Tema 2-Inglés Avanzado

UNIT 2.
NEWS ON THE PAPER
2.1. Introduction
NEWS ON THE PAPER is the name of the following unit. The vocabulary we are
going to learn here is related to Crime and Law. I hope it is so interesting and
useful for you. Be ready to learn many new words!
As for the grammar I would like to teach you some prepositions and compound
adjectives and to revise the Reported Speech and the conditionals.
Work through all the sections of this unit to improve your level. Remember that
it is very important to be concentrated while studying.
Take a breath playing some games and reading about this beautiful country
that is Australia.
Enjoy yourself the whole unit and be ready to learn a lot!
Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper 1.1

2.2. Listening
Remember that listening leads to the understanding of facts and ideas. So it

requires much concentration. Let’s pay attention to the following dialogue.
2.2.1. Listening 1
This morning we have waken up very early in the morning. Susan and me have
gone to have breakfast. Later we have bought the Sydney Morning Herald
Newspaper where we have found an article about a criminal. It leads us to talk
about crime and punishment. Listen to us!
Susan: Matthew, have you realized when reading newspapers we always find
news related to crime?
I agreed with my father when he said to me one day that he wouldn’t buy or
read newspapers just to see that kind of news.
Maybe crimes are increasing...
Matthew: Maybe. But people are very sensitive and touchy, too. Some time ago
I always carried a small knife when travel. It was very useful. I did not use the
knife for any anti social reasons and nothing was wrong with me carrying my
knife. But I have to say that I wouldn’t carry a knife now since people are more
sensitive with weapons. Anyway, we can consider it a normal reaction.
Susan: Sure Matthew! What about the people who abuse other people with
knives? They should be subject to zero tolerance.
Matthew: I agree.
And what about guns? In American you are so gun crazy and many families
have guns. Government has gun control, but do you believe gun control is an
effective way to prevent crime?
1.2 Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper

Susan: I don’t believe that is an effective way to stop the violence. There are
still knives, pots and pans, bats, and many other weapons that are used to kill.
You are right in America there are a lot of families with guns. People want to
be able to protect themselves.
Last year, on an otherwise normal day, my father’s brother was the victim of a
burglary. A man broke into his house, but happily my uncle and his family
wasn’t in.
Matthew: At least they weren’t at home. If they

had been at home, it would have been worse. Did
they catch him?
Susan: The funny thing is that the burglar dropped

his cell phone outside the house. The police found
the phone near a broken window. So that
investigators called people on the phone's contact
list and asked them to have the owner call them
back so they could return the phone. When the
owner of the phone met with investigators, instead
of getting his phone back, the man was arrested
on suspicion of burglary.
Matthew: Ha, ha, ha. They caught him! That was

very clever!
2.2.2. Exercise
After listening decide if these sentences are true or false:
1. On newspaper there are a lot of pieces of news related to crime.

2. People don’t care about other people carrying weapons.
3. Susan agrees that gun control is an effective way to prevent crime.
4. Susan thinks that there are more crimes now than before.
5. Susan believes that if people abuse others we should forgive them.
6. In America there are a lot of families with guns.

2.3. Vocabulary
In this unit, we will learn some vocabulary related to law

and crime. As you know, this topic is one of the most
important appearing in television and radio news-bulletins,
and newspapers.
After learning this vocabulary, you will be able to speak

about and understand English news media.
2.3.1. Crime
We can start learning some words and expressions related to the crime world.
 TYPES OF CRIME
Strangle To kill someone by gripping the neck hardly.
Damages caused to destroy public or private

Vandalism
properties
Shoplifting To steal products for shops
Smuggling To introduce products into a country illegally
Drug trafficking To commerce with illegal drugs
White collar crime To break the law in business or economy
To cause an unfair extreme pain or suffering,

Torture
almost often to prisoners
Kidnapping To take a person to a secret place using force
Stealing something as jewels, money, clothes,

Theft
…

Drunk driving To drive after drinking too much alcohol
To hold people in hostage, usually on means

Hijacking
of transport
Terrorism Use of violence for political aims
To go into people’s home or business with

Burglary
force and without permission
Speeding To drive at an illegal speed
Arson To set fire to something on purpose
Armed robbery To use a weapon to rob
Assault To hurt people physically
Attempted murder To try to kill someone, without a result
Child abuse To injure a child
Domestic violence To hurt physically within the home
Assassination/
To kill someone
Murdering
To hurt or kill someone by giving a hard
Poisoning
substance
Violation To assault someone sexually
Mugging To rob someone using violence
Hooliganism Member of gangs act as ruffians

To extort someone for paying money in return
Blackmail
for not disclosing discreditable information
Criminal use of false representation, artifices

Fraud
or tricks
To make money in a fraudulent way, as

Forging
imitating signs or documents
 TYPES OF PENALTY
To be in custody in one’s home for a period of

House arrest
time
Community service To do volunteer work as punishment
To spend a period of months or years apart

Jail time
from society
To pay money for a fine and to lose marks on

Traffic ticket
driving licence
To prohibit someone for driving for a certain

License suspension
period of time
Fine To pay money as penalty for minor crime
To spend all one’s life in prison without any

Life in prison
chance of going back into society
To kill someone as a punishment for
Death penalty
committing homicide
In escrow To be in custody until a specified condition
To pay money as security on temporary

On bail
release of a prisoner pending trial
The release of a prisoner temporarily under
On parole
promise of good behaviour

We’ll see now some words related to types of criminals, verbs related to crime
and the names of the most famous criminals.
 CRIMINALS
Mugger Person who robs someone using violence.
Murderer Person who kills someone.
Person who steals a property that belongs to

Thief
someone.
Shoplifter Thief who steals goods in a shop.
Person who exports or imports without paying

Smuggler
any duty.
Person who employs violence as a political
Terrorist
weapon.
Fraudster Person who tries to obtain money illegally.
Vandal Person who destroys properties.
Person who holds people on hostage, usually

Hijacker
on means of transport.
Strangler Person who grips someone’s neck hardly.
Villain Person who makes evil acts.
Person who enters into people’s home or

Burglar
Business with force.
Person belonging to a gang who acts as a
Hooligan
ruffian.
Person who takes someone to a secret place
Kidnapper
using force.
Robber Person who uses violence to rob.

Person who takes something without
Stealer
permission.
Person who murders someone in a

Assassin
premeditate way.
Violator Person who assaults someone sexually.
Arsonist Person who sets fire to something on purpose.
Drug peddler Person who commerces with illegal drugs.
Person who causes an extreme suffering to

Torturer
others.
Child abuser Person who injures a child.
Forger Person who makes money in a fraudulent way.
Person who extorts someone for paying money

Blackmailer in return for not exposing embarrassing
information.
 ACTS
To take a person into custody by legal

To arrest
authority
To ban To prohibit an action
To break in To enter houses by force.
To break out To escape by force
To break the law To commit a criminal act

To charge To make an accusation
To perpetrate a serious offence against an

To commit a crime
individual or state
To get free from the control of a person or

To escape
place
To get away To escape
To get away with To escape from punishment
To hold up To rob by the use of violence
To investigate To make an official and legal inquiry
2.3.2. The law
Now, it’s turn to learn the vocabulary related to the law.
Let’s start having a look at the most important people and acts related to law.
Are you ready? Let’s go on, then!
 PEOPLE WHO MAKES LAW
The accused A person to be judged for committing a crime
Attorney Person who acts for clients in a court
Person who has the right of argue in courts of

Barrister
law
An officer whose function is to take the

Bailiff properties of people who can’t pay their
doubts

Convict A criminal in prison
Defendant Person accused in a court
Defender Person who protects the rights of a convict
Person trained in law who works for other

Lawyer
people
Person with authority who decides the cases in

Judge
a court
Juror Member of a jury
Group of people in a court who listen the cases

Jury
and decide if the accused is guilty or innocent
Person who claims something before a law

Litigant
court.
Foreman/
Leader of a jury
Forewoman
Person who escapes from the justice and tries

Fugitive
to avoid being arrested
Person who acts legally against someone in a

Plaintiff
court
Person who brings criminal charges against

Prosecutor
someone
Solicitor Person who prepares legal documents
Suspect Person suspected to be guilty of a crime
Witness Person who presences a crime

 ACTS RELATED TO LAW
To accuse To say someone that is guilty of something
To acknowledge To admit the truth of something
To acquit somebody To declare to be innocent of a crime
To keep a person prisoner with the authority

To arrest
of the law
To adjourn To postpone a judge
To arraign To bring a person for trial
To attest To give proofs
To be cleared of all
To be innocent of the accusations
charges
To be guilty of all
To prove that the accusations are true
charges
To be on trial To judge a person to be guilty or not
To declare in a court that a person is guilty of

To convict
a crime
To dismiss the case To reject a case to be on trial
To execute To kill a person for committing a murder or

somebody violation
To pardon Not punishing for a crime
To find somebody
To prove that a person has committed a crime
guilty

To find somebody To prove that someone has not committed a
not guilty crime
To take away people’s properties for public use

To expropriate
without payment
To extradite to a To send a criminal to the country where he has

place committed the crime.
To give evidence To give proofs of specific acts
To incriminate To appear to be guilty of a crime
To nullify To make an order lose its legality
To plead guilty To state in a court if a person is guilty or not
To punish To give someone penalty because of a crime
To reach a verdict To reach a decision by a jury in a law case
To stand trial To judge if someone is guilty or not
To testify To give evidence as a witness in a court
To suspect To feel doubts if someone is guilty of a crime
To uphold To confirm a verdict
To make a solemn promise of the testimony a

To swear
person is going to give in a law court
To prove To evidence that something is true

It’s time to know and familiarize with some words and
expressions used in trial, and other related to law documents
and sentences.
Would you like to learn them?
 IN A TRAIL
The Bench High Court of Justice
Case Event officially investigated
It is a forma admission of being guilty

Confession
of a crime
A special court that investigates a

Court of inquiry
particular case
It is a building which contains courts of

Courthouse
law
Hearing A trial in the law-court
Indictment Official accusation of something
Place from where the jury presence the

Jury box
trial
Justice To judge a person in a law-court
Law-court dealing with cases that

Juvenile court
involve young people under adult age
Machine that shows if a person is

Lie detector
telling lies
Litigation Process of defending a claim

Formal statement proving that a
Alibi person is in another place at the time
of the crime is produced
The highest and most important Court

Supreme Court
of law
Testimony Statements of evidence
Promise of telling the truth in a court

Under oath
of law
Place where the witness sits when

Witness box / Witness stand
being questioned
Writ Formal document stating a legal action
Jail Prison
We are going to see now some of the most important words related to the
documents and sentences used in legal cases.
• Affidavit.- Document made by a person who swears that something is

true, that could be used as a proof in a trial.
• Alimony.- Quantity of money that a court may order a person to pay in
a regular way to the husband or wife after a legal separation.
• Allegation.- Statement made without evidence.
• Appeal.- To judge a case again in a higher court.
• Brief.- Summary of the facts given in a law court.
• Custody.- Legal duty of caring for somebody.
• Diplomatic immunity.- Privilege given to a person who works or lives
abroad, by which cannot be arrested.
• Docket.- Document which contains the summary of a legal case.
• Edict.- Official statement ordered by an authority.
• Felony.- Serious crime.
• Acquital.- Declaration for somebody to be not guilty of a crime.
• Arrest warrant.- Order written by a judge to give the police authority to
arrest someone.
• Exhibit.- Something produced as a proof in a law-court.
• John Doe.- Name given to un unknown man.

• Jane Doe.- Name given to an unknown woman.
• Jurisprudence.- Science of law.
▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬
Now, we are going to see some examples of expressions used in different

situations related to the procedures of asking questions and the information of
rights when the police arrest a criminal.
QUESTIONS FROM CRIMINALS TO THE POLICE
• Have I committed a crime?

• Is this illegal?
• Which are my rights?
• May I call my lawyer?
• Where are you going to take me?
• Can I phone someone?
QUESTIONS FROM POLICE TO THE CRIMINALS
• Have you got any weapon?

• Is this yours?
• Whose car is this?
• Where were you yesterday morning?
• Do you carry any illegal drugs?
INFORMATION GIVEN TO A CRIMINAL ABOUT RIGHTS
• In this moment, you are under arrest.

• Put your hands behind your head.
• I’ll take you to the police station.
• Get in the police car.
• You will probably have to pay a fine for doing this.
• I’ll warn you something this time.
• We’ll take your car to the police station.
• Taking hard drugs is illegal in this country.
• It is against the law.

2.3.3. Exercises
 Exercise 1. In this exercise you have to choose the right definition to each
type of crime:
Shoplifting To set fire to something on purpose
To take a person to a secret place

Terrorism
using force
White collar crime To steal products for shops
To go into people’s home or business

Arson
with force and without permission
Strangle Use of violence for political aims
To kill someone by gripping their neck

Hijacking
hardly
To hold people in hostage, usually on

Kidnapping
means of transport
To break the law in business or

Burglary
economy
 Exercise 2. Could you order the words in the boxes in order to have a right
definition for the following words?
BRIEF
given law in of Summary a court facts the

LITIGANT
court who a Person claims before law something
BARRISTER
has of Person in of argue law who right courts person
FORGING
imitating money To or as documents way, a make signs in fraudulent
 Exercise 3. Can you complete the following definitions? Come on, try it on,
it’s not difficult.
1. POISONING
To hurt or kill someone by giving a …
2. IN SCRAW
To be in custody until a …
3. JAIL TIME
To spend a period of months or years …

4. HOUSE ARREST
To be in custody in one’s home …
5. DRUNK DRIVING
To drive after drinking …
6. ON PAROLE
The release of a prisoner temporarily under promise of …
 Exercise 4. In this exercise, you have to take each word to the right box. Be
careful! Try to choose the right ones!
The Bench Foreman/woman Lie detector
Alibi Acquit Expropriate
Confession Witness Adjourn
Arraign Writ Courthouse
Attorney Attest Plaintiff
Swear Bailiff Litigant
PEOPLE RELATED TO LAW

IN A TRIAL
ACTS RELATED TO LAW

2.4. Grammar
2.4.1 Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives are formed by two or more words. Sometimes they are
written with hyphens between them.
Almost any word in English can be modified by almost any other word so joining
two or more adjectives shows how a speaker immediately searches for a
meaningful interpretation.
The following are most and less common patterns of forming compound
adjectives.
Two + sided = two-sided
Well + dressed = well-dressed
Good + lloking = good-looking
 FORMATION
√ Most common
• Adjective or number and noun ending in –ed.
Examples: good tempered, two-sided
• Adjective or adverb and past participle.
Examples: well-dressed, high-paid, well-known
• Adjective, adverb or noun and gerund.
Examples: far-reaching, good-looking

√ Less common
• Noun and past participle.
Examples: air-conditioned, tongue-tied
• Noun and adjective.
Examples: accident-prone, world-famous.
• Adjective and noun.
Examples: year-long, interest-free.
• Past participle and adverb.
Examples: worn-out, run-up
• Number and singular countable noun.
Examples: two-page, five-door
 TYPES
√ Qualitative compound adjectives
• They are the adjectives that identify a quality that a person or thing has.
• They can be gradable, so we can vary the quantity of the quality, by adding
a submodifier in front of them, as e.g. very.

√ Classifying compound adjectives
• These adjectives are used to identify the specific class that a person or
thing belongs to.
• It is not used a submodifier with these adjectives.
√ Colour compound adjectives
• We use them when we want to refer to what colour something is.
• We can use a submodifier, if we want to be more precise, as e.g. light, pale,

dark or bright.
Example: his bright green eyes
√ Long compound adjectives
They are formed by more than two words. They are written with hyphens when
they are put in front of nouns an, written without hyphens, when put as the
complement of a link verb.

Examples
... the day-to-day habits of life
… a free-and-easy partnership
The meeting is out-of-date
This is a journey to an out-of-the-way resort
√ Informal compound adjectives
These compound adjectives seem to be strange because they are formed by

words never used on their own.
Examples: topsy-turby, arty-crafty, higgledy-piggled
√ Informal compound adjectives
They are formed by words borrowed from foreign languages.
Examples:
I’m thinking about the evidence used to defend laissez-faire

economics.
In this kind of theatre, almost every production is ad hoc.

2.4.2. Reported speech
Now, it’s time to learn the reported speech. Do you remember it? If not, I’ll
fresh your mind.
Reported speech is used when we want to repeat what a person has said
without using exactly the same words.
√ Structure
• A quote structure is a sentences used to repeat the exact words that has
been said by someone.
Example: I don’t think you failed the exam, Mary said.
• If we say the same but with other words, we are using a report structure.
Example: Mary said to me that she didn’t think I had failed the exam.
√ Main Features
 We usually use the verb tense immediately back than the one used in the
sentence:
Examples
I spend so much time ordering the books, said Lucy.

Lucy said that she spent so much time ordering the books.

I can’t go out because I’m cooking, said my brother.
My brother said that he couldn’t go out because he was cooking.
My wife expected to go on holiday this weekend, said Tom.

Tom said that her wife had expected to go on holiday that
weekend.
 Pronouns have to be changed when referring to the person.
Examples
Have you met her? I asked.

I asked him if he had met her.
I’ll visit you when I travel to Spain, said Paul.

Paul said that he would visit me when he travelled to Spain.
 Adverbs also must be changed in order to refer to the right time or place.
Examples
Will you go to the cinema today? asked Mary.

Mary asked me if I would go to the cinema that day.
I haven’t seen you for months. Are you going to stay here for
a long time? said Jim.
Jim said that he hadn’t seen me for moths, and asked if I was
going to stay there for a long time.
 There are some circumstances in which it is not necessary to change the

verb tense:
• Using past simple and past continuous, after when.
Example: I was sleeping when you came in.

He said she’d been sleeping when I came in.
• When we expressed a general truth.

Example: Moscow is the capital of Russia.
He said that Moscow is the capital of Russia.
• If the verb used to report is in the present time.
Example: I’ll go with you in one minute.

He says that he’ll come with me in one minute.
• If we expressed the same state.
Example: I’m being here until next week.

She said she’s being here until next week.
 There are a lot of verbs that may be used to introduce reported speech.
Examples: say, tell, ask, argue, exclaim, add
 There are other verbs, which are more natural, used to express the function
of the main words. They can substitute the whole direct sentence.
Examples: offer, promise, suggest, refuse, deny, recommend.
Would you like to come with me to have a coffee?

He offered me to go with him to have a coffee.
London is beautiful. You should visit it.

He recommended me to visit London.
Some of these verbs are accompanied by different complements and many of

them do not take that plus verb clause.
Example: Don’t forget to turn off the light.

She reminded me to turn off the light.

2.4.3. Conditionals I, II and III
Now it’s turn of learning the conditional sentences. You are going to review
your knowledge, and add some other new aspects, that perhaps you haven’t
seen before.
 USES
Conditional sentences are used when we want to refer to possible items and
its consequences.
- When we want to talk about a situation that sometimes occurs or

occurred.
Example: If you saw me in the park, I’d just say hello.
- When we want to talk about a situation that we are sure doesn’t occur.
Example: If I could pay it, I would buy an airplane.

- When we want to refer to a situation that we don’t know whether occurs
or not.
Example: If they come here, it would be possible to solve our

problems.
- When we refer to a situation that may occur in the future.
Example: Don’t come unless they arrive.
Conditional clauses often begin with if or unless.
If
- We use IF to say that a result of something being happened would be that
something else would occur.
- Sometimes, when IF is used, we can put THEN in the main clause.
Example: If you help her, then she will be very happy.
Unless
- Unless means IF … NOT, and these clauses are usually put at the end of
the sentence.
Example: People can’t get their subjects unless they ask for them.
 TYPES
√ Zero conditional
We use the zero conditional when we want to express general truths and acts.
The tenses used in the clauses are PRESENT + PRESENT.
Example:
If we don’t water the flowers, they die.
If it’s raining and you don’t take an umbrella, you get wet.

√ First Conditional
We use the first conditional when we want to refer to a situation that is possible
to happen.
The sentence structure is:
IF / UNLESS PRESENT + WILL / WON’T / MAY / MIGHT
Example:
If you don’t go to the doctor, you’ll get worst.

If you tell me in time, I might be ready.
√ Second Conditional
We use the second conditional when we refer to an event in the present or

future that is contrary to the actual facts.
IF / UNLESS PAST SIMPLE + WOULD / WOULDN’T / COULD / MIGHT
Example:
If I asked you, you wouldn’t marry me.

If I were ten years younger, I’d play the guitar.
√ Third Conditional
We use the third conditional when we want to express a fact that was
impossible, because it s opposite to known situations about the past.
IF / UNLESS PAST PERFECT + WOULD / MIGHT / COULD + HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE
Example:
Unless it had rained, these plants would have died.

They might not have gone to the theatre if they’d known he was
there.
If she hadn’t seen me before, I would have been in my own.
If they hadn’t run into the sea, that boat wouldn’t have hit them.
√ Mixed Conditional
The following are different combinations that can be used when we want
express conditional statements.
• IF PAST PERFECT + WOULD + INFINITIVE, using a past conditional clause

with a present result.
Example: If he had studied more, he wouldn’t be so sad now.
• IF PAST SIMPLE + WOULD + PERFECT INFINITIVE, in which the main

clause refers to something occurred in the past.
Example: If he didn’t respect his parents, he wouldn’t have hired

them.
• IF PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE PERFECT, when we want to express the

projected results by a specific time of present acts.
Example: If she doesn’t stop eating cakes, she’ll have gotten fat
and fat in a few weeks.
When a conditional uses a particular tense, we can use most of the tenses that
express the same time.
Example: If you’ve finished the book, I’ll start cooking dinner.
In literary style, the verb and subject can be inverted, and the IF is omitted, in
the second and third conditional.
Example: Had they left college when they were eighteen, they might
not have such a great work.

We can do the similar inversion in the second conditional with should.
Example: Should the sea rise, many peaces of land would flood.
2.4.4. Prepositions
Now, we are going to see the use of some important prepositions that we use
frequently in English. Probably you know them, but why not revising them?
A preposition is a word which shows up the ways of saying more details, as

time, place or position, about a thing or action.
√ Preposition AT
• SPACE
It is usually used to indicate a point in space.
Example: She is waiting me at the corner of the street.
It is also used with the name of a place, referring to the activities that occur
inside, or to the place of employment or study.
Example: My mother works at the hospital.
It can be used to indicate presence at an act.
Example: She is at Steve’s concert.
It is also used to refer to a person’s home or place of work.
Example: She was at her father’s.
• TIME
It is used to indicate an exact moment in time.
Example: The meeting starts at three o’clock.
It is also used to refer to a period of time.

Example: At night you can see the dark sky and the stars.
It is also used to refer to the age at which a person does something.
Example: She is going to be retired at 60.
• DIRECTION
It can be used the direction of a person or thing goes.
Example: She threw the ball at the hole.
It is used after a verb to indicate that somebody tries to do something.
Example: She could only guess at the meaning of the text.
• DISTANCE
It is used to refer to the distance away from something.
Example: Could you throw a ball at fifty metres?
• STATE
It can be used to indicate a continuous state or activity.
Example: The world is now at war.
• QUANTITY
It is used to indicate quantities of something as prices or speed.
Example: She has bought her skirt at half price.
It can also used to specify order or frequency.
Example: He could catch it at the second attempt.
• OTHER USES OF AT
It is used in response to something.
Example: He disobeys at Queen’s command.

It can be also used with her, his, its and a superlative adjective.
Example: The sea is at the most beautiful in August.
It is used after many adjectives and adverbs.
Example: He is very good at playing the guitar.
√Preposition FOR
Used to indicate the intention to receive or give something.
Example: There’s a present for you.
Used to indicate help to someone.
Example: Can you open this for me?
Used to indicate a purpose.
Example: I am working for an economist.
Used to indicate destination.
Example: Is that the train for Bristol?
Used to indicate a reason.
Example: This city is famous for its museums.
Used to indicate a representation of a group of people.
Example: She is speaking for all the company.
Used to specify the replacement of something.
Example: There’s one bad orange for every five ones.
Used to specify a period of time.

Example: I’m going on a journey for five days.
Used to indicate a distance.
Example: The road goes on for yards.
Used after an adjective and before a noun.
Example: It is impossible for me to go to the meeting.
Used after a noun and before a pronoun + infinitive.
Example: There was no need for them to come.
√ Preposition AFTER
Used to refer to continuity in time.
Example: She is still studying after six months.
Used to express casual effect.
Example: What did you expect after your behaviour?
Used with a concessive intention.
Example: After all her efforts, she hasn’t passed the exam.
Used to indicate posterior time.
Example: I’ll go after you.
Used when we want to refer that we pursue for someone or something.
Example: Please, run after him.
Used to express a concern about someone or something.
Example: Peter asked her sister’s health.
Used to express the next in importance to something or someone.

Example: I think that’s the best idea after mine.
√ Preposition TO
USED AS INTRODUCTION OF A NOUN
It can express something that is reached.
Example: They have gone to London.
It can be used to express what has been aimed at, introducing an indirect
object.
Example: My brother explained all to them.
It sometimes expresses the duration of situation or action in time.
Example: I’ll stay here from Monday to Friday.
It can express something considered or affected.
Example: That’s nothing to them.
It can refer to something that has been produced or caused.
Example: He turned to stone when he entered there.
It is also used when we compare two or more subjects.
Example: Her car is not comparable to that one.
USED AS INTRODUCTION OF AN INFINITIVE
It can be part of the verb.
Example: I’m going to get there in a few days.
It can be used to express a purpose or cause, or a general statement.
Example: People eat to live.

It can substitute the to + infinitive structure when it has been mentioned
before.
Example: They told me that they would come to have lunch, but
they haven’t been able to.
√Preposition IN
It refers to position within limits of space, time or circumstances.
Example: I’m singing in the rain.
It can be used when expressing a period of time or an event happening in a

specific time.
Example: I was working in this café in 1986.
It is used when we refer to a quality of something or someone.
Example: It is the latest thing in fashion.
It can be used to refer to an equal part of a whole.
Example: They have gained one in three.
It is used to refer to a member of a group.
Example: He is in the army.
It is used when we want to say the material something is done.
Example: The picture is drawn in pencil.
It refers to the clothes someone dresses.
Example: I’m in jeans.
√ Preposition FROM
This preposition expresses separation or origin. It can be followed by the

following statements.

a place, person , time, thing, feeling … that is the beginning of an action or
state.
Example: Snow comes from the clouds.
a place or thing whose distance is stated.
Example: My brother is absent from home.
a source.
Example: That woman comes from France.
someone or something deprived.
Example: The police has taken the weapon from the murderer.
a cause, reason or feeling.
Example: He is suffers from fatigue.
a low limited quantity.
Example: It was from 15$.
A state who can change for other.
Example: From being the gang, he became the best student of

the class.
An adverb or prepositional time or place clause.
Example: He went out from under the table.
The position of someone in a place or point of view.
Example: He observed the murdering from his home’s roof.

√ Preposition OF
It expresses origin, cause or authorship.
Example: The pictures of Picasso are very expensive.
It can be used to indicate the material of which is made something.
Example: My cousin has made a house of wood.
It expresses possession.
Example: The trousers of that expensive shop are not very well-
known.
It can be used to indicate identity.
Example: The city of Paris is not so far from here.
It can express privation or separation.
Example: He has probably robbed them of 200$.
It can be used to describe the quality or condition of something.
Example: I don’t like this type of novel.
It can express a division of something.
Example: Part of that story is not true.
√ Preposition ON
Used to express something supported or enclosed.
Example: He was sitting on a chair, when it broke down.
It can refer to someone carrying something.
Example: Have you a paper on you?

It can express an exact point of time.
Example: I’m working on Friday.
It can express having a relationship or residence at somewhere.
Example: She lives on the Continent.
2.2.5. Exercises
 Exercise 1. In this exercise, you have to chose carefully the compound

adjectives and think in which box should be put.
1. Second-class
2. Year-long
3. Flesh-coloured
4. Free-range
5. Off-guard
6. Tongue-tied
7. Electric-blue
8. Easy-going
9. Lime-green
10. Full-face
11. Iron-grey
12. Off-putting
CLASSIFYING QUALITATIVE COLOUR

 Exercise 2. In this exercise, you have to read the sentences and see which
ones are correct:
1. If Tom hasn’t seen the car, he shouldn’t run over.

2.If you stop smoking, you’ll get much better.
3. We wouldn’t have missed the start of the film if there hadn’t been traffic
jam.
4. If you hadn’t forgotten the map, we aren’t lost now.
5. If you went to the beach, you could go swimming.
6. Give her a ring if you need a hand.
7. Unless Jim passes his exams, he couldn’t go to University.
8. If I hadn’t visited my friends, I wouldn’t lose the train.
9. If he had been wearing the seat belt, he wouldn’t have been hurt.
10. If you didn’t come home late every day, I am not angry.
 Exercise 3. Now, you have to choose the correct verb in the direct speech
according to the reported speech sentence:
1. Peter asked me if I liked travelling to exotic places.

Do you like / Did you like travelling to exotic places?, asked Peter.
2. He asked Ben if she had gone out to have dinner the previous Saturday.
Have you gone / Did you go out to have dinner last Saturday?, Ben
asked him.
3. The guard asked my brother if the motorbike belonged to him.

Does / Did this motorbike belong to you? asked the guard to my brother.
4. My mother asked me if I had seen her bag anywhere.

Did you see / Have you seen my bag anywhere?, asked my mother.
5. Mary told him she would see her the following evening.
I will / would see you tomorrow evening, Mary told him.
6. Lucy asked Liz what time the course started.

What time did / does the course start, Liz?
7. That man asked me if I could tell him where he can have a coffee.
Could you tell me where can / will I have a coffee?, asked me the man.
8. They asked me if I’d ever been to China.

Have / Had you ever been to China, asked them.

 Exercise 4. In this exercise you have to take a right preposition from the
box to fill in the gaps in the following sentences:
on in in of from
of of to at for
1. I can’t understand why my brother believes _______ghosts.
2. This jam tastes _____coffee.
3. I’m afraid ______ being so direct.
4. I don’t know if I’m coming _____ time.
5. Wait a minute, please! I am _____a towel.
6. Most part that _______ film isn’t true.
7. It has turned ______ water with this hot temperature.
8. She perhaps will be retired _____ 55.
9. He heard all the conversation _____ his window.
10. My brother is working _____for his boss out of work.

2.5. Reading
2.5.1 Text
It’s time to read the article on the Sydney Morning Herald Newspaper together.
Take your time and read it as many times as you need to understand the
meaning of the article.
NED KELLY - CRIMINAL AND FOLK HERO
He has been described as “one of the most romantic figures in Australian

history” and as “the father of our national courage”. Yet he was a well-known
criminal. He shot and killed innocent hard-working policemen. He kept ordinary
Australians hostage. He was a thief. Why was he considered a hero and why is
he still revered today, more than 100 years after his death? It is a national
mystery. Any Australian would say that he is and was a controversial figure,
adding that, if he hadn’t committed any crime, he wouldn’t be so famous today.
His whole family was on the wrong side of the law. His under-educated parents
were sent to Australia on a convict ship for committing petty crimes. Ned's
criminal career began at a young age in country Victoria. In 1874 he was jailed
for stealing a horse. Ellen Kelly, his mother, was jailed in 1878 for wounding a
policeman. Officials reported that if Ned had been out of jail by then, she
probably wouldn’t have done any harm to anyone.
Also in 1878 Ned and his younger brother Dan were falsely accused of attacking
a wounded policeman. Both men fled to the bush where the 'Kelly Gang' was
formed. For sixteen months they eluded police, committing robberies to survive.
They killed three policemen, robbed a bank in Euroa and held the town of
Jerilderie hostage. People from these two towns claimed that if anyone
suspected that the ‘Kelly Gang” was near, they would get very scared and they
wouldn’t go out, in case they were attacked.
In 1880 they took over the Glenrowan hotel and took many of the town's
residents hostage. They made a thick steel armour to protect themselves from
police bullets. Unfortunately the heavy armour made them clumsy. Ned was
eventually captured and his brother Dan died in a fire when the Glenrowan hotel
was burnt down.

He was a crime-driven character, a thief and a killer, so why was Ned Kelly
widely loved? The authorities admit that people admired his bravery and his
defiance of the police. When it was declared that he was to be hung, 60,000
people signed a petition asking that he be spared. He was eventually hung at
the Old Melbourne Jail on 11 November, 1880. Today we can still see a life size
mask made immediately after his death. It is on display along with other Ned
Kelly paraphernalia. He is remembered today in the popular expression, “as
game as Ned Kelly”.
2.5.2. Reading Comprehension
Read again the last part of the reading “Ned Kelly” and write the missing
prepositions:
____ 1880 they took over the Glenrowan hotel and took many of the town's
residents hostage. They made a thick steel armour to protect themselves ____
police bullets. Unfortunately the heavy armour made them clumsy. Ned was
eventually captured and his brother Dan died ____ a fire when the Glenrowan
hotel was burnt down.
He was a crime-driven character, a thief and a killer, so why was Ned Kelly
widely loved? The authorities admit that people admired his bravery and his
defiance ____ the police. When it was declared that he was to be hung, 60,000
people signed a petition asking that he be spared. He was eventually hung
____ the Old Melbourne Jail ____ 11 November, 1880. Today we can still see
a life size mask made immediately ____ his death. It is ____ display along
with other Ned Kelly paraphernalia. He is remembered today ____ the popular
expression, “as game as Ned Kelly”.

2.6. Speaking
PHONETICS SOUNDS
Are you ready to learn some English phonetics sounds? I’m going to give you
some words written and spoken with the sounds in below.
Whistle, castle, bristle, bustle, hostler,

STLE / S(∂)l /
thistle, rastle, priestly
Slave, slow, sledge, sleep, slide, slick,

SL / sl /
sleet, slender
Catch, sketch, Tchaikovsky, butcher,

TCH / t∫ /
dispatch, fetch, swatch, scotch
Slaughter, ghost, light, fright, ghoul,

GH / g /
night, bright, bunghole
I’m going to ask you some questions and I would like you to answer me because
it’s important that you practice your pronunciation.
1. Do you like reading or watching crime news or programmes in newspapers

and TV?
2. What do you think about those programmes who invite a few people to
speak about their own conclusions about specific murders?
3. Do you think it is fair for the victims’ family? And for the criminal’s family?
4. Do you think law is treated in the same way in your country than in other
European countries?
5. What do you think about death penalty?
6. Would you like to be a member of a jury? Why?

7. Do you like lawyer TV series?
8. Do you think all the judges in your country are fair?
9. Do you know something about law?
10. Do you think it is easy to be a lawyer?

2.7. Practice
2.7.1 Vocabulary
 Exercise 1. In this exercise you have to match the words with their correct
definitions:
A. Law-court dealing with cases that

1. John Doe
involve young people under adult age.
2. Allegation B. A trail in the law court.
3. Docket C. Name given to un unknown man.
4. Arrest warrant D. Process of defending a claim
E. Order written by a judge to give the

5. Juvenile court
police authority to arrest someone.
6. Indictment F. Statement made without evidence.
G. Document which contains the summary

7. Hearing
of a legal case.
8. Litigation H. Official accusation of something
 Exercise 2. Can you order the letters to form the words you have learned in
this unit?
1. ECSUOUHORT
2. ETAYTRNO
3. TBRIREARS
4. HRECGA

5. GDUR RDEDPLE
6. RFOREG
7. MBLRALKICAE
8. GLSRMEGU
9. FHITE
10. EFNI
11. WSRCOE
12. EYNOFL
13. TMUMIINY
14. NAYLMIO
 Exercise 3. Could you sum up the words from table 1 and the ones from
table 2 in order to form the compounds?
TABLE 1
TOOPSY FREE-AND SNOW LIFE SO ICE
SHORT TONGUE KIND TROUBLE SECOND NARROW
TABLE 2
MINDED TURBY TIED EASY FREE COLD
TEMPERED SO SIZE WHITE CLASS HEARTED

1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
2.7.2. Grammar
 Exercise 4. Rewrite each sentence as direct speech:
See the example:
1. Mary said the parcel had arrived the day before.

“The parcel arrived yesterday”
1. She asked him where the station was.
______________________________________
2. I said I was leaving that afternoon.
______________________________________
3. She said she had gone to the cinema the night before.
______________________________________
4. I asked him what time it was.
______________________________________
5. My father wondered if you would come with us.
______________________________________

 Exercise 5. Rewrite each sentence as indirect speech:
1. Carmen asked me, "When are you planning to leave for America?"
Carmen asked me _________________________________
2. My mother asked us, "Did you finish your homework?"
My mother asked us ________________________________
3. John denied, “I didn’t steal the money!”
John denied _______________________________________
4. He told me, “You can’t do that again”
He told me ________________________________________
5. I asked her, “How long have you been working here?”
I asked her _______________________________________
 Exercise 6. Put a form of one of the verbs from the box to fill in the gaps:
refuse suggest confess doubt agree remind
1. “Why don’t we go to the mountain this weekend?
She __________ going to the mountain.
2. “No, I don’t want you to take my book”
He _______ to lend me his book.
3. “I was the person that called you late last night”
She ___________ to calling him late last night.
4. “That’s right. I will go to the bank with you”
Peter _________ to go to the bank with her.

5. “I don’t think my sister will come soon”
She ________whether her sister would come soon.
6. “Don’t forget to buy milk in the supermarket”
She _________ her to buy milk.
 Exercise 7. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable form:
1. Why didn’t you phone? If I had known you were coming, I (meet)
________ you at the airport.
2. If it rains I (go) _____ to the theater instead of going to the park.
3. I believe that most people (stop)______ working if they won the lottery.
4. You should see a doctor if you (continue) ________ to feel bad.
5. If my family (be) _____ rich, my life would change completely.
6. Mary will not be able to sleep if she (watch) ____ this horror film.
7. If she hadn’t been born in the United States, she (need) ______ a visa to
work here.
8. Dad will help me with my homework when he (have)____ time.
9. What city would you have chosen if you (decide) ________ to move to
Africa?
10. If I were to a friend's house for dinner, I usually (take) ______ a good
bottle of wine.
 Exercise 8. Put in order these Conditional sentences. Take into account all of
them start with “If…”.
1. I failed have worked the harder at had school, I If wouldn’t exams.
______________________________________________________

2. had If I had time, I would have gone to see my grandmother.
______________________________________________________
3. If we had we had battery that car, would have bought to fix the.
______________________________________________________
4. If time caught the have train, we had would got there we earlier on.
______________________________________________________
5. If to gone that the, I I'd would have seen cinema film.
______________________________________________________

2.8. English World
The weather was good today, so after having breakfast we went to visit the
Royal Gardens and Mainly beach that is about one mile long with a large
foreshore and golden sands.
Sydney Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney
Buses operate to Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, so we took one and we went
to spend the morning inside the Gardens. Just south of Sydney Harbour, roughly
southeast of the Opera House, lies Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney — a sprawling
30 hectares of green next to the Sydney central business district, and
contiguous to the 35 hectares of Sydney’s Domain. The Sydney gardens are a
great site for long walks along. Government House, once the exclusive
residence of the NSW Governor, lies within the perimeters of Royal Botanic
Gardens Sydney.
The Royal Botanic Gardens were first established in 1816 and they are now one
of Sydney's finest natural assets. The gardens also offer some of the best views
of Sydney Harbour, the Opera House and the Harbour Bridge possible. The
gardens are also home to the Sydney Tropical Centre that is
enclosed in an impressive glass pyramid. Deeper within the
gardens you'll find the Herb Garden, The Fernery, a formal Rose
Garden, Succulent Garden, the newly completed Oriental Garden
and a section dedicated to Rare sand Threatened Plants of the
World which includes a specimen of one of the rarest plants in
the world, the recently discovered Wollemi Pine.
I was very interested in that plant, so I found some information about it…
Wollemi Pine tree… is one of the world's oldest and rarest trees and was
discovered in 1994 (125 miles west of Sydney in a rainforest gorge within the
500,000 hectare Wollemi National Park in the Blue Mountains), but belongs to
the 200 million year old Araucariaceae family. It is is 130 feet (40m) tall with
a main trunk of 2 feet (63cm) in width. This plant is used for special occasions
(weddings, Christmas…) or for decorating houses.

I really enjoyed the gardens. They were lovely, free, and we took
some great pictures. Make sure you pend some time exploring the
Botanic Gardens while in Sydney.
Sydney Manly Beach
I will tell you more interesting things about Manly Beach.
It is said that Manly Beach is one of the finest beaches in the Sydney area. It
is considered to be the jewel of the north shore beaches by many people, locals
as well as tourists. Manly is located on a narrow peninsula, surrounded on three
sides by water, it offers both harbour and ocean beaches. Few cities in the world
can boast the pristine waterfronts and paradisiacal climate that Sydney offers.
Manly can be reached by many different forms of transport. We took the Manly
Ferries. To get to Manly from the city, we just needed to head to Circular Quay
to one of the famous Manly Ferries for a half hour ride across the beautiful
Sydney Harbour. We arrived I thought that Manly is a nice beach town and
there the Aussies would ask if they could help...I loved it! Manly is packed with
bars, cafes, excellent restaurants, a few nightclubs and lots of hotels,
backpackers and B&B's. A friend of mine recommended me to come to see
Manly and I can see why. What else can I say abou Manly?
Manly Beach is a cute, relaxed, more casual area of Sydney.
Manly Beach is also known for its surfing waves, so with no board in hand many
Matthew and I went body surfing. We swam and laid out on the sand for hours.
We had a great day there!

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UNIT 2.

NEWS ON THE PAPER

Enjoy yourself the whole unit and be ready to learn a lot!

Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper 1.1

Remember that listening leads to the understanding of facts and ideas. So it

Maybe crimes are increasing...

1.2 Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper

Matthew: At least they weren’t at home. If they

Susan: The funny thing is that the burglar dropped

Matthew: Ha, ha, ha. They caught him! That was

After listening decide if these sentences are true or false:

1. On newspaper there are a lot of pieces of news related to crime.

Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper 1.3

In this unit, we will learn some vocabulary related to law

After learning this vocabulary, you will be able to speak

Strangle To kill someone by gripping the neck hardly.

Damages caused to destroy public or private

Shoplifting To steal products for shops

Smuggling To introduce products into a country illegally

Drug trafficking To commerce with illegal drugs

White collar crime To break the law in business or economy

To cause an unfair extreme pain or suffering,

Kidnapping To take a person to a secret place using force

Stealing something as jewels, money, clothes,

1.4 Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper

To hold people in hostage, usually on means

Terrorism Use of violence for political aims

To go into people’s home or business with

Speeding To drive at an illegal speed

Arson To set fire to something on purpose

Armed robbery To use a weapon to rob

Assault To hurt people physically

Attempted murder To try to kill someone, without a result

Child abuse To injure a child

Domestic violence To hurt physically within the home

Violation To assault someone sexually

Mugging To rob someone using violence

Hooliganism Member of gangs act as ruffians

Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper 1.5

Criminal use of false representation, artifices

To make money in a fraudulent way, as

To be in custody in one’s home for a period of

Community service To do volunteer work as punishment

To spend a period of months or years apart

To pay money for a fine and to lose marks on

To prohibit someone for driving for a certain

Fine To pay money as penalty for minor crime

To spend all one’s life in prison without any

In escrow To be in custody until a specified condition

To pay money as security on temporary

1.6 Inglés Avanzado (C1). News on the paper

Mugger Person who robs someone using violence.

Murderer Person who kills someone.

Person who steals a property that belongs to

Shoplifter Thief who steals goods in a shop.

Person who exports or imports without paying

Fraudster Person who tries to obtain money illegally.

Vandal Person who destroys properties.

Person who holds people on hostage, usually

Strangler Person who grips someone’s neck hardly.

Villain Person who makes evil acts.

Person who enters into people’s home or

Robber Person who uses violence to rob.