pot-life, and are easy to process.
This abstract includes all the information contained in the
original article.
Henkel KGaA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.977783
Item 193
SAMPE ‘06: Creating New Opportunities for The World
Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a conference held
Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 36, pp.12
DESIGNING COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Ungaro P; Grape J
VISTAGE INC.
(SAMPE)
Examples of applications in the aerospace and automotive
industries are presented, demonstrating how new software
enables composite designers and manufacturing engineers
to more efficiently and reliably work together using an
integrated Design for Manufacturing process. Three areas
of major progress in composite design and manufacturing
are covered, namely automated deposition methods,
forming and stamping and assembly design, and Vistagy’s
Aircraft Design Environment is introduced as an example
of a specialised computer aided design environment for
efficient and consistent definition of composite assemblies.
3 refs.
USA
Accession no.977507
64
Item 194
SAMPE ‘06: Creating New Opportunities for The World
Economy: Volume 51. Proceedings of a conference held
Long Beach, Ca., 30th April-4th May 2006.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2006, Paper 3, pp.8
NEW LOW STRESS FILM ADHESIVE FOR
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS REQUIRING LOW
OUTGASSING
Riegler B; Kaelani F; Long D A
NuSil Technology LLC
(SAMPE)
The chemistries of silicone and film adhesives are
described and the characteristics of a new silicone film
adhesive, which combines low outgas properties required
for space applications with consistent bond thickness,
are reported. The new film adhesive is compared with a
low outgas liquid adhesive and is considered suitable for
various applications common to satellite manufacturing.
7 refs.
USA
Accession no.977488
Item 195
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
Covina, Ca., ACS, SAMPE International Business
Office, 2005, paper 82, pp.9
ADVANCED COMPOSITE STRUCTURES USING
NEW RESIN TECHNOLOGY OFFER WEIGHT
AND COST SAVINGS
Wei H Li; Lehmann S L; Wong R S
Henkel Corp.
(SAMPE)
To fill the gap in service temperatures for composite
structures between the high performance epoxy materials
at glass transition temperatures at 140 deg.C and BMI
at around 220 deg.C, a new range of benzoxazine resins
was developed and is described. Resin properties were
characterised, including density, shrinkage, moisture
uptake, glass transition temperature, compression strength
and modulus and notched bend strength. Use of the resins
in resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin film infusion,
vacuum-assisted RTM, and prepreg applications was
discussed. Composites were said to be easy to process
and have lower cure shrinkage, superior compression
strength and modulus, and a good blend of glass transition
temperature and toughness. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.977336
Item 196
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
COVINA, CA., ACS, SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2005, PAPER 175, PP.15
VARTM PROCESSING OF TAILORED
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Loos A C; Grimsley B W; Cano R J; Hubert P
Michigan,State University; NASA Langley Research
Center; McGill University
(SAMPE)
Tailored composite structures were prepared using a
preform of layers of a uni-weave carbon fibre fabric coated
with tackifier, followed by impregnation by resin using a
modified vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding process
(VARTM). Better mechanical properties were found in the
composite than in an equivalent structure prepared by a
commercial resin infusion process, due to the increase in
fibre volume obtained in the VARTM process. A model
developed to predict infiltration times was evaluated
visually using a transparent mould and SAE40 engine oil to
simulate the resin, and was found to be accurate. 7 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.977300
Item 197
Polymer Engineering and Science
46, No.8, 2006, p.1079-1084
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOPARTICLE-
POLYSILOXANE COMPOSITES FOR
SPACECRAFT APPLICATIONS
Hidden G; Boudou L; Martinez-Vega J; Remaury S;
Nabarra P
Toulouse,Universite Paul Sabatier; CNES
In orbit, satellites are exposed to significant thermal
variations. To ensure reliable operation of their on-board
systems and equipment, a thermal control of the spacecraft
is necessary using cold, neutral or warm coatings. The
Materials and Coatings Laboratory of the Thermal Control
Services at CNES has elaborated a cold coating version
by using a polysiloxane deposit on a metal substrate
(such as polished aluminium or vacuum deposited silver).
In geostationary orbit, polysiloxane, which has a high
electrical resistivity, can accumulate implanted charges
that can give rise to electrostatic discharges and damage
the neighbouring electronic systems. To prevent any
electrostatic discharge problems in geostationary orbit,
the resistivity of coatings should be reduced without
altering their thermo-optical properties, in particular the
low solar absorptivity and the high emissivity for cold
coatings. Several methods have been studied, such as the
incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and indium
tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles in the polysiloxane matrix,
with the objective of attaining a high transparency, a high
emissive, and an antistatic resin. In this paper, the influence
on thermo-optical properties of CNT-Polysiloxane and
ITO-Polysiloxane composites, as a function of sample
thickness d (micro m) and nanoparticles concentration p
(%wt), is reported. 7 refs.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.977187
Item 198
Polymer Composites
27, No.4, 2006, p.402-409
EPOXY-MODIFIED CYANATE ESTER RESIN
AND ITS HIGH-MODULUS CARBON-FIBER
COMPOSITES
Ren P; Liang G; Zhang Z
Xian,University of Technology; Xian,Northwestern
Polytechnical University
Epoxy E51-modified bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy)
and its high-modulus carbon fibre (M40) reinforced
composites were prepared in this research. The carbon-
fibre composites were prepared by autoclave moulding.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of BADCy-
E51 blend systems showed that polycyclotrimerisation
of BADCy primarily took place at low temperature.
Epoxy group reacted with triazine ring group and
produced oxazolidinone at high temperature. The data
of mechanical properties, water absorption, and heat
deflection temperature (HDT) of cured castings showed
that the matrix system containing 95 wt% BADCy and 5
wt% E51 had optimum characteristics. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) analysis of M40 fibre and the fracture
surfaces of M40/BADCy-E51 composite displayed that
the adhesion between M40 fibre and BADCy was good
though the surface of M40 was inert. The high retention
of mechanical properties of M40/BADCy-E51 composite
after long-term exposure to environmental conditions
indicated that the M40/BADCy composite was suitable
for space applications. 18 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.977176
Item 199
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
102, No.2, 15th Oct.2006, pp. 1959-1967
MODIFICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE
POLYMER COMPOSITE THROUGH HIGH-
ENERGY RADIATION AND LOW-PRESSURE
PLASMA FOR AEROSPACE AND SPACE
APPLICATIONS
Bhowmik S; Bonin H W; Bui V T; Weir R D
Canada,Royal Military College
Attempts were made to modify polybenzimidazole
(PBI) by high-energy radiation and low-pressure plasma
treatment to permit the preparation of composites with
the same polymer. The PBI composites were prepared by
using an ultra-high-temperature-resistant epoxy adhesive
to join the two polymer sheets. The adhesive had a service
temperature range of -260 to +370 deg.C and was highly
resistance to acids, alkalis, solvents, corrosives, radiation,
65
 References and Abstracts
and fire. Before preparing the composite, the surface
of the PBI was ultrasonically cleaned in acetone and
modified by high-energy radiation for 6 h in the pool of a
nuclear reactor that produced a mixed field of thermal and
epithermal neutrons, energetic electrons, and protons, and
gamma-rays at a dose rate of 37 kGy/h. Alternatively, the
polymer was subjected to low-pressure plasma treatment
with a 13.56-MHz radio-frequency glow discharge for
120 s at 100-W power with nitrogen as the process gas. A
considerable increase in the joint strength was observed
when the polymer surface was modified by either process.
A further significant increase in joint strength occurred
when the polymer surface was initially modified by
exposure to low-pressure plasma followed by exposure
to high-energy radiation. To simulate conditions in space,
the joints were exposed to cryogenic (-196 deg.C) and
high temperatures (+300 deg.C) for 100 h. Joints exposed
to these conditions retained about 95% of their strength.
Microscopic examination of fractured surfaces of the joints
showed that the surface-modified polymer essentially
failed cohesively within the adhesive. 21 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.977162
Item 200
SAMPE ‘05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2005, Paper 229, pp. 11
EFFECTS OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON
THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON/
PEKK THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Salek M H; Hoa S V
Concordia,University
(SAMPE)
The effects of processing parameters on the mechanical
properties of carbon/polyetherketoneketone (PEKK)
thermoplastic composite laminates is described. Flat
laminates are processed by compression moulding and
the tensile strength and moduli determined. SEM is used
to observe the different microstructures arising from the
different processing conditions. Optimum properties for
the laminates are established. The range of parameters can
serve as a guide to consolidate carbon/PEKK laminates for
high performance aerospace applications. 9 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.976910
Item 201
8th World Pultrusion Conference: Emerging Markets:
Globalization of the Pultrusion Industry. Proceedings of
a conference held Budapest, Hungary, 22nd-24th March
2006.
Leusden, EPTA, 2006, Paper 6, pp.11
66
NOVEL USE OF CYANATE ESTERS IN HIGH
TEMPERATURE PULTRUSION APPLICATIONS
Das S
Lonza Inc.
(European Pultrusion Technology Assn.)
A report is presented on advances in new cyanate ester
chemistries, catalyst technology and extended pot-life
during processing, which have allowed cyanate esters to be
used in applications, such as air ducts for aircraft, requiring
vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding, filament winding
and pultrusion. Resins under consideration in this article
are Primaset PT-30, Primaset PT-15 and Primaset-LECY,
which can be toughened and synthesised using snap cure
catalysts. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.976457
Item 202
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
Covina, Ca., ACS,SAMPE International Business
Office, 2005, Paper 7, pp.8
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR METALLIC
BONDED REPAIR: A COMPARISON OF
METHODS FOR NAVAL FLEET DEPLOYMENT
Tillman M S; Manson R T
NAVAIR
(SAMPE)
Surface preparation presents major problems for bonded
repair of aircraft on vessels at sea. Sol-gel based surface
preparations were evaluated and compared to traditional
surface preparations such as phosphoric acid and others
treatments. It was found that sol-gel methods provided a
robust way of chemically treating metallic surfaces, with
compatibility to several adhesive systems being of further
value in applications of this type. Test methods involved
bonding of samples followed by lap shear testing and
peel testing during exposure to various environmental
conditions. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.976144
Item 203
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
COVINA, CA., ACS,SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2005, PAPER 5, PP.14
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF
CARBON NANOFIBRE-BASED CONDUCTIVE
ADHESIVES
Gibson T; Rice B; Ragland W; Silverman E M; Hsaio-
hu Peng; Strong K L; Moon D
Dayton,University,Research Institute; Northrop
Grumman Space Technology; US,Air Force Research
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Laboratory; ATK Composites
(SAMPE)
Developments of epoxy adhesives containing either silver
coated or uncoated carbon nanofibres, for applications
requiring electrical conductivity in the aerospace
industries, is described. Adhesives were compared to
current systems using structural adhesives and electrical
bonding, and formulations containing silver coated carbon
nanofibres were found to meet requirements for prevention
of static discharges whilst maintaining lap shear strength
at joints. Viscosity testing of adhesives, scanning electron
microscopy of ruptures surfaces and conductivity testing
were used in evaluation of the adhesives. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.976142
Item 204
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
Covina, Ca., ACS,SAMPE International Business
Office, 2005, Paper 3, pp.16
LIQUID CRYSTALLINE THERMOSETS
FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVE
APPLICATIONS
Haight A E H; Allred R E
Adherent Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
Melt processable liquid crystalline thermoset (LCT)
adhesives based on ester bismaleimide monomers and
liquid crystalline comonomers such as methylene dianiline
(MDA) and diaminodecane were prepared by solution
or solid state mixing. Some of these materials showed a
wide processing range and excellent thermal stability in
air up to temperatures above 400 deg.C. Monomers were
characterised according to normal analytical methods,
and adhesives were characterised for their curing
characteristics by differential scanning calorimetry and
polarised optical microscopy, and by lap-shear strength
testing and thermogravimetric analysis. It was seen that
liquid crystalline order was maintained in the cured
system, giving high strength and low coefficients of
thermal expansion. Adhesion tests were carried out on a
number of substrates including aluminium, titanium and
composite materials. Adhesives based on MDA showed
the most promise. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.976140
Item 205
SAMPE '05: New Horizons for Materials and
Processing Technologies. Proceedings of a conference
held Long Beach, Ca., 1st-5th May 2005.
Covina, Ca., ACS,SAMPE International Business
Office, 2005, Paper 2, pp.9
SHELF-STABLE LOW TEMPERATURE CURE
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
EPOXY FILM ADHESIVE FOR ON-AIRCRAFT
BONDED REPAIR
Kovar R F; Weatmark C; Temchenko M; Tiano T
Foster-Miller Inc.
(SAMPE)
For aircraft applications a shelf stable epoxy film
adhesive was developed that incorporated a cure catalyst
incorporated within crosslinked gelatin microcapsules.
Cure could be activated by either crushing or by
temperature. Epoxy resins of this type were characterised
for their shelf stability at different temperatures, and for
their mechanical properties before and after cure at either
49 or 121 deg.C using elemental analysis, differential
scanning calorimetry, torsion braid analysis, peel testing
and lap-shear strength. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.976139
Item 206
Journal of Composite Materials
40, No.17, 2006, p.1511
REVIEW ARTICLE: POLYMER-MATRIX
NANOCOMPOSITES, PROCESSING,
MANUFACTURING, AND APPLICATION: AN
OVERVIEW
Hussain F; Hojjati M; Okamoto M; Gorga R E
Canada,National Research Council; Toyota
Technological Institute; North Carolina,State University
The processing, manufacture, characterisation,
structure-property relationships, health and safety
issues and commercial applications of nanocomposites
of thermoplastics with various nanoparticles, including
layered silicates and organically modified silicates,
graphite nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes and nanofibres,
are comprehensively reviewed. The future outlook for
polymer-matrix nanocomposites, including biodegradable
nanocomposites derived from renewable resources, is also
discussed. 350 refs.
CANADA; JAPAN; USA
Accession no.976134
Item 207
Popular Plastics and Packaging
51, No.9, Sept.2006, p.73-78
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS - MATERIALS OF
THE FUTURE
Saroop M; Sarkar A
New Delhi,Indian Institute of Technology; ICI India
Ltd.
Shape memory is the ability of a material to recover its
original shape, either after mechanical deformation, which
is a one way effect, or by cooling and heating, which is a
two way effect. This phenomenon is based on structural
phase transformation. Shape Memory Polymers exhibit the
same physical phenomenon as Shape Memory Alloys, but
67
 References and Abstracts
are lighter in weight, lower in cost, can be easily processed
into complex shapes and exhibit larger recovery strains.
Excellent shape memory effect has been observed with
trans-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer and
segmented PUs. The structure of shape memory polymers
and shape memory behaviour is discussed. Applications
include: biomedical such as implants and smart sutures;
aerospace morphing systems; and manufacturing,
including composite tooling for filament winding. Next
generation technologies include self-repairing structural
materials, smart coatings in defence applications and self-
repairing coatings for automotive and marine applications.
37 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.975980
Item 208
High-Performance Composites
14, No.4, July 2006, p.44-50
LIGHTNING STRIKE PROTECTION FOR
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Gardiner G
General aviation aircraft, large commercial jets and
wind turbines are vulnerable to lightning strike. Unlike
their metal counterparts, composites structures in these
applications do not readily conduct away the extreme
electrical currents and electromagnetic forces generated
by lightning strikes. Lightning strike protection strategies
have three goals: provide adequate conductive paths so
that lightning current remains on the structure’s exterior;
eliminate gaps in this conductive path to prevent arcing
at attachment points and ignition of fuel vapours; and
protect wiring, cables and sensitive equipment from
damaging surges. Traditionally, conductive paths in
composite structures have been established in one of the
following ways: bonding aluminium foil to the structure
as the outside ply; bonding aluminium or copper mesh to
the structure either as the outside ply or embedded one
ply down; or incorporating strands of conductive material
into the laminate. Among the newest developments are
“all-in-one” LSP prepregs, which contain pre-embedded
woven or nonwoven metal meshes.
USA
Accession no.975958
Item 209
Composites Science and Technology
66, No.14, 2006, p.2500-2505
FORCE PROTECTION USING COMPOSITE
SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Sierakowski R L; Hughes M L
US,Air Force Research Laboratory; Auburn,University
In the recent past, advances have been made in the attempt
to utilize composite materials as components in protective
structures such as those employed by the Air Force to
secure critical military assets. In such applications, where
68
lightweight materials that exhibit large levels of energy
absorption and high strength/stiffness characteristics are
desirable, composite sandwich constructions offer an
attractive solution. In an attempt to evaluate the suitability
of certain sandwich structures for use in force protection
applications, several sandwich constructions with
somewhat novel core materials were identified. A group
of thermoplastic core materials have been developed that
possess features of both a dense elastic solid and a foam
type material. This class of core materials incorporates
sloping cell walls, rather than the traditional parallel
cell wall structure present in, say, a regular aluminium
honeycomb. This feature, along with the increased surface
area connectivity present between cells (produced by
the forming process used to create the core materials)
integrates surrounding cells into what may be described
as an enhanced hexagonal single unit cell structure. To
develop a preliminary understanding of the response of
these enhanced cellular materials to the various loading
regimes that could be encountered in a protective structure,
a series of static and dynamic tests were conducted at
Tyndall Air Force Base. A complete description of the
novel core materials, as well as the results of the static
and dynamic tests, will be presented in this paper. 4 refs.
Copyright (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd
USA
Accession no.975777
Item 210
Composites Science and Technology
66, No.14, 2006, p.2465-2472
ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SANDWICH
COMPOSITES AND THEIR CORE MATERIALS
Mahfuz H; Thomas T; Rangari V; Jeelani S
Florida,Atlantic University; MeadWestvaco Corp.;
Tuskegee,University
Sandwich composites are being aggressively pursued as
structural materials by various defence and commercial
industries. These include navy, air force, army, automotive
and sporting industries to name a few. In the context of
structural load bearing members and absorbing dynamic
loads, foam core sandwich composites offer unique
advantages over traditional composites. The cellular
construction of the foam materials not only provides
lightweight capability but also a deformation mechanism
that allows efficient absorption of energy. Of particular
interest in this study is to investigate the behaviour of the
foam materials and their sandwiches under high strain
rate (HSR) loading which are very much prevalent in their
actual applications. A systematic approach has been taken
to study the response of PVC foam materials at strain
rates ranging from quasi-static to around 2000 s-1. First,
room temperature response has been extracted for various
density foams, and determined their strain rate sensitivities
and failure characteristics. Next, two microstructures in
the construction of the core materials, namely linear and
cross-linked foams, were considered in the investigation.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
This study revealed that both the categories of foam
had direct dependence on temperatures well below the
T”g of the base polymer. Consequently, the next phase
of the investigation included HSR tests at elevated and
sub-ambient temperatures. The study has established that
at room temperature (RT), the delamination at the sub-
interface zone underneath the actual core-skin interface
is the critical mode of failure. This sub-interface is
characterized by the separation of the dry and resin-soaked
cells near the core-skin interface. Failure modes however
changed as the test temperature changed from RT to sub-
ambient. 20 refs. Copyright (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd
USA
Accession no.975776
Item 211
Composite Structures
75, No.1-4, 2006, p.472-478
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR OF METALLIC PLATES
REINFORCED BY POLYMER MATRIX
COMPOSITES
Shokrieh M M; Najafi A
Iran,University of Science & Technology
The applications of composite materials have become
common in different industries. These materials introduce
lower weight, high strength, and viscoelastic properties.
Although composite materials offer many advantages in
the designing and manufacturing of structures, they cannot
replace the wide range of using metallic materials. Most
of the industries especially aerospace try to use composite
materials together with metal advantages in order to design
a safe and optimized structure. The offshore structure
can be reinforced and repaired with composite layers.
In this research, the effects of composite reinforcement
on the dynamic behaviour of metallic plates are studied.
Several panels are treated with different lay-ups and the
modal testing was conducted to evaluate the effect of such
treatments. This reinforcing can change both stiffness
and damping properties of structures. The stiffness
properties of such reinforced plates can be influenced by
fibre properties, while the damping properties come from
the viscoelastic property of the matrix. Modal testing
is applied to the specimens and the modal parameters
are derived experimentally. This study shows that using
composite material can modify both stiffness and damping
characteristics. 24 refs. Copyright (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd
IRAN
Accession no.975695
Item 212
Polymer
47, No.17, 2006, p.6091-6098
NEW KINDS OF PHENYLETHYNYL-
TERMINATED POLYIMIDE OLIGOMERS WITH
LOW VISCOSITY AND GOOD HYDROLYTIC
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
STABILITY
Rao X; Zhou H; Dang G; Chen C; Wu Z
Jilin,University
In continuing studies to develop low melt viscosity
phenylethynyl end-capped imide oligomers for aerospace
applications, new kinds of all-aromatic phenylethynyl-
terminated imide oligomers were prepared by the reaction
of 3,3’,4,4’-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride
(BTDA) or biphenylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
(s-BPDA) with 2,5-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-biphenyl
(p-TPEQ) and 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride
(PEPA) or 4-(1-phenylethynyl)1,8-naphthalic anhydride
(PENA). The oligomers bearing pendant phenyl groups
exhibit much lower melt viscosities at low temperatures,
and thus provide wide processing window. The thermal
curing process of the oligomers was investigated with
DSC. The tensile and thermal properties of the cured films
were evaluated. Oligomers derived from PENA cured at
lower temperatures and the corresponding cured polymers
show better hydrolytic stability than those of PEPA.
Results showed that the utilisation of diamine monomer
(p-TPEQ) can improve the processability and solubility
of phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomers without
sacrificing their thermo-oxidative stability. 36 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.975595
Item 213
Journal of Advanced Materials
38, No.3, July 2006, p.68-74
WHAT WE DREAMT AS CHILDREN - HOW
CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS ARE BRIDGING
OUR DREAMS TO REALITY
Hansen G
Metal Matrix
A review is presented of the literature on the breadth
of materials used to create conductive polymers and on
the depth of the research on their use as multifunctional
materials. Methods for rendering polymers electrically
conductive are described, together with intrinsically
conductive polymers and conductive additives for plastics.
The use of nanomaterials as conductive additives is
considered. A few brief examples of applications of
conductive polymers are given, including controlled
conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, lightning strike
protection of aircraft, elastomers and sensors, and shape
memory polymers. 35 refs.
USA
Accession no.975385
Item 214
Kunststoffe International
96, No.7, 2006, p.54-56
HIGH PURITY PLUS OUTSTANDING
RESISTANCE
Van der Weide I; Werth M
69
 References and Abstracts
Zotefoams PLC; Arkema
The manufacture of high-performance foams based on
polyvinylidene fluoride in a specific physical foaming
process is described. The resultant foams are shown
to combine low weight and insulating characteristics
with the resistance to elevated temperatures, corrosive
chemicals, fire and ionising radiation that is typical of
PVDF. Data on these properties are included. This property
profile is shown to open up numerous applications in the
aviation, chemical and construction industries, and also
in architecture.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.975342
Item 215
High Performance Plastics
April 2006, p.12
LOW DENSITY FOAM
At Sandia National Laboratories in the USA, scientists
are reported to have developed a low-density PU foam
which does not need toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - a
possible human carcinogen. Brief details are given in
this short article of possible applications of the new
foam, which is known as “TufFoam”.
Sandia National Laboratories; International Agency for
Research on Cancer
USA
Accession no.975265
Item 216
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005.
Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San
Diego, Ca., March 2005.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2005, p.426-427
LIBRARIES OF NANOSIZED
POLYFUNCTIONAL PLATFORMS AND
NANOCOMPOSITES FROM SISESQUIOXANES
Laine R M; Brick C; Asuncion M; Roll S; Sulaiman S;
Lee M; Kennedy V
Michigan,University; Mayaterials.com
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Developments in areas of epoxy materials for use in aircraft
underfills and epoxy resin coatings for use in anticorrosion
applications on aluminium, using cubic silsesquioxane
networks in epoxy resin networks, was discussed. Tailoring
of various materials by use of nano-building blocks was
considered and materials already prepared were listed.
6 refs.
USA
Accession no.974786
Item 217
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005.
Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San
70
Diego, Ca., March 2005
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2005, p.190-191
CHARACTERIZATION OF LAYER-BY-
LAYER ASSEMBLED CARBON NANOTUBE/
POLYELECTROLYTE FILMS
Gupta S; Huang G; Lu H; Mamedov A A
Nomadics Inc.; Oklahoma State University
ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry
The properties of nanocomposites of single-walled
carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and polyelectrolyte
[poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) or poly(acrylic
acid)] assembled layer by layer were examined by
nanoindentation testing. The uniaxially relaxation modulus
was extracted from the load-displacement curve. The
modulus of the SWNT/polymer film is much larger than
that of a film consisting of polymers alone. The measured
modulus was verified by finite-element simulation. 10
refs.
USA
Accession no.974698
Item 218
Polymer Preprints. Volume 46. Number 1. March 2005.
Papers are presented at the ACS meeting held San
Diego, Ca., March 2005.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2005, p.556-557
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES; MULTIFUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS FOR REVOLUTIONARY
APPLICATIONS.
Havens E; Dietsch B A; Tong T H; Hood P J
Cornerstone Research Group Inc.
ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry
The potential applications of shape-memory polymer
nanocomposites are discussed. Materials such as Veriflex
and Veritex can be formed into structures that transform
into other structures on heating by an electrical current.
Such materials can, for example, be used to produce
aircraft parts that change shape when heated by an
electrical current to change the flight characteristics of the
aeroplane. The shape memory effect can also be triggered
by other stimuli, such as light or electricity. 0 refs.
USA
Accession no.974648
Item 219
High Temperature Polymers: Advances and
Applications. Proceedings of a conference held
Clearwater Beach, Fl., 20th-21st Feb. 1995.
Plymouth, Mi., 1995, Paper 3, pp.48
AURUM: NEW TPI-THERMOPLASTIC
POLYIMIDE: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS
Sanguigni J A
Advanced Web Products Inc.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts

(Executive Conference Management Inc.) Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic laminates in aerospace

applications are monitored using the electrical potential
Very comprehensive property data are presented in
method to detect delamination. The electrical potential
the form of technical data sheets for Aurum, a new
method showed a poor performance of estimation when
thermoplastic semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyimide
the delamination was located near the centre of the charged
developed by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. Aurum is
electrodes. This problem is overcome by introducing the
an engineering plastic with high performance properties
non-symmetric charging concept to the electrical potential
and excellent processability. Information is presented
method, the validity of which is demonstrated by means
relating to its heat resistance, mechanical and electrical
of finite element method analyses. 7 refs.
properties, environmental resistance, processability, and
JAPAN
its applications in mechanical components and automotive
engines. Accession no.972349
MITSUI TOATSU
JAPAN; USA Item 222
Accession no.974309 Composites Technologies for 2020. Proceedings of the
Fourth Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite
Materials (AACM-4), held Sydney, Australia, 6th-9th
Item 220
July 2004.
High Temperature Polymers: Advances and
Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, 2004, p.882-887
Applications. Proceedings of a conference held
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE ACCESS
Clearwater Beach, Fl., 20th-21st Feb. 1995.
COVER MANUFACTURED BY CO-
Plymouth, Mi., 1995, Paper 2, pp.22
CONSOLIDATION AFTER THERMOFORMING
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS FOR POLYIMIDES
STIFFERS
AND OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE POLYMERS
Kejian Wang; Xiao-Su Yi
Scola D A
Beijing,Institute of Aeronautical Materials
Connecticut,University
(Asian-Australasian Association for Composite
(Executive Conference Management Inc.)
Materials)
This paper reviews the most recent high temperature
Details are given of an integrated manufacturing process for
polymers which are currently being considered for, or which
the production of a thermoplastic composite aircraft access
have the potential for, use in aerospace applications. The
cover with L-shaped stiffeners of carbon fibre reinforced
chemistry and thermooxidative stability of such polymers
PEEK. The fabrication process is described and involves
are presented, and engine applications for advanced
the use of flexible prepreg fabric, co-woven with carbon
composites are examined. In particular, consideration is
fibre and PEEK. The stiffeners were produced either in
given to polymers which have the potential for short term
direct press forming from a prepreg or by thermoforming
applications at 371 deg.C, their synthesis and structural
of pre-consolidated blanks. The latter method was found
similarities. Polymer and composite stability at 371 deg.C
to be more cost-effective and produced a higher quality
are compared and also the mechanical properties at room
of product. Both fusion welding and consolidation were
temperature and at 371 deg.C before and after ageing at
used in the manufacture of the part, and the latter proved
371 deg.C in 1 and 4 atmosphere of air are presented.
more cost-effective. The use of thermoforming and co-
Polymer composite development opportunities in subsonic,
consolidation was shown to offer strong potential in the
commercial, military and high speed civil transport aircraft
large volume production of three-dimensional composite
propulsion systems are reviewed. 21 refs.
structural parts for aerospace applications. 7 refs.
USA
CHINA
Accession no.974308
Accession no.972338

Item 221
Item 223
Composites Technologies for 2020. Proceedings of the
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
Fourth Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite
26, No.5, 2006, p.295-303
Materials (AACM-4), held Sydney, Australia, 6th-9th
SURFACE CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
July 2004.
THE REMOVAL OF CROSSLINKED EPOXIDE
Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, 2004, p1018-1024
RESIN
DELAMINATION MONITORING OF CFRP
Litchfield R E; Critchlow G W; Wilson S
LAMINATES USING ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
Loughborough,University; Bombardier Aerospace;
METHOD
Short Bros.
Ueda M; Todoroki A; Shimamura Y; Kobayashi H
Tokyo,Institute of Technology This study provides details of the use of laser ablation
(Asian-Australasian Association for Composite and sodium hydride cleaning processes for the removal
Materials) of crosslinked epoxide and other residues from resin

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 71

 References and Abstracts
transfer moulding (RTM) tool substrates, as used in
the aerospace industry. The requirement for removal of
such contamination is so that the mould can be re-used,
following the subsequent application of an external release
agent. These tools are, typically, fabricated from steel,
nickel or CFRP composite materials; this paper focuses
on the use of nickel substrates. The requirement to clean
large surface areas quickly to satisfy commercial restraints,
compromises the degree of absolute cleanliness that can
be obtained. However, in applications where cleaning time
is not a constraint, laser cleaning can be a very gentle and
efficient process; typically Nd:YAG lasers find application
in this area. In contrast, high-power lasers are desirable
for industrial scale applications where large areas need
to be cleaned quickly. In this instance pulsed Co2 lasers
can be used. The use of sodium hydride was also found
to be highly successful in removing crosslinked organic
contamination providing that suitable hard rinse and drying
operations were also carried out. 14 refs. Copyright (c)
2006 Elsevier Ltd.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.971142
Item 224
Kunststoffe International
96, No.5, 2006, p.74/78
LIGHTWEIGHT, VERSATILE ALL-ROUNDER
Baumgartl H
BASF AG
The development by BASF AG of elastic melamine resin
foams, which are supplied to converters in slabstock form
under the trade name Basotect, is described. The properties
of the melamine resin foams are discussed, with particular
reference to thermal conductivity, chemical resistance,
thermal stability, flame resistance, and sound absorption.
Applications of the foams, such as cleaning sponges,
aircraft seat cushions and acoustic insulation components,
are considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.970978
Item 225
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
79, No.1, Jan.2006, p.22-29
Japanese
THE ROLE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS IN
SPACE APPLICATION AND ITS DURABILITY
Yokota R
Japan,Aerospace Exploration Agency
Developments in science and technology in the fields of
high-performance polymers and composites thereof for
space applications are reviewed. Areas covered include
advanced composites for spacecraft primary structures,
deployable structures, flexible films for space applications,
72
polymers environmentally stable in space, rubbers and
adhesives, thermal protection for the space shuttle and
heat resistant advanced composites for primary structures.
27 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.970859
Item 226
Composites Technology
12, No.3, June 2006, p.30-34
THERMOFORMABLE COMPOSITE PANELS,
PART II
Gardiner G
Structural parts made from thermoformed glass-reinforced
PPS panels have been put to notable use on the wing
leading edges of both the A340 and new A380 commercial
airliners. Predominantly supplied as a unidirectional
prepreg, Plytron, a PP composite manufactured by Gurit,
also is sold in sheets formed from multiple layers of
continuous glass/PP with custom-tailored layup and fibre
orientation. Plytron has demonstrated its ability to offer
Class A surface treatment in automotive applications.
Twintex commingled PP and continuous glass fibres has
reportedly shown promise for thermoformable sandwich
structures, featuring Twintex skins and either foam or
PP honeycomb core. Textile coverings or carpets can
be easily co-moulded during stamping for automotive
interiors. Using a single-step manufacturing technology,
FITS Technology produces lightweight, high-strength,
high-stiffness FITS (Foamed In-situ Thermoformable
Sandwich) panels, featuring an isotropic PEI foam core
bonded to continuous fibre-reinforced PEI faceskins. One
of the initial targets for FITS is in overhead storage bins
on commercial aircraft.
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.970391
Item 227
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
25, NO.8, 2006, P.847
MODELING YOUNG’S MODULUS
OF POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES USING A MODIFIED
HALPIN-TSAI MICROMECHANICAL MODEL
Yung K C; Wang J; Yue T M
Hong Kong,Polytechnic University
The application of the modified Halpin-Tsai
micromechanical model to the calculation of Young’s
modulus for nanocomposites of polymers with layered
silicates as a function of clay concentration was studied
for various parametric variations such as the exfoliation
ratio, the particle/matrix stiffness ratio, particle volume
fraction and particle aspect ratio. The predictions of the
model are discussed in comparison with experimental data
for nanocomposites of epoxy resin with montmorillonite
clay. 35 refs.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
CHINA
Accession no.968499
Item 228
Polymer Degradation and Stability
91, No.8, 2006, p.1861-1869
MODELING OF OXIDATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN
PMR-15 RESIN
Tandon G P; Pochiraju K V; Schoeppner G A
Dayton,University; Stevens Institute of Technology
A multidisciplinary approach focused on models and
processes to predict the performance and life expectancy
of high-temperature polymer matrix composite (HTPMC)
materials used in a variety of aerospace applications is
being developed. Emphasis is on the implementation and
extension of hierarchical models to represent the polymer
behaviour/properties as a function of the degradation state.
Neat resin specimens of high-temperature polyimide PMR-
15 have been evaluated for various ageing conditions.
Characterisation of the properties of the polyimide is
focused on development of a constitutive law for use
in a micromechanical analysis to predict the behaviour
of PMR-15 reinforced composites. Thermo-oxidative
ageing is simulated with a diffusion-reaction model in
which temperature, oxygen concentration and weight
loss effects are considered. One-dimensional simulations
illustrate oxidative layer growth for neat resin specimens.
Comparisons and correlations with experimental
observations of oxidation layer growth are presented. 22
refs. Copyright (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd.
USA
Accession no.968374
Item 229
Polimery
51, No.2, 2006, p.104-14
‘HYBRID’ SILICONES - AN OVERVIEW ON
POLYSILALKYLENE OR POLYSILARYLENE
SILOXANES FLUORINATED OR NOT
Guida-Pietrasanta F
Montpellier,Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie
An overview on polysilalkylene or polysilarylene siloxanes,
fluorinated or not, i.e. ‘hybrid’ silicones, is presented.
The main synthetic routes to obtain these polymers are
described, together with the properties of the different
polymers. Two routes are presented in more detail, i.e.
synthesis of alpha,omega-bis silanol monomers (prepared
either via an organometallic route or via hydrosilylation
of alpha,omega-dienes), followed by polycondensation of
these bis silanols, and polyhydrosilylation of alpha,omega-
dienes by alpha,omega-dihydrooligosiloxanes. This new
class of polysiloxanes has been developed, mainly since
the 1970s, to avoid the possible depolymerisation observed
under certain conditions (acid or base, medium or high
temperature) for classical polysiloxanes. The elastomers
prepared by crosslinking of these inorganic-organic
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
hybrid polymers exhibit very high thermal stability and
rather low temperature flexibility and, depending on the
nature of their backbones or of their side chains, they
can be resistant to solvents or fuels. They can thus find
applications in advanced technological areas (aerospace,
defence, computer applications). 67 refs. (Symposium
on ‘Hybrid Polymer Systems of Industrial Importance’,
Warsaw, Poland, Sept.2005)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.968089
Item 230
Polymer Engineering and Science
46, No.5, 2006, p.581-7
MODIFICATION OF BISPHENOL A DICYANATE
ESTER BY CARBOXYL-TERMINATED LIQUID
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE AND ITS
COMPOSITES
Jieliang Wang; Guozheng Liang; Wen Zhao; Shenghua
Lue; Hongxia Yan
Shanxi,Northwestern Polytechnical University
Cyanate esters with excellent high-temperature properties
and easy processing are well known as good resin
materials used in aerospace and electrical industries,
but the drawback of brittleness limits their usage. In this
study, carboxyl-terminated liquid butadiene-acrylonitrile
(CTBN) was introduced to improve the toughness of
bisphenol A dicyanate resin (BADCy), a typical kind of
the cyanate esters. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to
investigate the effects of CTBN on the curing behaviour
of BADCy; the results indicate that the addition of CTBN
has a great influence on the curing behaviour of BADCy
at lower temperatures, but little at higher temperatures.
Data from the thermogravimetric analysis and heat
deflection temperature analysis showed that the thermal
properties of the modified systems were poorer than that
of pristine BADCy resin. On the basis of the scanning
electron micrographs of the modified systems, toughening
mechanism of the systems was discussed. Mechanical and
dielectric properties of the cured resins and glass fibre-
reinforced composites were also studied. Modified systems
exhibit attractive properties for the future applications in
aerospace industries. 15 refs. Copyright 2006 Society of
Plastics Engineers
CHINA
Accession no.967589
Item 231
Extrusion
12, No.2, 2006, p.22
English; German
FIRST THERMOSET FOAM SUITABLE
FOR THERMOFORMING - MOVING THE
BOUNDARIES
BASF AG
73
 References and Abstracts
BASF’s Basotect TG thermoset melamine resin-based
foam which can be shaped under heat is briefly described.
It is shown that the impregnating step that used to be
indispensable for thermoforming this material is now
unnecessary, greatly simplifying its processing. The
material can be directly compression-moulded under the
usual processing conditions, so that making moulded parts
is easier and more efficient. Applications of Basotect TG
in automotive and aircraft construction, e.g. for acoustic
insulation, are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.967145
Item 232
Engineering
247, No.3, March 2006, p.8
FIBRE PROVIDER
A brief report is presented on the use of a honeycomb
composite made from DuPont Kevlar paper in the Airbus
A350 for applications ranging from flooring, interior walls
and cabin racks to wing flaps, radomes and leading edges.
The use of Kevlar as a replacement for traditional heavier
solutions with Kevlar honeycomb is said to allow increased
structural integrity while enabling significant weight
savings of 30 to 50%. The use of Nomex fire-resistant fibre
in the A350’s wallcoverings, structural parts, electric cable
conduits, carpeting and seat liners is also mentioned.
DuPont; Airbus
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.967115
Item 233
Composites Science and Technology
66, No.7-8, 2006, p.1010-21
FATIGUE FRACTURE OF EMBEDDED COPPER
CONDUCTORS IN MULTIFUNCTIONAL
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Hyonny Kim; Myounggu Park; Hsieh K
Purdue,University
The fatigue fracture of copper strips embedded in a glass
fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for aircraft applications
was investigated by means of static and fatigue testing.
Fractured specimens were analysed by X-ray imaging
and ultrasonic testing and fracture surfaces and debonded
surfaces analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Failure
mechanisms were identified and methods of improving the
performance of the copper interconnects in the composites
examined. 22 refs.
USA
Accession no.966886
Item 234
Composites Science and Technology
66, No.7-8, 2006, p.983-92
74
DURABILITY OF CFRP LAMINATES UNDER
THERMOMECHANICAL LOADING: A MICRO-
MESO DAMAGE MODEL
Lubineau G; Ladeveze P; Violeau D
Paris,University
A mathematical model for predicting the degradation of
laminated composites for aerospace applications under
cyclic loading conditions is proposed and applied to a
study of the thermal fatigue of CRFP laminates. It takes
into account oxidation effects and is a hybrid model based
upon continuous damage mechanics and finite fracture
mechanics. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.966885
Item 235
Macromolecular Symposia
No.233, 2006, p.180
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES: HOW TO
REACH LOW FLAMMABILITY?
Bourbigot S; Duquesne S; Jama C
ENSCL
The flammability properties of nanocomposites of
polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer,
polystyrene and poly(ether-b-amide) block copolymer, with
montmorillonite clay, organically modified montmorillonite
clay, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and carbon
nanotubes are reviewed in terms of heat release rate, UL-94
testing and limiting oxygen index. The characterisation of
dispersion of nanoparticles by solid-state NMR and TEM,
and the synergistic effects of combining nanoparticles
with flame-retardants or plasma treatment are discussed.
54 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.966495
Item 236
Kunststoffe International
96, No.3, 2006, p.76-82
THE BLACK GOLD OF LIGHTWEIGHT
BUILDING
Bittmann E
Werkstoff&Struktur
The thriving market for CFRP in achieving lightweight
constructions for the civilian aviation industry is discussed
and the desire of the automotive industry to participate
in this development is examined. There is shown to be a
huge disparity between the desire of the automotive sector,
which is affected by customer restraint, petrol prices and
legislation, to take the potential of lightweight construction
far beyond that of the current lightweight metal and
GRP applications, on one hand, and the cost of using
CFRP, on the other hand. Control of costs is considered.
Resin injection liquid composite moulding processes are
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
described and progress towards a mass-produced CFRP car
is considered. The use of CFRP for bridge reinforcement
is also mentioned. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.966215
Item 237
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
100, No.3, 5th May 2006, p.2210-9
CHEMISTRY OF THERMAL AGEING IN
AEROSPACE EPOXY COMPOSITES
Bondzic S; Hodgkin J; Krstina J; Mardel J
CSIRO
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of selected model
compounds was used to study the detailed chemical
reactions involved in the thermal ageing at 120 deg.C of
epoxy composites used in aerospace applications. The
major reaction appears to be oxidation of the carbonyl
group adjacent to a nitrogen atom in a tetraglycidyl
diaminodiphenyl methane group. This appears to be
particularly the case where this group is attached to an
isomer of the diaminodiphenylsulphone hardener. Other
ageing temperatures were considered and differences
discussed. 19 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.965868
Item 238
Journal of Polymer Engineering
26, No.2-4, Feb.-June 2006, p.213-26
PROPERTIES AND MANUFACTURING OF
SANDWICH PARTS WITH PHENOLIC FOAM
CORES
Haberstroh E; Schlumm M
Aachen,RWTH
The manufacture of sandwich structures comprising
semi-syntactic phenolic resin foam cores, produced using
low-density microspheres and a blowing agent, and fabric
skins by a one-step sandwich moulding process in which a
dry textile is impregnated with the foam system to give a
sandwich laminate was investigated. The mechanical and
fire properties of the sandwich structures are discussed in
terms of aerospace applications. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.965680
Item 239
Canadian Plastics
64, No.2, Feb.2006, p.10
SUPERCONDUCTIVE POLYMER TAKES
PLASTICS TO NEW HEIGHTS
Reid R
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
A research team at Integral Technologies has developed
a resin technology to manipulate the molecular structure
of virtually any polymer allowing it to fully conduct
electricity. When the technology, dubbed Electriplast,
becomes commercially available and wire applications are
developed from the technique, airplane manufacturers can
replace relatively expensive and heavy copper wire with
cheaper and lighter plastic wire. Integral has developed
PlasTenna, a flat panel antenna made from Electriplast. The
formula developed creates a micron structure in the polymer
where electrons can move freely without resistance. This
is accomplished through a special concoction of additives
and doping technique, which makes virtually any polymer
electrically conductive. Electriplast can be moulded
on conventional injection moulding machinery. Before
Electriplast is available to plastic processors, Integral must
find a partner to compound high volumes of the material,
about 100,000 lbs/day.
Integral Technologies Inc.
USA
Accession no.965454
Item 240
High-Performance Composites
14, No.2, March 2006, p.44-9
AUTOCLAVE QUALITY OUTSIDE THE
AUTOCLAVE?
Mason K F
Historically, most designers of structural composite
components for aerospace applications have taken
for granted the need for an autoclave cure. V System
Composites is one of a growing number of processors that
have begun to question the old assumptions. Using vacuum
assisted-resin transfer moulding of aerospace composites,
the company reports that 60% fibre volumes have been
achieved with unidirectional fabrics, compared to 62%
with autoclaved prepreg. A VARTM’s part’s stiffness,
proportional to fibre volume, would therefore experience
a knockdown of only 3-4% compared to autoclave
structures. Benefits of out-of-autoclave processing include
overall weight, part count, manufacturability, processing
time, surface quality and cost. VARTM is one of three
processing alternatives that proponents claim can achieve
aerospace-grade results without resort to autoclave
cure. The second alternative is resin transfer moulding,
while the simplest and newest method is oven curing
of prepregged parts, using prepregs recently developed
for out-of-autoclave processing. Examples are presented
which illustrate that early results for all three methods are
more than promising.
USA
Accession no.965393
Item 241
Composites Technology
12, No.2, April 2006, p.36-41
75
 References and Abstracts
THERMOFORMABLE COMPOSITE PANELS,
PART 1
Gardiner G
The advent of thermoformable panels is driving huge growth
in the use of reinforced thermoplastics, particularly in the
automotive sector. Panel products have been developed
from reinforced thermoplastic composites at both ends
of the property and cost spectrum. One of the main
applications of thermoformable panels in vehicle interiors
is headliners, which have become increasingly complex.
Typically quite thin at the edges to facilitate attachment
and load transfer, headliners must be thicker elsewhere
to offer increased heat impact protection and maximise
noise abatement. Three different fibreglass-reinforced
PP materials have been developed to help fabricators
achieve variations in part thickness in a single forming
cycle through a mechanical process called lofting. Vehicle
door liners and door panels are being thermoformed using
natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. Self-reinforced
composites are being marketed for underbody shields,
bumpers, body panels, headliners, load floors and parcel
shelves.
WORLD
Accession no.965376
Item 242
Materials Today
9, No.3, March 2006, p.40-50
ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS: SOLVING
GLOBAL ISSUES
Seeram Ramakrishna; Kazutoshi Fujihara; Wee-Eong
Teo; Yong T; Zuwei Ma; Ramakrishna Ramaseshan
Singapore,National University
The use of electrospinning to produce highly porous
nanofibre meshes from different materials is described
and a review is presented of the literature on applications
of electrospun nanofibres in healthcare applications,
biotechnology and environmental engineering applications,
defence and security applications, and energy generation
applications. Specific applications considered include
micro engineered scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound
dressings, membranes for water treatment, protective
clothing and filters, polymer batteries, photovoltaic cells
and polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells. 64 refs.
SINGAPORE
Accession no.965089
Item 243
KGK:Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe
59, No.1, Jan.-Feb.2006, p.45-8
STUDY OF DAMPING BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER-
PLASTIC BLEND
Pandey A K; Setua D K
India,Defence Mat.& Stores R & D Est.
Blends of NR and HDPE in blend ratios of 30:70, 50:50
76
and 70:30 were prepared in a Brabender Plasticorder
and their morphologies, viscoelastic properties and
physicomechanical properties investigated by techniques,
including scanning electron microscopy, DMTA and
hardness, abrasion, flexural and impact testing. The
effects of blend ratio and dynamic vulcanisation on blend
properties were examined and the suitability of the blends,
including thermoplastic vulcanisates, as vibration dampers
in aerospace and defence applications considered. 29
refs.
INDIA
Accession no.964782
Item 244
International Polymer Science and Technology
33, No.3, 2006, p.T/31-5
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICOMECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLLOW GLASS
MICROSPHERES ON THE PROPERTIES OF
SPHERE-FILLED PLASTICS
Sokolov I I; Dolmatovskii M G; Deev I S; Stetsenko V Y
Moscow,Institute of Aircraft Materials; Stekloplastik
Research and Production Organisation Co.
The effects of the physico-mechanical characteristics
of various types of hollow glass microspheres on the
properties of composites with epoxy resin binders were
investigated by SEM, density and compression strength
measurements. The results are discussed in terms of
applications as strengthening fillers for honeycomb panels
used in the aviation industry 7 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.964375
Item 245
Composites Manufacturing (USA)
22, No.1, Jan.2006, p.24/33
AEROSPACE WILL CONTINUE TO LEAD
ADVANCED COMPOSITES MARKET IN 2006
Red C
Composite Market Reports Inc.
A market overview for CFRP composites in 2006,
particularly in aerospace and industrial applications, is
presented. Statistics are included on estimated global
carbon fibre production and consumption, 1999 to 2009, on
current North American market demand for carbon fibres,
by application, on military fixed wing aircraft deliveries,
commercial jet transport deliveries and business and
general aviation aircraft deliveries for 2005 to 2008, and on
growth in composites consumption for windmill blades for
2004 to 2008. It is shown that, despite challenging business
environments, CFRP materials are poised to provide a
strong source of revenue growth for both material suppliers
and composites manufacturers during 2006.
USA; WORLD
Accession no.963309
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 246
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2006, 21 papers
Proceedings of a conference held London, 25th-26th
April 2006
JOINING PLASTICS 2006: 2ND
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON JOINING
PLASTICS
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Manufacturing with plastics often involves a bonding step
from packaging, electronic and medical devices to large
scale automotive, aerospace and construction projects.
This is a continually developing field and the experts at
the Second International Conference on Joining Plastics
discussed the best methods and options for different
applications. Papers are divided into the following
sessions: adhesives, adhesive testing, infrared welding,
resistance welding and hot plate welding, composite joints,
resistance welding, pretreatment, bonding fluoroplastics,
ultrasonic welding and vibration welding, heat tool
welding, laser welding.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.962491
Item 247
High-Performance Composites
13, No.6, Nov.2005, p.22-7
UPDATE ON COMPOSITE TANKS FOR
CRYOGENS
Black S
Lightweight and strong composite materials are already
deployed in many aerospace applications, such as launch
vehicle bodies, but tankage for super-cold liquid fuels
is still dominated by metals. Despite years of testing,
concerns still exist about the potential for leaks, due to
microcracking of traditional carbon/epoxy composite
laminates at cryogenic temperatures. The focus of work
at Lockheed Martin Space Systems has been on reusable,
relatively low pressure, pump-fed or gravity-fed tanks
of large dimensions for launch vehicles. Engineers have
developed a new fibre placement technique, termed in
situ fibre placement, which achieves full consolidation
between plies using heat and compaction supplied by
the fibre placement machine head. Wilson Composites
has developed composite tankage for Air Force space
programmes. The company’s philosophy is that carbon/
epoxy cryogenic tanks can function successfully without
liners or even conventional metallic bosses and fittings.
USA
Accession no.961578
Item 248
Reinforced Plastics
50, No.3, March 2006, p.22-4
POPULARITY OF CARBON FIBRE
Jacob A
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Carbon fibre supplier Toray Industries says that along
with the recovery in aircraft demand, the aircraft industry
is undergoing a rapid shift to composite materials. The
company is currently expanding its carbon fibre and
prepreg production capacity and establishing a global
supply network. Outside of aerospace, Toray is also seeing
increasing demand from large-scale industrial applications
requiring carbon fibre. These include pressure vessels,
rotor blades for wind turbines and automotive projects
progressing from test phases into mass production. The
company believes that global demand for PAN-based
carbon fibres will grow at over 10% a year, from around
25,000 tons in 2005, reaching 34,000 tons in 2008. Carbon
fibre materials also offer the opportunity to enable new,
lower cost, deepwater oilfield solutions.
WORLD
Accession no.961510
Item 249
Adhesion 05: Ninth International Conference on the
Science and Technology of Adhesion and Adhesives.
Proceedings of a Conference held Oxford, 7th-9th
Sept.2005.
London, IOM Communications, 2005, p.57-60
ROOM TEMPERATURE CURING EPOXY
ADHESIVES: SYNERGY BETWEEN
ELASTOMERS AND NANOPARTICLES
Sprenger S; Eger C; Kinloch A J; Taylor A C; Lee J H;
Mohammed R D
Hanse Chemie AG; London,Imperial College of
Science,Technology & Medicine; Noveon Inc.
(UK,Institute of Materials,Minerals & Mining)
The synergy between elastomeric toughening agents and
silica nanoparticles in room temperature curing epoxy
resin adhesives was studied. Aspects examined included
the lap shear strength on untreated aluminium for different
rubber concentrations, mode I fracture energy versus
addition level of nano-silica and lap shear performance
of thixotropic adhesives versus addition level of nano-
silica. The results clearly demonstrated the potential of
these room temperature curing epoxy resin adhesives not
only for automotive applications, but also for bonding of
composites and for aerospace applications. (The printed
version is an extended abstract of the conference paper.)
8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.961328
Item 250
Polymers and Polymer Composites
14, No.1, 2006, p.13
POLYAMIDE-6/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: A
CRITICAL REVIEW
Gupta B; Lacrampe M; Krawczak P
Ecole des Mines de Douai
77
 References and Abstracts
This review describes the current research situation with
regard to polyamide-6/clay nanocomposites, with particular
reference to preparation, processing and application
issues. The preparation and processing of polyamide-6/
clay nanocomposites is discussed with reference to
intercalation and exfoliation, polymorphism, polymer/
clay interactions, organo-modification, compatibilisers,
and thermal degradation. Properties and areas of end-use
application are described for automotive parts, barrier
layers in packaging, flame retardant materials, membranes
and textiles. 79 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.958891
Item 251
ANTEC 2005. Proceedings of the 63rd SPE Annual
conference held Boston, Ma., 1st-5th May.
Brookeld, Ct., SPE, 2005, pp.5
LONG-TERM TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE
BEHAVIOR OF POLYMER FOAMS
Kraatz A; Moneke M; Kolupaev V
Darmstadt,Technical University
(SPE)
Polymeric rigid foams are increasingly used for highly
loaded mechanical applications, e.g. as the core in foam
sandwich constructions in aircraft or automotive parts. So
far the mechanical behaviour of rigid foams has not been
precisely determined. Therefore the core of sandwich
constructions is not taken into consideration for the
mechanical design. This leads to oversizing and extended
material consumption. This paper presents experimental
results of long-term tests and indicates a theory to take
into account the difference of tensile and compressive
behaviour of foams. This theory is based on a strength
hypothesis and can be implemented in commercial
finite-element programs. The proposed method leads to
an improved mechanical design and as a consequence a
reduction of mass of construction parts. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.958138
Item 252
Reinforced Plastics
50, No.1, Jan.2006, p.44-8
APPLICATIONS FOR PMI FOAMS IN
AEROSPACE SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Seibert H
Rohm GmbH
The history of aerospace applications using
polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam started in 1971, when
the material was successfully introduced as structural
sandwich core for helicopter fuselage panels. Today, PMI
foams are listed in more than 170 aerospace specifications
worldwide. In the Delta 2 satellite launch vehicle, PMI
78
foam was used as a bi-functional core serving as a mandrel
and as a structural member of the sandwich contributing
to buckling resistance. The excellent resistance to
compression creep of the PMI foam, plus its ability to
fully support the prepreg during the cure results in a high
dimensional stability plus a perfect consolidation of the
prepreg. The manufacturing of high performance advanced
helicopter rotor blades using Rohacell structural sandwich
cores is state-of-the-art technology. By using the Rohacell
foam-cored design, the service life of rotor blades was
increased from approximately 400-500 flight hours for
the initial metal blade, to more than 10,000 flight hours
today.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.957876
Item 253
Composites Technology
11, No.6, Suppl., Dec.2005, p.8/49
WORLD OF COMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW
This article provides an overview of the properties of
composites, fibre reinforcement and
matrix materials available, part design criteria, fabrication
methods and tooling. Markets include boat building,
automotive, corrosion-resistant applications, construction,
civil infrastructure, oil and gas, sports and recreation,
aerospace, wind power and fuel cells. Fibre demand and
supply is briefly discussed.
WORLD
Accession no.957856
Item 254
Popular Plastics and Packaging
51, No.1, Jan.2006, p.124-32
POLYMER COMPOSITES: HIGH
PERFORMANCE MATERIALS
Shertukde V V; Rane R
Mumbai,University Institute of Chemical Technology
Advanced composites consist of high strength reinforcing
agents or fibres combined with high performance
matrix resin. They differ from conventional FRPs in the
requirements for superior performance under extreme
mechanical, electrical or environmental conditions.
Because of their light weight and superior properties,
advanced polymeric composite materials are replacing
metals in high structural applications such as in aircraft,
spacecraft, satellites, missiles, sporting goods and joint
replacements. Matrix resins, both thermoplastic and
thermoset, are discussed, together with high performance
fibres and applications. 22 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.957832
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 255
SAMPE Journal
41, No.7, Nov.-Dec.2005, p.19-27
THERMOPLASTICS IN AEROSPACE, NEW
PRODUCTS THROUGH INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY
Offringa A
Stork Fokker AESP BV
The use of thermoplastic composites in aerospace
applications is discussed. Material development is
described with reference to evolution of thermoplastic
matrices and to thermoplastic composite material forms.
Process technology and product applications are then
considered, including low-cost processing, thermo-
folding and press-forming, the advent of welding, co-
consolidation, and current developments. An overview
of the manufacturing technologies is given and future
prospects are examined. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.957585
Item 256
Advanced Composite Materials
14, No.4, 2005, p.365-83
CFRP USING BRAIDED PREFORMS/RTM
PROCESS FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS
Uozumi T; Kito A; Yamamoto T
Murata Machinery Ltd.; Nippi Corp.
A novel preforming process which utilises a conventional
tubular braiding technique and a deformation technique
to manufacture near-net-shaped preforms is described
and applied to the fabrication of preforms from carbon
fibre bundles. These preforms are resin transfer moulded
into I-beam frames and panels using epoxy resin as the
matrix polymer and the tensile properties of the frames
and panels determined. A comparison is made of the
frames and panels made from the composites with those
fabricated from aluminium and the cost of the process is
compared with that of a prepreg hand lay-up/autoclave
method. 10 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.957525
Item 257
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 125, pp12
NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE RTM SYSTEM
Tontisakis A; Blyakman Y; Chaudhari A
Huntsman Advanced Materials
(SAMPE)
Huntsman Advanced Materials’ Structural Composites
group is a leading supplier of matrix systems for
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
advanced composites. It has been actively working in the
development of high performance systems for resin transfer
moulding (RTM) processes for aerospace and industrial
composite applications. A new RTM system based on a
novel benzoxazine/epoxy chemistry has been developed
and is in the final phase of commercial introduction to the
market place. This new system is processable at 177 deg.C
using traditional RTM techniques. The cured composite
properties are superior to the traditional epoxy systems.
The 177 deg.C cured composite has glass transition
temperatures in excess of 200 deg.C with excellent thermal
mechanical properties. The cured neat resin modulus is
significantly higher than the traditional epoxy systems, and
modulus retention under hot wet conditions is particularly
excellent. This is supported by the fact that benzoxazine
chemistry has very low moisture absorption characteristics.
The overall composite thermomechanical properties are
excellent and comparable to the high performance prepreg
resin systems. The system has superior thermo-oxidative
stability. The chemistry, processing and performance of
this system as well as the rationale behind the selection
of different components and their effect on the overall
system properties are described in detail. Details of neat
resin and composite processing and processing kinetics
are discussed. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.956980
Item 258
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 121, pp.15
LOW OUTGAS SILICONE PRESSURE
SENSITIVE ADHESIVE FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Riegler B; Meyer J
NuSil Technology
(SAMPE)
The need for a low outgas, thermally stable, high
performance adhesive has initiated development of a new
experimental silicone pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA)
able to pass ASTM E-595, low outgassing requirements
of 1% or less total mass loss (TML) and 0.1% or less
collectable volatile condensable materials (CVCM). The
performance goals are to maintain performance under
load at temperatures above 175 deg.C and have similar
properties to other low outgassed silicone PSAs as tested
by peel, loop tack, shear, release force and Blunt probe
tack. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.956976
Item 259
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
79
 References and Abstracts
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 120, pp.7
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH
PERFORMANCE BMI STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE
FILM FOR CO-CURE OVER HONEYCOMB
CORE AND OTHER BONDING APPLICATIONS
Kohli D K; Trzaskos B; McDaniel T; Boyd J
Cytec Engineered Materials Inc.
(SAMPE)
Development of a next generation BMI structural adhesive
film for co-cure over core bonding applications is
described. This adhesive film is designed to co-cure with
the Cycom 5250-4 BMI prepreg but prevent the flow of
prepreg resin into the honeycomb cells. This allows the
co-cured structure not to be resin starved and provides
very low void content cured honeycomb structures. The
new BMI adhesive film provides a service temperature
of 232 deg.C and is also suitable for bonding of metals
and the secondary bonding of composite substrates. The
development, processing and applications of this new
structural adhesive film for aerospace bonding applications
are described. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.956975
Item 260
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 105, pp.6
CARBON NANOFIBER FILLED CONDUCTIVE
POLYIMIDES
Jacobsen R L; Walters K R; Matuszewski M; Glasgow
D G; Wang C-S
Applied Sciences Inc.; Dayton,University
(SAMPE)
Low cost carbon nanofibres have been used to formulate
improved versions of conductive polyimide. Carbon
nanofibres have superior properties, making them a
candidate for this application, including very small
diameter (to fit within a thin film), high aspect ratio (to form
a network), moderate electrical conductivity and excellent
dimensional stability (one of the properties for which
polyimide is useful in aerospace applications.) Nanofibres
in the diameter range from 60-200 nm (as distinct from
smaller nanotubes) are now available, relatively cheaply
and in quantity. The primary challenge in making
polyimide films is achievement of adequate nanofibre
dispersion, complicated by nanofibre entanglement
and surface wetting problems. Methods for surface
modification of nanofibres, as well as size separation of
nanofibre agglomerates to promote adequate dispersion
in polyimide, are described. Conductivity data on cast
nanofibre filled polyimide films are presented. 2 refs.
80
USA
Accession no.956960
Item 261
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 96, pp.13
DCPD - THE PROMISE FULFILLED
Toner S A M; Leslie P; Frost J O
Cymetech LLC
(SAMPE)
Three years ago, Cymetech began developing poly-
DCPD formulations based on a new family of ruthenium
catalysts. As these formulations evolved, it became clear
that they would meet or exceed the physical properties of
the first generation materials and would offer the benefits
of reduced sensitivity to impurities and significantly
less odour evolution. In 2003, Cymetech introduced
four Prometa formulations for the resin transfer (RTM)
and rotational moulding industry. Ruthenium based
formulations were also demonstrated in VARTM and RIM
applications. Each of these formulations targets specific
applications, and has been demonstrated in commercial
parts. These include parts for the corrosion industry,
parts for agri-business, tanks for aerospace and industrial
components for a variety of applications. Parts made with
Prometa resins offer superior toughness, impact resistance,
heat distortion temperature and chemical resistance over
other materials of construction. Because Prometa resins
can be processed using low cost tooling, production runs
ranging from ten to two thousand are economical.
USA
Accession no.956951
Item 262
Plastics Additives and Compounding
7, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2005, p.17
MODIFIERS OFFER LOW TEMPERATURE
PERFORMANCE
The Ultra Low Temperature (-60C) 1500 series of Abust
and Mebust impact modifiers from PolyChemAlloy are
finding increasing success in automotive, aerospace,
marine and cable applications, it is briefly reported. The
company says that these virgin pelletised impact modifiers,
with a butadiene content in excess of 50%, have no melting
point and can be easily mixed with a wide variety of high
temperature engineering resins. They have less than 0.05%
moisture and are free flowing. The company adds that
the low Tg core enables Mebust and Abust to be used in
low temperature applications to create products that will
withstand -50C and remain ductile.
PolyChem Alloy Inc.
USA
Accession no.956907
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 263
International Polymer Science and Technology
32, No.9, 2005, p. T/53-4
FIREPROOF INJECTION-MOULDING
THERMOPLASTICS
Petrova G N; Abakumova N M; Rumyantseva T V;
Beider E Y; Sytyi Y V; Perfilova D N; Volkova T S
All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Aviation
Materials
The use of flame retardant injection mouldable
thermoplastics in aircraft structures is examined with
respect to both structural and decorative applications.
This paper examines thermoplastic materials that satisfy
fire resistance requirements AP-25, and which are
recommended for the production of parts by injection
moulding. Properties of grades of polysulphone,
polycarbonate, and PBTP composites are discussed, which
are recommended for such application. (Article translated
from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2005, p.45-6)
RUSSIA
Accession no.955497
Item 264
Composites Science and Technology
65, No.15-16, 2005, p.2575-87
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES WITH SMALL-DIAMETER FIBER
BRAGG GRATING SENSORS FOR DAMAGE
DETECTION: QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION
OF DELAMINATION LENGTH IN CFRP
LAMINATES USING LAMB WAVE SENSING
Takeda N; Okabe Y; Kuwahara J; kojima S; Ogisu T
Tokyo,University; Hitachi Cable Ltd.; Fuji Heavy
Industries Ltd.
The development of small diameter polyimide-coated
optical fibre and its fibre Bragg grating sensor for
embedding inside composite laminates for damage
monitoring in composite structures is described. A
damage detection system for quantitative evaluation of
delamination length in carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin
cross-ply laminates using Lamb wave sensing is discussed
in terms of aerospace applications. 38 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.953856
Item 265
Journal of Composite Materials
39, No.20, 2005, p.1819-42
ENERGY RELEASE RATE PREDICTION IN
STIFFENED-SKIN STRUCTURE USING A
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACK TIP ELEMENT
ANALYSIS
Davidson B D; Yu L
Syracuse,University
The use of three-dimensional crack tip element and
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
three-dimensional finite element analyses to predict
energy release rates for a stiffened skin structure with
aerospace applications, loaded in bending and containing
a delamination between its skin and a hat-shaped stiffener
are compared. The results for an isotropic configuration
and a variety of graphite fibre-reinforced epoxy resin lay-
ups are considered, and the effects of lay-up on energy
release rate distributions are discussed. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.953765
Item 266
Journal of Materials Science
40, No.14, July 2005, p.3615-23
PROCESSING AND HYGROTHERMAL EFFECTS
ON VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF GLASS
FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITES
Botelho E C; Costa M L; Pardini L C; Rezende M C
Brazil,Instituto de Aeronautica e Espaco; Sao
Paulo,University
The effects of curing and prolonged hygrothermal
conditioning on the dynamic mechanical properties
of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resins with aerospace
applications were investigated by DSC and vibration
damping measurements. The results are discussed in terms
of matrix plasticisation by moisture absorption leading to
lower stiffness under damping tests. 32 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.952891
Item 267
Materials Research
8, No.3, July-Sept.2005, p.317-22
CHARACTERIZATION OF CURE OF CARBON/
EPOXY PREPREG USED IN AEROSPACE FIELD
Cosat M L; Botelho E C; de Paiva J M F; Rezende M C
Sao Paolo,Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial; UNESP; Sao
Paulo,Centro Universitario Salesiano
The cure kinetics and rheological properties of a
thermoplastic-toughened carbon fibre fabric-reinforced
epoxy resin used in aerospace applications were
investigated using DSC, DMA and rheometry. The results
are discussed in terms of optimisation of the cure cycle to
produce composites suitable for structural components.
20 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.952847
Item 268
ANTEC 2005. Proceedings of the 63rd SPE Annual
conference held Boston, Ma., 1st-5th May.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2005, pp.4
EXTRUSION RHEOLOGY OF GLASS-FIBER-
FILLED POLYPROPYLENE MELTS
Rao N S; Subramanian N; Nanguneri S R; Schumacher
81
 References and Abstracts
G Item 270
Plastics Solutions International; Indian Institute of
Technology; Transfer Mathematics Technology
(SPE)
The advantages of glass-reinforced plastics in various
branches of industry, such as the automotive and aircraft
industries, and also in the manufacturing of furniture and
sports goods are well-known. In all these applications,
knowledge of the melt flow of the composite material
is required, in order to design machinery for processing
the filled polymer. This paper is a contribution to the
quantitative description of the rheology of glass-fibre-
filled polypropylene melts. The effect of shear rate, melt
temperature and fibre concentration on the melt viscosity
was studied by means of a high-pressure capillary
rheometer. An equation was derived to correlate the melt
viscosity with the fibre content, using a modified shift
factor taking the melt temperature and the fibre content
into account. The proposed modelling could be applied to
any filled thermoplastic melt. 3 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; INDIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.952482
Item 269
Journal of Materials Science
40, No.17, Sept.2005, p.4541-8
ANALYSIS OF PEEL ARM CURVATURE FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS IN METAL-POLYMER
LAMINATES
Kawashita L F; Moore D R; Williams J G
London,Imperial College of Science,Technology &
Medicine
Metal-polymer laminates consisting of various aluminium
alloys as the substrate and various polymers as the
adhesive were subjected to variable angle fixed arm
peel and mandrel peel tests. Adhesives employed were a
rubber-toughened epoxy adhesive for general engineering
applications, a toughened epoxy system for aerospace
applications, PP and a rubber-toughened epoxy adhesive
for automotive applications. Plastic bending energy (Gp)
and adhesive fracture toughness (Ga) were determined
from the mandrel peel tests and a global energy-balance
analysis was employed to predict Ga and Gp in the case
of the fixed arm tests. The maximum curvature of the peel
arm and the root rotation angle were calculated using a
beam on elastic foundation model and high resolution
digital photography was utilised to establish the accuracy
of the analytical approach employed.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.952252
82
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia
15, No.3, July-Sept.2005, p.224-31
Portuguese
ESTABLISHMENT OF CURE CYCLE OF
AERONAUTIC PREPREGS
Costa M L; Rezende M C; Botelho E C
The cure kinetics and rheological properties of various
prepreg epoxy systems were investigated using
techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry,
and mathematical modelling, with the aim of establishing
a cure cycle for producing high-performance autoclave
moulded composites for aerospace applications. 27 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.952246
Item 271
Reinforced Plastics
49, No.10, Nov.2005, p.18
ADHESIVE FOR AIRCRAFT INTERIORS
It is briefly reported that 3M has launched what is claimed
to be the first adhesive film for aerospace sandwich panels
that fulfils stand alone fire, smoke and toxicity (FST)
regulations. AF3070 FST can be used to finish edges,
splice cores and fill gaps in honeycomb sandwich panels.
The film is co-cured with the panels to deliver a high
quality edge finish, helping to ensure compliance with FST
requirements. AF3070 FST is a double-sided, foaming film
with an advanced epoxy adhesive. Typical applications
include overhead luggage compartments, partition walls
and fixed wall, ceiling and floor panels.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.951611
Item 272
Materials and Manufacturing Processes
20, No.5, 2005, p.739-46
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF CO-CURED
COMPOSITE PANELS
Huang C K; Hsu C Y
Lunghwa,University of Science & Technology
The structural strength of co-cured joints in skin and
J-shaped stiffeners in carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy
resin composite panels used in aerospace applications
was investigated by compression testing. The results are
compared with predicted values and the effects of web
length and thickness on compressive strength of J-stiffened
panels are discussed in terms of failure mechanisms. 8
refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.950947
Item 273
High-Performance Composites
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
13, No.5, Sept.2005, p.30-6
FROM SPECIALTY FILLERS TO SPACE
ELEVATORS
Pottish N
Considerable research, in progress in university,
government and private laboratories, promises not only
a better understanding of existing nanomaterials, but
new materials as well, together with more efficient,
cost-effective processing techniques and methods for
using their unique properties in practical applications.
Tier 1 nanocomposites can be viewed as an evolution of
filled polymer technology. In this category, nanoclays
are expanding into aerospace applications. Upcoming
applications include sacrificial ablative materials for rocket
motor casings. Recent work by the Air Force Research
Laboratory and others has involved using carbon nanotubes
in shape memory polymers to make actuators. Three years
ago, Metal Matrix Composites began to make and explore
Tier 2 opportunities for metal nanofilaments. Currently,
the company is exploring the use of nickel nanofilaments
to create conductive paths in polymers such as adhesives,
coatings and elastomers. Lightning-strike materials
probably will be one of the earliest applications that will
emerge. Tier 3 nanocomposites are still very much in the
basic research realm right now. These could be defined as
“true” nanocomposites, designed and built with precise
control of the nanoscale distribution and orientation of
the nanoparticles in the matrix.
USA
Accession no.950743
Item 274
Popular Plastics and Packaging
50, No.9, Sept.2005, p.84-7
FIRE RESISTANT POLYMERS
Kumar V; Singh M; Singh A
Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology
Heat or flame resistance of polymers is of vital importance
in applications such as aerospace, electrical, automotive,
domestic and construction. Heat resistance of polymers
can be enhanced by incorporating/adding crosslinking,
crystallinity, antioxidants, stiffness, synthesizing ladder
polymers and by eliminating weak thermooxidative links.
Performance of these polymers can be judged numerically
by carrying out Limiting Oxygen Index tests. 6 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.950599
Item 275
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
33, No.5, Sept.2005, p.340-7
LOW PROOF LOAD PREDICTION OF
ULTIMATE LOADS OF FIBERGLASS/EPOXY
RESIN I-BEAMS USING ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Fatzinger E C; Hill E K
Vector Scientific Inc.; Florida,Embry-Riddle
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Aeronautical University
The development of a procedure for the proof testing of
composite glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin laminated
I-beam sandwich structures with polyurethane foam
cores as used in aerospace applications by ultimate load
prediction based on acoustic emission testing together with
statistical analysis is described. The results obtained using
a Kohonen self-organising map coupled with multiple
linear regression are discussed in comparison with those
obtained using a back-propagation network. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.948909
Item 276
Rubber India
57, No.7, July 2005, p.15-8
NANOCOMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY
Majumdar S
Nanocomposites can be polymers of thermoplastics,
thermosets or elastomers. These materials provide
improvements over other known composites in thermal,
mechanical, electrical and air barrier properties. The
excellent air retention properties of butyl/halobutyl is well
known in the tyre industry and this rubber is extensively
used in inner tubes and in inner liners in tubeless tyres.
Using butyl and clay as filler with high aspect ratio, the
air retention properties could be improved to the level
of 50 times better than that of normal butyl compound.
Other applications including automotive fuel systems,
biomedical and aerospace are outlined. 6 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.948789
Item 277
Polymer
46, No.15, 2005, p.5588
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF MALEIMIDE AND NORBORNENE
FUNCTIONALIZED BENZOXAZINES
Ishida H; Ohba S
Case Western Reserve University
Synthesis of a two types of monofunctional benzoxazines
with maleimide or norbornene functionalities, and capable
of polymerisation by different free radical mechanisms
than conventional benzoxazines, is described. The
resulting benzoxazine polymers have improved thermal
properties including higher char yields and glass transition
temperatures in excess of 250 deg.C. Characterisation of
benzoxazine, polymerisation mechanism, and resulting
polymers was carried out using Fourier transform
infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies,
thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning
calorimetry, and viscosity measurements. It was observed
that monomer viscosity was not significantly affected by
maleimide or norbornene functionalisation, and glass
83
 References and Abstracts
transition temperatures were affected by the free radical
initiator used for polymerisation. 37 refs.
USA
Accession no.946902
Item 278
Plastics Technology
51, No.5, May 2005, p.78/83
THERMOFORMING PPS
Gehrig M J; Kelly S; Carr M
Ensinger-Penn Fibre; Magee Plastics; Ticona
The process of thermoforming has advanced as applications
have become increasingly challenging and demanding, and
thermoformers are now seeking out higher performance
resins - a search which has lead them to polyphenylene
sulphide (PPS). This article looks at the opportunities
which this resin offers, for example in aerospace, chemical,
electronics, food, and transportation applications.
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; UNDERWRITERS
LABORATORIES INC.
USA
Accession no.946225
Item 279
Eureka
25, No.7, July 2005, p.35
FLEXIBLE POLYMER MAKES THINNER
CABLES
Shelley T
By adding elastomeric properties to polyphenylene oxide
(PPO) to make it flexible for wire and cable covering
applications, it is possible to reduce the weight of standard
automotive wiring by a quarter, and greatly reduce he space
it occupies. GE Advanced Materials has now launched
“Flexible Noryl” PPO, which should be of exceptional
interest to automotive and aerospace electrical engineers
alike.
GE ADVANCED MATERIALS
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.946212
Item 280
Journal of Advanced Materials
37, No.1, Jan.2005, p.61-6
DYNAMIC LOCAL MECHANICAL AND
THERMAL STRENGTH PREDICTION
USING NDE FOR MATERIAL PARAMETERS
EVALUATION OF AEROSPACE COMPONENTS
Golfman Y
A report presented on prediction of the dynamic strength
of composites for aerospace applications using ultrasound,
X-ray, digital radiography and thermography as non-
destructive testing techniques. A nose cap fabricated from
orthotropic carbon-carbon or graphite epoxy is used as
84
an example of an aerospace application. Calculations are
made of thermal stresses using parameters established by
ultrasound and thermography techniques and temperature
gradients fluctuating from -8 to 16C predicted using
an approximate solution. Statistical models are used to
predict the probability of local cracking. s presented on
the prediction of the dynamic strength of composites for
aerospace applications using ultrasound, X-ray, digital
radiography and thermography as non-destructive testing
techniques. A nose cap fabricated from orthotropic carbon-
carbon or graphite epoxy is used as an example of an
aerospace application. Calculations are made of thermal
stresses using parameters established by ultrasound and
thermography techniques and temperature gradients
fluctuating from -8 to 16C predicted using an approximate
solution. Statistical models are used to predict the
probability of local cracking. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.946032
Item 281
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 73 pp.8
PULTRUSION RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
OF ADVANCED AEROSPACE MOLDING OF
ADVANCED AEROSPACE STRUCTURES
Hillermerer R W; Friedrich L; Ng D
Hexcel Corp.
(SAMPE)
The pultrusion resin transfer moulding (PRTM) process
has been developed for the fabrication of high performance
structural composite profiles, particularly for aerospace
applications. In PRTM, high performance textiles are
continuously shaped, impregnated and cured using a
specifically developed apparatus combining the positive
aspects of RTM and pultrusion. The resulting constant
cross-section profiles exhibit excellent dimensional
and structural qualities. The inherent disadvantage of
conventional RTM materials, specifically with respect
to their lower compression strength compared to prepreg
tape based composites, is overcome by developing specific
matrix and textile materials for this process. Various
material combinations are analysed and compared to
aerospace grade composite materials. Mechanical testing
of notched properties as well as of compression after
impact properties shows that PRTM materials reach the
same level as currently qualified aerospace RTM and
prepreg materials. These exciting results are encouraging
Hexcel to now fully explore the possibilities of this
interesting technology.
USA
Accession no.945700
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 282
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 52, pp.13
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LIQUID
MOLDING MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR
DAMAGE TOLERANT APPLICATIONS
Pederson C; Thai B; Lo Faro C; Aldridge M; Maskell R
Cytec Engineered Materials Inc.; Cytec Engineered
Materials Ltd.
(SAMPE)
There has been much interest recently concerning liquid
moulding as an alternative process for the fabrication
of high performance composite structures. The resin
impregnation of dry fibre preforms can be accomplished
by a variety of methods, including resin transfer moulding,
vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding, etc. The majority
of these liquid moulding processes require resin systems
characterised by their low viscosities for extended
periods of time. The VARTM process offers significant
manufacturing advantages but the method requires
resin systems displaying low viscosities at ambient
temperatures. However, recent advances relating to in-situ
toughening technology (hybrid fabrics with epoxy soluble
thermoplastic fibres) potentially offer a route to primary
structural applications using room temperature injectable
resin systems. A novel approach to toughened composites
via the use of a room temperature injectable system is
described. State-of-the-art preform assembly methods are
also demonstrated. 2 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.945679
Item 283
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 42, pp.15
DURABLE ANTI-EROSION COATINGS
FOR POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES IN
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Naik S K; Sutter J K; Siefker R G; Bowman C L;
Miyoshi K; Cupp R; Tabakoff W; Haller H S
Rolls-Royce Ltd.; US,NASA,Glenn Research Center;
AADC; Cincinnati,University; Haller H.S.,& Co.
(SAMPE)
Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are attractive for use
in propulsion engine components due to their high specific
strength. The use of composites could be even more
advantageous if the sand erosion life of the component
were extended, thereby reducing maintenance costs.
NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA GRC) and Rolls-
Royce have developed erosion resistant coatings that can
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
extend PMC component life and are applicable to current
available and advanced high temperature PMCs. The
performance of SANPRES and SANRES, two similar
erosion resistant coating systems subjected to engine test
conditions on Rolls-Royce AE 3007 engine bypass vanes,
are discussed. The results of the high temperature erosion
and vane cascade erosion rig tests, coated component
shaker (vibratory) table tests to pre-condition vanes to
simulate an accelerated fraction of vane life prior to engine
tests, and the ability of the preconditioned coated vanes to
withstand the thermomechanical strains after more than
1050 hours of testing on a Rolls-Royce AE 3007 engine
are reviewed. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.945669
Item 284
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 39, pp.8
FABRICATION OF ELECTRON-BEAM
PROCESSABLE POLYIMIDE TAPES AND
COMPOSITES
Hoyt Haight A E; Gosau J-M; Wesson S P; Babow D A
Adherent Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
Electron beam (e-beam) curing of polymer matrix
composites (PMCs) is highly desirable from a
manufacturing standpoint in that significant cost savings
may be realised from the reduced cycle times, the ability
to cure large and irregularly shaped parts, and the ability to
use inexpensive tooling. However, for many applications
in the aerospace and transportation industries, e-beam
processable resins currently available do not meet the
performance specifications (e.g. excellent thermal
stability, high strength and high toughness). Adherent
Technologies has recently been developing a graft
polyimide-siloxane system incorporating functionalities
amenable to crosslinking under electron beam irradiation.
The incorporation of these materials into carbon fibre tapes
and the fabrication of e-beam cured composite plates from
these tapes are discussed. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.945666
Item 285
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 38, pp.11
ELECTRON BEAM CURED RESINS AND
COMPOSITES: IMPROVED TWO-STEP CURING
MATERIALS FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
85
 References and Abstracts
Bykanova L G; Byrne C A; Palmese G R
Science Research Laboratory Inc.; Drexel,University
(SAMPE)
There are two major families of resins that cure with
electron beams, the cationic epoxies and the vinyl
compounds. The vinyl resins, such as acrylates, can be
cured in the presence of nucleophilic compounds present
in the formulation or on the fibres, while the cationic
epoxies cannot cure under these conditions. SRL and
partner Drexel University are continuing to develop and
improve two-step cured resins that utilise low temperature
epoxy curing combined with electron beam curing to form
thermoset networks for carbon fibre composites. The aim is
to toughen these resins, extend the use temperature range
and evaluate their properties at temperatures extending
from that of liquid hydrogen to at least 120 deg.C. Results
of thermal and mechanical testing of both cured resins and
continuous fibre composites prepared from the same resins
are discussed. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.945665
Item 286
SAMPE 2004. Materials and Processing Technology
- 60 years of SAMPE Progress. Proceedings of a
conference held Long Beach, Ca., 16th-20th May 2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 36, pp.13
VIBRATION DAMPINGOF FLEXIBLE AND
RIGID POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES
Sharma A; Peel L D
Texas A & M University
(SAMPE)
It is desirable to obtain materials that have high vibration
damping while maintaining other structural properties.
Aerospace quality composite materials typically have
greater strength and stiffness to weight ratios than most
metals, while providing increased damping. However,
their passive damping capacities are not enough for
some applications. Fibre reinforced elastomers (FRE)
or elastomer composites are receiving attention because
of the ability to tailor their vibration damping, strength,
fracture toughness and elongation to the range needed.
A series of aluminium panels laminated with ‘skins’ of
graphite cloth, glass fibre cloth and chopped glass fibre
mat is considered. The reinforcements are impregnated
with a series of PU elastomers ranging from flexible to
rigid in hardness. For a given type of glass fibre, the lower
durometer elastomer produces the highest loss factor.
For a given elastomer stiffness, the stiffest reinforcement
produces the highest damping. In general the skin loss
factors are inversely proportional to the equivalent axial
in-plane stiffness of the composite. Skin loss factors range
from 1.5% to approximately 20%. The study provides
valuable experimental data useful in developing flexible
or rigid lightweight and cost-effective materials that
86
provide good damping while contributing strength and
stiffness. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.945663
Item 287
Journal of Adhesion
81, No.6, June 2005, p.561-86
COMPARISON OF PEEL TESTS FOR METAL-
POLYMER LAMINATES FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Kawashita L F; Moore D R; Williams J G
London,Imperial College Of Science,Technology &
Medicine
Several peel tests, namely floating roller, climbing-drum,
T-peel, fixed-arm peel and mandrel peel, were performed
on two aerospace toughened epoxy-aluminium alloy
laminates. The outputs from the tests were unified in terms
of adhesive fracture toughness using a theory of peeling,
which accommodates all the above tests, and the methods
compared. 12 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.945142
Item 288
Advanced Composite Materials
14, No.2, 2005, p.211-28
IMPACT DAMAGE AND CAI STRENGTH
OF MR50K/PET15 CARBON/TOUGH-
POLYIMIDE COMPOSITE AT ROOM AND HIGH
TEMPERATURES
Katoh H; Shimokawa T; Ueda A; Kobayashi D;
Hamaguchi Y
Japan,Aerospace Exploration Agency;
Tokyo,Metropolitan Institute of Technology; Toyota
Motor Corp.; Komatsu Forklift Co.Ltd.
The impact damage and compression-after-impact
properties and strength of a carbon fibre-reinforced
polyimide resin composite laminate material developed
for aerospace applications were investigated by impact
testing and optical microscopy. The results are discussed in
comparison with data previously obtained for an alternative
carbon fibre-reinforced polyimide material. 9 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.944662
Item 289
Advanced Composite Materials
14, No.2, 2005, p.199-210
MODELING AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF A
COMPOSITE SUPPORTER FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Zhang S; Chen H
Xian Jiaotong,University
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Modelling and vibration analysis of a composite supporter
with a sandwich structure developed for aerospace
applications and manufactured by hand lay-up using
a combination of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resin
laminate face sheets and Nomex honeycombs is presented.
The results of finite element modelling are discussed in
comparison with experimental data. 12 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.944661
Item 290
High Performance Plastics 2005. Proceedings of a
conference held Vienna, Austria, 5th-6th April 2005.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2005, Paper 12, pp.4
AN OVERVIEW OF THERMOPLASTIC
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Connell J W
US,National Aeronautics & Space Administration
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
A brief report is presented on past and present studies of
the use of thermoplastic matrix structural composites for
aerospace applications. Airbus’s recent announcement
of its selection of thermoplastic composites using
polyphenylene sulphide as the matrix for structural
applications on the A380 is discussed. Opportunities
for other thermoplastic matrix resins such as PEEK and
polyetherimide are considered. Tabulated information is
presented on traditional trade-offs of thermosets versus
thermoplastics and on representative thermoplastic/
thermoset composite mechanical properties. 4 refs.
Airbus
USA
Accession no.944204
Item 291
High Performance Plastics 2005. Proceedings of a
conference held Vienna, Austria, 5th-6th April 2005.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2005, Paper 2, pp.10
TECAMAX SRP - COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
RIGID ROD POLYMER SHAPES
Malkovich N; DiSano L P
Mississippi Polymer Technologies; Ensinger Industries
Inc.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Ensinger’s TECAMAX SRP (self-reinforced polymer)
system, which is based on polyphenylene chemistry and
is processable into stock shapes via compression moulding
and extrusion, is described. Shapes made from this polymer
system by Mississippi Polymer Technologies under the
tradename Parmax SRP are shown to have very high
strength and modulus with a specific gravity of only 1.21
g/cc. The mechanical properties are shown to be superior to
those of other reinforced high performance thermoplastics
and to be inherently isotropic. The rigid rod polymer
is amorphous and highly dimensionally-stable. Unlike
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
amorphous plastics, Parmax SRP has good chemical
resistance, thermal and thermooxidative stability. The
high abrasion resistance, toughness and flame resistance
are shown to make TEXAMAX SRP shapes suitable for
demanding applications such as in the aerospace/defence,
medical and semiconductor markets. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.944195
Item 292
Popular Plastics and Packaging
50, No.6, June 2005, p.77-80
LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS (PART I)
Patil V V; Mahanwar P A
Mumbai,University
The three types of liquid crystal phases, nematic,
cholesteric and smectic, are described. Liquid crystalline
polymers are classified on their synthesis routes and
their molecular attachments. LCPs can also be broadly
classified based on their thermodynamic behaviour as
lyotropic or thermotropic. Main-chain LCPs are formed
when the mesogens are in the main chain of the polymer.
The high melting points and the high crystallinity of MC-
LCPs, together with the readily synthetic accessibility of
these polymer types, open up a wide range of possible
applications as new materials with excellent properties.
Of the lyotropic MC-LCPs, the most notable are the
polyamides, of which Kevlar is the best-known example.
The properties of LCPs are discussed.
INDIA
Accession no.943725
Item 293
Polyurethanes Expo 2004. Proceedings of a conference
held Las Vegas, Nevada, 18th-20th Oct.2004.
Arlington, VA., Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry,
2004, p.509-12
HEAT RESISTANT FLEXIBLE FOAM
Iwa T; Shibata T; Ohkubo K
Mitsui Takeda Chemicals Inc.
(American Plastics Council; Alliance for the
Polyurethanes Industry)
A flexible foam with excellent heat resistance and
mouldability is described. This foam is obtained by
reacting a polyisocyanate compound with a polyester
polycarboxylic acid in the presence of a catalyst. It is well
known that an amide linkage is obtained by reacting an
isocyanate with a carboxylic acid, and that carbon dioxide
is generated in this reaction. Also, it is well known that
polyamide has excellent heat resistance compared to PU.
Therefore it is of interest that a polyamide foam can be
obtained by reacting a polyisocyanate with a polycarboxylic
acid. However, previously reported polyamide foams were
inferior in mouldability and other desirable properties of
flexible foams, so polyamide foam has been used only
87
 References and Abstracts
as a rigid foam. Also, using polyamide foams presents
other practical difficulties. A flexible foam is obtained
with excellent heat resistance. Its mouldability, flexibility
and sound absorption are equal to PU flexible foam. This
foam is suitable for high temperature applications where
the use of PU flexible foam is problematic. Therefore,
this foam can be used for damping foam, sound absorbing
material or cushioning material to surround the engine or
exhaust pipe of a car. In general, it can be used widely in
applications where heat resistance is required, such as in
aircraft and ships. 2 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.940331
Item 294
Plastics Engineering
61, No.3, March 2005, p.10-1
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS RESHAPE
PRODUCT DESIGN
Toensmeier P A
Shape memory polymers are the subject of this article.
What a shape memory polymer is, how it works, how it
can be used as a manufacturing aid, what is going on at a
molecular level, and thermoset and thermoplastic examples
are all discussed in detail. The article then looks at possible
applications, including clothing, biodegradable sutures,
composite tooling, and aerospace possibilities.
US,DEPT.OF DEFENSE; LORD CORP.; MITSUBISHI
HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.; COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT INC.; CRG INDUSTRIES LLC; BAYER
MATERIALSCIENCE; MNEMOSCIENCE GMBH;
MASSACHUSETTS,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.939784
Item 295
Structural Adhesives in Engineering VII. Proceedings of
a conference held Bristol, 13th-15th July 2004.
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2004, Paper 38,
pp.4
THE USE OF PEEL TESTS IN THE SELECTION
AND ASSESSMENT OF METAL-POLYMER
LAMINATES FOR AEROSPACE ACE
APPLICATIONS
Kawashita L F; Moore D R; Williams J G
(IOM Communications Ltd.; UK,Society for Adhesion
and Adhesives)
Laminates made of aluminium alloys and epoxy
compounds are commonly used in aerospace applications.
The strength of the bond is a critical issue as the laminates
act as engineering structures. Consequently, the strength of
the bond is measured as a requirement for the application.
This measurement is made by the determination of peel
strength, i.e. the force per unit width required to peel the
structure apart. A number of standard methods have been
88
established for conducting this test, with a climbing drum
peel and a floating roller peel being two regular approaches.
The aim is to apply five methods to the measurement of
peel strength and adhesive fracture toughness for two
experimental aerospace laminates. This requires the
following steps: global energy analysis of the climbing
drum peel and the floating roller peel methods in order to
derive expressions for adhesive fracture toughness from
the usual peel strength measurement; a critical review of
the calculations involved in the fixed arm peel and T-peel
procedures, and the development of an experimental
method for the determination of the radius of curvature
of the peel arm, as this is a key parameter involved in the
analytical methods; and application of the mandrel peel
test with the aim of providing an alleged credible value of
the adhesive fracture toughness that can act as a reference.
An attempt is made to provide critical and constructive
comment in terms of using peel methods to assess and
select adhesives for aerospace applications. 11 refs.
Accession no.939182
Item 296
Structural Adhesives in Engineering VII. Proceedings of
a conference held Bristol, 13th-15th July 2004.
London, IOM Communications Ltd., 2004, Paper 35,
pp.3
COMELD TM-A NEW APPROACH IN
COMPOSITE TO METAL BONDING
Kellar E J C; Smith F
TWI
(IOM Communications Ltd.; UK,Society for Adhesion
and Adhesives)
The use of composite materials in parts of primary
structures can provide significant weight savings while
also giving performance benefits. However, the joining
of composite materials to metals in primary structures
presents many challenges. The joint must be able to
sustain high levels of often-repeated loading over a wide
range of environmental conditions, especially in key
applications within the aerospace, military, marine and
automotive sectors. The design of the joint and the surface
preparation of the adherends (especially the metal) are
often a compromise between achieving reliability and
performance. The aim of the development work described
is to investigate whether the application of a new surface
treatment technique, called Surfi-Sculpt, into a new
joining system, Comeld, would improve the mechanical
performance of joints between composite materials and
metals. The data generated show that Comeld joints
fail at higher loads than control specimens and prevent
sudden bond-line failure occurring. Comeld joints also
give a more progressive, and therefore detectable, failure
mode than the control joints and absorb more than twice
as much energy before failure than the control joints. The
material combinations and composite processing route
demonstrated are chosen to appeal to certain industry
sectors. Further research demonstrates that the technology
described is equally applicable to other metals, composite
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
materials, processing routes and therefore industry sectors.
To date Surfi-Sculpt has been successfully applied to
aluminium, stainless steel and titanium alloys.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.939179
Item 297
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
25, No.3, 2005, p.247-56
DURABILITY STUDIES FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS USING PEEL AND WEDGE
TESTS
Sargent J P
BAE SYSTEMS (Operations) Ltd.
An investigation was carried out into the durability of
aluminium joints bonded with epoxy-based (AF163-2K06)
and phenolic-based (Redux 775) aerospace adhesives
using peel and wedge tests. Peel strength measurements
were performed on small, 2 mm wide, specimens
immersed in distilled water at 35C for over seven years.
Water distribution across the width of the specimens was
predicted using diffusion coefficient measurements and
adherend displacement was determined using an optical
image correlation method. 28 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.938734
Item 298
SAMPE Journal
41, No.2, March-April 2005, p.7-19
POLYMER NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS
Koo J H; Pilato L A
Texas,University; KAI Inc.
A summary of research work, which has been carried
out into the use of polymer nanostructured materials
for high temperature applications, is presented. These
applications include fire-retardant nanocomposite
coatings, nanostructured materials for propulsion systems,
nanocomposite rocket ablative materials, nano-modified
carbon/carbon composites and damage tolerant high
performance epoxy systems. The nanoparticles employed
in the research work are montmorillonite organoclays,
nanosilica, carbon nanofibres and polyhedral oligomeric
silsesquioxane. 22 refs.
USA
Accession no.938699
Item 299
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
19, No.2, 2005, p.109-41
MEASUREMENT OF THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES IN
TENSION AND SHEAR OVER A WIDE RANGE
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
OF TEMPERATURES
da Silva L F M; Adams R D
Porto,Universidade; Bristol,University
The mechanical properties in tension and in shear over a
wide range of temperatures of a bismaleimide adhesive
and two epoxy adhesives were investigated by measuring
strength, ductility and stiffness under static and dynamic
conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the
selection of adhesives for use in a mixed adhesive joint
for aerospace applications. 39 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
PORTUGAL; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL
Accession no.938172
Item 300
High Performance Plastics
Jan.2005, p.4
PA AND SILICONE CLOSED-CELL FOAMS
UK company Zotefoams plc has just introduced two
development-grade closed-cell foams, under the brand
name “Zotek”. One is based on polyamide, and the other
is based on silicone. Brief details of the properties and
intended applications of each are given in this little item.
ZOTEFOAMS PLC
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
ACCESSION NO.937425
Item 301
ANTEC 2004. Proceedings of the 62nd SPE Annual
conference held Chicago, Il., 16th-20th May, 2004.
Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.1558-62
NANOCOMPOSITE POLYETHERIMIDE WITH
HIGH THERMO OXIDATIVE STABILITY
Lou J; Harinath V; Sankar J; Roberts K; Uitenham L
North Carolina,Agricultural & Tech.State Univ.
(SPE)
Selected fillers were incorporated to prepare polyetherimide
composite. The influence of fillers on the thermo-oxidative
stability of the composite was studied by thermogravimetric
analysis. The results showed that at optimal filler loading
and characteristics, the polymer composite became superior
in its thermo-oxidative stability that is very promising in
widening the window of service temperature of polyimides
for extremely high temperature conditions where most
polymeric composites fail. The findings should prove
useful in developing high-temperature polymer composites
for aerospace and electronics applications. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.935618
Item 302
Modern Polymeric Materials for Environmental
Applications. Vol. 1. Proceedings of a conference held
89
 References and Abstracts
Krakow, Poland, 16th-18th Dec.2004.
Krakow, Politechnika Krakowska, 2004, p.109-12
RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES IN AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Njuguna J; Pielichowski K; Banerjee R
London,City University; Cracow,University of
Technology
(Cracow,University of Technology)
Polymeric composite structures including fibre-reinforced
(nano)composites, piezoelectric polymers, polymer matrix
resins, polymeric coatings and adhesives, and components
for vehicle health systems and electronic appliances are
reviewed in terms of structural applications. Applications
of advanced polymers in ultra-lightweight structures and
shape memory macromolecular systems are outlined. 7
refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; POLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.935002
Item 303
JEC Composites
No.14, Jan.2005, p.59-61
HIGH-PERFORMANCE MATERIALS FOR
AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS
Coiffier-Colas C; Sibois H; Lefebure P
Dassault Aviation; Eurocopter; European Aeronautic
Defence & Space Co.
The processing techniques and welding methods considered
potentially suitable for the cost-effective fabrication
of aircraft parts from high-performance thermoplastic
composites are discussed. European companies and
institutes involved in the development of these composites
for the aerospace industry are listed and other industries
interested in thermoplastic composites indicated.
Accession no.934102
Item 304
PU Magazin
No.4, Aug.-Sept.2004, p.184-95
German
POLYUREA OF THE FOURTH GENERATION
Klockemann K
Nitroil Performance Chemicals
In the past 20 years, polyurea technology has gone
through a number of distinct phases. Nowadays, all these
applications are made from pure polyurea with 100%
amine on the resin side, not containing solvents or other
viscosity reducers discussed in the past. Consequently,
today’s polyurea formulations fulfil 2010 VOC (volatile
organic compounds) requirements and have become fairly
easy to apply. Developments in polyurea over the past 18
months and state of the art application techniques provide
more options and opportunities than those developments
90
of the past 15 years. The variety of product selection
options such as high temperature resistance, high shock
absorption, adjustable adhesion (from peelable, temporary
protection to strongly, permanent adhering), and other
current coating developments are accompanied by recent
performance steps from the so called generations 3 and
4. These performance steps provide long gel times (up
to 4 minutes for self-levelling applications) and allow
coating preparation with joint or crack filling polyurea
formulations which provide excellent inter-layer material
compatibility as well as extremely high shock absorbing
multi-level polyurea coatings incorporating viscoelastic
polyurea foam layers. The technology of polyurea has
gone through an enormous development and different
generations - from huge, high pressure processing
machines towards handy, easy-to-operate equipment
and from an extremely fast reaction towards controlled
reaction and curing behaviour. In the latest developments,
the unique advantages of polyurea coatings and foams
are combined. Major applications are insulation for pipes
or pipelines carrying hot materials with temperatures
consistently around 180 deg.C and applications in the
aerospace industry and industrial maintenance. Basically,
these latest developments are a continuation of recently
presented oligoamines chemistry which allows controlled
cure times and thus makes polyurea suitable for slow cure
spray and cast applications. 8 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL
Accession no.931427
Item 305
Composites Science and Technology
64, Nos.13-4, 2004, p.2051-65
MODELING OF PERMEATION AND DAMAGE
IN GRAPHITE/EPOXY LAMINATES FOR
CRYOGENIC FUEL STORAGE
Roy S; Benjamin M
Oklahoma State University
Polymer-matrix composite (PMC) materials are ideal
for aerospace structural applications, such as cryogenic
fuel tanks of reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) and
expendable launch vehicles (ELVs), due to their high
strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratio. For the
confident application of these materials, it is necessary
to evaluate the permeation of cryogenic fuel caused due
to transverse matrix cracks in conjunction with inter-
ply delaminations resulting in an intersecting network
of passages. An expression for predicting delaminated
crack opening displacement (DCOD) is derived based
on first-order shear laminate theory applied to five-layer
and three-layer models. The DCOD obtained using both
five-layer and three-layer model is verified using 2D
finite-element analysis. A mathematical model to predict
permeability in graphite-epoxy laminate system (IM-7/
PETI-5) is developed using Darcy’s law for isothermal,
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
viscous flow of gases through porous media. The results
obtained from both five-layer and three-layer model are
used as input to the permeability model. Using this model,
the permeability is calculated for an orthotropic laminate
lay-up for a given delamination length, crack density and
loading conditions. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.931389
Item 306
Materials and Processing - Sailing into the Future.
Vol.36, Proceedings of the 36th International SAMPE
Technical Conference held San Diego, Ca., 15th-18th
Nov.2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 92, pp.8
AN EXAMINATION OF AN ADHESIVE
BONDING PORTFOLIO TO SATISFY THE NEED
FOR OUT-OF-AUTOCLAVE COST REDUCTION
INITIATIVES FOR AEROSPACE STRUCTURAL
BONDING
LEGRAND D S
HENKEL TECHNOLOGIES
(SAMPE)
The results are reported of an examination of paste and
film adhesives for aerospace applications with the aim
of reducing costs and providing equivalent mechanical
performance to adhesives cured in classical autoclave
conditions. Tests were conducted on Hysol EA9380
adhesive paste and Hysol EA9696.06NW adhesive
film curing at low temperatures and data provided on
mechanical performance versus cure temperature, cure
pressure and cure time. Snap cure systems curing within
30 minutes of being placed in a hot oven are considered
promising candidates for cost reduction. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.930824
Item 307
Materials and Processing - Sailing into the Future.
Vol.36, Proceedings of the 36th International SAMPE
Technical Conference held San Diego, Ca., 15th-18th
Nov.2004.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2004, Paper 56, pp.13
COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING BY USING
A NOVEL MODULAR 2.45 GHZ MICROWAVE
PROCESSING SYSTEM
Feher L; Drechsler K; Filsinger J
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH;
Stuttgart,University; EADS Corporate Research
(SAMPE)
The features of a novel industrial microwave system, called
Hephaistos, for the automated processing of carbon fibre-
reinforced composites are described and the fabrication
of composites for aerospace applications therewith is
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
demonstrated. The microwave system integrates basic
processing steps, such as tooling, tempering, lay-up,
impregnation and preforming, with curing and can be
used as a stand-alone processing system or as an upgrade
system for existing autoclaves. 7 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL
Accession no.930793
Item 308
Journal of Adhesion
80, No.12, Dec.2004, p.1153-72
EVALUATION OF THE LONG-TERM
DURABILITY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE
POLYIMIDE ADHESIVES FOR BONDING
TITANIUM
Xu S; Guo S; Dillard D A
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University
The long-term durability of high-performance polyimide
adhesives for bonding titanium alloy for potential
aerospace applications was investigated by DMA, tensile,
fracture, flexural and creep testing before and after
high-temperature environmental ageing for prolonged
periods. The effects of simultaneous reversible physical
ageing and irreversible chemical ageing on adhesive bond
performance are discussed for several different bonding
systems. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.930469
Item 309
Composites Technology
10, No.6, Suppl., Dec.2004, p.8/41
WORLD OF COMPOSITES: AN OVERVIEW
This article provides an overview of the world of
composites, including fibres and matrix materials, part
design criteria, fabrication methods and applications.
WORLD
Accession no.930307
Item 310
Polymer Composites
25, No.6, Dec. 2004, p.630-45
BIG RETURNS FROM SMALL FIBERS: A
REVIEW OF POLYMER/CARBON NANOTUBE
COMPOSITES
Breuer O; Sundararaj U
Alberta,University
A review is presented of recent studies conducted on
carbon nanotube/polymer composites. The size scale,
aspect ratio and properties of nanotubes are reported to
provide advantages in a variety of applications, providing
electrostatic dissipation, a combination of strength,
stiffness and impact properties. The various processing
91
 References and Abstracts
methods for the production of nanocomposites are
discussed, in particular, melt mixing, solution processing,
and in-situ polymerisation. Key results are summarised
relating to the mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical
and surface properties of nanocomposites. The article
also discusses the challenges for the future in terms of
processing, characterisation, nanotube supply, nanotube
tailoring, and the mechanisms governing the behaviour
of nanoscale composites. 253 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.930128
Item 311
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
77, No.3, July-Aug.2004, p.542-51
NAVAL APPLICATIONS OF ELASTOMERS
Roland C M
US,Naval Research Laboratory
A short review is presented of the literature on selected
uses of rubber by the U.S. Navy on surface vessels,
submarines and aircraft. The emphasis is on applications
which exploit rubber’s capacity for energy transmission,
storage and dissipation, including acoustic applications
and aircraft tyres. Developing naval technologies are
described. 27 refs.
USA
Accession no.928925
Item 312
Macromolecules
37, No.19, 21st Sept.2004, p.7250
EPOXY-LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES AND THEIR GAS
PERMEATION PROPERTIES
Osman M A; Mittal V; Morbidelli M; Suter U W
ETH Zurich
The use of organically modified clay as filler in epoxy resin
nanocomposites, and the effect of different ammonium
salts as surface treatments on the clay, was examined by
X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and
gas permeability. In particular the oxygen permeability
was related to the morphological structure of the
nanocomposites, with intercalation, exfoliation, particle
shape and molecular length considered. Transmission of
water vapour through the composites was shown to be
dependent on the hydrophobicity of the clay inclusions.
41 refs.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.928585
Item 313
Advanced Materials and Composites News
26, No.22, 15th Nov.2004, p.1-3
ROHACELL STRUCTURAL FOAM CORES
MAKE SUCCESSFUL A-STRINGER PROFILES
92
FOR ENGINE PANELS
The use of stringer profiles has proven to be the most
suitable method for stiffening thin carbon/epoxy shells,
typically used as engine air inlet duct panels or engine
cowling panels. The most effective stiffening can be
achieved by using A or hat stringer profiles. Structural
Rohacell sandwich foam cores are successfully used in a
number of such kinds of aircraft applications. One of the
latest applications for foam filled stringer profiles is the
rear pressure bulkhead of the Airbus A340 and A340-600.
The use of Rohacell foam as a mandrel and as a structural
member of the sandwich design is discussed.
Rohm America
USA
Accession no.928470
Item 314
SAMPE Journal
40, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2004, p.23-31
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-
TEMPERATURE POLYIMIDES FOR RESIN
TRANSFER MOULDING
Gray R A; McGrath L R
Maverick Corp.
The development of high-temperature polyimide resin
systems, characterised by viscosity and glass transition
temperature, for resin transfer moulding (RTM) was
investigated and the properties of the resulting laminates
with carbon fibres were characterised by mechanical
properties including compression strength and interlaminar
shear strength. Potential aerospace applications of the
resins are discussed. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.927649
Item 315
Polymer Testing
23, No.8, 2004, p.903
MODELING YOUNG’S MODULUS OF RUBBER-
CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES USING COMPOSITE
THEORIES
Wu Y-P; Jia Q-X; Yu D-S; Zhang L-Q
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
An investigation was carried out to establish whether the
Guth, Halpin-Tsai and modified Halpin-Tsai equations
could be employed to explain the superior reinforcing
efficiency of rubber-clay nanocomposites. A modulus
reduction factor for the platelike fillers was established
and introduced into the equations and the predictability
of the modified equations evaluated. A comparison of
experimental data for nanocomposites based on clay and
matrices of SBR, NBR and carboxylated NBR with the
predictions of the models revealed that the predictability
of the models was improved By the introduction of the
modulus reduction factor. 24 refs.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
CHINA
Accession no.927012
Item 316
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
25, No.1, 2005, p.47-59
ADHESIVE AND COMPOSITE FAILURE
PREDICTION OF SINGLE-L JOINT
STRUCTURES UNDER TENSILE LOADING
Feih S; Shercliff H R
Cambridge,University; TWI Ltd.
An investigation was carried out into the design of
composite single-L peel joints under tensile loading using,
as the adherends, high-tensile strength, unidirectional
carbon fibre prepreg with an epoxy matrix and, as the
adhesives, two epoxy resins suitable for aerospace
applications. Repeatable joint designs were guaranteed
using an adhesive injection method and joint optimisation
was achieved through fillet shape changes. Sub-critical
composite failure, composite delamination and adhesive
failure were analysed numerically, the failure load best for
different fillet shapes was predicted using a zone criterion
and crack growth during adhesive failure was simulated
using a damage mechanics approach. 25 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.926099
Item 317
Plastics Additives and Compounding
6, No.5, Sept.-Oct.2004, p.4
METALLOCENE WAXES GO INTO
PRODUCTION
The Pigments & Additives Division of Clariant is
building the world’s first plant where waxes are produced
by metallocene catalysis. The new high-performance
polymers produced with metallocene catalysts are known
as Licocene. The property profile of Licocene can be
optimised for different applications. The company claims
that for the first time it is possible to design waxes with
particular properties, such as hardness, melt behaviour
and viscosity, which can be adjusted exactly within a wide
range. The family of waxes comprises mainly special PP
types, as well as waxes based on PE and copolymers.
Applications include dispersion agents in masterbatches
and in glass- and natural fibre-reinforced compounds, often
in the aircraft and automotive industries.
Clariant,Pigments & Additives Div.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.925637
Item 318
Journal of Materials - Design and Applications (Part L)
218, No.L3, Aug.2004, p.253-60
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
ADVANCED COMPOSITES
Bannister M K
Australia,Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced
Composite Structures
The fabrication of three-dimensional fibre-reinforced
polymer composites by the textile processes of weaving,
braiding, stitching and knitting and their mechanical
properties are reviewed. Current and potential applications
of these composites in the aerospace, maritime, automotive,
building and biomedical fields are discussed. 28 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.924175
Item 319
Advanced Composite Materials
13, No.2, 2004, p.81-8
PRESSURIZATION TEST ON CFRP LINER-
LESS TANKS AT LIQUEFIED NITROGEN
TEMPERATURE
Morimoto T; Ishikawa T; Yokozeki T; Hayashi Y;
Shimoda T; Morino Y
Japan,Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo,University;
Tokyo Business Service Co.Ltd.
Internal pressurisation tests were carried out on toughened
epoxy CFRP liner-less tanks at liquid nitrogen temperatures
inside a vacuum chamber, and damage onsets such
as transverse cracking and leak path formation, were
monitored using helium flow detection, acoustic emission,
and pressure-strain monitoring. The results are discussed
in terms of aerospace applications. 18 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.922602
Item 320
Reinforced Plastics
48, No.9, Oct.2004, p.46-8
CHOOSING THE RIGHT CLOSED MOULDING
PROCESS
Loff A
Molding Technologies
Selecting the right closed moulding technique to match
the application is critical to successful parts production.
The National Composite Center, a comprehensive
resource for closed moulding technology, is helping
manufacturers eliminate the guesswork with its hands-
on practice and application experience. NCC organises
closed moulding into the major categories of RTM,
RTM Light, structural reaction injection moulding and
vacuum infusion processing. Vacuum infusion produces
high quality reproducible parts, low void content and
near zero emissions of hazardous air pollutants for
a cleaner environment. Because the process and its
various techniques use a flexible membrane on the top
surface, vacuum infusion is well suited to applications
involving large structural composites. Low tooling and
93
 References and Abstracts

capital equipment costs are vacuum infusion’s primary suitable for use in the manufacture of primary structures
advantage. NCC is also expanding closed moulding for aeronautical applications are discussed and the
technology beyond the use of traditional materials by manufacturing processes used are described. Particular
successfully infusing nanocomposite additives in large attention is paid to the manufacture by Airbus Espana
moulded parts. of components for the A-380, using techniques such as
US,National Composite Center fibre placement, automatic tape lay-up, resin transfer
USA moulding, resin film infusion and co-bonding/welding of
Accession no.922334 thermoplastic composites.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 321
Accession no.920247
Plastics Technology
50, No.7, July 2004, p.27
SELF-REINFORCED” POLYMER IS NOW Item 324
COMMERCIAL Chemical and Engineering News
82, No.35, 30th Aug.2004, p.34-9
This concise article draws to our attention the first
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
commercial grade of “Parmax SRP” (self-reinforced
Jacoby M
polymer), known as “Parmax 1201”, from Mississippi
Polymer Technologies Inc. in the USA. Details are Some 50 years ago, aircraft designers began taking
provided on the properties and the intended applications advantage of the high strength-to-weight ratio associated
of the new material. with composites by replacing aluminium parts with
MISSISSIPPI POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES INC. others made from the newer materials. In today’s F-22
USA fighters, carbon fibre composites compose nearly one-
Accession no.921841 third of the jet’s structure. Composites have moved
into terrestrial applications rather slowly. The primary
obstacles have been the high cost of the materials and
Item 322 the labour-intensive operations and expensive fabrication
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology equipment needed to process them. For various elements
18, No.7, 2004, p.751-64 of the 500-horsepower Dodge Viper’s fender support, door
DEVELOPMENT OF METAL-BONDING SPRAY structures and windshield frame, the carmaker chose parts
ADHESIVES FOR USE IN AEROSPACE REPAIR made from carbon-based SMC or blends of composites.
APPLICATIONS Scientists at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright
Tillman M S Patterson Air Force Base are studying nanocomposites,
US,Naval Air Systems Command focusing on ways of modifying polymer composites with
The results are reported of an evaluation of five different nanoscale materials to produce composites that exhibit
spray adhesives in aerospace repair applications. The unconventional combinations of properties.
adhesives included two epoxy materials based on USA
diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A and Epon 828, as well Accession no.919852
as tetraglycidylmethyldianiline (Araldite MY 9512) and
a commercial epoxy resin. The lap shear performance
Item 325
and processability of the adhesives with aluminium as
Synthetic Metals
the adherent were evaluated and their fracture surfaces
144, No.3, 2004, p.303-7
analysed by scanning electron microscopy. 14 refs.
HEAVY ION IRRADIATION ON CONDUCTING
USA
POLYPYRROLE AND ZRO2-POLYPYRROLE
Accession no.920572 NANOCOMPOSITES
De A; Das A; Lahiri S
Item 323 Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
Revista de Plasticos Modernos Conducting polypyrrole and nanocomposites of polypyrrole
87, No.576, June 2004, p.531-40
with zirconium oxide were subjected to C12 and O16
Spanish
beams of moderate energy to evaluate their suitability for
POLYMERS AND MANUFACTURING
use in space probes. An evaluation was made of the effect
PROCESSES USED TO MANUFACTURE THE
of irradiation on the electrical conductivity and physical
PRIMARY STRUCTURES OF AN AIRCRAFT: AN
properties of the pure polypyrrole and nanocomposites,
EXAMPLE, THE AIRBUS A-380
which were also characterised by TGA and X-ray
Munoz Esquer P L
diffraction. The nanocomposites were found to be more
Airbus Espana SA
suitable than the pure polypyrrole for space applications.
The properties of composite materials which render them 5 refs.

94 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 References and Abstracts
INDIA
Accession no.919209
Item 326
165th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2004.
Proceedings of a conference held Grand Rapids, Mi.,
17th-19th May 2004.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2004, Paper 21,
pp.30
HI-TECH FLUORO POLYMERS, NOW USED
IN INCREASING VOLUME PRODUCTION,
GAIN IMPORTANT BENEFIT FROM HI-TECH
PROCESS ADDITIVES
Bruhn J; Bertrand J; Clarke C; Hensel M
Schill & Seilacher Struktol AG
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Steadily increasing requests from many industries regarding
technical performance of a rubber part in meeting severe
technical specifications and regulations has an important
influence on the increasing consumption of high tech
elastomers in the rubber industry. Fluoroelastomers play
an increasingly important role. Due to its outstanding
proper-ties like excellent heat and weather resistance,
possible use in a wide temperature range from -45 deg.C up
to 275 deg.C and its resistance to a broad variety of fluids
including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and strong
acids, FPM is often the polymer of first choice. Automotive,
aerospace and chemical industries are the main customers
for FPM based parts as seals, O-rings, hoses, gaskets and
rubber linings. As elastomers are specified in a variety of
industrial, automotive and aerospace applications, the need
for efficient part manufacture is imperative to achieve the
required balance of part quality and production economy.
Ease of processing also impacts part quality since
processing difficulties like mould sticking and fouling,
or problems with mould filling or extrusion performance,
can result in surface defects in e.g. O-rings and tubes.
Such processing problems can result in lower productivity
and increased production costs because of higher scrap
material rate. The advantages of high tech processing
additive Struktol HT 290 are demonstrated by showing
improvement during processing of different fluorinated
polymers. Injection and extrusion results are shown and
processing problems such as insufficient compound flow,
compound sticking and mould fouling are solved. A new
concept to rate occurring level of mould fouling and to
judge the effectiveness of processing additives related to
this problem is introduced and explained. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.918065
Item 327
Popular Plastics and Packaging
49, No.7, July 2004, p.63/86
POLYIMIDES - TRENDSETTERS IN AEROSPACE
AND ELECTRONICS
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Mirchandani G; Shertukde V V
Matunga,University
The classification of polyimides is explained, including
condensation polyimides and copolyimides, addition
polyimides and thermoplastic polyimides. Polyimides
exhibit excellent properties at elevated temperatures, thus
qualifying them for use in applications experiencing high
service temperatures. In the aerospace industry, material
demands are ever increasing. Researchers have met
this challenge primarily with polyimides, which can be
modified to meet processing conditions while maintaining
several of their advantageous properties. Polyimides have
been utilised for the fabrication of composites of carbon,
quartz, glass, boron and graphite. The Mars Exploration
Rovers currently in space include almost 70 yards each of
flexible cable circuits made of thin polyimide laminates
and composites. In electronics, applications of polyimides
include optical waveguides, roll-up displays, liquid crystal
displays and adhesives. 20 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.917856
Item 328
Advanced Materials and Composites News
26, No.15, 2nd Aug.2004, p.4
CRYOGENIC LIQUID STORAGE DEVELOPED
USING ALL-CFRP COMPOSITE TANKS
It is briefly reported that, in an extensive Broad Area
Announcement study for the Air Force, Wilson Composite
Technologies concluded that liner less CFRP composite
tanks offer promise for lightweight containment for
the long-term storage of liquid hydrogen in space. A
manufacturing innovation has been developed for the
filament winding method for cryo use. WCT also has a
second Air Force-sponsored programme to determine the
compatibility of various carbon fibre/epoxy composites
with liquid oxygen (LOX). It is hoped to be able to develop
composite tanks as replacement for metals for containment
of LOX for launch vehicle applications.
Wilson Composite Technologies Inc.
USA
Accession no.917810
Item 329
JEC Composites
No.10, June-July 2004, p.72-3
NEW SELF-ADHESIVE PREPREG SYSTEM
Scott M
Hexcel
Hexcel’s self-adhesive epoxy prepreg system for use in the
construction of sandwich panels for aerospace applications
is described. The self-adhesive nature of HexPly M50 is
shown to allow for the elimination of the adhesive films
required to bond the skins to honeycomb, giving weight
savings of up to 10%. The peel strength is equal to or
95
 References and Abstracts
better than those currently obtained for sandwich panels
relying on standard adhesive plies. An additional benefit
of the system’s rheology is the virtual elimination of core-
crush problems.
USA
Accession no.917482
Item 330
JEC Composites
No.10, June-July 2004, p.46-7
AUTOMATED PREFORMS: THE NEXT STEP IN
REINFORCEMENTS FOR DIRECT PROCESSES
Girardy H
Hexcel
The development by Hexcel of automated preforms with
functionalised materials for use in direct processing
of composite materials for aerospace applications
is discussed. Binders for preform consolidation and
functionalisation are described and the manufacture of the
preforms is outlined. Hexcel’s RTM 6 monocomponent
premixed epoxy resin system, which produces composite
parts operating at service temperatures between -60 and
180C, is mentioned.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.917480
Item 331
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
43, No.2, 2004, p.427
POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES: A REVIEW
Maniar K K
Massachusetts,University
A brief review is presented on nanocomposites beginning
in 1951 but paying particular attention to post-1996
studies. It is based upon technical publications, which are
mostly obtained from ANTEC and SAMPE proceedings
and patents. 103 refs.
USA
Accession no.916739
Item 332
Journal of Materials Science
39, No.8, 15th April 2004, p.2855-9
INTERFACIAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
OF POLYESTER-BASED FIBER-METAL
LAMINATES WITH PRIMARY CONTACT AND
SECONDARY ADHESIVE BONDING
Burns M J; Compston P
Australian National University
Results are presented of preliminary studies of the
characterisation of interfacial fracture toughness for two
fibre-metal laminates(FMLs) based on materials and
manufacturing techniques suitable for non-aerospace and
relatively low cost applications. The first FML is based on
96
primary contact bonding at the bimaterial interface, i.e.
simple wet lay-up of glass/polyester to aluminium. The
second is based on secondary adhesive bonding where the
aluminium and pre-cured laminates are manufactured in
a simple stamping process with a hot-melt thermoplastic
adhesive at the interface. The results demonstrate that
a simple heating-stamping manufacturing process has
potential for high volume production of relatively low
cost thermoset-based FMLs with a tough ethylene-based
thermoplastic film adhesive at the bimaterial interface to
ensure interfacial fracture toughness. 7 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.916034
Item 333
Eureka
24, No.5, May 2004, p.31-2
COMPOSITES GO FROM STRENGTH TO
STRENGTH
Shelley T
This article reports on some of the latest enhancements in
fibre-reinforced plastic composites, for use in aerospace
and military applications. Details of these breakthrough
developments were recently presented at the symposium
entitled “Composites - the Cutting Edge”, which was part
of the Materials Congress 2004 hosted by the UK Institute
of Materials, Minerals & Mining.
UK,INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS,MINERALS & MINING;
LEEDS,UNIVERSITY; LONDON,UNIVERSITY,QUEEN MARY
COLLEGE; BOLTON,INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION;
BRISTOL,UNIVERSITY
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.914679
Item 334
Polyurethanes Expo 2003. Proceedings of a
conference held Orlando, Florida, 1st-3rd Oct.2003.
Arlington, VA, Alliance for the Polyurethanes Industry,
2003, p.79-85
HOT STUFF - THERE IS ANOTHER HURDLE TO
TAKE FOR POLYUREA: FROM COATINGS AND
SEALANTS TO MICRO CELLULAR FOAMS
Klockemann K; Bader M
Performance Chemical International Corp.; Institute for
Polyurethane Technology GmbH
(American Plastics Council; Alliance for the
Polyurethanes Industry)
Polyurea technology has experienced enormous
development. From huge, high pressure processing
machines to handy, easy-to-operate equipment and from
an extremely fast reaction towards controlled reaction
and curing behaviour. In Nitroil Performance Chemicals’
latest developments the unique advantages of polyurea
coatings and foams are combined. Major applications are
insulation for pipes or pipelines carrying hot materials with
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
temperatures consistently around 350 deg.F or applications
in the aerospace industry and industrial maintenance. These
latest developments are a continuation of the recently
developed oligoamines which allow controlled cure times
and thus make polyurea suitable for cast applications. In
combination with these amines and blowing agents like
HFC 245 fa or HFC 365 mfc, microcellular foams are
achieved. Due to their good chemical resistance, heat
stability and excellent physical properties, especially
impact and abrasion resistance, microcellular polyurea
foams offer a new dimension of protective materials with
alternative uses, e.g. as dust sealant for switch boxes or
fuse cabinets as well as protective soles for shoes exposed
to extreme conditions in the workplace. It is demonstrated
that properties such as hardness, cell structure, density or
resilience can easily be manipulated through the use of an
additive package, typically consisting of a blowing agent
and a silicone surfactant, whereas the current range of
polyurea foams prepared without any additive package is
limited in variability but of excellent homogeneity in cell
structure and elastic properties. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.914051
Item 335
Reinforced Plastics
48, No.6, June 2004, p.42-3
FLEXIBLE WAY TO JOIN COMPOSITES
Scott Reeve
US,National Composite Center
Manufacturers face challenges when it comes to joining
composites to other materials. To help companies overcome
this production obstacle, the National Composite Center’s
patented Litecast process offers a robust joining solution.
Litecast offers a flexible option to mechanical fastening
and adhesive systems which can add extra labour costs
and reduce the strength of composite products. Litecast
produces a mechanical joint that requires no application of
adhesives. Molten metals, like aluminium and magnesium,
are cast directly onto the composite structure in a die casting
operation. Controlled vapourisation of the outer resin layer
leaves metal interlocked with the fibres in the composite
to create a mechanical bond. NCC is looking to license
the technology to companies which want to implement a
reliable joining solution at the design or production phase.
Two recent examples include applications for the heavy-
duty truck market and earth-orbiting space structures.
USA
Accession no.913572
Item 336
Reinforced Plastics
48, No.4, April 2004, p.28-31
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES SPUR
COMPOSITES USE
Borchardt J K
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs are of growing
interest to military operations, but they can also be used
in a variety of civilian applications such as monitoring
and controlling traffic flow and search/rescue operations.
Use of lightweight advanced composites is essential in
increasing UAV flight time. Thermosets are used more
than thermoplastics because the resin readily impregnates
fibres, making it possible to manufacture complex shaped
parts. Completely synthetic composite propellers are
beginning to be used because they provide both high
performance and durability. These are typically comprised
of carbon/glass fabric impregnated with high-temperature
epoxy resin. The University of Sydney’s UAV Brumby
was developed for flight research. The main gear of the
undercarriage is a carbon fibre/Kevlar fibre composite,
the fuselage is constructed with a sandwich composite of
glass fibre/Nomex resin and the wings are a composite of
glass/Nomex resin.
AUSTRALIA; USA
Accession no.910935
Item 337
High-Performance Composites
12, No.2, March 2004, p.38-43
SIZING AND SURFACE TREATMENT: THE
KEYS TO CARBON FIBER’S FUTURE?
Fisher Mason K
Surface treatment and sizing, the final two steps in the
carbon fibre manufacturing process, are the subject
of notable trade secrecy. Surface treatment produces
additional bonding sites on the fibre surface, while sizing
enhances fibre processability with a protective coating
on the fibre surface and can provide a coupling agent for
the fibre/resin bond. The relationship between surface
treatment and sizing is complex, and the effectiveness
of each depends on its compatibility with both the fibre
and the resin. The vast majority of carbon fibre is still
incorporated into standard, qualified epoxy resin systems
via well-known fabricating processes, for which sizing
and surface treatment “recipes” are so well established
and reliable that choice of fibre is typically based on
economics. In a significant and growing number of new
applications the risk of fibre/resin incompatibility is
increasing, as “off-the-shelf” carbon reinforcements are
introduced to applications for which the matrix will be
highly modified epoxy resins or non-epoxies such as vinyl
ester, polyimide or PEEK.
USA
Accession no.909690
Item 338
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
91, No.5, 5th March 2004, p.3096-106
ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC POLYMER
PROPERTIES BY USE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL
AS DILUENT
97
 References and Abstracts
Singh K P; Palmese G R
Delaware,University; Drexel,University
Phenolic resins are used for the inner linings of GRP
composites in applications such as aircraft or armoured
tanks, where fire resistance is essential. The phenolic
resins usually contain water as a diluent to facilitate
moulding. Water controls the viscosity, but its evaporation
from the resin during cure has caused microvoids to
appear in the cured resin which are believed to adversely
affect the properties of the final product. The effects of
processing parameters such as cure temperature, post cure
temperature, catalyst concentration and the use of ethylene
glycol as a replacement diluent were studied on the water
loss, microvoid distribution and hence the mechanical
properties of the polymer. Replacing the initial water
with ethylene glycol had the most significant effect on the
microvoids and the properties of the polymer. This resulted
in a decrease in the void content, an increase in density
and a significant improvement in the flexural modulus and
fracture toughness. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.909460
Item 339
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry
Edition
42,No.4, 15th Feb.2004, p.825-34
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF
NEW SOLUBLE POLYAZOMETHINES BEARING
FLUORENE AND CARBAZOLE UNITS IN THE
BACKBONE AND SOLUBILITY IMPROVING
MOIETIES IN THE SIDE GROUP
Kim H-C; Kim J-S; Kim K-S; Park H-K; Baek S; Ree
M LIGHTWEIGHT, DAMAGE TOLERANT
Pohang,University of Science & Technology
The synthesis and characterisation is described of a
series of novel, soluble, polyazomethines with fluorene
and carbazole moieties in the main chain and solubility
improving groups such as dibutyl, ethylhexyl, thienylethoxy,
furyl and fluorenyl in the side group. Solution casting was
used to prepare films. The glass transition temperature,
melting point and thermal stability were determined. The
side groups were found to improve solubility, without
sacrificing thermal stability. The products are candidate
materials for applications in micro-electronics and
aerospace. Features in the UV- visible spectra were red
shifted compare to the monomers, indicating that they
might be suitable for doping to produce opto-electronic
devices. 22 Refs.
KOREA
Accession no.908774
Item 340
Materials And Processing - Enabling Flight: Our
Legacy And Our Future. Vol.35.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 35TH INTERNATIONAL
98
SAMPE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE HELD
DAYTON, OH., 28TH SEPT.-2ND OCT.2003.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2003, Paper 105, pp.11
PMI FOAMS FOR STRUCTURAL AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Seibert H F
Rohm GmbH & Co.KG
(SAMPE)
The use of polymethacrylimide(PMI) foams in large
sandwich components for the Delta family of satellite
launchers is described and the reasons for selection of
PMI sandwich technology instead of the traditionally-
used aluminium honeyconb-cored sandwich design are
discussed. Structural applications for civil aircraft such as
the front landing gear door of the FD 728, obtained by resin
infusion, and the pressure bulkheads and ailerons of the
Airbus A340-600 and A380 are reported. The advantages
over honeycomb design are considered, with emphasis on
manufacturing costs and life cycle costs. Two recently-
launched grades of PMI foams, designed for use in the
resin infusion process, are described. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.908059
Item 341
Materials And Processing - Enabling Flight: Our
Legacy And Our Future. Vol.35.
Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Technical
Conference held Dayton, Oh., 28th Sept.-2nd Oct.2003.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2003, Paper 50, pp.9
COMPOSITE SANDWICH STRUCTURES FOR
HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS IN
AIRCRAFT ENGINE COMPONENTS
Sheppard M; Campbell G S; Stoll F
WebCore Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
A programme was conducted to evaluate TYCOR
sandwich panels moulded using a vacuum infusion
process(VIP) for use as lightweight, cost-effective,
damage-tolerant structures for aircraft engine components.
TYCOR sandwich cores used low density foam coupled
with structural fibres to create core material with specific
structural properties. Two components, an engine fan
case and an inlet guide vane, were studied. Full body
of revolution VIP moulding was evaluated as a means
of processing engine case components. Foam and resin
studies were conducted to determine appropriate materials
for use in composite fan case and inlet guide vanes.
Prototype TYCOR sandwich panels were fabricated and
tested for both the fan case and hollow inlet guide vanes.
USA
Accession no.908023
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 342
Materials And Processing - Enabling Flight: Our
Legacy And Our Future. Vol.35.
Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Technical
Conference held Dayton, Oh., 28th Sept.-2nd Oct.2003.
COVINA, CA., SAMPE INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS OFFICE, 2003, PAPER 40, PP.15
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE
POLYIMIDES FOR RESIN TRANSFER
MOLDING
Gray R A; McGrath L R
Maverick Corp.
(SAMPE)
A series of addition-cured, polyimide resin systems
was developed for high-temperature resin transfer
moulding(RTM) applications. These resin systems
were specifically designed to be cost competitive and
free of mutagenic or carcinogenic materials. Monomer
stoichiometry and oligomer molec.wt. were balanced in
order to produce RTM polyimides that exhibited low melt
viscosity. Laminates were fabricated using commercial
RTM equipment and found to be free of voids and
microcracks. All the candidate systems that exhibited
potential were physically and mechanically tested. An
RTM resin was identified that had a dry Tg of 305C and
good property retention up to 260C. Potential applications
of these resins in commercial and military aircraft, launch
vehicles and satellites and dual use applications in the
automotive and chemical industry are considered. 19
refs.
USA
Accession no.908014
Item 343
Materials And Processing - Enabling Flight: Our
Legacy And Our Future. Vol.35.
Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Technical
Conference held Dayton, Oh., 28th Sept.-2nd Oct.2003.
Covina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2003, Paper 38, pp.9
DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
THERMOSETTING POLYIMIDE COMPOSITE
MATRIX SYSTEMS
McGrath J E; Bullions T; Loos A C; Tan B; Watanabe Y
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University;
Eastman Kodak Co.
(SAMPE)
An overview is given of the curing, physical behaviour
and stability of arylene ether imide oligomers for polymer
matrix composites based on well-known available
monomers and functionalised with phenyl ethynyl end
groups. The phenylethynyl curable arylene ether imide
oligomers based on structures analogous to the well-known
thermoplastic material Ultem are shown to be suitable for
use as the basis of chemically-resistant thermooxidatively-
stable materials at 200C for long durations (up to 5000
hours). The possibility of using these materials in future
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
high performance aerospace applications is examined.
14 refs.
USA
Accession no.908012
Item 344
High-Performance Composites
12, No.1, Jan.2004, p.22-7
NICHE ADHESIVES PROFILERATE FOR
SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS
Daggett S S
This article discusses the development of structural
adhesives for aerospace applications. The two basic forms
of structural adhesives, films and pastes, are examined.
USA
Accession no.906372
Item 345
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004, pp.x, 290
HANDBOOK OF POLYMER FOAMS
Rapra Technology Ltd.
Edited by: Eaves D
Although naturally occurring polymer foams have been
known for a long time, (e.g. sponges, cork), synthetic
polymer foams have only been introduced to the market
over the last fifty years or so. The development of a
new polymer has usually been quickly followed by its
production in an expanded or foam form owing to the
unique and useful properties, which can be realised in the
expanded state. This Handbook reviews the chemistry,
manufacturing methods, properties and applications of
the synthetic polymer foams used in most applications.
In addition, a chapter is included on the fundamental
principles, which apply to all polymer foams. There is
also a chapter on the blowing agents used to expand
polymers, blowing agents having undergone considerable
change and development in recent years in order to meet
the requirements of the Montreal Protocol in relation to
the reduction and elimination of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) and other ozone depleting agents. A chapter is
also included on microcellular foams - a relatively new
development where applications are still being explored.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.906056
Item 346
Journal of Advanced Materials
36, No.1, Jan.2004, p.3-11
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RESIN
TRANSFER MOLDED T-300/PR520 LAMINATE
PROPERTIES
Stickler P B; Ramulu M; Tuttle M E; Coguill S L
Boeing Co.; Washington,University;
Wyoming,University
99
 References and Abstracts
The physical, mechanical and strength properties of resin
transfer moulded T-300/PR520 graphite fibre/epoxy
resin laminates for use in aerospace primary structural
applications were investigated. The physical properties
included fibre, matrix and void volumes. Both in-plane
and out-of-plane elastic and strength properties were
determined. In-plane tension, compression and shear
elastic and strength properties were developed using
standard test methods. In-plane elastic properties were
estimated using a micromechanical analysis and laminate
effective properties were calculated using laminated plate
theory. Predicted in-plane elastic properties were compared
with experimentally-determined values. Out-of-plane
shear elastic and strength properties were developed
using a standard v-notch beam method and out-of-plane
tension properties were experimentally determined using
a draft ASTM specification. Significant observations of the
experimental test methods, variations in experimental data
and specimen failure modes were provided. The results
were used in subsequent experimental and numerical
analyses of structural T-joints fabricated using these
materials and processes. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.905787
Item 347
IRC 2003. Proceedings of a conference held Nuremberg,
30th June-3rd July 2003.
Frankfurt, Deutsche Kautschuk Gesellschaft eV, 2003,
p.87-90
NEW FLUOROELASTOMERS WITH IMPROVED
LOW TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE
Bach D; Van Gool G; Steffens J
Dyneon GmbH & Co.KG
(Deutsche Kautschuk Gesellschaft eV)
Low temperature fluoroelastomers for use in automotive,
aerospace and chemical processing sealing applications
are a class of true ‘specialty’ within the commercially
available group of fluoroelastomers (FKM). Currently
available fluoroelastomers designed for low temperature
service applications are typically tetra-polymers of
tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2),
a perfluoro alkylvinylether (PAVE), e.g. perfluoro
methylvinylether (PAVE) and a cure site monomer (CSM),
to allow the formation of a crosslinked network using
an organic peroxide system. The complete substitution
of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) in ‘traditional’ FKM
fluoroelastomers through PAVE type co-monomers
lowers the glass transition temperature and offers a
good balance of low temperature flexibility while
maintaining fluid and chemical resistance useful for harsh
industrial environments. A new class of low temperature
fluoroelastomers, where the historic properties of PAVEs
are complemented by perfluoro alkoxy alkylvinylethers
(PAAVEs), is presented. Compared to currently commercial
available PMVE containing FKMs, Dyneon’s new class
of low temperature FKMs demonstrate superior chemical
100
resistance, high thermostability and unmatched low
temperature properties. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.905554
Item 348
European Polymer Journal
40, No.1, Jan.2004, p187-95
THERMAL STABILITY AND WATER UPTAKE
OF HIGH PERFORMANCE EPOXY LAYERED
SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES
Becker O; Varley R J; Simon G P
Monash,University
The water uptake and thermal stability of a range of
nanocomposites have been studied since they have potential
in high performance applications such as aerospace.
Three commercial epoxy systems were used as matrices:
diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DEGBA), triglycidyl
p-amino phenol (TGAP) and tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl
methane (TGDDM). A commercial organoclay, octadecyl
ammonium ion-modified montmorillonite layered
silicate, was used in concentrations between 0 and 10%.
Thermal stability parameters were determined using
thermogravimetric analysis. Dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis was used to determine equilibrium water uptake,
diffusion coefficient and alpha- and beta-transition peak
temperatures before and after water sorption. It was
found that the nanocomposites showed a slight decrease
in thermal stability of 5-10 centigrade at 10% clay
concentration. Water sorption was decreased relative to
neat epoxies however the rate of water diffusion remained
the same. 37 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.905513
Item 349
High Performance Polymers
15, No,4, Dec.2003, p.375-94
HIGH TEMPERATURE TRANSFER MOLDING
RESINS. LAMINATE PROPERTIES OF PETI-298
AND PETI-330
Connell J W; Smith J G; Hergenrother P M; Criss J M
US,NASA,Langley Research Center; M & P
Technologies Inc.
Two phenylethynyl terminated oligomers were developed
as candidates for composite applications requiring high
temperature performance combined with the ability to be
readily processed into composites. Potential applications
on advanced aerospace vehicles and as aircraft engine
components are mentioned. The resins were processed
using resin transfer moulding, vacuum assisted resin
transfer moulding and resin infusion. The chemistry of
the compounds and carbon fabric laminate properties are
presented. 25 refs.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
USA
Accession no.903237
Item 350
Composites Technology
9, No.4, Aug.2003, p.26-9
VINYL ESTERS MAKE TOUGH PARTS FOR
HIGHLY CORROSIVE APPLICATIONS
Black S
An array of case studies showcases the growing acceptance
of glass fibre/vinyl ester composites in harsh industrial
environments. The direct cost of metallic corrosion in
the USA is staggeringly high - 276 billion UD dollars/
year, or about 3% of the country’s gross domestic product
(GDP), according to a 2002 report entitled Corrosion
Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States,
issued by the US Federal Highway Administration and
written by CC Technologies Laboratories, with support
from NACE International (National Association of
Corrosion Engineers). Every sector of the economy pays
the price, including civil infrastructure (highways and
bridges), pipelines, water and sewer systems, electrical
utilities, ships and aircraft industrial plants and military
installations. While there are many strategies for fighting
the problem - better inspection methods, improved
management practices and life-prediction computer
models - one of the most obvious solutions is to replace
corrosion-prone metal materials with composites. Fibre-
reinforced polymer composites made with chemical-
resistant resins are virtually corrosion-free and can provide
decades of maintenance-free performance, as documented
by countless case studies, some of which are outlined.
US,FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION; CC
TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORIES INC.
USA
Accession no.901085
Item 351
Future Materials
Nov.-Dec.2003, p.25
ADDED TRANSPARENCY
M.C. Gill has developed a transparent laminate for use as a
see-through aircraft cargo liner, allowing visual inspections
of goods in transit without their removal. Unlike previous
transparent plastics, Gillite 1401 Transparent Laminate
offers improved strength using fibreglass reinforcement
and exceptional flammability properties including
compliance with burn through requirements. Other
potential applications include cargo containers, ceiling
panels in commercial transport vehicles, equipment
housings and architectural uses.
GILL M.C.,CORP.
USA
Accession no.900973
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 352
PEplus
No.34, 30th Oct.2003, p.3
CLOSED CELL FOAM SUITABLE FOR HARSH
ENVIRONMENTS
Zotek F 30, a closed cell foam of density 30kg.m3 made
from Kynar PVDF with applications in aircraft insulation
or in air conditioning ducts, is available from Zotefoams. It
is also suited to applications such as high and low closure
force seals in chemically harsh environments, unsinkable
floats in chemical tanks and other situations where flame-
retardant behaviour, chemical resistance or high purity are
essential, it is briefly reported.
ZOTEFOAMS PLC
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.900874
Item 353
Applied Composite Materials
10, No.4-5, July/Sept.2003, p.189-205
AN HISTORIC OVERVIEW OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FIBRE METAL
LAMINATES
Vermeeren C A J R
Delft,University of Technology
Fibre metal laminates are hybrid laminates consisting of
thin alternating bonded layers of aluminium and fibre/
epoxy resin. A brief overview is presented of the history
of the fibre metal laminates Arall (aramid-reinforced
aluminium laminates) and Glare (glass reinforced, from
Akzo/Alcoa) to provide background information for the
other technical articles in this journal. The history of Arall
is discussed with reference to application of Arall in the
wing structure of F-27, fuselage, ballistic Arall, space
structure and tubes, and disadvantages. Glare laminates are
then examined with emphasis on impact properties, burn-
through properties, Glare in the fuselage, residual strength
properties, repair with Glare, use of Glare at Airbus, other
characteristic properties, laminates for high temperature
applications and cost estimation of Glare parts. 8 refs.
AKZO; ALCOA; AIRBUS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.899403
Item 354
Modern Plastics International
33, No.11, Nov.2003, p.41
NEW RIGID-ROD POLYMER JUMPS TO
MARKET
Mapleston P
First commercial samples of what is said to be the first
thermoplastic “rigid-rod” polymer should be available in
November from start-up company Mississippi Polymer
Technologies. The first grades of Parmax SRP (self-
101
 References and Abstracts
reinforcing polymers) will be for compression moulding
and extrusion, followed soon by injection moulding grades.
MPT also anticipates applications in solvent-cast films
for electronics, structural foams, coatings for aerospace,
defence, electronic and specialty industrial applications,
and composites. The polymers are based on a substituted
poly (1,4-phenylene). The rigid-rod backbone imparts
strength and stiffness and the substituents allow melt
processability and solvent casting.
MISSISSIPPI POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES INC.
USA
Accession no.898697
Item 355
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives
23, No.5, 2003, p.343-8
USE OF PERMAPOL P3.1 POLYMERS AND
EPOXY RESINS IN THE FORMULATION OF
AEROSPACE SEALANTS
Clark L J; Cosman M A
Airbus UK; PPG Aerospace
The performance of polythioether polymers in aerospace
sealant applications including oxidative and epoxy resin
curing systems is reviewed. The characteristics of the
epoxy-cured sealants are discussed in terms of glass
transition temperatures (by thermal retraction, DMA, DSC
and TMA), thermal stability (tensile strength at elevated
temperatures), cure properties and adhesion, and compared
with those for a manganese dioxide-cured polysulphide
sealant. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.897438
Item 356
Synthetic Metals
135-136, 2003, p.23-4
CONDUCTING POLYMER (CP) INFRARED
ELECTROCHROMICS IN SPACECRAFT
THERMAL CONTROL AND MILITARY
APPLICATIONS
Chandrasekhar P; Zay B J; McQueeney T; Scara A;
Ross D; Birur G C; Haapanen S; Kauder L; Swanson T;
Douglas D
Ashwin-Ushas Corp.Inc.; Jet Propulsion Laboratory;
US,NASA,Goddard Space Flight Center
The use of advanced conducting polymer far-infrared
electrochromics in spacecraft and defence applications
is described. Devices comprised a solid electrolyte
sandwiched between two electrodes, each being composed
of conducting polymer (aniline/diphenylamine copolymer)/
gold/microporous membrane (poly(vinylidene fluoride)),
and their properties were characterised by emittance, solar
absorptance, and specular and diffuse IR reflectance. 4
refs.
102
USA
Accession no.896257
Item 357
Paint and Coatings Industry
19, No.9, Sept.2003, p.56/64
PERFORMANCE OF DURABLE
FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS
Asakawa A
Asahi Glass Co.Ltd.
Fluoropolymer coatings are known as highly durable
coatings that can maintain their initial performance for
a long period. In the 1980s, Asahi Glass developed a
copolymer of fluoroethylene and vinyl ether as a solvent-
soluble fluoropolymer, known as FEVE. FEVE could
be used on-site for applications such as heavy-duty
architectural and aerospace coatings, as well as for oven-
baked coatings. When these fluoropolymer coatings were
applied as protective coatings, they were used as a topcoat
and protected under-layer basecoats and substrates from UV
attack. FEVE coatings as bridge topcoats, on-line coatings
and clearcoats are discussed. In recent years, waterborne
fluoropolymer coatings have been developed and their
sales are increasing mainly in architectural applications.
Waterborne FEVE has excellent weatherability and it can
be blended with acrylic emulsions, making it possible to
design coatings in which weather resistance and cost is
between that of fluoro- and acrylic polymers. 4 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.895770
Item 358
Polymer
44, No.17, 2003, p.4993
MODELING PROPERTIES OF NYLON 6/CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES USING COMPOSITE
THEORIES
Fornes T D; Paul D R
Texas,University at Austin
The composite theories of Halpin-Tsai and Mori-Tanaka
were used to show that the reinforcement of polyamide-6
by exfoliated aluminosilicates was superior to that
provided by glass fibre, attributed to the aluminosilicate’s
high modulus, high aspect ratio, and the ability to provide
reinforcement in two directions. Increasing the number
of platelets per stack and the gallery spacing between
platelets as a consequence of incomplete exfoliation
dramatically decreased the reinforcing effect. The results
were compared with experimental data for nanocomposites
containing organically-modified montmorillonite and glass
fibre. This required the development of an experimental
procedure for the determination of aspect ratio. The
stiffness behaviour predicted by the composite theories
was in agreement with the experimental observations,
and the experimental heat distortion temperatures were in
reasonable agreement with those predicted by modelling
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
the dynamic mechanical properties. 56 refs.
USA
Accession no.894474
Item 359
Popular Plastics and Packaging
48, No.7, July 2003, p.67-8
BENEFITS OF PLASTICS IN SPACE
Gupta T K S P
Sant Longowal,Institute of Engineering & Technology
Plastics play a key role in space, with new plastics
materials constantly being researched to survive the
harsh environment of space. The strength-to-weight
ratio, adaptable yet incredibly temperature-resistant,
strong and durable nature of polymers has meant that
space technologists have been able to develop vehicles,
equipment and clothing that are able to withstand the
extreme conditions outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Examples of the use of polymers in aerospace applications
are given.
INDIA
Accession no.892333
Item 360
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
34A, No.6, 2003, p.551-8
VACUUM INJECTION MOULDING FOR LARGE
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Brouwer W D; van Herpt E C F C; Labordus M
Delft,Centre of Lightweight Structures
This paper describes ways to improve reliability and
predictability of the VARTM technology in order to
decrease development cost and to make risk of failures
during production as small as possible. First, appropriate
methods to achieve void free processing of the composite
material are described. Secondly, it is explained how
the injection strategy can be optimised by using resin
flow simulation software. Two examples of successful
developments of large applications are described: a 20m
rotor blade and a 16m long boat hull for a sailing yacht.
8 Refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.891910
Item 361
Engineering
244, No.4, April 2003, p.53
FLEXIBLE APPLICATION
Ward J
A report is presented on the chance discovery by David
Lussey of Peratech, while researching electrically-
conductive adhesives for the defence industry, of a
quantum tunnelling composite consisting of conductive
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
metal particles held apart by extremely thin layers of
non-conductive polymer. The resistance of the composite
is very high in the quiescent state but it is conductive after
stretching or squeezing. Applications of the technology in
switching, temperature sensors, chemical detection sensors,
ski apparel and the automotive sector are mentioned.
PERATECH LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.891178
Item 362
Eureka
23, No.6, June 2003, p.40
COMPOSITES WHISPER THEIR PROBLEMS
Shelley T
This article reports in detail on a new technique that will
allow composites to be used more confidently in safety-
critical commercial aerospace applications. It involves
detecting the tiny high-frequency sounds which arise at the
very beginning of composite micro-damage, long before
there any visible signs such as cracks, which only occur
very shortly before complete failure.
BRUNEL UNIVERSITY; BRITISH AIRWAYS; CORUS UK
LTD.; ROLLS-ROYCE; UNILEVER RESEARCH; GLAXO
SMITHKLINE; PROCESS ANALYSIS & AUTOMATION LTD.;
UK,ROYAL AIRFORCE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.890979
Item 363
163rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2003.
Proceedings of a conference held San Francisco, Ca.,
28th-30th April 2003.
Akron, Oh., ACS Rubber Division, 2003, Paper 24,
pp.32
NEW FLUOROELASTOMER DEVELOPMENTS
FOR AEROSPACE SEALING APPLICATIONS
Thomas E
Dupont Dow Elastomers
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A new range of peroxide curable specialty fluoroelastomers,
utilising Advanced Polymer Architecture technology, was
reviewed to evaluate their compatibility with advanced
gas turbine engine lubricants and reference fluids.
Tests of sealing performance, including heat ageing
resistance, retained elongation, volume swell and hardness
change, were carried out in comparison with existing
fluoroelastomers and the results are discussed. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.889979
Item 364
Pitture e Vernici
79, No.6, 1st-15th April 2003, p.55-65
103
 References and Abstracts
Italian; English
EPOXY ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
Grandi A
Adhesives have been one of the major application fields
for epoxy resins since their introduction in 1946, and
they have been formulated to be used for a wide range
of applications: metal/metal, glass/glass, wood/wood
bonding, printed media and structural welding. Main
applications are found in field of structural adhesives for
metal bonding, especially in the aeronautical and aerospace
industry, for military equipment, and also for small metal
or plastic component assembly operations. To describe
the technological versatility of adhesives based on epoxy
systems, storage and application conditions, as well as
the working temperature and the shear strength rate of
various formulated products are presented. The data listed
are obtained from a previous test by Carson. The range of
properties versus the formulations proves the numerous
structural applications of epoxy resins.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.889282
Item 365
Journal of Composite Materials
37, No.8, 2003, p.687-700
STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF COMPOSITE
LAMINATED COLUMN EXPOSED TO HIGH
TEMPERATURE OF FIRE
Anilturk D; Chan W S
Texas,University
With the increasing use of composite materials in
applications of aerospace and civil structures, their
safety and reliability under high temperature and fire
environments must be assured. A study of structural
integrity of composite structures exposed to fire or
intensive heat is presented. The parameters that affect
their critical buckling loads and the buckling strengths
under these circumstances are investigated. It is shown
that for a given material, increasing the ply thickness will
increase the buckling strength of the laminate. It is also
concluded that a symmetric lay-up of laminate exhibits a
higher buckling strength than the one of an unsymmetric
lay-up. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.889275
Item 366
Plastics Technology
49, No.6, June 2003, p.37/41
“SELF-REINFORCING” THERMOPLASTIC IS
HARDER, STRONGER, STIFFER WITHOUT
ADDED FIBERS
“Parmax SRP” (self-reinforcing polymer) is the sole
product of US research and development company
Mississippi Polymer Technologies Inc. It is a high-
104
performance readily-processable rigid-rod thermoplastic
with a striking list of advantageous properties. This
article provides full details of the new material, including
its structure, properties, and potential applications, and
also provides us with background information on its
producer.
MISSISSIPPI POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES INC.; GE
PLASTICS; US,DEPT.OF DEFENSE
USA
Accession no.888351
Item 367
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS Meeting held Boston, Ma.,
18th-22nd Aug.2002.
Washington, DC, ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, p991-2
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF LOW MELTING, OLIGOMERIC
PHTHALONITRILE MONOMERS FOR
AEROSPACE AND SHIP APPLICATIONS
Dominguez D D; Keller T M
US,Naval Research Laboratory
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
In a continuing investigation of high temperature
polymers with good thermal properties, a new class
of low melting, oligomeric phthalonitrile monomers
has been developed in which multiple aromatic ether
linkages interconnect the terminal phthalonitrile units.
These materials are designed to address the need for
processable resin systems for composite fabrication
below 150 deg.C. The new phthalonitriles complement
the current phthalonitrile, 4,4’-bis(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)
biphenyl, which is initially processed at temperatures
between 250-300 deg.C. Synthesis of the oligomeric
phthalonitrile monomers has been achieved in a novel
one-pot, two-step reaction. The initial, key step of the
reaction takes place under mild conditions and results in a
high yield of a hydroxy-terminated oligomeric diarylether.
The synthetic method, based on a general procedure for
the formation of diaryl ethers from the reaction of aryl
bromides or iodides with hydroxyaryl compounds, is a
modification of the traditional Ullman ether synthesis.
The hydroxy-terminated diarylether is then reacted with
4-nitrophthalonitrile to obtain the oligomeric phthalonitrile
monomer. In an extension of work on aromatic ether-
containing phthalonitrile resins, a series of low melting,
oligomeric phthalonitrile monomers with different
chains lengths has been prepared and various curing
additives have been used to affect polymerisation of these
materials to thermosets. The synthesis, polymerisation
and preliminary thermal analyses on the monomers and
polymers are described. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.887913
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 368
High Performance Plastics
May 2003, p.9/10
MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE AIDS
NANOCOMPOSITE RESEARCH
By adapting the tiny cantilever and position measurement
systems used in atomic force microscopy, researchers at
the Georgia Institute of Technology are assisting NASA
to shorten the process of selecting the right polymer to use
in nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes, for
aerospace applications. Full details are presented.
GEORGIA,INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY; NASA
USA
Accession no.886608
Item 369
Adhesive Joints: Formation, Characteristics and
Testing, vol.2.
Utrecht, VSP BV, 2002, p.329-36, 25 cm, 6A1
DURABILITY OF STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES
AND THEIR BONDED JOINTS FOR HIGH
SPEED AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Parvatareddy H; Shuangyang X; Dillard D
Dow Chemical Co.; Virginia,State University
Edited by: Mittal K L
(VSP BV)
This study aims to evaluate the durability of structural
adhesive joints for application in the proposed Mach
2.4 high speed civil transport aircraft. The criterion
for selection is based on the bonded system exhibiting
sufficient durability for over 60,000 hours in service
environment conditions. Ti-6A1-4V/FM-5 bonds and
neat resin samples were aged at 177 deg.C and 204 deg.C
in one of three different environments: atmospheric
air, and reduced air pressures of 2 psi and 0.2 psi. The
adhesive used in the study was a polyimide. The bonded
specimens and neat adhesive films were conditioned in
ageing ovens for 24 months and selected samples were
periodically removed and tested at ageing times which
were logarithmically separated, in order to measure
the critical strain energy release rate as a function of
temperature and environment. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.885675
Item 370
Journal of Composite Materials
37, No.5, 2003, p.381-400
THE BEHAVIOR OF COMPRESSIVELY LOADED
STIFFENER RUNOUT SPECIMENS - PART I:
EXPERIMENTS
Falzon B G; Davies G A O
London,Imperial College of Science,Technology &
Medicine
The results are reported of an investigation into the failure
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
of thick-sectioned stiffener runout specimens for aircraft
applications loaded in uniaxial compression. Tests were
carried out on eight different specimen configurations. The
specimens tested had different nominal skin thicknesses
and were made from carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Strain
gauge results for the different specimens are presented and
details of the failed specimens are illustrated. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.885336
Item 371
Advanced Materials and Composites News
25, No.7, 7th April 2003, p.4-5
AIRBUS THERMOPLASTIC APPLICATIONS -
PRESENT AND FUTURE
Turner G F
Today’s Airbus primary and secondary structures utilise
a significant amount of advanced composites, although
thermoplastic (TP) materials still play a rather minor role in
aircraft structures. Airbus France successfully introduced
TP ribs for the all-composite keel beam primary structure,
in the process achieving a weight saving of 500kg versus
the metal baseline version of this large and unique
structure. Aileron ribs for the A340-600 were successfully
developed and put into production by Airbus France using
both glass and carbon fabric reinforced PPS composites.
Other developing applications include TP auxiliary ribs for
Airbus elevators, A380 wing slat components and A380
fuel tank access covers.
AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.885207
Item 372
Reinforced Plastics
47, No.4, April 2003, p.28-32
BALANCING PROPERTIES FOR CORE
SUCCESS
Simpson K
Sandwiching a lightweight core material between skins
of fibre reinforced plastic can significantly increase the
stiffness of a laminate without adding much to its overall
weight. The three main core types are foam, honeycomb
and cellulose. The key to choosing the most appropriate
core material is to find the right compromise between
performance and manufacturability. With many fabricators
turning to closed moulding processes to reduce emissions
and improve part quality, one of the latest developments in
foam cores is the introduction of cores that are specially
modified to aid vacuum infusion. Some impressive new
applications are in the pipeline for composite sandwich
structures, including heavily loaded structures for Airbus’
latest aircraft. In the automotive sector, foam cores are
currently being used in a project to develop technology
105
 References and Abstracts
for the high volume manufacture of car, truck and trailer
assemblies.
WORLD
Accession no.885186
Item 373
Journal of Materials Science Letters
22, No.3, 1st Feb.2003, p.201-2
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL
SHOCK ON INTERFACIAL DAMAGE IN
THERMOSETTING MATRIX ARAMID FIBRE
COMPOSITES
Ray B C
India,National Institute of Technology
A better fibre/matrix adhesion/bond will impart better
properties such as interlaminar shear strength, delamination
resistance and corrosion resistance to a polymeric
composite. The interface-sensitive properties are weaker
in polyaramid-reinforced composites than in their glass
or graphite counterparts. Aramid fibre is a generic term
for aromatic polyamide fibres which have high specific
strength, great cohesiveness and a tendency to form
fibrils. They absorb much more energy than brittle fibres
and are widely used in aircraft, aerospace and ballistic
applications. The interfacial adhesion between the aramid
fibre surface and the polymer matrix is of major influence
on the response of the composite to stress. The fibre/matrix
interfacial behaviour is based on mechanical principles
with the assumptions made at either the level of fibre/matrix
adhesion or using the chemistry approach. It is reasonable
to assume that the interfacial shear strength is the net result
of a number of contributions to the fibre/polymer adhesion.
These possibly include chemical bonding, secondary forces
of attraction, residual thermal compression forces due to
differential shrinkage and also mechanical interlocking
between the fibre and matrix. The unique chemistry and
morphology of Kevlar aramid fibre is also manifested in its
composite behaviour. The high radial expansion coefficient
of the Kevlar fibre also causes an unfavourable tensile
stress state at the interface. The weak interfacial adhesion
of Kevlar/polymer makes the composite more sensitive
to environmental exposure. This interfacial bonding is
further weakened by exposure to active environments. The
comparative mechanical behaviour of Kevlar/epoxy and
Kevlar/polyester composites with thermal and cryogenic
conditionings and combined effects of thermal shock is
studied. These aerospace materials frequently experience
this kind of severe environmental exposure during their
service life. 6 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.884615
Item 374
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43. Number 2. Fall 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Boston, Ma.,
18th-22nd Aug.2002.
106
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, p.783-4
STABILITY OF A HYDROPHILIC POLYMER
MATRIX IN A WET ENVIRONMENT
Han S O; Han M H; Schalek R; Drzal L T
Korea,Institute of Energy Research; Michigan,State
University
(ACS,DIV.OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY)
The use of biocomposites for automotive applications
has gained a lot of momentum in recent years. Studies
for the development of biocomposites using natural
fibres are actively performing to widen applications
to aerospace industries. One of the major reasons for
the active growth on the research of biocomposites
is an increased environmental awareness, reflected in
phrases such as ‘protection of resources’, ‘CO2 emission
reduction’ and ‘recycling’. Biodegradable polymers could
be incorporated into a classic polymer such as an epoxy
or PP, or used by itself as the polymer matrix. Popular
biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA)
and polyhydrosuccinate (PHS) contain a relatively high
concentration of hydrophilic groups in their structure.
The hydrophilic properties of the biodegradable polymers
can provide better adhesion to natural fibres compared
to the classical hydrophobic polymers such as PP. This
increased adhesion results in a higher performance of
biocomposites. Unfortunately, the abundant hydrophilic
functional groups of the biodegradable polymer and the
natural fibres can easily react to the water molecules
in a wet or humid environment. High water absorption
ability can significantly compromise the composite
physical properties compared to synthetic polymers.
Changes in physical properties include a decrease of
the mechanical properties, microcracks, chain scission,
degradation of fibre and matrix interface bonding. These
disadvantages are the main reason why biocomposites are
mostly used in car interiors without an option for outside
applications. The hydrophilic polymer matrix of an epoxy
and a biodegradable polymer, glucose based copolymer,
is prepared and characterised for the application of
biocomposites. Stability of the hydrophilic polymer matrix
in a wet environment is examined as a function of curing
temperature. 9 refs.
KOREA; USA
Accession no.884446
Item 375
Materials Today
6, No.4, April 2003, p.44-8
ACTIVITIES IN BIOCOMPOSITES
Nickel J; Reidel U
DLR German Aerospace Centre
The German Aerospace Centre (DLR) is developing, in
addition to classic composites reinforced with carbon
or glass, so-called “biocomposites” which are derived
from renewable resources. Biocomposites have similar
properties to traditional glass-fibre composites, but offer
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
additional environmentally-friendly recovery options. This
detailed article reports on the latest developments in the
field, and on new biocomposite applications. 14 refs.
DEUTSCHE BAHN AG; LOWER SAXONY,MIN.OF
FOOD,AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY; COGNIS DEUTSCHLAND
GMBH
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL
Accession no.883348
Item 376
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.1168-79
MECHANISM OF MARCEL FORMATION IN
THICK TAPERED COMPOSITES
Ng S J; Vizzini A
US,Naval Air Warfare Center; Maryland,University
(SAMPE)
Fibre distortions (marcels) or layer waviness is a significant
manufacturing defect found in thick, complex composite
parts. Marcels can cause significant degradations in
mechanical properties and fatigue life in primary structural
aircraft applications, despite its formation mechanism
remaining largely uncertain. The objective is to investigate
the basic mechanism(s) which causes marcelling in thick
linear tapered laminates. A fibre optic based in-process
measurements techniques is adapted to interrogate and
determine the time and external compaction pressure
at which marcelling occurs. The technique is generic
and can be applied to any geometric or material type
structure susceptible to marcelling. Combinations of
semi-empirical cure kinetics and process model are also
developed to describe the in-situ deformation behaviour
of thick composite processing, and used for prediction of
marcelling. The process model shows good correlation
with the in-process measurement data. The model provides
an indication of the location of marcel. The verified process
model results illustrate clear indication of out-of-plane
deformation arising from tool/laminate interaction during
material compaction as the basic mechanism which causes
marcelling in two distinct regions in the tapered section
of the composite structure for the test case condition. 3
refs.
USA
Accession no.882840
Item 377
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.1086-97
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
DETECTION OF MOISTURE IN ADHESIVE
BONDS USING ELECTROCHEMICAL
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Davis G D
DACCO SCI Inc.
(SAMPE)
The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) sensors to track moisture intrusion into aluminium-
aluminium bond lines is investigated. Lap shear and
wedge test specimens are prepared using Forest Products
Laboratory (FPL)-etched or phosphoric acid anodised
(PAA) aluminium bonded with Cytec FM73 or FM300
adhesives. Pad sensors are mounted on opposite adherends
after bonding (i.e. the sensor electrodes are not embedded
in the bond line, but are applied to the pre-existing
structure). The specimens are exposed to high humidity/
temperature and EIS measurements are taken periodically.
The EIS data are modelled with an equivalent circuit. The
moisture uptake is calculated from the circuit capacitance.
The capacitance and other circuit parameters are correlated
with bond performance (pull strength or crack growth).
Enhanced diffusion of moisture along the strained
adhesive/FPL oxide interface is detected. The sensor
system is sensitive to low levels of moisture absorption
and gives advance warning of potential environmental
degradation of the bond. It is thus suitable for input to
a condition-based maintenance or predictive assessment
scheme. Other work has shown that the sensor system
is also suitable for graphite, glass and boron composite
adherends. Possible applications include bonded repair
patches and composite structures on aircraft. Possible
dual-use applications include composite reinforcement
of bridges and other infrastructure. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.882833
Item 378
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.949-58
POLY(ETHER KETONE KETONE) MATRIX
COMPOSITES
Pratte J F; Bai J M; Leach D
Cytec Engineered Materials Inc.
(SAMPE)
Poly(ether-ketone-ketone) (PEKK) is a semi-crystalline
polymer which offers an attractive balance of properties.
With a glass-rubber transition temperature of 156 deg.C
and a melting temperature of 300-310 deg.C, it provides
easy processing with good performance for most
commercial applications. This combined with its excellent
fluid resistance due to its semi-crystalline morphology
and very low flammability make it an attractive option
for a variety of aerospace and industrial uses. PEKK has
been used for some time in aircraft interiors in the form of
107
 References and Abstracts
unreinforced sheet. Composites have been developed in a
variety of forms to meet specific application requirements.
These include short and continuous fibre composites
with glass and carbon fibres. The continuous fibre
forms include tape and fabric materials. Tape materials
with carbon and fibre reinforcement are evaluated for
mechanical performance compared to current industry
standard materials. Properties of interest include lamina
properties, and service related tests such as open-hole
tension and compressions, and compression after impact.
Fabric-reinforced PEKK, including S-2 and E-glass fabrics
are evaluated. An important aspect with glass composites
is the glass-polymer interface and several different glass
sizing are evaluated to provide the optimum interface in
‘dry’ and ‘hot-wet’ conditions. Properties evaluated include
moisture uptake open-hole compression and glass-rubber
transition temperature. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.882820
Item 379
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.772-80
EFFECT OF PROJECTILE SHAPE DURING
BALLISTIC IMPACT OF VARTM CARBON/
EPOXY COMPOSITE PLATES
Ulven C; Vaidya U K; Hosur M V
Alabama,University at Birmingham;
Tuskegee,University
(SAMPE)
The use of carbon/epoxy composites in aircraft, marine and
automotive structural applications is steadily increasing.
Robust composite structures processed using low-cost
techniques with the purpose of sustaining high velocity
impact loads from various threats are of great interest.
An example of a low-cost process is the out-of-autoclave,
vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)
technique. The perforation and damage evolution created
by various projectile geometries in carbon/epoxy laminates
are evaluated. The laminates are produced from eight-
harness satin weave carbon fabric with an epoxy matrix
processed using VARTM. A series of ballistic impact tests
is performed on satin weave carbon/epoxy laminates of
different thickness with projectile geometries representing
hemispherical, conical, fragment simulating and flat tip.
A gas-gun with a sabot stripper mechanism is employed
to impact the samples with 50-calibre projectiles. The
perforation mechanism, ballistic limit and damage
evolution of each laminate are studied. 16 refs.
USA
Accession no.882804
108
Item 380
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.531-45
LOW COST CARBON FIBER FROM
CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ACRYLICS
Dasarathy H; Schimpf C; Burleson T; Smith S B;
Herren C W; Frame A C; Heatherly P W
Hexcel Composites; Advanced Fiber Technologies Inc.
(SAMPE)
For over three decades, carbon fibre (CF) manufacturers
worldwide have been producing high performance CF from
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibres for aerospace
and other industrial applications. The Department of
Energy (DOE), in order to reduce energy consumption
in cars, funded research activities to replace metals with
lightweight materials such as CF composites. Research
groups in industry and academia were challenged to
provide a technology road map for producing CF with
tensile properties of 2760 MPa (400 ksi) strength, 172 GPa
(25 Msi) modulus and a minimum 1% strain to failure at
less than 11 US dollars/kg. Until now, commercial textile
acrylics were not considered suitable for CF manufacturing
due to poor carbon fibre processing characteristics, technical
challenges to achieve desired mechanical properties and
high cost associated with the conversion process. The
results of work performed by Hexcel, Carbon Fibers R&T,
aimed at determining whether these shortcomings could be
overcome by chemical modification of textile acrylics, are
presented. Results show that the chemical modification of
the textile acrylics in the spinning process changes the fibre
chemistry, accelerates the stabilisation step and improves
CF properties. The properties of CF processed from the
modified textile acrylic fibre exceed the programme targets
for low cost carbon fibre. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.882783
Item 381
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.377-88
POLYIMIDES CONTAINING PENDENT
PHOSPHINE OXIDE GROUPS FOR SPACE
APPLICATIONS
Thompson C M; Smith J G; Watson K A; Connell J W
US,NASA Langley Research Center
(SAMPE)
As part of an ongoing materials development activity to
produce high performance polymers durable to the space
environment, phosphine oxide containing polyimides have
been under investigation. A novel dianhydride is prepared
from 2,5-dihydroxyphenyldiphenylphosphine oxide in
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
good yield. The dianhydride reacts with commercially
available diamines, and a previously reported diamine
reacts with commercially available dianhydrides to
prepare isomeric polyimides. The physical and mechanical
properties, particularly thermal and optical properties,
of the polymers are determined. One material exhibits a
high glass transition temperature, high tensile properties
and low solar absorptivity. The chemistry, physical and
mechanical properties of these resins are discussed. 14
refs.
USA
Accession no.882770
Item 382
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.365-76
CARBON NANOTUBE/SPACE DURABLE
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS FOR
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE DISSIPATION
Smith J G; Watson K A; Thompson C M; Connell J W
US,NASA Langley Research Center
(SAMPE)
Low solar absorptivity, space environmentally stable
polymeric materials possessing sufficient electrical
conductivity for electrostatic charge dissipation (ESD) are
of interest for potential applications on spacecraft as thin
film membranes on antennas, solar sails, large lightweight
space optics and second surface mirrors. One method of
imparting electrical conductivity while maintaining low
solar absorptivity is through the use of single wall carbon
nanotubes (SWNTs). However, SWNTs are difficult
to disperse. Several preparative methods are employed
to disperse SWNTs into the polymer matrix. Several
examples possess electrical conductivity sufficient for
ESD. The chemistry, physical and mechanical properties
of the nanocomposite films are presented. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.882769
Item 383
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.358-64
STUDY ON REGOLITH MATERIAL FOR
STRUCTURAL AND SPACE RADIATION
SHIELDING APPLICATIONS
Zhou J; Moore J; Huff H; Ardlan S; Wilkins R; Fogauty
T; Zhong Y
US,NASA,Applied Radiation Research Center
(SAMPE)
Convenient in-situ materials are used to construct bulk
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
shields for human inhabitant and electronic devices on
Mars in order to avoid excessive launch weight. Martian
regolith is considered to be an economic resource for this
purpose. The objective is to study the radiation shielding
effectiveness and radiation effects on properties of this
potential habitat material. Polyimide bonded Martian
regolith is exposed to 55 MeV proton, 800 MeV proton,
and high-energy neutron radiation. The radiation fluence
shielded by the regolith panels is measured in the 55
MeV proton radiation tests with an incident fluence of 1
x 10 6 pronton/sq.cm. The results show that the material
containing 60% regolith with a thickness of 1.89 g/sq.cm
can shield 19% of the fluence while the one containing
80% regolith with a thickness of 2.01 g/sq.cm reaches
an effectiveness of 33%. In neutron exposures, electronic
chips are placed behind regolith panels and the numbers
of errors that occur on the electronic circuits are recorded
to characterise the shielding effectiveness. A slightly
increase in the numbers of errors in the electronic chips is
noticed when the regolith panels, either with 60% or 80%
regolith, are used. It indicates that although the regolith
materials with thickness about 2 g/sq.cm are not adequate
in protecting chips from neutron radiation, it does not cause
a strong secondary radiation. Compression testing and
thermal analysis are performed on the regolith materials
before and after each type of radiation exposures. No
noticeable compression strength deterioration and glass
transition temperature changes are found, but the sample
containing 60% regolith shows some drop in modulus after
high-energy exposures. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.882768
Item 384
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.323-32
DURABILITY OF SOLAR SELECTIVE
COATINGS IN A SIMULATED SPACE
ENVIRONMENT
Jaworske D A
US,Nasa,Glenn Research Center
(SAMPE)
Solar selective coatings are being considered for
heat engine and thermal switching applications on
minisatellites. Such coatings must have the combined
properties of high solar absorptance and low infrared
emittance. High solar absorptance is needed to collect
solar energy as efficiently as possible while low infrared
emittance is needed to minimise radiant energy loss at
operating temperature. These properties are achieved in
sputter deposited thin films through the use of molecular
mixtures of metal and dielectric. Solar selective coatings
having a solar absorptance to infrared emittance ratio of
9 are successfully deposited using a mixture of nickel
109
 References and Abstracts
and aluminium oxide. The space environment, however,
presents some challenges for the use of materials on the
exterior of spacecraft, including durability to atomic
oxygen and vacuum UV radiation. To address these
concerns, several candidate solar selective coatings are
exposed to atomic oxygen in a plasma asher and to UV
radiation in a vacuum facility equipped with calibrated
deuterium lamps. The optical properties of the coatings
are monitored as a function of time to evaluate their
performance over long-term exposure to the simulated
space environment. Several coatings are found to be
durable to both the atomic oxygen and the vacuum UV
environments. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.882765
Item 385
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.308-22
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITE SOLAR ARRAY SUBSTRATE
PANELS FOR THE MESSENGER SPACECRAFT
Wienhold P D; Persons D F
Johns Hopkins University
(SAMPE)
The MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, ENvironment,
GEochemistry and Ranging) spacecraft will be the first
spacecraft to orbit the planet Mercury. Designed and
built by the Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics
Laboratory (APL), the spacecraft will orbit the planet for
one year. In order to reduce cost and schedule of this NASA
Discovery Mission, the solar arrays were required to be
constructed of conventional, space-qualified materials.
System thermal, mass and stiffness requirements dictated
that the panel facings be fabricated from a high thermal
conductivity and stiffness pitch fibre composite material
capable of withstanding short-term temperatures as high
as 270 deg.C. A toughened, 177 deg.C curing cyanate
ester composite material resin system with extensive
flight heritage was chosen, with a post-cure used to extend
the glass transition temperature closer to the maximum
predicted temperature. A lengthy development program
was conducted at APL to provide assurance that the
materials and processes chosen were capable of performing
under such a demanding thermal environment. The results
of this program will be applicable to other high temperature
spacecraft applications of advanced pitch fibre cyanate
ester composite structures. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.882764
Item 386
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
110
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.222-35
AUTOMATED RTM OF A MULTI-COMPONENT
RESIN SYSTEM - A PARAMETRIC EVALUATION
Graf N A; Joyce P J
US,Naval Air Systems Command; US,Naval Academy
(SAMPE)
The Polymers and Composites Branch of the Naval Air
Systems Command (NAVAIR) has teamed with fellow
Navy, university and industry partners to demonstrate
the viability of resin transfer moulding (RTM) for the
manufacture of primary structural components for naval
aviation applications. One objective of this research
includes the design, demonstration and evaluation of
an intelligent, supervisory, computer controlled RTM
process. A second objective involves the selection and
characterisation of candidate materials, with a focus on
two-part resin systems with textile reinforcement. The goal
is to evaluate the feasibility and process error tolerance
of this intelligent RTM process applied to two candidate
resin systems. A study is performed to examine the effects
of major process parameters including variations in the
resin component mix ratio, injection temperature, cure
cycle modifications and ‘aeration’. This involves flat panel
fabrication and a wide array of testing including physical
evaluation, thermal analysis and mechanical testing.
The results of this parametric study and the associated
recommendations regarding intelligent RTM with the
candidate material systems are discussed. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.882757
Item 387
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.12-26
RAIN DURABILITY EVALUATION OF HIGH
SPEED COMPOSITE RADOMES
Willardson R P; Kennedy C F; Meeker B
Raytheon Electron Systems; Cambridge,University;
US,Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Div.
(SAMPE)
A method to evaluate high-speed composite radomes
for rain durability is discussed. A general background
discussion of rain damage (or erosion) on aerospace
components, particularly composite material components
is given. Emphasis is placed on the need for rain durability
on several current high-speed missile applications. A
statistical method for determining rain field environments
for a given geometry is presented. A liquid impact damage
theory, along with a number of liquid-impact test methods
and their advantages and disadvantages, is presented. The
water jet test method is discussed in depth and a method
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
for determining water jet testing parameters for missile
radome geometry is outlined. Finally, water jet test results
are presented for a composite laminate and two laminate
coating systems. 30 refs.
USA
Accession no.882741
Item 388
Materials and Processing - Ideas to Reality. Vol. 34.
Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE technical
conference held Baltimore, Md., 4th-7th Nov.2002.
Carina, Ca., SAMPE International Business Office,
2002, p.1-11
EVOLVING NATURE OF AEROSPACE
COMPOSITES
Griffith J M
(SAMPE)
Organic or polymer matrix composites (OMC or PMC)
entered aerospace production applications and use during
the 1950s for areas with electrical requirements such as
radomes using fibreglass reinforcements. PMC usage
expanded in the 1960s and 1970s, first with boron and
then with carbon reinforcements. Polymer chemistries
also improved to be able to handle higher operational
temperature requirements during this time period too.
The 1980s saw a significant increase in PMC usage to
meet performance requirements primarily for weight
and special structures. The 1990s showed an increased
emphasis on trades of acquisition cost to performance with
an associated reduction of composites usage on military
airframes. Also during the 1990s, there was an increase
of composites usage on helicopters for weight reductions.
Future trends of composites are examined. A parallel of the
evolving nature of composites to the evolution of metals
in aerospace applications is presented.
USA
Accession no.882740
Item 389
Popular Plastics and Packaging
48, No.2, Feb.2003, p.61/82
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS
Pillai C K S
Thiruvananthapuram,Regional Research Laboratory
This comprehensive article discusses electrically
conducting polymers, including their initial discovery.
Structural features of conjugated polymers, band theory,
doping of organic conjugated polymers, general methods
of preparation of conducting polymers and attempts to
improve the processability of conducting polymers are
discussed. The synthesis of polyaniline is examined in
some detail. Finally, applications of conducting plastics
are outlined. 107 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.881612
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
Item 390
SAMPE Journal
38, No.6, Nov.-Dec.2002, p.33-45
EMERGING MATERIALS FOR
REVOLUTIONARY AEROSPACE VEHICLE
STRUCTURES AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Harris C E; Shuart M J; Gray H R
US,NASA,Langley Research Center
A comprehensive survey is presented of emerging materials
with applications to aerospace vehicle structures and
propulsion systems aimed at assisting NASA’s long-term
mission planning and providing an appropriate research
investment strategy. Materials already under development
that could be available in 5 to 10 years and those that
are in the early research phase and may not be available
for another 20 to 30 years are identified and the results
of several systems analysis studies, which highlight the
potential of carbon nanotubes are presented. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.880182
Item 391
SAMPE Journal
39, No.1, Jan.-Feb.2003, p.38-43
MODULAR TOOLING FOR AFFORDABLE RTM
Davenport D
Advanced Technical Products Inc.
The challenge facing the resin transfer moulding (RTM)
industry to develop affordable RTM tooling for aerospace
and defence applications is addressed and the development
of a new approach, called Modular Tooling, which offers
the potential to dramatically reduce non-recurring tooling
costs of production by enabling multiple parts to be
moulded from a single mould is reported. The applicability
of this new approach, which has been employed to make
helicopter fuselage sections for the AH64 Apache Longbow
Helicopter, to other RTM affordability challenges is also
considered.
USA
Accession no.880133
Item 392
RP Asia 2002: Composites in the global market.
Proceedings of a conference held Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 5th-6th Sept.2002.
Oxford, Elsevier Science Ltd., 2002, Paper 8, p.167-74
USE OF ARALDITE ADHESIVES TO BOND
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Bieniak D
Vantico Pty.Ltd.
(Elsevier Science Ltd.)
The Adhesives and Tooling Division of Vantico Pty.
Limited is an innovative developer and manufacturer of
high quality Araldite, Epibond and Epocast epoxy resins
systems, many of which are specifically used as adhesives,
111
 References and Abstracts
and also the Uralane PU adhesive systems. These adhesives
can be used to bond a wide variety of substrates including
composite materials which are being used widely in a
variety of applications, some of which are discussed in
this paper.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.879306
Item 393
RP Asia 2002: Composites in the global market.
Proceedings of a conference held Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, 5th-6th Sept.2002.
Oxford, Elsevier Science Ltd., 2002, Paper 7, p.150-66
USE OF PMI-FOAMS IN DEMANDING
SANDWICH STRUCTURES
Seibert H F
Rohm GmbH
(Elsevier Science Ltd.)
The paper introduces the properties of a family of already
very well established rigid sandwich foam cores based
on polymethacrylimide (PMI). It will be shown that PMI
is widely used as core material for demanding sandwich
structures in many fields of application, for example,
air- and spacecraft, railway rolling stock and ships.
Typical applications will be discussed to characterise
the performance of these particular foam plastics and to
show that they significantly contribute to weight and cost
savings. Most recently, a new PMI grade has been launched
which will also be discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.879305
Item 394
Structural Health Monitoring
1, No.2, Oct.2002, p.161-84
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY MONITORING
OF BONDED COMPOSITE PATCH REPAIRS
OF AGING AIRFRAMES USING WAVELET
TRANSFORMS
Amaravadi K; Rao V; Derriso M
Missouri-Rolla,University
In recent years there has been a considerable interest in
the design and application of bonded composite repairs to
restore cracked or corroded metallic airframes. The long-
term durability in terms of disbond of composite patch,
fracture at the bond-lines, delaminations in composite
patches and structural crack growth is to be thoroughly
investigated before the aerospace industry adopts
composite repair technology. Many have investigated
the use of structural modal response (natural frequencies
and mode shapes) for assessing the integrity of structural
systems. Although these methods have been successfully
employed in some practical systems, there still exist some
problems for applications in bonded repair systems such
as the high sensitivity of these systems to model and
112
measurement errors. Wavelet maps and neural networks
are used to detect and quantify damage in composite
bonded repair systems. Two algorithms are presented,
one for the location of damage in both single and multiple
locations and the other for quantifying the damage. The
developed algorithms are successfully utilised for detecting
and quantifying damage in bonded repair systems using
simulation and experimental results. These methods can
also be used to detect damage at multiple locations in a
bonded repair system. The mode shapes of the test structure
are obtained analytically using linear elastic finite element
analysis and experimentally with a laser vibrometer. The
results obtained are satisfactory. 31 refs.
USA
Accession no.878219
Item 395
High Performance Polymers
14, No.3, Sept.2002, p.293-308
CYANATE ESTER COMPOSITES CO-CURED
WITH A SILICON-BASED THERMAL
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Ganguli S; Dean D; Aglan H; Jordan K
Tuskegee,University; Raytheon Systems Co.
Cyanate esters (CE) have emerged as attractive materials
for aerospace applications, due to their ease of processing
and excellent high-temperature properties. Using a thermal
protection system can increase the service temperature
even further. The objective is to develop a co-cure cycle
for a cyanate ester/silicon polymer (SM8000) hybrid
composite system. The chemorheology and cure kinetics
of the CE along with the thermochemical behaviour of the
SM8000 resin are used to develop a co-cure cycle. Samples
prepared by this cure cycle exhibit 270 deg.C increase in
the onset of thermal decomposition. Interfacial fracture
toughness tests reveal a very robust interface, validating
the cure cycle. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.877792
Item 396
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Spring Meeting. Volume 84. Proceedings of a
conference held San Diego, Ca., 1st-5th April 2001.
Washington, D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymeric Materials
Science & Engng., 2001, Paper 401, p.742-3
SYNTHESIS AND CHAIN-END
FUNCTIONALIZATION OF A NEW
HYPERBRANCHED POLY(ARYLENE-ETHER-
KETONE-IMIDE)
Baek J-B; Mather P T; Tan L-S
Dayton,University; Connecticut,University; US,Air
Force Research Laboratory
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Aromatic polyimides (PIs) are well known, high-
performance materials with widespread applications
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts

in the aerospace and electronics industries due to their EUROPE

excellent thermomechanical and dielectric properties. It
was recently demonstrated that they are useful as optical
materials based on their optical anisotropy when cast in
directions parallel (in-plane) and perpendicular (out-of-
plane) to the film surface. However, when fully imidised,
most aromatic PIs have limited solubility in common
organic solvents, thus restricting the choice in their
processing options. Numerous research efforts have been
focused on organo-soluble PIs from the modification of
the structure without substantially decreasing rigidity of
their backbone. Solubility is sought to allow processing
polymers with preformed imide units and, many
problems associated with handling polyamic acid (PAA)
precursors can be avoided. In addition, homogeneous,
post-polymer reactions of soluble aromatic polyimides
would also allow better control in the introduction of
desirable functional groups. Another viable alternative
to attaining solubility in aromatic PIs is to change the
traditional, linear geometry of the macromolecules to 3D,
highly branched (dendritic) architecture. As a subset of
dendritic polymers, hyperbranched polymers have several
important advantages such as better solubility compare to
their linear counterparts, and easier synthesis than their
analogous dendrimers, which involve tedious multi-step
synthesis. Large quantity of hyperbranched polymers can
be easily produced from ABx (x = or is greater than 2)
monomers. The objective of this research is to synthesise
self-polymerisable AB2 monomer and functionalise the
resulting hyperbranched polyether-ketone-imide with
reactive chain ends. Such reactive hyperbranched polymers
may be useful as toughening additives for high-temperature
thermosets. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.877485
Item 397
Design Engineering
Dec.2002-Jan.2003, p.31-2
COMPOSITE FUTURE
Bishop G
NetComposites Ltd.
Thermoset composites still take the lion’s share of the
composites market and these are used in all areas of
application. However, thermoplastic composites are
experiencing a growth rate approximately twice that of
thermosets, especially in Europe, with the automotive
industry acting as the major pull due to the twin drivers
of recyclability and weight. In the fibres market, carbon
fibre is forecast to exhibit the highest growth, especially
in lower performance applications, and there is also an
increased trend to natural fibres due to their perceived
lower environmental impact. In manufacturing, there is
a clear trend towards the uptake of higher-skill, more
capital intensive processes such as resin infusion and resin
transfer moulding.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Accession no.876286
Item 398
High-Performance Composites
10, No.6, Nov.2002, p.7-19
HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES: AN
OVERVIEW
This article provides a brief technical introduction to the
composites industry, reviewing the various types and
combinations of composite materials and the forms in
which they are used. Design considerations and tooling
options, a complete discussion of manufacturing methods
and market applications are also covered.
WORLD
Accession no.874698
Item 399
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.144, 29
cm, Rapra Review Report 152, vol.13, No.8, 2002.
NALOAN
NATURAL AND WOOD FIBRE
REINFORCEMENT IN POLYMERS
Bledzki A K; Sperber V E; Faruk O
Kassel,Universitat
Edited by: Humphreys S
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Rapra.Review Report No.152
The use of natural and wood fibre reinforcements in
polymers is reviewed with respect to types, properties,
surface treatment of fibres, processing, properties of
composites, and applications. End-use applications
examined, include the automotive industry, building
industry, furniture and panels and aerospace applications.
Some statistics are included for the consumption of natural
fibres in Europe by the automotive industry 1996-2010.
485 refs.
NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.874532
Item 400
HPE 2002. Proceedings of a conference held Cologne,
Germany, 13th-14th Nov.2002.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 14,
p.139-50
LIQUID PERFLUOROETHER ELASTOMER
Uritani P; Kishita H
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Liquid perfluoroether elastomers are discussed with
reference to chemical structure (perfluoropolyether
backbone with vinyl silicone end-caps at each end),
crosslinking mechanism, low temperature properties,
curing conditions, chemical resistance, strength retention
at high temperature, electrical properties, permeability and

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 113

 References and Abstracts
silylation treatment for improvement of compression set.
The properties are considered in relation to the potential
use of these elastomers in applications such as O-rings,
diaphragms and semiconductors. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.873301
Item 401
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
66, No.10, Oct.2001, p.662/72
Italian
PLASTICS FROM DEEP SPACE
Zargani C
Space applications of plastics are examined, and some
ways in which the transfer of space technology is
contributing to developments in everyday applications of
plastics are discussed.
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.872613
Item 402
Injection Molding
10, No.12, Nov.2002, p.66-9
SINTERING: A CRITICAL STEP
German R
Penn State University
Powder injection moulding (PIM) takes advantage of the
fluid-like behaviour of a heated powder-polymer feedstock
to form complex shapes. It can be performed with wax-like
polymers and any sinterable alloy, ceramic or inorganic
powder. After mould filling, the polymer is solidified to
hold the mould shape, but the powder polymer mixture
has little strength beyond that required for injection.
Subsequently, the polymer (binder) is removed using heat,
solvents or catalysts and the powder is sintered to nearly
full density. Sintering is a heat treatment that is applied to
the powders to strengthen and densify the particles. The
sintering process has been known for thousands of years,
and is today employed in a diverse range of products that
includes dental implants, automotive valve seats, rocket
nozzles, aircraft wing weights, ultrasonic transducers,
ceramic turbochargers and golf clubs. Many of the modern
applications are justified by factors such as manufacturing
economy, improved properties and novel compositions.
Details are given.
USA
Accession no.871791
Item 403
Popular Plastics and Packaging
47, No.11, Nov.2002, p.67-72
SELF-HEALING PLASTICS
Singh B; Mhaske S; Mehta N; Tamboli S
114
Mumbai,University
Structural polymeric composites are susceptible to
cracks which may develop deep within the structure.
It is very difficult to determine or observe cracks or
damages in composites used in crucial applications such
as infrastructure and aerospace. It is, therefore, essential
to design smart materials that can repair themselves
while in service. Autonomic healing does not require any
mechanical intervention. Healing of cracks in structural
polymers is accomplished by incorporating a healing agent
and a catalytic chemical trigger in the polymer matrix.
When the material cracks, the microcapsules rupture and
release the healing agent into the damaged region by means
of capillary action. As the healing agent comes into contact
with the embedded catalyst, polymerisation is initiated,
which then bonds the crack face. The self-healing process,
method of microcapsule preparation and confirmation of
self-healing are discussed. 5 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.871697
Item 404
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
86, No.5, 31st Oct.2002, p.1149-56
EVALUATIONS OF AN ARAMID FIBER IN
NONWOVEN PROCESSES FOR HONEYCOMB
APPLICATIONS
Wu Y-J; Seferis J C; Lorentz V
Washington,University; Rhodia Kermel Co.
Details are given of the relationships between material
requirements in making a honeycomb core material for
aircraft interior applications using an aromatic polyamide.
The characterisation and processing of a model aramid
fibre into nonwoven samples were investigated. Data from
thermal analysis, microscopy and mechanical analysis are
presented. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.868298
Item 405
Chemical and Engineering News
80, No.39, 30th Sept.2002, p.15-6
RENAISSANCE IN FLUOROELASTOMERS
Tullo A H
The largest applications for fluoroelastomers are O-rings,
gaskets, seals and hoses found in automotive or aircraft fuel
lines. This is because they can withstand acids, bases, oil,
solvents and other chemicals at temperatures ranging from
-30 to 250C. DuPont Dow Elastomers puts the value of the
global market at 450m US dollars in 2002, with growth
of 3-5%/year. Both DuPont Dow and Ausimont have new
product lines that they say make fluoroelastomers easier
to work with. In July, DuPont Dow finished a new unit in
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, dedicated to fluoroelastomers
that incorporate its new advanced polymer architecture
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
technology. Also in July, Ausimont started up a plant at
its complex in Thorofare, N.J., to make its new Tecnoflon
HS line of fluoroelastomers.
WORLD
Accession no.868279
Item 406
Reinforced Plastics
46, No.10, Oct.2002, p.24-8
PREPREGS - RAW MATERIAL FOR HIGH-
PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES
Marsh G
Prepregs have become accepted where performance,
material qualification and product consistency are
paramount requirements. Prepregs can be manufactured
by the solvent impregnation and hot-melt impregnation
methods. Prepregs would find greater market acceptance
if the costs of acquiring, storing and processing them
could be reduced. A major contribution to this would be
to reduce cure temperature. Hexcel chemists have moved
in this direction with M21, a tough third-generation epoxy
matrix that has the mechanical properties required for
demanding aerospace applications, but can be cured at
130C rather than the more usual 180C. Another noteworthy
development is the growing availability of thermoplastic
prepregs. Attracting much attention currently is the
extension of the “semi-preg” approach. These new material
systems have sheets of pre-catalysed resin film interleaved
into dry fibre fabric stacks so that when heat is applied,
resin permeates the fibres laterally and cure takes place.
WORLD
Accession no.868223
Item 407
Composites International
No.53, Sept.-Oct.2002, p.89
English; French
RP46: NEW THERMOSET RESIN SYSTEM
Originally seen as a safe alternative to existing prepregged
polyimides in the aerospace industry, RP46 from Unitech
now sees utilisation across a broad spectrum of applications
subject to extreme operating conditions. In composite
form, RP46 has a continuous operating temperature of
700C. Powder versions are available for compression
moulding into virtually indestructible bearings, slip-rings
or races. A more recent development has resulted in the
formulation of a coating version that is the core of a super-
strong, high-temperature adhesive, it is briefly reported.
UNITECH LLC
USA
Accession no.868142
Item 408
Reinforced Plastics
46, No.9, Sept.2002, p.20
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
RESEARCH INTO REDUCING MICROCRACKS
Technical researchers at the Aerospace Engineering
Department’s Structures and Materials Laboratory of
Delft University of Technology (DUT) have conducted
innovative research with thermoplastic composites. The
results indicate some promising behaviour in terms
of greatly reducing or eliminating microcracking in
continuously-reinforced carbon fibre/PPS laminates by
using rubber forming and special heating techniques.
Aerospace engineer Bert Weteringe and colleagues Harald
Bersee and Adriaan Beukers performed their experiments
over the past two years with carbon/PPS laminate (made
with Ticona FORTON 0214C PPS resin) trademarked as
Cetex and supplied by Ten Cate Advanced Composites
in The Netherlands. Weteringe says a key advantage of
working with the Ten Cate material is that it was especially
developed for aeronautical applications, with excellent
mechanical properties and resistance to Skydrol, and so
is certified as such by various aircraft original equipment
manufacturers. Five harness carbon fabric was used, with
a fibre volume fraction in the laminate of 49.2%. The
researchers intend to study different types of infrared
heaters in their next level of research into thermoplastic
composites, and determine a non-destructive test method
in order to more accurately and fully detect microcracks.
Details are given.
DELFT,UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.867412
Item 409
Polymer
43, No.19, 2002, p.5209-18
MOISTURE ABSORPTION BY CYANATE ESTER
MODIFIED EPOXY RESIN MATRICES. PART I.
EFFECT OF SPIKING PARAMETERS
Karad S K; Jones F R; Attwood D
Maharashtra Institute of Technology;
Sheffield,University; BAE Systems
The moisture absorption of cyanate ester modified epoxy
resin matrices has been studied under thermal spiking
conditions. The relationships were evaluated between
material behaviour and variables such as maximum and
minimum temperatures during a thermal spike, the duration
of the spike, dry spiking and number of spikes. Improved
moisture absorption was observed at spike-temperatures
above 120 degree C. In desorption studies it was found
that some of the water molecules remained entrained in
the polymer. Regular and intermittently applied thermal
spikes during moisture conditioning caused enhanced
absorption of the cyanate ester modified epoxy resins. A
maximum moisture enhancement spike-temperature exists
for the resin. The spiking of the samples above or below
this temperature resulted in lower moisture content. The
amount of the entrained water increased with a spiking-
temperature. Part of that was constant over a wide-range
115
 References and Abstracts
of conditions and may be attributable to hydrogen bonded
water of to the reaction with isolated cyanate ester groups.
On isothermal resorption, the moisture concentration
was found to be similar to that achieved through thermal
spiking, showing that the entrained water at the lower
spike-temperatures can also be achieved under mild
conditions. These matrices are useful for aerospace
applications. 23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; INDIA; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.866532
Item 410
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
33A, No.7, 2002, p.913-34
SELECTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
AND MANUFACTURING ROUTES FOR COST-
EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE
Bader M G
Surrey,University
A study was conducted with the aim of estimating
the costs of manufacture of a simple component in a
number of different composite materials and by different
manufacturing routes. The materials and routes selected
covered the range of composites from those appropriate
for general engineering applications to those for aerospace
applications. A simple methodology was introduced for a
comparison on the basis of cost-performance efficiency.
It was shown that more economic solutions could often
be realised by selection of ‘expensive’ carbon rather than
‘cheaper’ E-glass as the reinforcing fibre. Non-prepreg and
non-autoclave processes were shown to offer many cost
and production advantages, but sometimes at the expense
of poorer mechanical properties. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.865934
Item 411
Advanced Materials and Processes
160, No.6, June 2002, p.19-20
NANOCOMPOSITE DENSE PLASTIC FOAM
REPLACES SOLID PLASTIC
It is briefly reported that researchers at Ohio State
University claim to have developed nanocomposite
plastic foam that is strong enough to replace solid plastic
in structural applications such as car or airplane panels.
To make foam, manufacturers inject gases into hot liquid
plastic. The Ohio State researchers added nanometre-size
clay particles to the molten plastic, and small bubbles of the
injected gas about five microns across formed around the
nanoparticles, adhering to them. With a foam that contains
5% clay particles, boards were made that are just as strong
as typical foam, but two thirds as thick.
116
OHIO,STATE UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.864095
Item 412
Tech XXV. 25 Years of Tape Innovations. Proceedings
of a conference held Atlanta, Ga., 1st-3rd May 2002.
Northbrook, IL., 2002, Paper 24, p.313-22
BOEING PAINT HANGAR PRESSURE
SENSITIVE TAPE APPLICATIONS
Ungerecht C; Andrews S M
Boeing Commercial Airplane Group
(Pressure Sensitive Tape Council)
Masking tape is a critical component of the painting
process for commercial aircraft. The tape must adhere to
several different substrates, remove cleanly, and provide
a sharp paint line. The tape must withstand, exposures to
solvent, water, abrasives, and multiple 120 deg.F heat cure
cycles. The tape may remain on the airplane for several
days before removal. The performance of the tape must be
consistent and predictable. The cost and schedule impact
when the masking tape fails is significant on commercial
aircraft. Variation during manufacture of the tape can
change the expected performance causing adhesive
residue, difficulty applying or removing the tape, poor
paint lines, and ultimately rework and delays. Rework
and delay costs easily ran into thousands of dollars per
day. For this reason, Boeing performs several qualification
tests prior to accepting a masking tape for use in the
paint hangar. However, these tests cannot guard against
variability and manufacturer changes in the production
of the masking tape. The tape may pass the lab and shop
tests only to fail in production on the airplane. Variation
of the tape from batch to batch or within a batch often
results in intermittent and unpredictable failures. Several
components of the tape construction are considered. Tests
are conducted with the same materials used in production
and the actual production process is followed.
USA
Accession no.863711
Item 413
Journal of Advanced Materials
34, No.3, July 2002, p.21-6
WATER ABSORPTION OF MODEL PHENOLIC
RESIN SYSTEMS FOR COMPOSITE
APPLICATIONS
Guionnet S; Seferis J C
Washington,University
The effects of water absorption and thermal cycling on
the thermomechanical properties of glass fibre-reinforced
phenol-formaldehyde resins were investigated using
TGA and dynamic mechanical analysis. Samples were
subjected to the effects of cycling between the extremes of
25 and 150C and to temperature environments commonly
encountered by aircraft in flight. It was found that water
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
absorption followed a Fickian diffusion model and that
most of the changes in the properties of the composites
occurred when they were exposed to extreme conditions,
which caused freezing or evaporation of the absorbed free
water. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.862203
Item 414
Journal of Materials Science
37, No.13, 1st July 2002, p.2693-8
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE EFFECTS
ON IMPACT PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Woldesenbet E; Gupta N; Vinson J R
Louisiana,State University; Delaware,University
Many applications of structural materials involving
composites include impact or dynamic loading in a humid
environment. Composite materials are known to degrade
when subjected to humid conditions, and therefore the
humidity confounds the difficulty of determining the high
strain rate behaviour of composites. Several researchers
have found that water absorption by composites causes
degradation of matrix dominated quasi-static properties.
However, very little is known of the effect of absorbed
moisture on the high strain rate properties of polymer
matrix composites, that are useful in the automotive,
aerospace and naval applications of composite structures.
A Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar facility is used to study the
effect of absorbed moisture in high strain rate tests (200-
1200/s) of a unidirectional IM7/8551-7 graphite/epoxy
composite. The study includes dry, medium and saturated
moisture conditions. The tests show significant variation of
high strain rate properties from static properties, and the
reasons are identified. In addition, a better understanding
of the effect of the matrix and fibre/matrix interface on
the high strain rate properties of composites is achieved.
13 refs.
USA
Accession no.861969
Item 415
Polymer Preprints. Volume 43, Number 1. Spring 2002.
Papers presented at the ACS meeting held Orlando, Fl.,
7th-11th April 2002.
Washington D.C., ACS, Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2002, 603-4
METHYLATED AND
TRIFLUOROMETHYLATED AROMATIC
POLY(ETHER ETHER KETONE DIPHENYL
KETONE)S
Hu W; Liu B; Zhao S; Chen C; Wang G; Wu Z; Jiang Z
Jilin,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Aromatic polymers are known for their usefulness in
meeting the high-performance requirements for structural
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
resins, polymer films and coating materials. Polyaryl
ether ketones (PEKs) are examined for use in aerospace
and electronics applications due to their combination
of chemical, physical and mechanical properties.
Considerable attention has been devoted to the preparation
of fluorine-containing polymers. The fluorine-containing
polymers have been prepared for applications as advanced
optical and microelectronics materials. Due to these
advantages, PEKs containing hexafluoroisopropylidene
units have been widely studied. Novel PEKs are prepared
via aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. The bulky
pendant groups are incorporated into the main chains
containing diphenyl moieties. All the polymers showed
higher Tgs and good thermal stability. Tough, flexible
films can be obtained by compression moulding and
good solution casting. The mechanical properties of 3F-
PEEKDK are discussed. These polymers may be useful in
microelectronic applications, gas separation membranes
and matrix resins. The study into this type of polymer
continues. 4 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.860437
Item 416
Advanced Materials and Processes
160, No.5, May 2002, p.14
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE FOR CAMERA ON
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
A graphite epoxy bench, which serves as a high-precision
stable truss for the Advanced Camera for Surveys, is
made by Alliant Techsystems and provides the strength,
light weight and heat stability required for applications
in space.
ALLIANT TECHSYSTEMS
USA
Accession no.859105
Item 417
Advanced Materials and Processes
160, No.5, May 2002, p.13
CARBON NANOFIBER COMPOSITES REDUCE
WEIGHT FOR AIRCRAFT
The Air Force Research Laboratory’s Materials and
Manufacturing Directorate at Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base has developed vapour grown carbon fibre technology,
which can be used in the cost-effective manufacture of
composites with high stiffness and thermal conductivity
for military and aerospace applications.
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE
USA
Accession no.859101
Item 418
High-Performance Composites
10, No.2, March 2002, p.27
117
 References and Abstracts
COMPOSITE PROPELLER BLADE OUTFLYS
COMPETITION
AeroComposites set out manufacture a composite
propeller blade that would outperform existing blades on
high-performance aircraft engines for the General Aviation
(GA) market, it met the challenge with a new mould
material, a unique preform and a vacuum assisted resin
transfer moulding (VARTM) process. Apex Machine Tool
machined the mould from and ACI design, using a vacuum
cast aluminium alloy called Alpase M-1 Mold Plate, rather
than the 440 stainless steel or steel alloy typically used in
such applications. The material requires no heat treatment
during or after machining, and can be quickly preheated,
enabling optimum temperature control. Demoulded parts
have consistent geometry, extremely low void content and
require minimal post-mould processing. At less than half
the thickness of wood-core blades used on many aerobatic
craft, ACI’s 7 lb problade is 20-50% lighter and, in critical
regions, 10-15% thinner, with up to five times centrifugal
load capacity than aluminium blades. Its design reduces
noise, stall flutter and results in more even load distribution
on the propeller hub’s blade retention. The composite’s low
weight and natural damping characteristics also reduce
vibration. According Aero Composites, its new blade is
strongest in the GA market. Details are given.
AEROCOMPOSITES INC.; EDAC TECHNOLOGIES CORP.; A
& P TECHNOLOGY; TEXTILE PRODUCTS INC.; STEPAN CO.;
CYTEC ENGINEERED MATERIALS
USA
Accession no.856521
Item 419
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.x, 428
HANDBOOK OF POLYMER BLENDS AND
COMPOSITES, VOLUME 2
Petru Poni,Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry;
Indian Petrochemical Corp.Ltd.
Edited by: Kulshreshta A K; Vasile C
This handbook provides an overview of the theory and
practice of polymer blends and composites. It comprises a
collection of monographs on the subject of polymer blends
and composites from over 50 professionals from academia
and industry with chapters covering the following topics:
overview of composite fabrication, design and cost;
liquid moulding processes; use of advanced composite
materials in the construction of suspension push-rods for a
Formula One racing car; corrosion resistance of polymers,
polymer blends and composites in liquid environments;
new approaches to reduce plastic combustibility; fibre
reinforced plastic composites for biomedical applications;
composite materials in the nuclear and space industries;
advanced composes for offshore developments; functional
polymer composites; conducting polymer composites; and
recycling of automotive composites.
EASTERN EUROPE; INDIA; RUMANIA
Accession no.856080
118
Item 420
High-Performance Composites
10, No.3, May 2002, p.56-60
IMPROVED CORE MATERIALS LIGHTEN
HELICOPTER AIRFRAMES
Black S
Honeycomb, usually made of aramid or aluminium, is now
the preeminent core material in sandwich construction
for aerospace applications. Nowhere is honeycomb’s
high strength and low weight more important than in
helicopters. The first choice for many structural aerospace
applications is phenolic-impregnated aramid paper. While
Nomex, the first aramid paper, is still widely used by
many OEMs, DuPont has developed improved precursor
materials - Korex and N636 Kevlar - with better properties,
including less moisture uptake, better strength in hot/
wet environments and much less expansion/deformation
during autoclave processing. Ultracor has developed and
patented a new carbon/carbon honeycomb core panel for
use as firewall protection in helicopters.
USA
Accession no.855271
Item 421
High-Performance Composites
9, No.5, Sept./Oct.2001, p.41-5
EVOLVING PREFORMS ARE THE CORE OF
COMPLEX PARTS
Carter K
Composites researchers have touted near-net preforms as
a cost-effective answer to production of composite parts
since the 1980s. Advanced fibre preforms are made using
textile technologies such as weaving, knitting and braiding
of carbon, glass or aramid fibres and can be produced by
either 2D or 3D techniques. More than 90% of preforms
are manufactured by liquid moulding processes such as
resin transfer moulding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer
moulding, or, less frequently, resin film infusion. Preforms
are most economical when the cost of designing, testing
and manufacturing them can be spread across a large
number of parts. The aerospace industry has investigated
preform use during the last 20 years and has, in general,
found many applications in which preforms meet quality
and price criteria. Lockheed used braided preforms to
great advantage in the design of JASSM, a short-range
cruise missile.
USA
Accession no.855262
Item 422
High-Performance Composites
9, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.20-6
THERMOPLASTICS PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE
OPTIONS
Black S
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Thermoplastics have maintained a foothold in aerospace, as
evidenced by use of thermoplastic composites for the wing
leading edge on the Airbus A340-500/-600, landing gear
doors and access panels on the Northrop Grumman F-5 and
the floor panels in the EH Industries EH-101 helicopter.
Interest in thermoplastic composites is currently even
stronger in Europe than in the US, especially in aerospace
and offshore oil applications. Engineering thermoplastic
resins offer fairly high-temperature in-service capabilities
under severe hot/wet operating conditions and good
damage tolerance. Thermoplastic prepreg forms made
using traditional prepregging approaches are hard to
work with, especially for complex shapes. As a result, the
industry has, over time, developed different approaches to
produce more workable intermediate forms, for example,
slurry impregnation and electrostatic powder coating.
Developments in manufacturing methods and resin
formulations are discussed.
USA
Accession no.855103
Item 423
Plast’ 21
No.107, Dec.2001, p.63
Spanish
INJECTION MOULDING OF NATURAL FIBRE-
REINFORCED PLASTICS
The advantages of natural fibres such as hemp and flax
as replacements for glass fibres in plastics composites
are discussed, and applications of such composites are
reviewed with particular reference to components for
automotive and other transport applications. Developments
by Demag Ergotech in processes and machinery for the
injection moulding of natural fibre-reinforced plastics are
examined.
DEMAG ERGOTECH; FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FUER
CHEMISCHE TECHNOLOGIE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.854894
Item 424
Polymer Engineering and Science
42, No.5, May 2002, p.983
TENSILE MODULUS OF POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES
Xiang Ling Ji; Jiao Kai Jing; Wei Jiang; Bing Zheng
Jiang
Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry
Based on Takayanagi’s two-phase model, a three-phase
model including the matrix, interfacial region and fillers
was proposed to calculate the tensile modulus of polymer
nanocomposites. The composites were assumed to be
composed of three independent segments connected to one
another, in a series or a parallel manner. A linear gradient
distribution of modulus of the interface was assumed. It
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
was also assumed that the fillers (sphere-, cylinder- or
plate-shape) were randomly oriented in a matrix. The
effects of dispersed particle size, shape and thickness of
the interfacial region exhibited a dominant influence on
tensile modulus. Particulate-to-matrix modulus ratio and a
parameter describing a linear gradient change in modulus
between the matrix and the surface of particle both had
a minor influence on tensile modulus. At a fixed volume
fraction of dispersed phase, the smaller particles provided
an increasing modulus for the resulting composite as
compared with the larger particles because the interfacial
region markedly affected tensile modulus. When the size
of the fillers was in the scale of micrometers, however,
the influence of interfacial region was neglected and the
deduced equation was reduced to Yakayanagi’s model.
47 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.854767
Item 425
Engineering E2
May 2002, p.15.
This issue is published within Engineering, 243, No.5,
May 2002.
FOAM OF ONE’S OWN
A brief report is presented on the development by L.J.Lee
et al. at Ohio State University of dense foam material
reinforced with very small clay particles and on the use
of such nanocomposites to replace solid plastics materials
in structural applications such as car or aeroplane panels.
The team has also developed techniques to eliminate the
use of chlorofluorocarbons in foam production.
OHIO,STATE UNIVERSITY
USA
Accession no.854708
Item 426
Rapid Tooling 2002. Proceedings of a conference held
Coventry, 7th March 2002.
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, Paper 6,
p.51-9
METAL SPRAY TOOLING FOR COMPOSITE
FORMING
Gibbons G J
Warwick,University
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; Plastics & Rubber Weekly)
The results are reported of a research programme, the IMI
Spray Mould programme, aimed at developing a method
of manufacturing tooling for the production of large
primary composite structures, in particular, for aerospace
applications. Work areas covered include spray methods
and materials, pattern material development, backing and
support, post-treatment and automation. A cost comparison
for the manufacture of a composite forming tool by
traditional fabrication and machining of Invar (nickel/iron
alloy), carbon fibre composite and a promising new Spray
119
 References and Abstracts
Mould Invar metal spray process is made. 25 refs.
IMI
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.854557
Item 427
Polymer Composites
23, No.2, April 2002, p.141-52
HYGROTHERMAL CYCLING EFFECTS ON
THE DURABILITY OF PHENOLIC BASED
COMPOSITES
Chung K; Yoshioka K; Seferis J C
Washington,University
The thermal and mechanical properties of resin transfer
moulded, carbon fibre-reinforced phenolic resins
subjected to hygrothermal cycling were investigated as
engineering materials for aerospace applications using
DSC, DMA, TGA and double cantilever beam, flexural
and tensile testing techniques. The void content of the
cross-section of specimens was evaluated by means
of optical microscopy and the fracture morphology of
specimens after interlaminar fracture testing was analysed
by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of a silicone-
based modifier with phenolic end groups on the fracture
performance of the composites was examined and the
properties of the phenolic composites compared with those
of epoxy composites.
USA
Accession no.853501
Item 428
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. No.2. Fall 2001.
Conference proceedings.
Chicago, Il., Fall 2001, p.471
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF
FLUORINATED POLYETHER CONTAINING
BIPHENYL
Liu B; Hu W; Chen C; Zhao X; Jiang Z; Zhang W; Wu
Z in Europe and the Association of the Plastics Producing
Jilin,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Aromatic polyethers have long been known for their
high performance. These polymers are studied for use
in aerospace and electronic applications because of their
unique combination of chemical, physical and mechanical
properties.’ Considerable attention has been devoted to the
preparation of fluorine-containing polymers because of
their unique properties and high temperature performance.
The incorporation of fluorine atoms into the chain leads to
polymers with increased solubility, flame resistance and
thermal stability, while also leading to decreased colour,
crystallinity, dielectric constant and moisture absorption.
A type of fluorine-containing monomer is synthesised and
characterised. The preparation of novel aromatic polyether
is accomplished via aromatic nucleophilic substitution of
120
activated aromatic halide with alkali metal bisphenate.
The polymer has high Tg, excellent thermal stability and
good solubility. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.853453
Item 429
Chemical Week
164, No.14, 3rd April 2002, p.22
NEW PLASTIC TAKES ON A TOUGH
MARKETPLACE
Wood A
Mississippi Polymer Technologies has started semi-
commercial production of its proprietary ultrahigh-strength
Parmax thermoplastic at Port Bienville, MS. The company
has completed a 100,000-lbs/year unit for its polymer,
which is as strong as steel, yet can be fabricated and
machined using conventional methods. Parmax polymers
are based on a substituted poly(1,4-phenylene). The first
commercially available products have benzoyl-substituted
units. MPT has received a total of about 4.9m US dollars
in R&D contracts from the US military to develop defence
applications for Parmax.
MISSISSIPPI POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES
USA
Accession no.852368
Item 430
Plastics News International
May 2001, p.24-5
PLASTICS IN OUTER SPACE... SOLUTIONS FOR
OUR PLANET
Some of the applications likely to form part of the K2001
presentation, which deals with the uses of plastics in
aerospace technology and their potential applications on
Earth, are listed and briefly discussed. This presentation
was jointly launched by Messe Dusseldorf, the European
Space Agency, the Association of Plastics Manufacturers
Industry.
MESSE DUSSELDORF; EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY;
ASSOCIATION OF PLASTICS MFRS. IN EUROPE; VERBAND
KUNSTSTOFFERZEUGENDE INDUSTRIE EV
USA
Accession no.850363
Item 431
European Design Engineer
April 2002, p.70
TRANSPORT INTERIORS BENEFIT FROM NEW
ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGY WHICH OFFERS
REDUCED WEIGHT ADVANTAGE
Permabond has launched a fast setting two-part epoxy
resin, E3300, which can be rapidly applied from one litre
sticks and is particularly suitable in aircraft interiors and
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
other transport applications.
PERMABOND
USA
Accession no.849953
Item 432
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th-30th
August 2001.
Washington D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.377-8
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION
OF NOVEL SOLUBLE POLYARYL ETHER
KETONES
Liu B; Hu W; Jin Y; Chen C; Jiang Z; Zhang W; Wu Z
Jilin,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Polyaryl ether ketones (PEKs) are a class of high
performance engineering thermoplastics known for
their good thermal stability, excellent electrical and
mechanical properties. This kind of advanced material is
currently receiving considerable attention for its potential
application in aerospace, automotive, electronics and other
high technology fields. To obtain different properties
and for different applications, structural changes have
been introduced to the basic chain. To modify solubility
and processability, much current work on PEKs is
directed toward the synthesis of more soluble materials.
Introduction of pendant groups onto the main chain is an
efficient way. PEK-type polymers with methyl, phenyl, and
t-butyl substituents have already been prepared. Recent
work has led to the preparation of new PEEK and PEEKK
with (3-methyl)phenyl side group. Introduction of the big
pendant group would affect glass transition temperature,
crystallinity, dielectric constant, and modify solubility,
film formation, processability, etc. Functioned PEKs may
be obtained due to existence of methyl group (-CH3). A
monomer with high reactive activity is synthesised and
characterised. The novel m-TPEEK and m-TPEEKK
are prepared and characterised based on the monomer.
M-TPEEK and m-TPEEKK have excellent thermal
stability and good solubility. Strong, transparent and
flexible films are readily obtained. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.849842
Item 433
Advanced Composite Materials
10, No.4, 2001, p.339-47
APPLICABILITY OF CFRP MATERIALS TO
THE CRYOGENIC PROPELLANT TANK FOR
REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE (RLV)
Morino Y; Shimoda T; Morimoto T; Ishikawa T; Aoki T
Japan,National Space Development Agency;
Japan,National Aerospace Laboratory; Tokyo,University
It is essential to utilise CFRP for the main structural
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
materials of cryogenic propellant tanks in order to realise
the drastic weight reduction needed for efficient reusable
space transportation systems. Recently-developed,
toughened CFRP materials, expected to show good
cryogenic properties, are considered promising candidates
for these kinds of applications. The cryogenic properties
of candidate materials and structural elements, including
Y-joint structural models, are investigated. 300 mm
diameter filament wound tank and 600 mm diameter lay
up tanks are fabricated and tested. Based on experimental
data, the feasibility of a CFRP cryogenic tank is discussed
and future research tasks proposed. This research is
conducted under the co-operation contract between the
Japanese National Space Development Agency (NASDA)
and the Japanese National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL).
3 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.849323
Item 434
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42, number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th-30th
August 2001.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.276-7
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PHTHALIC
ANHYDRIDE AND PHENOLIC RESIN CURED
RIGID ROD EPOXY RESINS
Su W-F; Lee Y-C; Pan W-P
Taipei,National Taiwan University; Western
Kentucky,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Rigid rod epoxy resins have been developed as a high
performance polymer for electronic and aerospace
applications due to their good thermal properties. Good
mechanical and electrical properties are also obtained.
Improved thermal properties for sulphanilamide or methyl
cyclohexane cured epoxies bearing azomethine or biphenol
rigid rod group have been demonstrated. Biphenol epoxy
was also cured with trimellitic anhydride and diamino
diphenylsulphone, and the cured epoxies exhibit good
thermal and electrical properties. Good high-temperature
resistance has also been observed for methylene dianiline
or 4,4’-amino-phenoxy hexane cured biphenol epoxy. The
diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and tetramethyl
biphenyl (TMBP) are cured with phthalic anhydride and
phenolic resin. The selection of phthalic anhydride is based
on its good electrical insulation and low cost. The choice
of phenolic resin is for its good thermal stability. DGEBA
has more flexible structure than TMBP. The effects of
structure of cured epoxy resin with the same curing agent
on thermal properties are investigated. 6 refs.
TAIWAN; USA
Accession no.849017
121
 References and Abstracts
Item 435
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.10, 7th March 2002, p.2213-24
STUDY OF THE PROCESSING CHEMISTRY OF
POLYIMIDES WITH THERMOGRAVIMETRY/
FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED/MASS
SPECTROMETRY TECHNIQUES
Wei Xie; Heltsley R; Han-Xu Li; Lee C; Wei-Ping Pan
Western Kentucky,University
Carbon fibre-reinforced composites of polyimides are
used in aircraft engines and in space applications. The
processing chemistry of high-temperature polyimide
prepregs was investigated using thermogravimetry, FTIR
and mass spectrometry evolved-gas analysis techniques.
The curing time and temperature for off-gas productions
were determined. The thermal curing of the polyimides
studied proceeded by: (1) the elimination of methanol from
amic acid prepolymer formation; (2) the release of water
from subsequent imidisation; and (3) thermal crosslinking.
The FTIR/MS data obtained suggested that alternatively
the elimination of water from amide ester formation may
be followed by the release of methanol from subsequent
imidisation. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.848107
Item 436
Polymer Preprints. Volume 42. Number 2. Fall 2001.
Proceedings of a conference held Chicago, Il., 26th-30th
August 2002.
Washington, D.C., ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry,
2001, p.23-4
NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF
POLYMERIC COMPOSITES BY REACTION-
INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION
Prieto A; Jana S C
Akron,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
In recent years, many natural fibre-filled polymer
composites have been reported. Thermosetting polymers
such as polyesters, epoxy, cyanate esters and thermoplastic
polymers such as PP, PE, PVC and PS have been
compounded with wood flour, wood pulp and cellulose
fibres to form composites. Despite of ongoing research
activities, many issues need to be resolved to expand
the use of natural fillers in polymer products for diverse
applications in automotive, aerospace and building
industries. One such issue is poor polymer-fibre bonding
in the final composites, mainly due to hydrophobic nature
of the polymers. Another issue is low decomposition
temperatures of natural fibres which seldom exceed 200-
220 deg.C. This precludes many engineering polymers,
whose processing temperatures often exceed 250 deg.C,
from consideration. New technologies, therefore, are
needed to reduce the gap between processing temperatures
of engineering polymers and decomposition temperatures
of natural fibres. A novel methodology is developed for
122
combining wood flour particles with a high temperature
thermoplastic polymer PPE with the aid of liquid epoxy.
The epoxy coating layers around wood flour particles
provide good adhesion and stronger interfaces with the
PPE phase. The composite material performs better
than many engineering polymer composites in terms of
mechanical properties. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.847951
Item 437
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
83, No.2, 10th Jan.2002, p.408-16
STUDIES ON COMPRESSION BEHAVIOUR
OF CARBON-EPOXY LAMINATES WITH AND
WITHOUT BUFFER-STRIP LAYERS IN DRY
AND WATER-ABSORBED CONDITIONS
Kishore; Khan B; Viswanath B
Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore,Aeronautical
Development Establishment
The compression behaviour is investigated of laminated
carbon-epoxy composites with inserted interleaved
polytetrafluoroethylene-coated fabric material at different
locations either continuously or discontinuously. The
composite materials can be used in aerospace or other
technologically advanced applications. The effect of
water ingress in these specimens on the strength value is
measured. Significant differences were noticed in the trend
of the strengths for different architectural arrangements
in dry and water-immersed samples. The introduction of
small amounts of less adherent layers of material at specific
locations causes a decrease in the load-carrying capability
of the composite. With an increase in the number of buffer/
delaminating strips insertions, water ingress increases and
compressive strength decreases. A correlation was seen
between the observed strength values, architecture and
failure mode. 11 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.846627
Item 438
Polymer
43,No.6,2002,p.1717-25
N-(2-BIPHENYLENYL)-4-(2’-PHENYLETHYNYL)
PHTHALIMIDE - NEW MONOMER SYNTHESIS,
CURE AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
RESULTING HIGH TEMPERATURE POLYMER
Georgiades A; Hamerton I; Hay J N; Shaw S J
Surrey,University; QinetiQ
A synthetic route is described to a new monomer, N-(2-
biphenylenyl)-4-(2’-phenylethynyl)phthalimide (BPP),
which contains both phenylethynyl and biphenylene
reactive functional groups. The monomer can be made either
from N-(2-biphenylene)acetamide or 2-aminobiphenylene,
by reaction with the phenylethynyl-containing anhydride.
The monomer was characterised fully and the thermal
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
cure of the material was studied by IR spectroscopy and
DSC. The IR spectra showed that the phenylethynyl group
reacted completely within 1 hour at 370C. DSC showed the
polymerisation exotherm of BPP centred at 379C, lower
than two NASA-developed phenylethynyl-terminated
imide (PETI) resins. In comparison with the PETI systems,
the Tg of cured BPP was about 100C higher, making it
a candidate for possible high temperature applications.
31 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.846141
Item 439
Reinforced Plastics
46, No.2, Feb.2002, p.44-9
RESIN FILM INFUSION - COMPOSITES COST
REDUCER
Marsh G
It is explained that, until recently, resin film infusion
had not found widespread use, but now the system is
showing signs of joining the reinforced-plastics fabrication
mainstream, with commercial applications emerging in the
automotive, aerospace, and marine sectors. This article
describes the process, reviews its benefits, and considers
some of its applications.
AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.845700
Item 440
High Performance Plastics
Feb.2002, p.3
PBT ELASTOMERS MADE BY ONE-STEP
EXTRUSION PROCESS
Cyclics Corp. of the USA has developed PBTP-based
elastomers, using a novel reactive extrusion technique in
which polymerisation and processing are carried out in a
continuous one-step process. This article briefly describes
the technology, explains its unique advantages, and lists
applications for the elastomers so produced.
CYCLICS CORP.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.845659
Item 441
Plastics, Rubber and Composites
30, No.10, 2001
INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS
BASED ON MODIFIED CYANATE ESTER RESIN
Fan J; Hu X; Yue C Y
Nanyang,Technological University
High-performance interpenetrating polymer networks
(IPNs) containing various ratios of cyanate ester and 2,2’-
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
diallylbisphenol A having two phenolic hydroxy groups
with added bismaleimide were synthesised. The catalytic
effect of the hydroxy phenolic groups and reactivity of
the IPNs were investigated by DSC and their Tgs and
mechanical properties determined by DMA and flexural
and impact testing. The dielectric properties of these IPNs
were also determined and their potential applications in
the aerospace and microelectronics industry considered.
(International Conference on materials for Advanced
Technologies, Singapore, 1-6 July, 2001). 23 refs.
SINGAPORE
Accession no.845237
Item 442
Composite Structures
55, No.2, Feb. 2002, p.217-23
EXPERIMENTS ON SINGLE LAYER TEXTILE
COMPOSITES
D-Amato E
L’Aquila,University
A two-stage study was carried out into the strength and
stiffness of braided composites intended for aerospace
applications. In the first stage, tests were carried out
on specimens with a certain degree of damage in order
to establish the incidence of damage. The second stage
focussed on geometrical characteristics and specimen
preparation in order to examine stress decay processes
and reduce scattering in the data and involved the
characterisation of strength concentration on the side edge
and in the outlet areas of tabs. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.845185
Item 443
Reinforced Plastics
46, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.22-4
AEROSPACE COMPOSITES DOWN BUT NOT
OUT
Marsh G
The effect of the September 11th terrorist attack on the
World Trade Center is discussed, with reference to the
composites industry, and in particular, suppliers to the
aerospace industry. Despite many airline companies going
out of business and suffering severe losses, it is argued that
although material suppliers are inevitably caught up in
this aftermath, military and security markets will provide
growth sectors, and in particular, with reference to supplies
of Kevlar for use in reinforcing aircraft installations and in
ballistic applications, DuPont is reported to be increasing
production capacity.
USA
Accession no.843843
123
 References and Abstracts
Item 444
Reinforced Plastics
46, No.1, Jan. 2002, p.17
SIMULATING LIQUID MOULDING
Details are given of a computer software package for use
in the design of composite parts made using processes
such as resin transfer moulding, vacuum assisted RTM and
resin film infusion. LCMFLOT 2001 has been developed
by ESI Group USA specifically for liquid composite
moulding processes, and aims to help users decrease part
weight and improve quality in composite components
used in industries such as aerospace, automotive and
consumer goods. The software is designed to provide
a simulation process for the optimisation of moulding
parameters. Its capabilities and typical applications are
briefly described.
ESI GROUP USA
USA
Accession no.843842
Item 445
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
12, No.4, April 2001, p.265-70
IMPROVED SURFACE TREATMENT OF SMA
FOILS AND DAMAGE SUPPRESSION OF SMA-
FOIL EMBEDDED CFRP LAMINATES
Ogisu T; Ando N; Takaki J; Okabe T; Takeda N
Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.; Tokyo,University
Research and development studies have been conducted
on some applications of embedded SMA foil actuators in
CFRP laminates for weight reduction and improvement
of reliability for next generation aircraft. The goal of
this research is to develop a method for the suppression
of damage growth in CFRP laminates. It is certified
that one of the key technologies is bonding properties
between SMA foils and CFRP laminates. Improvement
of bonding properties between SMA foils and CFRP and
confirmation of suppression effects of damage growth
are described. Some surface treatments are performed on
SMA foils. Peel resistance and single lap shear strength
tests are performed using surface treated SMA foils. It is
found that treatment by 10% NaOH is the most effective
treatment for improvement of bonding properties. The
treated surface is found to be porous and rough, which
is supposed to provide anchoring effects of SMA/CFRP
interfaces. Quasistatic load-unload tests are performed
using the optimum treatment to investigate the damage
behaviour of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates with
embedded SMA foils. Micromechanisms of fracture
behaviour and the correlation between the crack density
and the residual strain are discussed. The recovery stress
of the SMA foil generated at over Af temperature shows
capability of suppression for onset of transverse cracks
in quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates with embedded SMA
foils. 4 refs.
124
JAPAN
Accession no.843717
Item 446
Composites International
No.48, Nov./Dec.2001, p.57/68
English; French
SUCCESS OF LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
We are told that honeycomb has already proved itself in
the aviation industry, where weight savings and stiffness
have always been a priority, but that other solutions are also
appearing in response to the constraints of mass markets.
This article provides an up-to-the-minute report on the
techniques and applications involved.
BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.843341
Item 447
European Plastics News
29, No.2, Feb.2002, p.18
SAFETY IN THE AIR
Telair International has begun production of a ballistics-
tested and flammability qualified “hardener” panel
material for aircraft cockpit doors and other cabin security
applications. The panel is a multilayer composite that
uses a patent-pending construction of Kevlar, Nomex
and phenolic materials. The new material is said to be
highly resistant to material fatigue and retains most of its
structural integrity, even after repeated ballistic impacts.
USA
Accession no.842380
Item 448
Macplas International
Dec. 2001, p.65-9
FORMING PROCESSES FOR THERMOPLASTIC
COMPOSITES
Carrino L; Napolitano G; Strano M
Cassino,Universita
The forming techniques currently available, including
compression moulding, matched die moulding, diaphragm
moulding and deep drawing, are described and polymers,
reinforcements and semi-finished structures employed to
make formed parts are discussed. The utilisation of these
processes to make a range of applications, including
aerospace, medical, military, sport and automotive
applications, is also covered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.841800
Item 449
Materials World
9, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.22-4
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
TECHNOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
PRESSURES ON ADVANCED ADHESIVES
Keddie J; Mallegol J; DuPont O
Surrey,University; UCB Chemicals
Developments in pressure-sensitive adhesives are
examined as the industry responds to environmental
and technological challenges which enable them to be
increasingly used in high-performance applications. The
ability of PSAs to remain transparent under a variety of
conditions enable them to be used in applications requiring
aesthetic properties. Their strength and durability enable
them to replace bolts and welding and automotive and
aerospace applications, and when used as components
of wound dressing, are able to be easily removed when
required, yet have the necessary adhesion to stay in place
for as long as necessary.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.840535
Item 450
Polymer Engineering and Science
41, No.11, Nov.2001, p.2036
PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES OF
POLYMERIC NANO-COMPOSITES
Hua Wang; Changchun Zeng; Elkovitch M; Lee L J;
Koelling K W
Ohio,State University
Polymeric nano-composites were prepared by melt
intercalation. Nano-clay (montmorillonite) was mixed
with either a polymer (nylon-6, PP or PS) or a polymer
blend by twin-screw extrusion. The clay-spacing in the
composites was measured by X-ray diffraction. The
morphology of the composites and its development
during the extrusion process were observed by SEM. Melt
viscosity and mechanical properties of the composites
and the blends were also measured. It was found that the
clay spacing in the composites was markedly influenced
by the type of polymer used. The addition of the nano-
clay could greatly increase the viscosity of the polymer
when there was a strong interaction between the polymer
and the nano-clay. It could also change the morphology
and morphology development of nylon 6/PP blends. The
mechanical test showed that the presence of 5 to 10 wt %
nano-clay significantly increased the elastic modulus of
the composites and blends, while significantly decreasing
the impact strength. The water absorption of nylon 6 was
decreased in the presence of nano-clay. The effect of nano-
clay on polymers and polymer blends was compared with
that of kaolin clay under the same experimental conditions.
22 refs.
USA
Accession no.840103
Item 451
Journal of Composite Materials
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
35, No.20, 2001, p.1815-43
DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS OF
CRACKED STIFFENED COMPOSITE PANELS
Chen P; Shen Z; Wang J Y
Shaanxi,Aircraft Strength Research Institute
An approach based on a displacement compatibility model
was developed for stiffened composite panels with a crack.
Improvements on the damage tolerance analysis of the
stiffened composite panels were made. Applications in the
aircraft industry are mentioned. Data are given for graphite
fibre-reinforced epoxy resins. 17 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.839568
Item 452
Composites Science and Technology
61, No.15, 2001, p.2337-44
NEW ADVANCES IN DAMAGE MECHANICS
AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR
COMPOSITES: FROM RESEARCH TO
INDUSTRY FOR SPATIAL APPLICATIONS
Aubard X
SNECMA
Advances in the mechanical modelling of composites
for aerospace applications aimed at reducing costs are
discussed and examples of these advances in the modelling
of carbon fibre-reinforced phenolic composites for
aerospace applications propellant booster nozzles, carbon/
carbon composites produced by densification and nozzle
bearings made from multi-layer composites incorporating
flexible rubber pads are presented. The capabilities of
current industrial modelling procedures for aerospace
applications are summarised and the shortcomings of these
methods are considered. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839361
Item 453
Adhasion Kleben und Dichten
45, No.7/8, 2001, p.33-7
German
ADHESIVE TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIRING
CONTAMINATED CARBON FIBRE
REINFORCED PLASTIC LIGHTWEIGHT TYPES
(PART I)
Wolfrum J; Boelingen M; Luigart F; Czarnecki J
Germany,Federal Office Defense Technology &
Procurement
High-performance compound materials with carbon fibre
plastic reinforcement are important materials in technical
air travel applications because of their outstanding specific
toughness, strength and rigidity. With regard to a planned
30 to 40 year cycle of use, new aircraft can only sensibly
be operated if suitable repair procedures are available.
This article reviews storage conditions and treatment of
125
 References and Abstracts
laminated plates, the potential of contamination-tolerant
adhesive systems, moisture adsorption, IR-spectroscopy
including DRIFT tests, shear-tension tests and analysis of
surface fracturing.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839192
Item 454
Adhasion Kleben und Dichten
45, No.7/8, 2001, p.10-2
German
COLD-BONDING - INNOVATORY LEAP
FORWARD IN AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
(PART I)
De Wit F; Sauer J
Airbus Deutschland GmbH; Vantico AG
Structural bonding and gluing used in aircraft construction
are traditionally applied with hot-curing film adhesives
on an epoxy base. Efforts to reduce the costs linked to the
application of film adhesives have led to the development
of cold-bonding and a two-component paste adhesive
suitable for this on an epoxy base. The advantages of
carbon fibre reinforced plastic in aircraft structures are
examined alongside adhesive applications in fibre-bonded
materials in the Airbus A319 and A320. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.839187
Item 455
Advanced Materials and Processes
159, No.11, Nov. 2001, p.12
LOW-DIELECTRIC POLYMERS SPEED
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base has reported the
development of polymers with ultra-low dielectric constants
for high-speed integrated circuits. These polymers are
flexible, aromatic benzoxazole polymers containing a
perfluoroisopropyl unit, which are thermooxidatively
stable and have a low moisture uptake. Applications
include space-based radar, satellite communications and
high-speed computers.
USA
Accession no.837118
Item 456
Polymer Engineering and Science
41, No.9, Sept.2001, p.1486-96
REACTIVE BLENDING OF FUNCTIONALIZED
ACRYLIC RUBBERS AND EPOXY RESINS
Dispenza C; Carter J T; McGrail P T; Spadaro G
Palermo,University; ICI Technology
A high molec.wt. acrylonitrile-butadiene-methacrylic
126
acid(Nipol 1472) rubber was selected to control
processability and mechanical properties of a tetraglycidyl
diaminodiphenylmethane-based epoxy resin formulation
for aerospace composite applications. The physical blend
of rubber and epoxy resin, achieved by dissolution of all the
components in a common solvent, formed a heterogeneous
system after solvent removal and exhibited coarse phase
separation during cure that impaired any practical relevance
of this material. A marked improvement of rubber-epoxy
resin miscibility was achieved by reactive blending of the
epoxy oligomer with the functional groups present in the
rubber. The epoxy-rubber adduct thus obtained appeared
as a homogeneous system at room temp. and also after
compounding with the curing agent. Depending on the
nature and extent of interactions developed between the
rubber and the epoxy resin during ‘pre-reaction’, materials
with different resin flow characteristics, distinctive
morphologies and mechanical properties after curing were
obtained. The effect of ‘pre-reaction’ on the resin cure
reaction kinetics was also investigated. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.836148
Item 457
Chemical and Engineering News
79, No.18, 26th Nov. 2001, p.8
CAUSE OF PLANE CRASH SOUGHT
Tullo A
A report is presented on the crash of an Airbus A-300-
600 series aircraft in Queens, N.Y., which investigators
consider may have been contributed to by a defect in the
carbon fibre/epoxy composite tail fin. Doubts have since
been cast on the safety of composite materials, which
entered flight-critical applications 15 to 20 years ago. Some
consider that composites may be subject to fatigue like
metals, resulting in delamination and part failure, while
others refute this theory.
USA
Accession no.836023
Item 458
Advanced Materials and Composites News
23, No.22, 19th Nov.2001, p.8
MC GILL OFFERING COCKPIT ARMOUR
PANELS
M.C.Gill of El Monte, California, is reported to be nearing
federal certification on three ballistic laminate panels for
aircraft cockpit protection and other armoring applications.
Gillfab ballistic panels are reported to include fabrics made
of Kevlar aramid fibre, penetration-resistant glass laminate,
and specially woven glass fabric. The laminates have
undergone tests for flammability, smoke and heat release
required for use in commercial aircraft interior applications
and are said to be among the few to meet these requirements
simultaneously. Very brief details are noted.
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
GILL M.C.,CORP.
USA
Accession no.835681
Item 459
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1391-2
STUDY OF CRYSTALLISATION KINETICS
IN ZENITE THERMOTROPIC LIQUID
CRYSTALLINE POLYMER
Pramoda K P; Chung T S
Singapore,Institute of Materials Research &
Engineering; Singapore,National University
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Zenite liquid crystalline polymer resins are wholly aromatic
polyester resins and are easily melt processed. These
materials should be considered in applications requiring
high temperature performance, retention of properties over
a wide temperature range, dimensional stability, chemical
resistance and excellent electrical properties. They are
well suited for use in automotive, electrical/electronic,
fibre optics, telecommunications and aerospace industry.
No systematic study appears to have been carried out of
the thermal behaviour and post-treatment of Zenite 8000B
(Z8000B). The effects of thermal post-treatment on the
crystallisation behaviour of Z8000B using differential
scanning calorimetry are reported. 15 refs.
SINGAPORE
Accession no.835414
Item 460
Polymer Preprints. Volume 41. Number 2. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.1342-3
FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF
NEW ARAMID FIBRE-CYANATE ESTER
COMPOSITES
Sankarapandian M; Shih P; Gabara V; Hendren G L;
Loos A C; McGrath J E
Virginia,Polytechnic Institute & State University;
DuPont Fibers
(ACS,Div.of Polymer Chemistry)
Aramid fibre composites find wide applications in many
areas including the sandwich structures for military aircraft,
in skins and core of advanced radomes and as laminate
substrates for high speed computer circuit boards. In
addition to the use of epoxy as matrix resins, studies have
also been performed using phenolic resin and elastomers
as matrix materials for aramid fibre reinforced composites.
Aramid fibres have a tensile strength comparable with
that of carbon fibre and the modulus between those of
glass and carbon fibre aramid fibre based composites are
of interest due to the close match of coefficient of the
thermal expansion to that of the matrix. An attempt is
made to fabricate new aramid fibre composites based on
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
cyanate ester as the matrix resin and evaluate the thermal
and mechanical properties of the composites. Both Nomex
and Kevlar mats are used for reinforcements. 4 wrefs.
USA
Accession no.835387
Item 461
Polymer
42, No.24, 2001, p.9783
SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, AND THERMAL STABILITY
OF SOME POLYSULFONE/ORGANOCLAY
COMPOSITES
Sur G S; Sun H L; Lyu S G; Mark J E
Yeungnam,University; Cincinnati,University
A solution-dispersion method was used to prepare
polysulphone/organoclay nanocomposites which were
then characterised using X-ray diffraction, transmission
electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and
tensile measurements. Three levels of clay addition were
used, 1,3 and 5 weight percent, and compared to the pure
polymer, improvements in tensile and thermal properties
were reported. 206 refs
KOREA; USA
Accession no.831803
Item 462
Advances in Polymer Science
2001, 155, p.1
CYANATE ESTER RESINS, RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
Nair C P R; Mathew D; Ninan K N
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
The search for advanced, high performance, high
temperature resistant polymers is on the increase due
to growing demand for polymer matrix composites
that are to meet stringent functional requirements for
use in the rapidly evolving high-technology area of
aerospace. Cyanate esters form a family of new generation
thermosetting resins whose performance characteristics
make them attractive competitors to many current
commercial polymer materials for such applications.
Recent developments in the chemistry, technology and
applications of cyanate esters are analysed. Emphasis is
placed on advances in research and development related
to fundamental and applied aspects of cyanate esters
during the last few years. A brief account is given of the
overall scenario of the developments in this area, prior to
discussing recent trends in detail. 382 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.816043
Item 463
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1997, pp.132.
Rapra Industry Analysis Series
127
 References and Abstracts
POLYMERIC MATERIALS IN AGGRESSIVE
ENVIRONMENTS. MATERIAL IN USE AND
THEIR MARKETPLACE
Drake N
Rapra Technology Ltd.
This report on the use of polymeric materials in aggressive
environments covers materials for high and low temperature
environments, chemically aggressive conditions and
applications requiring resistance to weathering. End-use
applications examined, include aerospace, automotive,
electrical/electronic, and medical applications. Properties
relevant to polymers used in aggressive environments are
discussed, in particular, physical, thermal and chemical
properties. Materials considered include polychloroprene,
PU elastomers, HNBR, fluoroelastomers, thermoplastic
elastomers, liquid crystal polymers, polyamides, poly-
p-phenylobenzobisthiazole fibres, PEEK, polyimides,
polyketones, polymer blends, syndiotactic polystyrene,
sulphone polymers, and thermosets. 33 companies involved
with polymeric materials for aggressive environments are
identified, and research currently being conducted, and
new product developments are reviewed with reference
to specific companies.
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.815491
Item 464
SAMPE Journal
37, No.2, March/April 2001, p.102
OVERVIEW OF POLYMER MATRIX
COMPOSITES PERFORMANCE AND
MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS
Morgan R J; Shin E E; Lincoln J; Jiang Zhou
Michigan,State University
A review is presented of the authors’ present and future
studies of the use of polymer matrix fibrous composites for
aerospace applications. Aspects covered include structure-
property relations of polybismaleimide- and polyimide-
carbon fibre composites, accelerated test methodologies,
performance and materials development of electron beam-
cured cryogenic containment composites, and development
of low cost, carbon-based structures. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.810322
Item 465
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.22, 15th Nov.2000, p.2873
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAY-
POLYIMIDE NANOCOMPOSITES VIA ODA-
MODIFIED ORGANOCLAY
Tyan H-L; Wei K-H; Hsieh T-E
Taiwan,National Chiao Tung University
Clay-polyimide nanocomposites were synthesised from
128
modified montmorillonite and polyamic acid. The layered
silicates of organoclay were intercalated by polyimide and
examined by X-ray diffraction and TEM. Tensile properties
of the nanocomposites were investigated. 25 refs
TAIWAN
Accession no.797643
Item 466
Materials Challenge - Diversification and the Future.
40, No.2, Symposium proceedings
HIGH TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF
GLASS FABRIC/POLYIMIDE COMPOSITES
Chen X; Muzzy J D
Georgia,Institute of Technology
Polyimide composites have been used at temperatures
exceeding 300 deg.C in the aerospace and electronics
industries. Emphasis is placed on assessing the thermo-
oxidative stability of composites comprised of a polyimide
resin, Avimid N, with S-glass and quartz as fabrics treated
with A-1100 coupling agent. Since this coupling agent
is not tailored for high temperature applications, this
system provides a baseline for evaluating high temperature
coupling agents. Thermal ageing at 343 deg.C for up to 200
hours leads to substantial reductions in flexural strength
and short beam shear strength. The loss in strength occurs
more rapidly in the smaller short beam shear samples. The
degradation is dependent on the relative proportion of
cut surfaces where fibre ends are exposed in the samples
subjected to ageing. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.698012
Item 467
Composites-French/English
No.28, 15th Aug-30th Sept.1998, p.70
HIGH PERFORMANCE RTM AND RESIN
DEVELOPMENTS FOR AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Francomb J; Parmer M; Taylor A
Pera Technology
Continuous fibre reinforced composites are now firmly
established engineering materials for the manufacture
of components with high added value. They offer design
engineers enormous opportunities for introducing
new concepts into their designs while reducing costs.
The resin transfer moulding process is playing an
important role in increasing the use of advanced
composites. This comprehensive article highlights the
latest high performance resin transfer moulding and resin
developments with particular emphasis on applications in
the aerospace industry.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.696236
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 References and Abstracts
Item 468
PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR POLYIMIDE
COMPOSITES
Patent US 5716677 A 19980210
Mazany A M; Prybyla S G
Ohio Aerospace Institute
The service life of fibre-reinforced polyimide composites
in a high temperature oxidative environment is extended
by coating with a polyimide precursor solution prepared
by reacting an aromatic dianhydride with an aromatic
diamine in a non-reactive solvent. The reactive solution
is heated to a temperature sufficient to reduce its viscosity
prior to its use as a coating. Preferably, a mixture of meta-
phenylenediamine and para-phenylenediamine is reacted
with biphenyl dianhydride in N-methyl pyrrolidinone
solvent and heated to between about 50 and 150C under
nitrogen while stirring for a time sufficient to produce a
polyamic acid polyimide precursor coating solution having
a Brookfield viscosity of from about 500 to 5,000 cP and
a solids content of from about 5 to 35 wt.%.
USA
Accession no.688132
Item 469
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
65, No.5, 1st Aug.1997, p.1031
HEAT RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF POLY(P-
PHENYLENE-2,6-BENZOBISOXAZOLE) FIBRE
Kuroki T; Tanaka Y; Hokudoh T; Yabuki K
Toyobo Co.Ltd
The high temperature properties of poly(p-phenylene-
2,6-benzobisoxazole)(PBO) fibre were examined and
compared with those of p-aramid fibre. In particular, the
temperature dependence of tensile strength of the PBO
fibre was reported for the first time. 9 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.650299
Item 470
Advanced Materials and Processes
149, No.3, March 1996, p.37
POLYMER COMPOSITES FOR AEROSPACE
This comprehensive article supplies a detailed assessment
of the different types of polymer composites used in
aerospace applications. The various types of thermosetting
resins are described, together with their properties and
advantages. Information is included on the different
reinforcing fibres employed and the functions of the matrix
resin materials.
USA
Accession no.585371
Item 471
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
27A, No.4, 1996, p.329
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES - RAPID
PROCESSING APPLICATIONS
Offringa A R
Fokker Special Products BV
Processing techniques for continuous fibre-reinforced
thermoplastic composites are discussed, with particular
attention to thermofolding, press-forming, welding,
creep-forming and membrane-forming. Applications of
the different techniques are considered, with emphasis on
aerospace applications. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.582869
Item 472
CROSS-LINKABLE FOAMABLE POLYOLEFIN
RESIN COMPOSITION
Patent Number US 5091435
Suzuki T; Kitagawa S; Nakayama T; Kuno T
Tonen Chemical Corp.
This patent is a reissue (RE 34607). The composition
described, capable of forming foams with excellent
mechanical properties and heat resistance, is made of (a)
14-80 wt.% of a propylene-ethylene random copolymer
having an ethylene content of 1.5-6 wt.%, (b) 10-60 wt.%
of a propylene-ethylene random copolymer having an
ethylene content of 0.2-1.0 wt.%, (c) 10-60 wt.% of a linear
low-density polyethylene, and (d) 1-30 pbw, per 100 pbw
of the above resin composition, of a foaming agent.
JAPAN
Accession no.535371
Item 473
Polymer
35, No.23, 1994, p.4956
IM7/LARC-ITPI POLYIMIDE COMPOSITES
Hou T H; Siochi E J; Johnston N J; St Clair T L
Lockheed Engineering & Sciences Co.; US,NASA
Langley Research Center
LARC-ITPI, an isomeric variation of LARC-TPI and
based on 4,4’-isophthaloyldiphthalic anhydride and 1,3-
phenylenediamine, was evaluated as a matrix for high
performance composites. Five 30% poly(amide acid)
solutions in N-methylpyrrolidone, with stoichiometric
offsets of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.75 and 5.5% in favour of the
diamine and end-capped with phthalic anhydride, were
synthesised. Molecular weight and MWD data showed
high concentrations of low molecular weight species in
all the offset compositions. Solvent/volatile depletion
rates were carefully determined on thermally imidised
films of the five compositions and were an important part
of the composite consolidation studies. All films failed
solvent resistance tests with acetone, MEK, toluene,
dimethylacetamide and chloroform. Unidirectional IM7
prepreg was made from each of the five resin solutions. A
129
 References and Abstracts

workable composite consolidation cycle was developed for
the 3% offset solution and used for all the compositions.
Data are shown for moulding cycle optimisation, C-scans,
shear, flex and compression failure, morphology, shear
strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength, interlaminar
fracture toughness, impact strength, resin-fibre adhesion,
compression strength after impact and open-hole
compression testing. It was concluded that LARC-ITPI
will be an excellent high temperature matrix material for
aerospace applications where solvent resistance is not a key
requirement. 36 refs. (Presented at ACS Polym. Chem. Div.
17th Biennial Symposium on Advances in Polymerisation
and High Performance Polymeric Materials, Palm Springs,
California, USA, 22nd-25th Nov. 1992).
USA
Accession no.535040
properties and environmental/chemical resistance. The
inter-relationships between morphology and properties
of semicrystalline thermoplastic composites are addressed
and the various techniques for combining fibres and matrix
are described. A penultimate section looks at the costs and
typical applications of thermoplastic composites in the
aerospace industry, while a final summary presents general
conclusions and recommendations for future research and
development work in the field.
USA
Accession no.468658

Item 474
Broadening Horizons with Advanced Materials &
Processes. Proceedings of the 14th International
European Chapter Conference, Birmingham, UK, 19th-
20th Oct.1993, p.301
ECONOMIC THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITES
FOR AEROSPACE AND ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
Stepprath K; Broderick J; Leach D
Fiberite Europe GmbH; ICI Fiberite
Continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites
are being used in a wide range of applications, including
aircraft, helicopter, space and submersible structures,
machinery and other engineering components. Economic
aspects of these materials are discussed, including new
developments in lower cost materials, and the economics
of finished parts and current applications are considered.
Tabulated information is given on typical properties
of matrix polymers (PEEK, polyphenylene sulphide,
polyetherimide, polyethersulphone), mechanical properties
of composites of these polymers with carbon fibre, and
interlaminar fracture toughness, compression strength and
flexural properties of the composites. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.521908

Item 475
Park Ridge,NJ, Noyes Publications, pp.ix,177
HIGH PERFORMANCE THERMOPLASTIC
RESINS AND THEIR COMPOSITES
Authors- Belend S
National Research Council of Canada
This book describes recent developments in high
performance thermoplastic resins and their composites,
and evaluates the benefits and limitations of these materials
for aerospace and other applications. An examination
is made of the performance of neat and continuous
fibre reinforced thermoplastic resins in terms of their

130 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Index

Index

A LAMINATES 71
THERMOPLASTIC PROFILES 22
ABRASION RESISTANCE 11 CARBON FIBRES 3-4
ACOUSTIC EMISSION 93 COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY 31
ACOUSTI-CAP HONEYCOMB CORE 23 SELF-HEALING 59
ACRYLIC RUBBERS 126 STOPPING POWER 41
ADHESIVE FILM, STRUCTURAL 3, 20, 47 CARBON NANOFIBRES 14, 80
AERIAL VEHICLES, UNMANNED 97 CARBON NANOFILLERS 54
AEROGELS 33 CARBON NANOTUBES 13-44, 44-45, 65, 67, 105
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS 3, 5-8 FILLED RESIN 61
AEROSPACE FIBRES 3 HYBRIDS 54
AIR AGEING 44 MULTIWALL 4
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION, GLUING 126 SKIN 45
ARALDITE ADHESIVES 112 SINGLE WALL 26, 70, 109
ARAMID FIBRE 5-6, 114 CARBON/EPOXY PREPREGS 61
COMPOSITES 127 CELLULAR FOAMS 96
ARRHENIUS’S METHOD 61 CETEX THERMOPLASTICS 53
ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA TREATMENT 49 CLOSED MOULDING TECHNOLOGY 93-94
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 105 COCKPIT ARMOUR PANELS 126
AURUM 70 COLD-BONDING 126
AUTOMATED TAPE LAYING, DESIGN TOOL 24 COLLECTABLE VOLATILE CONDENSABLE
AUTONOMIC HEALING 114 MATERIALS 79
AUXETIC MATERIALS 23 COMPOSITE FLAW DETECTION EXPERIMENTS 27
COMPOSITE MATERIAL, AEROGEL-LIKE 29
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 44
B COMPOSITES, MARCEL FORMATION 107
COMPOSITES, POLYIMIDE 56
BASOTECT TG 72, 74
COMPOSITES, THERMOPLASTIC 129
BENZOXAZINES 8, 64
COMPRESSION AFTER IMPACT 51
BIOCIDAL POLYMERS 49
COMPRESSION MOULDING 12, 124
BIOCOMPOSITES 107
COMPRESSION TESTING 82
BIONANOCOMPOSITES 45
CONDUCTING POLYMER, INFRARED
BIOT-FOURIER METHOD 56
ELECTROCHROMICS 102
BISMALEIMIDES 8, 43
CONDUCTING POLYMERS 38, 44, 69
COMPOSITES 39
COPOLYMERISATION 8
MATRIX PREPREG 22
CORONA PLASMA TREATMENT 49
PREPREG, CYCOM 5250-4 80 CORROSION 25
RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITE 43 FILIFORM 25
THERMOSETTING RESIN 8 CORROSION-RESISTANT GLASS 4
BISPHENOL A DICYANATE RESIN 73 COUPLING AGENT 5, 6
BRABENDER PLASTICORDER 76 CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE 66
BRABENDER-TYPE MIXING 15 CRYOGENIC COMPOSITE 29
BRAGG GRATING PRINCIPLE 58 CRYOGENIC FUEL TANK 57
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE, CRYOGENIC IZOD IMPACT TESTING 48
CARBOXYL-TERMINATED LIQUID 73 CRYOGENIC STORAGE TANKS 52
CRYOGENS 77
CRYSTALS, OPAL PHOTONIC 30
C COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION 7
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 30 CURE PROCESS 31-32
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED EPOXY RESIN 29, 50 DUAL 47
COMPOSITE LAMINATE PANEL 27 CYANATE EPOXY COMPOSITES 60
CARBON FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTICS 7, 72, CYANATE ESTER RESIN 123, 127
74-75, 79, 124 CYANATE ESTERS 8, 66, 112, 115-116
COMPOSITES 76 CYANOACRYLATE ESTERS 8

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 131

 Index

D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, MODELLING 43

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, 2D 90
DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS 125 FIBRE BRAGG GRATING SENSORS 27, 81
DARCY’S LAW 52, 90 FIBRE DRAWING 6
DELAMINATED CRACK OPENING FIBRE METAL LAMINATES 101
DISPLACEMENT 57, 90 FIBRE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS 86
DIAPHRAGM FORMING 12 FIBRE REINFORCEMENT 12
DIAPHRAGM MOULDING 124 FIBREGLASS 7
DICYCLOPENTADIENE 80 FIBRE-METAL LAMINATES 96
DIELS-ALDER CYCLOPOLYMERISATION 42 FIBRE TYPES 3
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY 19, 22, CARBON-BASED FIBRES 3
28, 29, 40, 42, 61, 67, 81-83, 120, 123 CARBON FIBRES 3
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY 84 HYBRID FIBRES 6
DIGLYCIDYLETHER-TERMINATED 60 RESIN-IMPREGNATED FIBRES
DISCOTEX 41, 47 (PREPREGS) 12
DISCRETISATION METHOD 21 THERMOGRAPHY 12
DISPLACEMENT COMPATIBILITY MODEL 125 INORGANIC FIBRES 4
DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM TESTS 21, 48 BORON FIBRE
DROP WEIGHT IMPACT TESTING 44, 62 GLASS FIBRE 4
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS 46, 61, 81, 120 QUARTZ FIBRE 4
POLYMERIC FIBRES 5
ARAMID FIBRE 5
E POLYARYL ETHER ETHER KETONE 6
POLYBENZOTHIAZOLE 5
EDDY-CURRENT TESTING 57
POLYPHENYLENE-2,
EEONFOAMS 44
6-BENZOBISOXAZOLE 5
E-GLASS 4
ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ELASTOMERS 57 POLYETHYLENE 6
FRICTION 39 FICKIAN DIFFUSION MODEL 117
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL METHOD 71 FILAMENT WINDING 9, 95
ELECTRIPLAST 75 FILM, POLYCYANATE SYNTACTIC 57
ELECTRON BEAM CURING 85 FIREPROOF INJECTION-MOULDING
ELECTROSPINNING 23, 76 THERMOPLASTICS 81
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE DISSIPATION 109 FIRST-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY 21
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCED SHIELDING FIXED ARM PEEL TEST 88
POLYMERS 54 FLAME-RETARDANT EPOXY PASTE 3
ENGINEERED SANDWICH CORES 44 FLASH THERMOGRAPHY 57
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE DIENE TERPOLYMER 31, 43 FLAX FIBRES 47
EPOXY ADHESIVE JOINTS 25 EPOXY PREPREGS 47
EPOXY BONDING 39 FLUOROCARBON RUBBERS 50
EPOXY HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES 26 FLUOROELASTOMERS 31, 43, 95, 100, 103-104,
EPOXY MATRIX 24 114-115, 128
TOUGHENED SYSTEMS 60 FLUOROPOLYMER COATINGS 102
EPOXY OLIGOMERS 54 FLUOROPOLYMERS, HI-TECH 95
EPOXY RESIN 9, 32, 38-39, 48, 54, 67, 102, 104, 121, 126 FLUOROSILICONE ELASTOMER 20, 42
ADAPTIVE FOAMS 36 FLUOROSILOXANE SEALANTS 50
GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED 81 FOAMS 16
EPOXY SHAPE MEMORY POLYMER FOAM 37 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
EPOXY THERMOSET 8 SPECTROSCOPY 42, 46, 58, 60, 65, 75, 83, 122
EPOXY-BASED SYNTACTIC PASTE 3 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED ANALYSIS 9
EPOXY-BASED SYSTEMS 35 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS, INTERLAMINAR 48
EPOXY-CARBON FIBRE COMPOSITES 26 FRACTURE TOUGHENING 27
EXFOLIATION 15, 78
EXTRUSION, ONE-STEP PROCESS 123
G
GAS PERMEABILITY 52, 92
F GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY 42,
FABRICATION METHODS 12 58GLASS FIBRES 6, 50
FABRIC, NON-CRIMPED 30, 51 HOLLOW 59

132 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 Index

GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE 28 LIGHTNING STRIKE PROTECTION 68

GLOBAL ENERGY-BALANCE ANALYSIS 82 LIQUID COMPOSITE MOULDING PROCESSES 124
GRAPHITE-EPOXY LAMINATE SYSTEM 90 LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS 128
GRAPHITE EPOXY MOTOR 32 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS 87
GRAPHITE-EPOXY RESIN COMPOSITES 36 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE THERMOSET 67
LIQUID MOULDING PROCESSES 118
LIQUID PERFLUOROETHER ELASTOMER 114
H LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER 20
HALPIN-TSAI EQUATIONS 92 FLUORINATED 33, 38-39, 42
HALPIN-TSAI MICROMECHANICAL MODEL 72 LIQUID-IMPACT TEST METHODS 111
HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE 65 LOAD-DISPLACEMENT CURVE 70
HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE 6 LOW EARTH ORBIT ENVIRONMENT 25
HELIUM FLOW DETECTION 93
HEPHAISTOS 91 M
HEXFORCE 42
HEXMC 30 MAGNESIUM ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS 4
HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING 68 MANDREL PEEL TESTS 82
HXPLY M50 95 MASKING TAPE 116
HYBRID POLYMERS 48 MATCHED DIE MOULDING 12, 124
HYBRID SILICONES 73 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 82
HYBRID YARNS 62 MATLAB PROGRAM 52
HYDROSILATION 48 MATRIMID 11
HYGROTHERMOELASTIC STRESS 43 MATRIX POLYMER 7, 15
HYSOL EA9658 47 MATRIX RESIN 12
MATRIX SYSTEMS, BIFUNCTIONAL EPOXY-
AMINE 28
I MELAMINE RESIN FOAMS 72
MELT MIXING 92
IMI SPRAY MOULD PROGRAMME 120
MELT PROCESSING 15
IMPACT TESTING 86
METAL SPRAY TOOLING 119
INDENTATION DEBONDING TESTS 48
METALLOCENE WAXES 93
INDIUM TIN OXIDE 13
METAL-TO-METAL BONDING 3
INFRARED SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION 23
MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANS 36
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 123, 126
MICROSPHERES 29
INJECTION MOULDING 101, 119
MIYANO’S ACCELERATED TESTING
INSTRON MECHANICAL TESTING MACHINE 51
METHODOLOGY 20
INTERLAMINAR SHEAR STRENGTH 51
MODULAR TOOLING 111
INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS 123 MONOMERS, ALKYNE-CONTAINING 35
ION BOMBARDMENT 39 MORPHING 36, 38
ISOTHERMAL RHEOMETRIC ANALYSIS 19 MOULDING, BLADDER 12
MOULD PLATE, ALPASE M-1 118
K
KAPTON 25 N
KEVLAR 5 NANOCLAYS, MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE
ARAMID FIBRE 106 13-14
FIBRE 49 NANOCOMPOSITES 13
KYDEX THERMOPLASTIC SHEET PRODUCTS 61 CLAY-POLYIMIDE 128
SHAPE MEMORY POLYMER 70
NANOFIBRE, ALUMINIUM-COATED
L POLYVINYLALCOHOL 23
LAMB WAVE SENSING 81 NANOFIBRES, ELECTROSPUN 76
LAMINATE THEORY 21 NANOINDENTATION TESTING 70
LAP SHEAR STRENGTH TESTING 66-67 NANONET 25
LAUNCH VEHICLES 31 NANOPLATELETS, GRAPHITE 14
LAUNCH VEHICLES, EXPENDABLE 90 NANO-REINFORCEMENTS, GRAPHITE 54
LICOCENE 93 NANO-SCALE MATERIAL 26
LIFE PREDICTION TECHNIQUE 20 NANOSILICA 14

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 133

 Index
NANOSILICA CARBON NANOFIBRE 13
NANOTECHNOLOGY 38
NATURAL FIBRE 122
NITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER 92
ND:YAG LASER DEVICES 40
ND-YAG LASER DRILLING 23
NEURAL NETWORKS 112
NEW GEN TECHNOLOGY 34
NITRILE RUBBER 31, 39
NOMEX 5
NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION METHODS 27
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 12
NORYL POLYPROPYLENE OXIDE, FLEXIBLE 84
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
SPECTROSCOPY 58, 74, 83
O POLYETHERS, AROMATIC 120
OPTICAL ANISOTROPY 113
OPTICAL IMAGE CORRELATION 89
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 86
OUTGASSING 46, 64
OXYDIANILINE-MODIFIED CLAY 16
P COMPOSITES 128-129
PARMAX SRP 87, 94, 102, 104
PEEL AND WEDGE TESTS 89
PEEL TESTS 49, 66-6786, 88
PERMAPOL P3.1 POLYMERS 102
PHENOLIC POLYMER 98
PHENOLIC RESIN 9, 30, 46, 121,127
PHENOLICS 8
PHENYLETHYNYL-TERMINATED
POLYETHERIMIDE (ULTEM) 63
PHENYLETHYNYL-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE 69
PHENYL VINYL METHYL SILICONE 55
PHOTOCURING 42
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE 121
PHTHALONITRILE RESINS 8-9
OLIGOMERIC 19, 104
PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 23
PIEZOCOMPOSITE ACTUATORS 36
PLASMA ETCHING 5
PLASMA TREATMENT 3, 5, 7
PLASTICISATION 25
PLASTICS, FIRE RESISTANT, NON-HALOGEN 28
PLASTICS, SELF-HEALING 114
PMR-15 RESIN 20, 73
POLYACRYLONITRILE PRECURSORS 4
POLYAMIDEIMIDES 12
POLYAMIDES, AROMATIC 5
POLYANILINE COMPOSITES 46
POLYARYL ETHER KETONE KETONE 7, 11
POLYARYL ETHER KETONES 117, 121
POLYARYLATES 10
POLYAZOMETHINES 33
POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE 3, 8, 65
134
POLYBENZOTHIOZOLE 5
POLYBENZOXAZOLES 8
POLYCHLOROPRENE 31, 39
POLYCHLOROTRIFLU-OROETHYLENE 31, 56
POLYCONDENSATION 9-10
POLYCYANATE FILM ADHESIVE 57
POLYCYANATE RESIN 57
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 31
POLYESTER CARBONATES, AROMATIC 10
POLYESTER YARN 24, 30
POLYETHERAMIDE ELASTOMER,
THERMOPLASTIC 39
POLYETHERIMIDE 11, 25
POLYETHER ETHER KETONE 11
POLYETHER KETONE KETONE 7, 11, 19, 63-64, 66,
71, 87, 107-108, 121, 128, 130
POLYETHER KETONE, THERMOPLASTIC 27
POLYETHYLENE 31
POLYHEDRAL OLIOGOMERIC SILSESQUIOXANE
13-14
POLYIMIDES 3, 7-9, 11, 95, 122
AROMATIC 113
CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE FILMS 52
CLOSED-CELL FLUORINATED 30
ELECTROACTIVE 26
FILMS 58
HIGH-TEMPERATURE 92PREFORM JOINTS 24
RESINS 10
THERMOPLASTIC 11
POLYKETANILS 33, 60
POLYMER BLENDS 118
POLYMER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 48-49, 61-62
POLYMER COATING 29
POLYMER COMPOSITES 129
POLYMER FOAMS 99
POLYMER FOAM, ADAPTIVE 36
POLYMER MATRIX 13, 31, 43, 52, 57, 106, 128
COMPOSITES 85
COMPOSITES, HIGH-TEMPERATURE 73
POLYMER NANOTECHNOLOGY 28
POLYMER, RIGID-ROD 101
POLYMER, SELF-REINFORCED 87, 94
POLYMERS, AROMATIC 117
POLYMERS, AROMATIC KETONE 7
POLYMERS, FIRE RESISTANT 83
POLYMERS, HYDROPHILIC 106
POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES 96, 125
POLYMERISATION 8, 19, 83-84, 105, 114, 123
CONDENSATION 5, 8
DRY 61
IN SITU 14, 92
IN SITU, INTERCALATIVE 48
WET 61
POLYMER-MATRIX COMPOSITE 90
POLYMERS, LOW-DIELECTRIC 126
POLYMETHACRYLAMIDE 16, 78, 112
© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology
 Index

POLYMETHACRYLIMIDE FOAMS 78, 98, 112 S

POLYOXYMETHYLENE 31
POLYPHENYLENE-BENZOBISOXAZOLE 3, 5 SAEFIX 42
BRAIDED CORD 53 SAERTEX 42
FIBRES 5, 129 SCANNING ELECTION MICROSCOPY 23, 46, 63,
POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE 12 66-67, 74, 76, 94, 65, 120, 125
THERMOFORMING 84 SCHAPPE TECHNIQUE 41, 47
POLYPROPYLENE, FIRE RETARDANT 59 SEALANTS 104
POLYQUINOLINES 8 SENSOR PAINTS 23
POLYSULFIDES 3 S-GLASS 4
POLYSULFONES 12 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY, 25, 34, 94
NANOCOMPOSITES 16 FOIL ACTUATORS 124
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE 31, 51 SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS 22, 36, 58, 67, 88
COMPOSITE 54 SHEAR MIXING 14
POLYTRIAZOLE RESIN 59 SHEAROGRAPHY 57
POLYUREA 90 SHEAR-TENSION TESTS 126
POLYURETHANE 50 SHEET MOULDING 9
SILICON-CONTAINING COUPLING AGENTS 7
FLEXIBLE FOAM 88
SILICONE RESINS 3
RETICULATED FOAM 37
SILICONE RUBBER 39, 55
SILYLATED 40
SKIN-FOAM-SKIN COMPOSITE 48
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER, THERMOPLASTIC 39
SKYDROL HYDRAULIC FLUID 11
POWDER INJECTION MOULDING 114
SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY 48
PREPREG SYSTEM, SELF-ADHESIVE 95
SNAP CURE SYSTEMS 66, 91
PREPREGS 9, 115
SOLAR SELECTIVE COATINGS 109
PRESS-FORMING 12, 79
SOL-GEL METHODS 40, 66
PRESSURE-STRAIN MONITORING 93
SPECTROSCOPY, BROADBAND DIELECTRIC 38
PRESSURE VESSELS, CRYOGENIC COMPOSITE
SPECTROSCOPY, ELECTROCHEMICAL
OVER-WRAPPED 29
IMPEDANCE 107
PRESSURISATION TEST 93
SPLIT HOPKINSON PRESSURE BARS 51, 117
PROCESSING OUT-OF-AUTOCLAVE 58 STRUCTURAL REACTION INJECTION MOULDING 93
PROMETA RESINS 80 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER 31, 92
PROPARGYL ETHER NOVOLAC RESIN 46 SUPERSONIC VEHICLES, EXO-ATMOSPHERIC 43
PULTRUSION 6, 12 SURFACE CLEANING 71
RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING PROCESS 84 SURFACE OXIDATION 5
PYROLYSIS 14, 46 SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNIQUE 88
SURFI-SCULPT 88
SYNTACTIC FOAMS 46
R
RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE 3
RADIOGRAPHY 12 T
RESIN FILM INFUSION 27, 64, 94, 123 TAKAYANAGI’S TWO-PHASE MODEL 119
RESIN INFUSION 30, 58, 65, 113 TAPE LAYING 12
RESIN INJECTION LIQUID COMPOSITE TAPE PEEL TEST 21
MOULDING PROCESSES 74 TENSILE LOADING 93
RESIN INJECTION PROCESS 24 TEXTILE COMPOSITES, SINGLE LAYER 123
RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING 9, 12, 31, 64, 72, 79- T-GLASS 4
80, 92, 94, 99, 110-111, 113, 124, 128-129 THERMAL AGEING 75
EX SITU 27 THERMAL CYCLING 117
RESINS, ELECTRON BEAM CURED 85 THERMAL IMAGING 28
RESINS, THERMOPLASTIC 10, 130 THERMAL TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 19
REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE 90, 121 THERMO-FOLDING 79
R-GLASS FIBRE (HIPER-TEX) 37 THERMOFORMABLE SANDWICH PANELS,
RHEOMETRY 81 FOAMED IN SITU 72
ROHACELL FOAM 45 THERMOFORMING 12
STRUCTURAL FOAM CORES 92 THERMOGRAPHY 84
STRUCTURAL SANDWICH CORES 78 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS 8, 19, 42, 46,
ROTATIONAL MOULDING INDUSTRY 80 61, 67, 83, 94, 100, 117, 120, 127,

© Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology 135

 Index

THERMOGRAVIMETRY/FOURIER TRANSFORM W
INFRARED 122
THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS 42 WATER JET TEST METHOD 111
THERMO-OXIDATIVE AGEING 10 WATER VAPOUR TRANSMISSION 23
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY 41 WATER-BASED NON-CHROMATE PRIMER 55
THERMOPLASTIC MATRICES 10 WAVELET MAPS 112
THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS 8 WIDE ANGLE X-RAY DIFFRACTION 19
THERMOPLASTIC RESINS 7-8
THERMOPLASTIC, SELF-REINFORCING 104
THERMOSET COMPOSITES 113 X
THERMOSET MELAMINE FOAM 74 X-COR 62
THERMOSET RESIN SYSTEM 115 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 49
THERMOSETS 8 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 46, 92, 94, 125, 127-128
THERMOSETTING MATRICES 8 X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY 57
THERMOSETTING RESINS 13, 19 XYTREX 53
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BRAIDED PRODUCTS 41 YAKAYANAGI’S MODEL 119
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACK TIP ELEMENT
ANALYSIS 81
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FIBRE-REINFORCED Y
POLYMER COMPOSITES 93 YOUNG’S MODULUS 72
TITANATE COUPLING AGENTS 7
TORSION BRAID ANALYSIS 67
TOUGHENING 47 Z
TOUGHENING AGENTS 9
TOW PATH OPTIMISATION 24 ZENITE 127
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 23, 48, ZERILLI-ARMSTRONG MODEL 51
74, 92, 127-128 ZYLON 5
TRIPLE-PLY TAPE 59
TUBULAR BRAIDING 79
TUFFOAM 70

U
ULTEM RESINS 50, 99
ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
POLYETHYLENE 5, 7
ULTRASONIC TESTING 57
UPILEX 25
URETHANE RESIN 29

V
VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER
MOULDING 27, 31, 54, 65-66, 75, 80, 85, 101, 103,
108, 118, 124
VACUUM INFUSION PROCESS 93, 98
MOULDING 99
VACUUM INJECTION MOULDING 103
VANE CASCADE EROSION RIG TESTS 85
VAPOUR-GROWN CARBON FIBRE 4
VARIABLE ANGLE FIXED ARM PEEL 82
VIBRATION DAMPING 21
MEASUREMENTS OF 81
VISCOSITY, BROOKFIELD 129

136 © Copyright 2008 Smithers Rapra Technology

 DOCUMENTS DIRECT
(Document Delivery Service)
The Polymer Library (www.polymerlibrary.com) is the world’s most comprehensive collection of information on
the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industries. The fully searchable database covers approximately 500
regular journals as well as conference proceedings, reports, books, company brochures and data sheets.

Almost all the articles selected for the database can be ordered in full text through our document delivery department.
Non-patent requests are usually despatched within 24 hours of receipt (Monday to Friday).

● We have a large collection of literature directly related to the industries we serve and can offer a personal service
with minimal bureaucracy, based on detailed knowledge of our stock.

● Many of the documents held at Smithers Rapra are not available via other services. This is particularly the case
for our extensive and unique collection of company literature and data sheets.

● We offer a fast turnaround service (within one working day) combined with a range of delivery options. Some
full text documents are available as PDF files which can be downloaded immediately

SPEED OF DELIVERY
Non-patent documents are despatched from Smithers Rapra within 24 hours of receipt (Monday - Friday) of request
using first class mail within the UK, and airmail for the rest of the world. If you request e-mail or fax service, delivery
will be within hours anywhere in the world.

HOW TO ORDER
Orders can be made by post, fax, telephone, e-mail, on-line via the website database (http://www.polymerlibrary.
com), or through an online host.

When ordering please include your full company details and which documents you require, quoting one of the
following:

1. Accession Number or Copyquest number or,

2. Full Bibliographic Details

Please include which payment method you wish to use and how you wish to receive the article (i.e. e-mail,
post, fax, etc.)

Documents can be ordered from Smithers Rapra online using the appropriate command of your online host. In this
case we will issue you with an invoice and statement every three months.

For further information, please see www.rapra.net/absdocs/copyquest.htm or contact Sheila Cheese on

+44 (0)1939 250383 or e-mail documents@rapra.net.