Hydraulic Ram Pump

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

REGIONAL OFFICE III
DON HONORIO VENTURA TECHNOLOGICAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacolor, Pampanga
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction:
Water, being the universal solvent, is one of the basic need in life. Water can
be transported through different means, yet some of the task is given to man to
transport it for their own requirements. The pump is one of the means created by man
for such purpose. Normally, a pump requires costly energy for its operation such as
electricity and fuel. There are villages in the country that are still deprived of
electricity. Water in various areas is far off from the people. Women and children
need to walk miles just to gather few pails of water for domestic use. This practice is
even harder for those who are living in mountainous areas.
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient water resources that is available to supply
the needed water within a region. This greatly affects poor countries and constitutes a
threat to food security and economic development. Without sufficient water supply,
farmers cannot produce enough food and water-using industries stand idle. When
water is scarce, living conditions are restrained and many people are left with no
choice but to move to the cities.
Water pollution, which is also associated with water scarcity, is the contamination
of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of
environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly into water
bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution
has also been a major problem in many rural communities, resulting to improper
hygiene and water-related diseases.
Electric pumps are required in almost every community as water is needed to

be pumped in higher location for its use in various daily activities. In places where
DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

BRINGING CLEAN WATER IN SITIO CAMACHILE, NABUCLOD, FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA Page 1
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electricity is not yet available, generators are being installed to power the pumps
wherein, there is a continuous consumption of costly energy.
The Hydraulic Ram Pump or simply Hydram is a complete automatic device

that only uses the energy which comes from flowing water such as spring, stream or
river to pump part of the water to a height above that of its source. With a continuous
flow of water, a hydram operates continuously without the need of external energy
source.This gives it very high reliability, minimal maintenance requirements and a
long operational life. The Hydram is a pump that uses the water hammer effect from
built-up water pressure. Using this pressure that has been created by a water source
above the pump, it is able to elevate water to a level higher than the pump. Using only
two moving parts, the simple fluid mechanics and the energy within the water, the
Hydraulic Ram Pump is able to function without electricity or any other power source.
It is reported that the first hydraulic ram pump was built by Whitehurst (1775),
which operated manually by opening and closing the stopcock. This hydram was able
to let water rise to a height of 4.9m. The first automatic hydram was invented by
Montgolfier in 1796 to raise water for his paper mill. His work is improved by Pierce
(1816), who designed the air or snifter valve to introduce air to the chamber. This
hydram, which is 300 mm in diameter, was reported to have pumped 1700 L/min to a
height of 48m. Easton and James (1820) were the first to produce hydrams in a large
scale for commercial purpose. Their rams were used to supply water to large country
houses, farms and village communities.

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1.2. Background of the Study:
Saving electricity is the first step towards going green. The celebration of
“Earth Hour" over the entire planet is the best evidence towards saving electricity and
thereby, reducing greenhouse gases. Such attempt at going green is using methods
that employ simple science to accomplish everyday household work.
Nabuclod, Floridablanca has been labeled as a “paradise in the sky” by people

visiting the said Aeta village. It is perched in a hilly area whose temperature all year
round could be compared to the cities of Baguio and Tagaytay. In the many years of
its existence, Nabuclod has been deprived of water, particularly in the populated
portion of the barangay.
Sitio Camachile is one of the remote areas in Barangay Nabuclod. Based on

the population data, Sitio Camachile is consists of 251 families. Like other
mountainous communities, water scarcity and pollution has been a dilemma in the
said area. Women and children walk miles just to get few pails of water for their
everyday use. According to the residents and the local government of Nabuclod, a
water system which will provide potable water supply is still not available.
By developing the hydraulic design and piping system of this project, it can
help the people residing at Sitio Camachile, Nabuclod, Floridablanca (an isolated and
mountainous area) to have potable water without the need to fetch water on a well.
In this study, the researchers will develop the hydraulic design of hydram and
the piping system, which does not require a power source and has a minimal cost.

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1.3. Maps
Fig. 1 Map of Nabuclod

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Fig. 2 Map of Sitio Camachile

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1.4. Objectives
The overall goal of this project is to help alleviate problems concerning the
availability of clean water and to supply water in Sitio Camachile, Nabuclod,
Floridablanca by designing a hydraulic ram pump. Some of the specific objectives of
the project are as follows:
 To identify the potential of Sitio Camachile for hydram installations.

 To conduct a hydrologic analysis about the water source and its location from
the pump to the area that will be supplied.
 To determine the potability of the water which will be supplied and the
method of treatment to be used.
 To design the lay-out of the pipe system and hydram and to determine its
efficiency.
 To conduct cost estimates for the parts of the hydram, the pipes and the water
treatment that will be used.

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1.5. Scope and Limitations
1.5.1. Scope
For this study to become useful to the community, the researchers will
develop a hydraulic design of hydram and its piping system. The researchers will find
a hydrological source of water where the hydram will be installed. Filtering materials
will be used to ensure the potability of water produced by the pump. The design of the
drive tank and storage tank are also included in the study. Lastly, the researchers will
also show basic mechanical aspects such as the principle of operation of the pump.
1.5.2. Limitation
The target area will only be focused in Sitio Camachile, an isolated Aeta
village in Barangay Nabuclod. The concept of Hydram can only be used in a
mountainous topography, where there is enough elevation distance between the water
source and the community wherein water will be supplied. The study is limited in the
hydraulic design of the hydram installation. Based on the test results of the water
sample, the researchers will identify the type of filtration that will be used but the
design will be excluded in the study. The research will also be limited for a decade of
useful operating life of a hydram.

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1.6. Significance of the Study
The proposed study serves as a reference or guide to students in creating their own
research. This study will be significant to them because it will serve as their basis or
an overview for possible future developments. The research will also benefit those
people who will plan to revise it through time to meet the different and changing
learning styles of the students. Second, this would help in improving the livelihood of
marginalized people by providing reliable water supply for household and agricultural
use. Fetching water is a time-consuming activity. Children sometimes miss school
just to fetch water. Many old people can no longer take the arduous trips down the
stream to get water. Lack of water limits agricultural needs for irrigation and it can
also lead to many problems such as diarrhea, skin diseases and malnutrition. By
providing an access to clean water, this will improve hygiene, increase crop yields,
lessen the burden of travelling miles for water, and reduce the daily work loads of
women and children. Lastly, to the municipal government, this can contribute in
addressing the issue about the need of the residents of Nabuclod regarding the water
system. This will also help decrease the rural migration rate of the said barangay.

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1.7. Review of Related Literature:
Calvert applied the methods of dimensional analysis to a hydraulic ram

installation. The relevant parameters were shown to be the head ratio, the friction
coefficient, and the dimensionless numbers such as Reynold‟s. Among these, the first
three were shown to be the most significant. In the present investigation, the ram itself
(as distinct from the whole installation) has been considered as an entity. The length
of drive pipe then becomes an extra variable and the relevant dimensionless ratio is
taken as the L/D value for the pipe. As with all the other factors connected with the
hydraulic ram, knowledge of the best length of drive pipe is purely empirical.
An extensive review of ram designs has been given by Krol according to S. B.
Watt. The ideal length of the drive pipe is in the range of 5-7 to 10-12 times the fall.
In order to reduce head loss due to friction, the length of the pipe divided by the
diameter should be within the range of 150 to 1000.
J. Krol described the operation of a typical hydraulic ram installation and
reviewed the fundamentals of the water hammer as a pre-requisite to the proper
understanding of the limitations of this hydraulic machine. The historical
development is discussed in some detail with the object of ascertaining what research
work remained to be done. He presented his own theory based on the application of
general laws of mechanics to the study of a specially designed experimental hydraulic
ram. By means of a theory developed, which agrees satisfactorily with experiment, it
is possible to forecast the behavior of any automatic hydraulic ram, provided that the
following four properties at a given installation have been determined separately by
experiment: (a) loss of head in the drive pipe; (b) loss of head due to the impulse
valve; (c) drag coefficient of the impulse vales; and (d) head lost during the period of
retardation.

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Seemin Sheikh et al. studied the literature available and prepared a structured
design methodology for hydraulic ram pump (HYDRAM) which covers design
parameters, design procedure along with the mathematical relationship used for the
design work.
The Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI) is a social

enterprise that tackles the problem of rural poverty by designing, fabricating, and
promoting environment-friendly technology which is accessible and income
augmenting, for the poor.
Negros in 1997, however, AIDFI was revived, this time with a clearer focus on
innovating technology to help poor, rural families. In introducing the ram pump
system to upland communities that do not have easy access to water, AIDFI
technicians are able to provide clean, cheap water for household use, livestock raising,
aquaculture, and small-scale agriculture.
The ram pump system in Anangue has helped the villagers save time and
effort, as the device provided them with steady water supply near their homes. They
have become less dependent on rainfall. The availability of more water has enabled
them to grow different vegetables and other cash crops throughout the year; hence,
increasing their production and income.

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1.8. Conceptual Framework:
DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP

(HYDRAM): BRINGING CLEAN WATER IN SITIO
CAMACHILE, NABUCLOD, FLORIDABLANCA, PAMPANGA
Site Surveying
 Preliminary Assessment
Hydrologic Analysis of Water Supply
 Water Source Flow Rate

 Drive Head
 Delivery Head
 Drive Pipe Length
 Delivery Pipe Length
 Water Requirement
Hydraulic Analysis
Design of Header Tank and Storage Tank
Determination of Water Potability and Treatment to be Used
Lay-Out Design of Pipe System and Hydram
Cost Estimates

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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
2.1. SITE SURVEYING
Surveying is divided into two stages, a preliminary assessment to locate potential

sites, and a full survey to select the best option.
2.1.1. PRELIMINARY SURVEY
In brief, the preliminary survey will involve the following:

 Traveling to potential sites to conduct a preliminary assessment and consult
local people;
 Consulting any relevant maps and hydrology studies;
 Selecting a site with a high potential that will be surveyed fully.
One of the common problems in mountainous areas is the lack of potable water
supply. Nabuclod is just one of the remote areas in Pampanga that is experiencing the
said issue. The researchers found out about the water scarcity in the barangay and
consulted the local people regarding their source of water. An interview with the
barangay officials has also been made to determine the possible sources of water in
their area. The presence of a stream in Sitio Camachile gave a high potential for
hydram installation because of the high elevation between the source and the area that
is to be supplied.

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2.2 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF WATER SUPPLY
The full survey of the selected site must be sufficiently detailed to provide all the
information necessary for accurate system design.
The following information will be required.
2.2.1. WATER SOURCE FLOW RATE, S
The figure must reflect the minimum flow of water source in a normal year
and so the measurement must be taken during the dry season. In order to ensure that
the figure represents a typical minimum, local people should be consulted about the
flow patterns over recent years. The design should be patterned for the months that
give the minimum flow to ensure that the pump can still produce the water
requirement.
According to the residents of Sitio Camachile, January, February and March
are the months when the river gives the minimum flow rate. The formula to determine
the flow rate of the water source:
Where: S-source flow rate, m3/sec
A-cross sectional area of stream, m2
V-velocity of stream, m/sec
2.2.1.1. STREAM CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, A
To determine the cross-sectional area of the stream, end- area method is used.
It is the simplest way to solve the capacity of a stream using a tape measure, meter
stick and record sheet.
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Using this formula:
Where:
Steps:
1. The researcher measured a point across the bed of the stream.
2. Set an interval with a minimum of 0.5 m.
3. From that point of interval, using a meter stick, the researcher measured the
depth of water up to bottom of the stream.
4. Record the data gathered.

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2.2.1.2. STREAM VELOCITY, V

To determine the velocity of the stream, float method is used. It is inexpensive
and simple. This method measures surface velocity. Mean velocity is obtained using a
correction factor. The basic idea is to measure the time that it takes for the object to
float in a specified distance downstream using tape measure, stopwatch and an object
to be floated, preferably a tennis ball or styro ball.
Vsurface = travel distance/ travel time = d/t
Because surface velocities are typically higher than mean or average velocities
V mean = k Vsurface where k is a coefficient that generally ranges from 0.8 for
rough beds to 0.9 for smooth beds (0.85 is a commonly used value)
Steps:
1. Choose a suitable straight reach with minimum turbulence.
2. Mark the start and end point of the reach.
3. Drop the object into the stream of your upstream marker.
4. Start the watch once the object crosses the upstream marker and stop the watch
once it crosses the downstream marker.
5. Repeat the measurement at least 3 times and use the average in further
calculations.

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2.2.2. Drive head
The maximum possible drive head of the site or the average angle of the slope
below the water source should be measured. This distance is also called the Fall.
Elevation between the water source and the location where the hydram will be
installed is measured by surveying, wherein the location of the hydram is set as the
point of reference. The researchers set this point to elevation zero since there are no
available bechmarks near the location that will give an initial elevation data.
2.2.3. Delivery head
The height from the pump to the expected point of delivery is measured with
the same procedure as that of the drive head.
2.2.4. Drive Pipe Length
The drive pipe is an important component in a hydram installation. The drive

pipe must be able to sustain the high pressure once the waste valve is closed. The
empirical relationships to determine the drive pipe length is:
L = 150 < L/ D< 1000 (Calvert)
Many researchers have indicated that Calvert‟s equation gives better

guidelines.

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2.2.5. Delivery Pipe Length
The route of the delivery pipe going alternately up and down must be avoided.
As much as possible, it should be straight so as to maintain the continuous flow of
water to the storage tank.
2.2.6. Water requirement:
This should be estimated with the reference of the population to be served

(allowing for growth) or the area of land to be irrigated.
According to the Provincial Social Welfare and Development Office of
Pampanga, as of 2016, Sitio Camachile has a total population of 954 people.
Population of Sitio Camachile as of 2016

Male 519
Female 435
Total Population 954
Table 1. Population of Sitio Camachile as of December 2016
According to the Basic Water Requirements by Peter H. Gleick, the water

requirement for human needs is given in the table below.

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Activity Recommended
(liters per person a day)
Drinking 5
Personal Hygiene 15
 Shower/ Bathing
 Hand/ Face washing
Sanitation 20
 Urinal/ toilet flushing
Cooking and kitchen 10
 Food preparation
 Dish washing
Total Recommended Basic Water Requirement 50 L/day
Table 2. Recommended Basic Water Requirement for Human Needs
If a person needs 50 liters per day, solving for the total water requirement for
Sitio Camachile:
Where:
Wt- total water requirement, liters per day
P- total population, persons
W –water requirement of a single person, liters per day per person

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2.2.6.1. ALLOWANCE FOR GROWTH
According to population data of Nabuclod, Sitio Camachile constitutes 26% of

the total population of the Barangay. The researchers gathered the data for 2010 and
2016 as shown in the table:
Population Data Of Nabuclod, Floridablanca

Year Population
2010 3028
2016 3584
Table 3. Population Data of Nabuclod, Floridablanca
To solve for the total water requirements for the next ten years, the future
population must be solved first.
Where: Pt -population at time t

Po - population at time 0
r- rate of growth, %
t- time, years
P1 –past population
P2- present population
n- difference in years between past and present population

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2.3 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS (DESIGN METHODOLOGY)
2.3.1 FLOW RATE IN THE PIPE, Sp
Where: Sp= pipe flow rate, m3/sec

Ap= area of drive pipe, m2
V=velocity of stream, m/sec
2.3.2 PUMPING FLOW RATE, Q

To be able to know if the pump can supply the total water requirement of the
community, the pumping rate of the hydram must be solved.
( )
( )
Where: Q-pumping rate, gallons per day (gpd)

E-efficiency of pump installation, typically equal to 0.6
Sp- pipe flow rate, gpm
L-lift, m
F-fall, m
To convert the pumping rate expressed in gallons per minute to gallons per
day, multiply by 1440.
The maximum pumping rate of a hydram having an efficiency of 0.6 is given

by the table.

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Lift to Fall ratio Maximum Pumping Rate, Q (gpd)

L/F Flow Rate, Sp (gpm)
(ft/ft) 2 5 10 15 20 30 50 100
2 864 2160 4320 6480 8640 12960 21600 43200
3 576 1440 2880 4320 5760 8640 14400 28800
4 432 1080 2160 3240 4320 6480 10800 21600
5 346 864 1728 2592 3456 5184 8640 17280
6 288 720 1440 2160 2880 4320 7200 14400
7 247 817 1234 1851 2469 3703 6171 12343
8 216 540 1080 1620 2160 3240 5400 10800
9 192 480 960 1440 1920 2880 4800 9600
10 173 432 864 1296 1728 2592 4320 8640
12 144 360 720 1080 1440 2160 3600 7200
14 123 309 617 926 1234 1851 3086 6171
16 108 270 540 810 1080 1620 2700 5400
18 96 240 480 720 960 1440 2400 4800
20 86 216 432 648 864 1296 2160 4320
25 69 173 346 518 691 1037 1728 3458
30 58 144 288 432 575 864 1440 2880
35 49 123 247 370 494 741 1234 2469
40 43 108 216 324 432 648 1080 2160
45 38 96 192 288 384 576 960 1920
50 35 86 173 259 345 518 864 1728
60 29 72 144 216 288 432 720 1440
70 25 62 123 185 247 370 617 1234
80 22 54 108 162 216 324 540 1080
90 19 48 96 144 192 288 480 960
100 17 43 86 130 173 259 432 864
Table 4. Maximum pumping rates for a range of source flow rates and lift to fall
ratios assuming a pumping efficiency of 0.6

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2.3.3. DRIVE AND DELIVERY PIPE DIAMETERS
2.3.3.1 DRIVE PIPE DIAMETER

Drive Pipe Size Length (meters)
(mm) minimum Maximum
13 2 13
20 3 20
25 4 25
30 4.5 30
40 6 40
50 7.5 50
80 12 80
100 15 100
Table 5. Drive Pipe Sizes

According to Calvert, in order to reduce head loss due to friction, the length of
the pipe divided by the diameter of the pipe should be within the range of 150-1,000.
2.3.3.2. DELIVERY PIPE DIAMETER
The diameter of the delivery pipe based on flow is given in the table:
Delivery Pipe Flow

Size (mm) (liters/min)
30 6 to 36
40 37 to 60
50 61 to 90
80 91 to 234
100 235 to 360
Table 6. Sizing the Delivery Pipe

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Working Lift-Vertical Height to which water is raised above the Ram (m)
Fall (m) 5 7.5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 125
1.0 144 77 65 33 29 19.5 12.5
1.5 135 96.5 70 54 36 19 15
2.0 220 156 105 79 53 33 25 19.5 12.5
2.5 280 200 125 100 66 40.5 32.5 24 15.5 12
3.0 260 180 130 87 65 51 40 27 17.5 12
3.5 215 150 100 75 60 46 31.5 20 14
4.0 255 173 115 86 69 53 36 23 16
5.0 310 236 155 118 94 71.5 50 36 23
6.0 282 185 140 112 93.5 64.5 47.5 34.5
7.0 216 163 130 109 82 60 48
8.0 187 149 125 94 69 55
9.0 212 168 140 105 84 62
10.0 245 187 156 117 93 69
12.0 295 225 187 140 113 83
14.0 265 218 167 132 97
16.0 250 187 150 110
18.0 280 210 169 124
20.0 237 188 140
Table 7. Ram Performance Data for a Supply of 1 liter/minute

Liters Delivered over 24 Hours

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2.3.4. NATURE OF FLOW (REYNOLD’S NUMBER), Re
In order to ascertain the nature of flow whether it is laminar or turbulent, we

need to solve Reynold‟s number:
Where: Re= Reynold‟s number, dimensionless
V= velocity in pipe, m/sec
D= diameter of pipe, m
v= kinematic viscosity of water at T= 30oC
v= 0.801 x 10-6 m2/sec
Solving for friction factor, f for laminar flow,
Solving for friction factor, f:
Blasius suggested that for turbulent flow,

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2.3.5. HEADLOSSES
The Darcy-Weisbach formula is the basis of calculating the loss in head for fluid
flow in pipes by,
1. Major Head loss
Where: f= friction factor, dimensionless

L=length of pipe, m
D=diameter of pipe, m
g= acceleration due to gravity, m2/sec= 9.81m2/sec
2. Head loss at T-junction due to sudden contraction
Where: Vd= velocity in delivery pipe, m/sec

Vt= velocity in drive pipe, m/sec = V
The velocity of flow in T-junction, Vt =V
Where: Q= flow rate, m3/sec

A= area of drive pipe, m2

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The velocity of flow in the delivery pipe, Vd:
Where: Q= flow rate, m3/sec

Ad= area of delivery pipe, m2
3. Friction losses,
Where: k t= k due to sudden contraction (T-junction) (refer to Table 8)

kelbow = 0.66
k impulse valve = 0.35
Values of K for Sudden Contraction
Velocity Ratio D2/D1
V2 (m/s) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.6 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.07 0.03
1.5 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.04
3 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.4 0.36 0.28 0.18 0.1 0.04
6 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.4 0.37 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.11 0.05
12 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.2 0.13 0.06
Table 8. Values of k for Sudden Contraction

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4. Other losses of head as in pipe fittings
Where: kpvc= resistant coefficient for PVC= 0.42

5. Total losses
2.3.6. PRESSURE IN THE HYDRAM, P
2.3.6.1. ACCELERATION IN THE PIPE
Eventually, the flow will accelerate enough to begin to close the waste valve.
Now, to find acceleration,
( )
Where: Hd= height of delivery pipe (lift), m

Hs= height of drive pipe (fall), m
Ls= length of drive pipe, m
Ds= Diameter of drive pipe, m

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2.3.6.2. DRAG FORCE, Fd
Where: Fd= drag force, N

Cd=0.60
A= area of pipe, m2
water= 1000kg/m3
2.3.6.3. THE FORCE THAT ACCELERATE THE FLUID
( )
Where: F= accelerating force, N

water= 1000kg/m3
A= area of pipe, m2
L= length of pipe, m
2.3.6.4. PRESSURE, P
Pressure is obtained by dividing F by the area
Where: P= pressure, Kpa

F= accelerating force, N
A= area of pipe, m2

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2.3.7. EFFICIENCY OF PUMP, E
2.3.7.1. NUMBER OF BEATS PER MINUTE, N
Number of beats is the frequency of closing and opening of valve. We assume that both waste
and delivery valve has the same frequency i.e. they both open and close at the same amount of time.
Fig. 3.The Velocity-Time Relationship in a Hydram

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This formula is based on the empirical relationship between head of supply and
the length of supply, where:
t1= time taken for impulse valve to close or delivery valve to open
t2= time taken for delivery valve to close
L1= 2.5Hs
L2= Hs
Hs= height of drive pipe, m
Hd= height of delivery pipe, m
2.3.7.2. FLOW RATE AT WASTE VALVE, Qw
We then calculate the flow rate of the water flowing at the waste valve
Where: Qw= flow rate of waste water, m3/sec

Dw- diameter of waste valve, m
Note: The flow area (Aw) through the waste valve should equal to or exceed
the cross-sectional area of the drive pipe to avoid "chocking" of the flow.
Hs- height of drive pipe, m
n- number of beats/ min

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2.3.7.3. HEAD LOSS COEFFICIENT (M)
Where: M= head loss coefficient, dimensionless

f= friction factor, dimensionless
L=length of pipe, m
D=diameter of pipe, m
2.3.7.4. VOLUME OF WASTE WATER, Vw
Next, we will find the volume of waste water, Vw:
( )
Where: Vw= volume of waste water, liter

Hs= height of drive pipe, m
As= area of drive pipe, m2
M= head loss coefficient
Hd= height of delivery pipe, m

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2.3.7.5. VOLUME OF DELIVERY WATER, Vd
Then we calculate the volume of the delivery water, Vd:
Where: Hd= height of delivery pipe, m
Ad= area of delivery pipe
M= head loss coefficient
2.3.7.6. DELIVERY FLOW RATE, Qd
The delivery flow rate can be calculated as below:
Where: Qd- delivery flow rate, m3/sec
Qw- waste flow rate , m3/sec
Vd= volume of delivery water, liter
Vw= volume of waste water, liter

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.3.7.7. EFFICIENCY, E
The efficiency of hydram can be defined as below, using D‟rankine formula,
Where: Q= Qd= delivery flow rate, lit/sec
Qw- waste flow rate , lit/sec
H= Hd +Hs

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.4. THE HEADER AND STORAGE TANKS
2.4.1. HEADER TANK
One of the roles of the header tank is to facilitate the decantation of the
suspended substances present in water, such as sand. For that, it is necessary that
water can remain long enough in the header tank in order to let time for the particles
to settle down at the bottom of the tank. For spring catchment, collected water is
generally clear and contains only very small quantity of suspended substances, thus, it
is quite necessary to impose a water retention time sufficient for the sand to settle
down.
2.4.1.1. SIZING THE HEADER TANK
The effective header tank volume is given by the following formula:
Where: V = tank volume (litres)
Q = water flow (m3/second)
t = water retention time in the header tank (second)
The recommended water retention‟s time for the spring catchment equipped
with tank is from 15 to 20 minutes (or 900 to 1,200 seconds).

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.4.2. STORAGE TANK
Generally, the researchers choose to position the tank as near as possible to the
village for several reasons:
 Accessibility (in order to facilitate construction and maintenance),

 The overflow of water can be utilized by the villagers for other uses
(agriculture, animals, etc.)
2.4.2.1. SIZING THE STORAGE TANK
In order to know the appropriate size of the storage tank, it is necessary to

calculate the useful volume required to meet the total water demands of the target
population. This useful volume corresponds to the effective water volume in the tank,
which means the volume below the overflow pipe and above the outlet pipe.
Fig. 4 Useful Tank Volume

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
To make an optimal tank sizing, it is necessary to calculate the population

water requirements by sections of time using a consumption coefficient for each time
section. The needs for the given time duration are obtained by multiplying the daily
needs by the consumption coefficient of the given time section. Table shows an
example of a standard hourly water demand calculation for a South-East Asian
village.
Table 9: An example of the evolution of the water demand in hourly period for a
village (the total daily needs are 11.83m3/day)
Fig. 5: Chart of hourly water demand, as calculated in Table 9.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
The method used to calculate the necessary useful tank volume are as follows:
1. Calculate the water needs according to the time.
2. Calculate the water flow per hour.
3. Calculate the difference between flow per hour and the hourly water demand
4. Calculate the water stock: can be obtained by cumulating the differences calculated
previously.
5. Calculate the necessary quantity of water stored in the tank: can be obtained by
adding the reserve of water for each period of time and the highest water stock deficit.
The highest water stock deficit represents the reserve volume of water that should be
inside the tank in order to have always a positive stock.
6. Calculate the useful tank volume, i.e. volume required to meet the population needs
per time:
But if the tank has this volume, there will be some overflow, so some water
will be lost. Hence, the “recommended tank volume” should be calculated, for which
there will be no overflow.
7. Calculate the daily Overflow Volume OF. It can be obtained by withdrawing the
daily needs from the flow during 24 hours.
8. Calculate the recommended useful tank volume, i.e. the volume for which the tank
will use all the water produced by the spring without producing overflow:

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.5. DETERMINATION OF WATER POTABILITY AND TREATMENT TO

BE USED
It is very difficult to protect water from pollution. It is useless to hava a clean

drinking water if water is no longer potable at the time of consumption. It is therefore
necessary to prevent water from getting polluted during its transportation and storage.
The researchers will get a water sample from Sitio Camachile in order to test
its potability and to identify the type of filtration or treatment that will be used.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.6. LAY-OUT DESIGN OF PIPE SYSTEM AND HYDRAM
The parameters to be considered in the lay-out design of the hydram include:

 Location of water source
 Location of ram pump assembly
 Location of area to be supplied
 Drive pipe length;
 Delivery pipe length;
 Cross-sectional area of the drive pipe;
 Cross-sectional area of the delivery pipe;
 Drive head (Fall);
 Delivery head (Lift);
 Header Tank;
 Storage Tank;
 Filtration System.
2.7. COST ESTIMATES

For long-life pumps, traditional construction materials are largely suitable. In this
study, the researchers will provide a cost estimates for the hydram, including the
pipes and water treatment to be used.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. COMPUTATIONS FOR WATER SOURCE FLOW RATE
Water Source Flow Rate:
3.1.1. STREAM AREA, S
STREAM CROSS Station A

SECTION Width = 4m
Distance Across Depth
Stream (cm) (cm)
0 0
50 17.3
100 21.8
150 26.2
200 27.7
250 24.5
300 22.2
350 19.6
400 0
A1 432.5
A2 977.5
A3 1200
A4 1347.5
A5 1305
A6 1167.5
A7 1045
A8 490
AREA 7965 cm2
0.7965m2

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
STREAM CROSS Station B

SECTION Width= 5m
Stream (cm) (cm)
0 0
50 17.7
100 20.3
150 22.5
200 23.3
250 24.2
300 22.9
350 21.4
400 20.8
450 18.1
500 0
A1 442.5
A2 950
A3 1070
A4 1145
A5 1187.5
A6 1177.5
A7 1107.5
A8 1055
A9 972.5
A10 452.5
AREA 9560 cm2
0.956m2

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
STREAM CROSS Station C

SECTION Width= 4.5m
Stream (cm) (cm)
0 0
50 18.7
100 21.5
150 23.7
200 24.8
250 25.5
300 22.1
350 20.9
400 17.2
450 0
A1 467.5
A2 1005
A3 1130
A4 1212.5
A5 1257.5
A6 1190
A7 1075
A8 952.5
A9 430
AREA 8720 cm2
0.872 m2
TOTAL AREA 0.874833 m2

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.1.2. STREAM VELOCITY, V:

Velocity of the Stream
TRIAL TIME (s) DISTANCE (m) V=D/T (m/s)
1 54.68 10 0.183
2 55.12 10 0.181
3 53.04 10 0.189
4 55.18 10 0.181
5 52.87 10 0.189
6 53.39 10 0.187
7 54.05 10 0.185
8 52.48 10 0.191
9 55.91 10 0.179
10 54.17 10 0.185
Vave. 0.185
Vmean 0.157 m/s
Where:
( )
(Source flow rate)

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.2. COMPUTATIONS FOR DRIVE HEAD, DRIVE PIPE LENGTH,

DELIVERY HEAD AND DELIVERY PIPE LENGTH
3.2.1. DRIVE HEAD (FALL) AND DRIVE PIPE LENGTH
BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT
STA HI Elev. REMARKS
HAIR R. MEAN S HAIR R. MEAN S
2.707
location of
BM1 2.649 2.649 0.115 2.649 0
hydram 69.4m
2.592
2.308 1.611
TP1 2.26 2.26 0.094 3.355 1.554 1.554 0.113 1.095
2.214 1.498
3.091 0.353
TP2 3.055 3.055 0.07 6.089 0.321 0.321 0.063 3.034
3.021 0.29
0.885 0.951
TP3 0.832 0.832 0.105 6.014 0.907 0.907 0.087 5.182
0.78 0.864
4.768 1.102
TP4 4.722 4.722 0.09 9.692 1.044 1.044 0.114 4.97
4.678 0.988
1.23 0.636
TP5 1.172 1.172 0.114 10.26 0.604 0.604 0.062 9.088
1.116 0.574
0.677
BM2 0.633 0.633 0.087 9.627 water source
0.59
The drive head (fall) is 9.627m while the drive pipe length is 69.4m.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.2.2. DELIVERY HEAD (LIFT) AND DELIVERY PIPE LENGTH
BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT
STA HI Elev. REMARKS
HAIR R. MEAN S HAIR R. MEAN S
2.668
location of
BM1 2.636 2.636 0.064 2.636 0
hydram 134.9m
2.604
2.353 0.432
TP1 2.313 2.313 0.079 4.565 0.384 0.384 0.094 2.252
2.274 0.338
2.463 0.658
TP2 2.405 2.405 0.115 6.35 0.62 0.62 0.074 3.945
2.348 0.584
2.14 0.743
TP3 2.107 2.107 0.065 7.767 0.69 0.69 0.105 5.66
2.075 0.638
3.999 1.144
TP4 3.943 3.943 0.11 10.612 1.098 1.098 0.09 6.669
3.889 1.054
2.026 1.115
TP5 2.204 2.204 0.114 11.759 1.057 1.057 0.115 9.555
1.912 1
2.061 0.445
TP6 2.502 2.502 0.11 13.851 0.41 0.41 0.069 11.349
1.951 0.376
2.586 0.592
TP7 2.528 2.528 0.114 15.832 0.547 0.547 0.089 13.304
2.472 0.503
2.916 0.36
TP8 2.859 2.859 0.113 18.363 0.328 0.328 0.062 15.504
2.803 0.298
3.378 0.52
TP9 3.337 3.337 0.081 21.236 0.464 0.464 0.11 17.899
3.297 0.41
4.09 0.538
TP10 4.052 4.052 0.074 24.8 0.488 0.488 0.108 20.748
4.016 0.43

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
2.808 0.37
TP11 2.754 2.754 0.106 27.226 0.328 0.328 0.082 24.472
2.702 0.288
2.944 0.374
TP12 2.891 2.891 0.105 29.779 0.338 0.338 0.07 26.888
2.839 0.304
2.65 0.229
TP13 2.608 2.608 0.082 32.208 0.179 0.179 0.099 29.6
2.568 0.13
2.768 0.433
TP14 2.732 2.732 0.07 34.553 0.387 0.387 0.091 31.821
2.698 0.342
0.42
area to be
BM2 0.376 0.376 0.086 34.177
supplied
0.334
The delivery head (lift) is 34.177m while the delivery pipe length is 134.9m.
3.3. WATER REQUIREMENT, Wt
Where: P= 954 persons
W= 50 liters per day per person
( )
(Total water requirement)

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.3.1. FUTURE WATER REQUIREMENT
To compute for the water requirements in ten (10) years, the future population
must be computed first.
Where: Po - 954
t- 10 years
P1 –3584
P2- 3028
N- 6 years
Solving for population in ten (10) years:
Solving for total water requirement in ten (10) years:
( )

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.4. PIPE FLOW RATE, Sp
Where: V= 0.157 m/sec

Try d= 0.08m≈ 3 in.
(pipe flow rate) (about 1% of source flow rate)
3.5. PUMP FLOW RATE, Q
( )
( )
Where: E-efficiency of pump installation, typically equal to 0.6
L-lift = 34.177m
F-fall= 9.627 m
L/F = 3.55m
Sp-pipe flow rate, gpm
Convert:
(pump flow rate)= Q actual

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.6. MAXIMUM PUMPING RATE, Qmax
Using Table 4, check if Qmax> Qact (safe).
Flow Rate
(gpm)
L/F 10 15
3 2880 4320
3.55 X1 X2
4 2160 3240
By interpolation:
X1= 2484 gpd
X2= 3726 gpd
Flow Rate (gpm)

L/F 10 12.51 15
3.55 2484 X 3726
By interpolation:
X= 3108 gpd
Qmax= 3108 gpd > 3045 gpd Q actual

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.7. DRIVE PIPE DIAMETER
From Table 5:
Drive Pipe Size Length (meters)

(mm) minimum maximum
80 12 80
The drive pipe length is 69.4m, which is between 12m and 80m. A drive pipe
with a diameter of 80 mm is chosen for the hydram.
Solving L/D ratio:
150< 868 <1000 (ok)
3.8. DELIVERY PIPE DIAMETER
Based on Table 6:
Delivery Pipe Flow

Size (mm) (liters/min)
40 37-60
Converting the flow rate in liters per minute:
Table 6 is used to select a delivery pipe 40mm in diameter which fits the flow
rate.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.9. CHECK IF SOURCE IS SUFFICIENT
From Table 7:
Liters delivered per day for a supply of 1 L/min

Lift
Fall
40
10 245
For a fall of 9.627≈10 m and for a lift of 34.177≈40m, 245 liters can be
pumped a day for each liter per minute supplied. Since 47,700 liters per day is
required, the number of liters per minute needed can be found by dividing 47,700 by
245.
Liters per minute (supply required)
0.137 m3/sec =8220 L/min (supply available)
The supply available is greater than the supply required, so the source is
sufficient.
To compute if the source can still supply the community for the next ten years:
In ten (10) years, the total water requirement is 65,050 L/day.
Liters per minute (supply required)
8220 L/min > 265.51L/min (source is sufficient)

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.10. REYNOLD’S NUMBER, Re
Where: V= 0.157m/sec
D= diameter of supply pipe= 0.08m
v= kinematic viscosity of water at T= 30oC
v= 0.801 x 10-6 m2/sec
(turbulent)
Solving for friction factor, f for turbulent flow,

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.11. COMPUTATIONS FOR HEAD LOSSES, Ht
3.11.1. Major Head loss, Hl
(head loss in the drive pipe)
Where: f=0.028
L=69.4m
V=0.157m/sec
D=0.08m
g=9.81m2/sec
(head loss in the delivery pipe)
Where: f=0.028
L= 34.177m
V=0.157m/sec
D=0.04m
g=9.81m2/sec

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.11.2. Heat loss at T-junction due to sudden contraction, Hlt
Solving for the velocity of flow in T-junction, Vt =V;
Where: Q=
Solving for the velocity of flow in the delivery pipe, Vd:
Where: Q=

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.11.3. Friction losses, Hf
Where: k t= k due to sudden contraction (T-junction) (refer to table 8)

kelbow = 0.66
k impulse valve = 0.35
V= 0.157 m/sec
g= 9.81m2/sec
From Table 8:
D2/D1=
V2 0.04/0.08
0.5
0.6 0.38
0.628 X
1.5 0.37
By interpolation:
X= 0.3797

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.11.4. Other losses of head as in pipe fittings, Hpf
Where: kpvc= resistant coefficient for PVC= 0.42

V= 0.157m/sec
g= 9.81m2/sec
3.11.5. Total losses, Ht
3.12. COMPUTATIONS FOR THE PRESSURE IN THE HYDRAM
ACCELERATION IN THE PIPE
( )
Where: Hd= 34.177 m

Hs= 9.627m
Ls=69.4 m
Ds= 0.08 m
Total losses= 0.399m

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
* +
DRAG FORCE, Fd
Where: Cd=0.6 (standard value of discharge coefficient)
1000kg/m3
g= 9.81m2/sec

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
FORCE THAT ACCELERATE THE FLUID, F
( )
Where: water= 1000kg/m3
L= 69.4 m
[ ]
PRESSURE, P
Where: F=9.42 N

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.13. COMPUTATIONS FOR THE EFFICIENCY OF HYDRAM
To calculate efficiency
Where: L1= 2.5Hs; Hs= 9.627 m

L1= 2.5 (9.627) = 24.07m
L2= Hs= 9.627m
Hd= 34.177 m
g= 9.81m2/sec

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
Since n is the no. of beats per minute
WASTE VALVE FLOW RATE, Qw
Where: Dw= 0.08m (based on the specification that the flow area (Aw) through the
waste valve should equal to or exceed the cross-sectional area of the drive pipe to
avoid "chocking" of the flow)
Hs=9.627m
n= 2307
HEAD LOSS COEFFICIENT, M
Where: f=0.028
L=69.4m
V=0.157m/sec
D=0.08m
g=9.81m2/sec

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
VOLUME OF WASTE WATER, Vw
( )
Where: Hs= 9.627 m
M= 0.194
V= 0.157 m/sec
Hd= 34.177m
( )

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
VOLUME OF DELIVERY WATER, Vd
Where: Hd= 34.177m
M= 0.194
DELIVERY FLOW RATE, Qd
Where: Qw= m3/sec
Vd= liter
Vw= liter

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
EFFICIENCY OF HYDRAM, E
The efficiency of hydram can be defined as below, using D‟rankine formula,
Where: Q= Qd= 3.802 lit/sec
Qw= 1.86 lit/sec
Hd= 34.177m
H= Hd +Hs= 34.177+9.627= 43.804m

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.14. DESIGN COMPUTATIONS FOR THE HEADER TANK
Where: Q = 0.789 x 10-3 m3/s
t = 1200 sec (use maximum)
Note: The recommended water retention‟s time for the stream catchment
equipped with tank is from 15 to 20 minutes (or 900 to 1,200 seconds).
Provide 0.3m freeboard and 0.2m for sand accumulation depth, hence total
depth is 1+0.3 +0.2= 1.5m depth. The new dimension for the header tank is 1m x 1m
x 1.5m.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
3.15. DESIGN COMPUTATIONS FOR THE STORAGE TANK
The table of the water demand in hourly period for Sitio Camachile is given
below. The total daily need is 47.7m3/day.
Hour Consumption Hourly

(h) Coefficient Need
(%) (m3)
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 5 2.385
7 9.5 4.5315
8 5 2.385
9 3 1.431
10 4 1.908
11 6.5 3.1005
12 5 2.385
13 6 2.862
14 5 2.385
15 7 3.339
16 10 4.77
17 10 4.77
18 9 4.293
19 11 5.247
20 4 1.908
21 0 0
22 0 0
23 0 0
24 0 0
Table 10. Hourly Water Demand of Sitio Camachile

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
Chart of Hourly Demand in Sitio Camachile

6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fig. 6 Chart of Hourly Water Demand in Sitio Camachile based on Table 10

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Necessary
quantity
hourly
Consumption daily water of
period water Flow Difference
coefficient need stock water
(hr) demand (m3) (m3)
(%) (m3) (m3) stored in
(m3)
the tank
(m3)
1 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 2.84 2.84
2 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 5.68 5.68
3 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 8.52 8.52
4 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 11.36 11.36
5 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 14.2 14.2
6 5 47.7 2.385 2.84 0.455 14.655 14.655
7 9.5 47.7 4.5315 2.84 -1.6915 12.9635 12.9635
8 5 47.7 2.385 2.84 0.455 13.4185 13.4185
9 3 47.7 1.431 2.84 1.409 14.8275 14.8275
10 4 47.7 1.908 2.84 0.932 15.7595 15.7595
11 6.5 47.7 3.1005 2.84 -0.2605 15.499 15.499
12 5 47.7 2.385 2.84 0.455 15.954 15.954
13 6 47.7 2.862 2.84 -0.022 15.932 15.932
14 5 47.7 2.385 2.84 0.455 16.387 16.387
15 7 47.7 3.339 2.84 -0.499 15.888 15.888
16 10 47.7 4.77 2.84 -1.93 13.958 13.958
17 10 47.7 4.77 2.84 -1.93 12.028 12.028
18 9 47.7 4.293 2.84 -1.453 10.575 10.575
19 11 47.7 5.247 2.84 -2.407 8.168 8.168
20 4 47.7 1.908 2.84 0.932 9.1 9.1
21 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 11.94 11.94
22 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 14.78 14.78
23 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 17.62 17.62
24 0 47.7 0 2.84 2.84 20.46 20.46
100 47.7 68.16
Table 11. Calculation of Hourly Water Demand and Volume in the Storage Tank

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
1. The water needs per hour is obtained by multiplying the consumption coefficient
by the daily water needs.
2. The flow per hour in the drive pipe is: (column 5)
3. The difference between flow per hour and the hourly water demand is shown in
column 6.
4. The water stock is obtained by cumulating the differences calculated previously

(column 7)
5. The necessary quantity of water stored in the tank is obtained by adding the reserve
of water for each period of time and the highest water stock deficit. In this case, there
is no water stock deficit.
6. The useful tank volume required to meet the population needs per time:
7. The daily Overflow Volume OF is obtained by withdrawing the daily needs from
the flow during 24 hours.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
8. Calculate the recommended useful tank volume, i.e. the volume for which the tank
will use all the water produced by the spring without producing overflow:
It is more suitable to used two storage tanks with the dimensions of 3m x 2m x

2.5m.
3.16 Result of Water Quality Test
With reference to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water of

2007, the table below gave the results for the water sample from the source in Sitio
Camachile.
Water Test Results
Microbiological Analysis PASSED
Physical-Chemical Analysis PASSED
3.16.1 Multi-Media Filter
A Multi-Media Filter is used to reduce the level of suspended solids (turbidity)

in incoming feed water. Suspended solids consist of small particles such as silt, clay,
grit, organic matter, algae and other microorganisms. Incoming feed water that is high
in suspended solids can cause a high-pressure drop and reduce the effectiveness of
downstream filtration equipment such as reverse osmosis membranes and ion
exchange beds.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
How does the Multi Media Filter Work
A Multi-Media Filter typically contains three layers of media consisting of

anthracite coal, sand and garnet, with a supporting (non-filtering) layer of gravel at
the bottom. These are the medium of choice because of the differences in size and
density. The larger (but lighter) anthracite coal will be on top and the heavier (but
smaller) garnet will remain on the bottom. The filter media arrangement allows the
largest dirt particles to be removed near the top of the media bed with the smaller dirt
particles being retained deeper and deeper in the media. This allows the entire bed to
act as a filter allowing much longer filter run times between backwash and more
efficient particulate removal.
Fig. 7 A Typical Multi-Media Filter

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
Maintenance
As the Multi Media Filter removes turbidity from the incoming feed water,
eventually the filter will display a high-pressure drop across the bed and/or increased
turbidity levels coming from the Multi Media Filter. As a result, the Multi Media
Filter will eventually require a backwash to clean the bed.
The backwash should be performed when the pressure differential (delta-P)

reaches 10 psi (above clean) across the bed or when the effluent turbidity increases by
10%. A normal pressure drop across a „clean‟ Multi Media Filter ranges from 3-7 psi,
so this needs to be taken into consideration before initiating a backwash.
A backwash is performed by reversing the flow of water through the Multi

Media Filter bed to remove the suspended solids that are trapped in the bed. The
entire Multi Media Filter bed will loosen and be lifted during the backwash allowing
the suspended solids to exit at the top of the vessel along with the backwash water.
The supporting gravel will not be lifted and it will help distribute the backwash flow
evenly throughout the bed.
The ideal backwash rate is 12-15 gpm/sq ft. which is enough to lift the media
bed sufficiently without forcing any media out of the top of the filter. Most filters are
equipped with a flow restrictor on the backwash outlet that maintains this flow rate.
This is important with seasonal fluctuations in water temperature, as colder water is
more viscous and lifts the bed higher with less flow, which can result in losing media
out of the top during backwash.
After backwash, the bed is allowed to settle and re-stratify before a final rinse
and then it is placed back into service.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
The jagged edges of the sand and other media can become rounded over time
and therefore reduce their filtration ability after many years of service should
therefore be replaced.
A trained service technician should perform the re-loading of media, dosing a

proper coagulant to improve filter performance and other necessary maintenance and
troubleshooting.
3.16.2 Chlorination
Microorganisms can be found in raw water from rivers, lakes and

groundwater. While not all microorganisms are harmful to human health, there are
some that may cause diseases. These are called pathogens. Pathogens are present in
water and can be transmitted through a drinking water distribution system, causing
waterborne disease to those who consume it.
Chlorination is one of the many methods that can be used to disinfect water.
This method was first used over a century ago, and is still being used today. It is a
chemical disinfecting method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-
containing substances for the oxidation and disinfection of what will be the potable
water source.
When/How to Chlorinate Water
Chlorination can be done at any time/point throughout the water treatment

process - there is not one specific time when chlorine must be added. Each point of
chlorine application will subsequently control a different water contaminant concern,
thus offering a complete spectrum of treatment from the time the water enters the
treatment facility up to the time it leaves.

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Pre-chlorination is when chlorine is applied to the water almost immediately

after it enters the treatment facility. In the pre-chlorination step, the chlorine is usually
added directly to the raw water (the untreated water entering the treatment facility), or
added in the flash mixer (a mixing machine that ensures quick, uniform dispersion of
the chlorine). Chlorine is added to raw water to eliminate algae and other forms of
aquatic life from the water so they won‟t cause problems in the later stages of water
treatment. Pre-chlorination in the flash mixer is found to remove tastes and odours,
and control biological growth throughout the water treatment system, thus preventing
growth in the sedimentation tanks (where solids are removed from the water by
gravity settling) and the filtration media (the filters through which the water passes
after sitting in the sedimentation tanks). The addition of chlorine will also oxidize any
iron, manganese and/or hydrogen sulphide that are present, so that they too can be
removed in the sedimentation and filtration steps.
Chlorination may also be done as the final step in the treatment process, which
is when it is usually done in most treatment plants. The main objective of this chlorine
addition is to disinfect the water and maintain chlorine residuals that will remain in
the water as it travels through the distribution system. To support and maintain the
chlorine residual, a process called re-chlorination is sometimes done within the
distribution system. This is done to ensure proper chlorine residual levels are
maintained throughout the distribution system.

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3.17 MAINTENANCE OF THE RAM PUMP SYSTEM
3.17.1 MAINTENANCE TASKS
Maintenance involves keeping gratings and filters clear, as well as caring for
the ram itself. The maintenance tasks which may be carried out are likely to be as
follows:
a. Dismantling the ram to remove dirt,

b. Clearing air locks in the pipe system
c. Adjusting the tuning; tightening bolts which work loose,
d. Changing the valve rubber; adjusting the seating of valves,
e. Keeping the inflow to the drive pipe free of any debris; clearing of filters.
3.17.2 FREQUENCY OF MAINTENANCE
Rams have an exceptionally good reputation for trouble-free running and

maintenance need not to be frequent.
Tuning and adjusting of valves and bolts may need to be done more frequently.
On the other hand, specialized tool and spare parts may be needed for the
maintenance of the commercially-built pump.
So, in general, this ram is best suited to a situation where the person
responsible lives nearby and has an access to a wide range of tools and components.

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Bacolor, Pampanga
3.18 LAY-OUT DESIGN OF PIPE SYSTEM AND HYDRAM

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3.19 ESTIMATED COST
PIPING SYSTEM
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT UNIT COST COST
G.I. PIPE 3" dia. X 3m 24 m 446.65 10719.6
G.I. TEE 3 " dia. 4 PCS 498 1992
G.I. COUPLING ELBOW 3 " 3 PCS 371 1113
dia.
G.I. CAPS 3" dia 12 PCS 252 3024
G.I. PLUGS 3" dia 4 PCS 200 800
PVC PIPE 3" dia 3 m 390 1170
PVC PIPE 1 1/2" dia 162 m 183.6 29743.2
PVC COUPLING 1 1/2" dia 44 PCS 14.3 629.2
PVC COUPLING ELBOW 6 PCS 12 72
(19mm)
PVC REDUCER 3 PCS 35 105
(38mmX19mm)
(76mmX50mm)
(50mmX38mm)
BRASS FAUCET (19mm) 3 PCS 135 405
GATE VALVE 3" dia 3 PCS 980 2940
BOLTS AND NUTS 10mm 184 PCS 6 1104
IRON PLATE FOR 1 PCS 500 500
FLANGES
WELDING ROD 1.5 KG 80 120
TEFLON TAPE 8 ROLL 12 96
SOLVENT 400cc 5 CAN 185 925
COST 55950.00

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DRIVE TANK
CEMENT 6 BAG 250 1500
SAND 0.3 m3 300 90
GRAVEL 0.6 m3 630 378
REINFORCED BARS 10 PCS 106.56 1065.6
12mm
G.I. TIE WIRE #26 0.7 KG 63 44.1
COST 3077.7
STORAGE TANK (2 UNITS)
CEMENT 34 BAG 250 8500
SAND 1.85 m3 300 555
GRAVEL 3.7 m3 630 2331
REINFORCED BARS 26 PCS 106.56 2770.56
12mm
G.I. TIE WIRE #18 4.5 KG 63 283.5
COST 14440.06
SUMMARY
PIPING SYSTEM 55950
RAMP PUMP (MANUFACTURED) 12000
DRIVE TANK 3077.7
STORAGE TANK (2 UNITS) 14440.06
WATER CHLORINATION 3200
MULTI MEDIA FILTERING MATERIALS 16000
TOTAL COST Php 104667.76

REGIONAL OFFICE III
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CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. SUMMARY
With the design parameters for the hydraulic ram pump like the drive and delivery heads,
drive pipe and delivery pipe diameters, drive pipe and delivery pipe lengths, water source flow rate,
total head losses in the system, pressure in the waste valve and power developed by the hydram, the
researchers mathematically calculated the efficiency of the hydraulic ram pump.
Parameters in Designing the Hydram

Parameters values unit
Stream area, A 0.874833 m2
Stream velocity 0.157 m/s
Source Flow Rate, S 0.137 m3/s
Drive head (fall) 9.627 m
Delivery head (lift) 34.177 m
Drive Pipe Length 69.4 m
Delivery Pipe Length 134.9 m
Water Requirement, Wt 47700 L/d

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Tabulation of Results
Results values unit
Drive Pipe Diameter 3 in
Delivery Pipe Diameter 1½ in
Pipe Flow Rate, Sp 0.789 x 10-3 m3/s
Pump Flow rate, Q 3044.67 gpd
Max. Pump Flow Rate, Qmax 3108 gpd
Reynold's Number, Re 15681
Friction factor, f 0.022
TOTAL HEADLOSSES, Ht 0.399 m
Major Head loss, Hl 0.385 m
Heat loss at T-junction, Ht 0.011 m
Velocity in T-junction, Vt 0.157 m/s
Velocity in the delivery pipe, Vd 0.628 m/s
Friction losses, Hf 0.002 m
Other losses of head as in pipe fittings, Hpf 0.001 m
PRESSURE, P 1.874 Kpa
dV/dt 0.027 m/s
Drag Force, Fd 0.024 N
Force that accelerate the fluid, F 9.42 N
EFFICIENCY OF HYDRAM, E 52.4 %
One Beat, t 0.026 sec
t1 0.016 sec
t2 0.01 sec
No.of beats per minute, n 2307
Waste Valve Diameter 0.08 m

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Waste ValveFlow Rate, Qw 1.86 x 10-3 m3/s

Head Loss Coefficient, M 0.194
Volume of Waste Water, Vw 0.772 x 10-3 liter
µ 7.13 x 10-6
Volume of Delivery water, Vd 1.578 x 10-3 liter
Delivery Flow Rate, Qd 3.802 L/s
Volume of Header Tank 0.9468 m3
Volume of Storage Tank 38.08 m3
4.2. CONCLUSIONS
From the objectives stated, the researchers have come up with the conclusions and results
from the study of the hydraulic ram pump (hydram). The modifications and assumptions made were
counted and the calculations gave the exact answers for this project. From the results obtained, the
researchers found out that:
a. Sitio Camachile is suitable for ram pump installations because it is a hilly area and because
of the high elevation distance that a hydram needs to pump water.
b. In order to obtain the efficiency for this hydram, the optimum drive and delivery head and
drive pipe length is chosen. The efficiency of the hydram is about 50%.
c. Based on the test results of the water, the method of treatment to be used is
multi-media filter and chlorination.
d. By designing the hydram, the suitable lay-out of the pump installation for Sitio Camachile is
also produced.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS:
One of the suggestions that can be applied is to use a bigger supply pipe to obtain a large
amount of water so that more water can be delivered to tank. In this study, the researchers used a
supply pipe with a diameter of 3 inches, and get only get about 0.789 x 10-3 flow rate and that is just
about 1% of compared to the stream‟s flowrate.
Bigger supply pipe will increase the flow rate, but the size of hydram is also needed to be
increased to cope with the bigger force that the water carries. It is not necessary to increase the
delivery pipe because referring to continuity equation, the flow rate across a pipe is just the same.
Since the researchers already increased the flow rate of water by increasing the diameter of supply
pipe, thus with the same diameter of delivery pipe, a higher velocity of water flowing to the tank can
be achieved. But if the diameter of supply pipe is increased tremendously, the delivery pipe diameter
must also be increased so that more water can be delivered with high velocity.
For the most optimum performance of the hydram, the suggestions must be applied but it is
needed to first consider the necessity of such high pumping rate according to usage of the water
delivered. If a lot of water was able to be delivered to the tank, but some of it will be used, it will be a
waste and will cost high. Thus, the necessary amount of water needed must first be identified. From
there, try to adjust so that the demand with the minimum cost can be fulfilled.
The scope of the study is only limited for a ten-year useful operating life of a hydram, thus,
one of the recommendations is to design a hydram that will be beneficial for the succeeding years.
The type of filtration to be used is also a parameter to be considered in the lay-out for further studies.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A

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BRIEF HISTORY OF RAM PUMP
In 1772, John Whitehurst of Cheshire in the United Kingdom invented a manually

controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation engine". He installed the first one in
1772 at Oulton, Cheshire, and raised water to a height of 16 ft (4.9 m). He installed another one in an
Irish property in 1783. He did not patent it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air
vessel. The first self-acting ram pump was invented by the Frenchman Joseph Michel Montgolfier
(best known as a co-inventor of the hot air balloon) in 1796 for raising water in his paper mill at
Voiron. His friend, Matthew Boulton, took out a British patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of
Montgolfier obtained an English patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired,
together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton, a Somerset-born engineer who had just
moved to London Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796-1871), grew during the nineteenth
century to become one of the more important engineering manufacturers in the United Kingdom,
with a large works at Erith, Kent. They specialized in water supply and sewerage systems world-
wide, as well as land drainage projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for water supply
purposes to large country houses, and also to farms and village communities, and a number of their
installations still survived as of 2004.The firm was eventually closed in 1909, but the ram business
was continued by James R. Easton.
In 1929 it was acquired by Green & Carter, of Winchester, Hampshire, who were engaged
in the manufacturing and installation of the well-known Vulcan and Vacher Rams. The first US
patent was issued by J. Cerneau and S.S. Hallet in 1809. US interest in hydraulic rams were picked
up around 1840, as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for
sale. Toward the end of the 19th Century, interest waned as electricity and electric pumps became
widely available.

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By the end of the twentieth century, interest in hydraulic rams has been revived due to the
needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones.
A good example is the AID Foundation International in the Philippines, who won an Ashden Award
for their work developing ram pumps that could be easily maintained for use in remote villages. The
hydraulic ram principle has been used in some proposals for exploiting wave power, one of which
was discussed in 1931 by Hanns Günther in his book in hundert Jahren.

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APPENDIX B

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WATER HAMMER EFFECT
The water hammer effect is a phenomenon that increases the pressure of water
in a pipe over a short period of time.
Fig. 8 Water Hammer Effect
If the velocity of the water in a pipe is high enough, a fast closure of the pipe
will cause a water hammer effect as shown in Figure 2. The water flowing will be
compressed to the valve which has been closed suddenly. As a comparison, if a
hundred people run very fast in a corridor and suddenly, they face a closed door, the
space between them will be reduced, everybody will touch each other. In the same
way, with velocity, water has kinetic energy. By closing the pipe quickly, this kinetic
energy will be transformed into pressure. This effect is characterized by a loud noise
that is similar to a hammer banging a metal component.

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APPENDIX C

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Bacolor, Pampanga
APPLICATION OF WATER HAMMER EFFECT FOR THE HYDRAULIC

RAM PUMP
The Hydram uses the water hammer effect to “use the energy of a large
amount of water falling from a small height to lift a small amount of this water to a
much greater height” (Dr T. Thomas, 2005) as shown in Figure 3. From a main source
(i.e. spring or stream), water is driven to the Hydram based downstream. The pump
suddenly stops the flow causing a water hammer effect. It allows the water under
pressure in the Hydram body to enter into a delivery pipe.
The special feature of the Hydram is that the water hammer effect is caused by
the water itself. The flowing water applies pressure on a valve that closes the pipe
automatically. This is why the Hydram does not use any electricity or fuel. However,
as the water hammer effect is caused by the water, the water needs to go out; this is
called the waste water. This is not really wasted because the Hydram cannot work
without it. So, the Hydram will only use 20 to 40 percent of the water coming inside it
(i.e. the feed water) which is the delivery water. A non-return valve at the beginning
of the delivery pipe stops the water from going back into the pump body. After
continuous water hammer effects, water is added in the delivery pipe with a great
pressure. It allows the water to flow upward to a storage tank. The pressure is then
transformed into potential energy.
The efficiency of RPS is between 50 to 80 percent depending on the quality of

material, the design and the age of the components.

REGIONAL OFFICE III
Bacolor, Pampanga
Fig.9 Application of the water hammer effect on the Hydraulic Ram Pump

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APPENDIX D

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Bacolor, Pampanga
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMPS

The cycle can be divided into three phases; acceleration, delivery and recoil.
Acceleration
When the waste valve is open, water accelerates down the drive pipe and
discharges through the open valve. As the flow increases it reaches a speed where the
drag force is sufficient to start closing the valve. Once it has begun to move, the valve
closes very quickly.
Delivery
As the waste valve slams shut, it stops the flow of water through it. The water
that has been flowing in the drive pipe has considerable momentum which has to be
dissipated. For a fraction of a second, the water in the body of the pump is
compressed causing a large surge in pressure. This type of pressure rise is known as
water hammer. As the pressure rises higher than that in the air chamber, it forces
water through the delivery valve (a non-return valve). The delivery valve stays open
until the water in the drive pipe has almost completely slowed and the pressure in the
pump body drops below the delivery pressure. The delivery valve then closes,
stopping any back flow from the air vessel into the pump and drive pipe.
Recoil
The remaining flow in the drive pipe recoils against the closed delivery valve-
rather, like a ball bouncing back. This causes the pressure in the body of the pump to
drop low enough for the waste vale to reopen. The recoil also sucks a small amount of
air in through the snifter valve. The air sits under the delivery valve until the next
cycle when it is pumped with the delivery water into the air vessel. This ensures that
the air vessel stays full of air. When the recoil energy is finished, water begins to
accelerate down the drive pipe and out through the open waste valve, starting the
cycle again. Throughout the cycle the pressure in the air vessel steadily forces water

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up the delivery pipe. The air vessel smoothes the pulsing flow through the delivery
valve into an even outflow up the delivery pipe.
The pumping cycle happens very quickly, typically 40 to 120 times per
minute. During each pumping cycle, only a very small amount of water is pumped.
However, with cycle after cycle continuing over 24 hours, a significant amount of
water can be lifted. While the ram pump is operating, the water flowing out the waste
valve splashes onto the floor or the pump house and is considered “waste water”. The
term “waste water” needs to be understood. Although waste water is not delivered by
the ram pump, it is the energy of the water that pumps the water that is delivered.
OPERATING SEQUENCE OF HYDRAM
Fig. 10 Sequence 1

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Sequence 1:
Water from the source flows through the drive pipe (A) into the ram pump
body, fills it and begins to exit through the waste or “impetus” valve (B). The Check
Valve (C) remains in its normally closed position by both the attached spring and
water pressure in the Tank (D) and the Delivery Pipe (E). (No water in the tank is
prior to startup) At this starting point, there is no pressure in Tank (D) and no water is
being delivered through exit Pipe (E) to the holding tank destination.
Fig. 11 Sequence 2

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Sequence 2:
Water is entering the pump through the Drive Pipe (A). The velocity and
pressure of this column of water is being directed out the Waste Valve (B) which is
overcome, causing it to close suddenly. This creates a momentary high pressure
“water hammer” that in turn forces the Check Valve (C) to open allowing a high
pressure “pulse” of water to enter the Pressure Tank (D). The air volume in the
pressure tank is compressed causing water to begin flowing out of the Delivery Pipe
(E) and at the same time closing the Check Valve (C) not allowing the water a path
back into the pump body. As the air volume in the Pressure Tank (D) continues to re-
expand, water is forced out of the Delivery Pipe (E) to the holding tank.
Fig.12 Sequence 3

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Sequence 3:
Water has stopped flowing through the Drive Pipe (A) as a “shock wave” that
is created by the “water hammer” travels back from the Drive Pipe to the settling tank
(depicted earlier). The Waste Valve (B) is closed. Air volume in the Pressure Tank
(D) is continuously expanding to equalize pressure, pushing a small amount of water
out the Delivery Pipe (E).
Fig. 13 Sequence 4

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Sequence 4:
The “shock wave” reaches the holding tank causing a “gasp” for water in the
Drive Pipe (A). The Waste Valve (B) falls open and the water in the Drive Pipe (A)
begins to flow into the pump and out the Waste Valve (B). The Check Valve (C)
remains closed. The air volume in the Pressure Tank (D) has stabilized and water has
stopped flowing out the Delivery Pipe (E). At this point, Sequence 1 begins all over
again.

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APPENDIX E

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NATURE OF HYDRAM OPERATION
Fig. 14 Time-Velocity Variation in Drive Pipe
For analysis, the pumping cycle of a hydram is divided into four main periods,
based on the position of the waste valve and the average time-velocity variation in the
drive pipe.
A. The waste valve is open and water starts to flow from the source and escapes
through the waste valve. The flow accelerates under the effect of the supply
head (H), until a velocity V0 is attained in the drive pipe;
B. The waste valve continues to close until it closes fully. For a good hydram
design, the valve closure is rapid or instantaneous;
C. The waste valve is fully closed and remains closed. The sudden closure creates
a high pressure in the hydram and on the check valve that is in excess of the

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static delivery pressure. The check valve is forced open and pumping takes
place until the velocity becomes zero, therefore the pumping stops under the
retarding effect of the delivery pressure head; and
D. The delivery valve closes. The pressure near the check valve is much higher
than the static supply pressure and the flow is reversed towards the supply
source. This action is termed recoil. The recoil action creates a vacuum in the
hydram, temporarily forcing a small amount of air to be sucked into the
hydram through the air valve. The pressure on the underside of the waste valve
is also reduced and together with the effect of its own weight, the waste valve
opens automatically. The water in the drive pipe returns to the static supply
pressure as before and the next cycle begins. The action is repeated
automatically at a frequency of a few beats to more than 300 beats per minute.

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APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMPS

For any particular site, there are usually a number of potential water lifting
options. Choosing between them involves consideration of many different factors.
Ram pumps in certain conditions have many advantages over other forms of water-
lifting, but in others, it can be completely inappropriate.
The main advantages of ram pumps are:
 Use of a renewable energy source ensuring low running cost
 Pumping only a small proportion of the available flow has little environmental
impact
 Simplicity and reliability give a low maintenance requirement
 There is good potential for local manufacture in the rural villages
 Automatic, continuous operation requires no supervision or human input.
The main limitations are:
 They are limited in hilly areas with a year-round water sources
 They pump only a small fraction of the available flow and therefore, requires a
source flow larger than actual water delivered
 Can have a high capital cost in relation to other technologies
 Are limited to small-scale applications, usually up to 1KW, but this requires
economical and other considerations.


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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Electric pumps are required in almost every community as water is needed to

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

The Hydraulic Ram Pump or simply Hydram is a complete automatic device

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

1.2. Background of the Study:

Nabuclod, Floridablanca has been labeled as a “paradise in the sky” by people

Sitio Camachile is one of the remote areas in Barangay Nabuclod. Based on

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

Fig. 1 Map of Nabuclod

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

Fig. 2 Map of Sitio Camachile

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

 To identify the potential of Sitio Camachile for hydram installations.

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

1.5. Scope and Limitations

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

1.6. Significance of the Study

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

1.7. Review of Related Literature:

Calvert applied the methods of dimensional analysis to a hydraulic ram

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

The Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation, Inc. (AIDFI) is a social

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

1.8. Conceptual Framework:

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP

Hydrologic Analysis of Water Supply

 Water Source Flow Rate

Design of Header Tank and Storage Tank

Determination of Water Potability and Treatment to be Used

Lay-Out Design of Pipe System and Hydram

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

2.1. SITE SURVEYING

Surveying is divided into two stages, a preliminary assessment to locate potential

2.1.1. PRELIMINARY SURVEY

In brief, the preliminary survey will involve the following:

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

2.2 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF WATER SUPPLY

2.2.1. WATER SOURCE FLOW RATE, S

Where: S-source flow rate, m3/sec

A-cross sectional area of stream, m2

V-velocity of stream, m/sec

2.2.1.1. STREAM CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, A

Using this formula:

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

2.2.1.2. STREAM VELOCITY, V

Vsurface = travel distance/ travel time = d/t

1. Choose a suitable straight reach with minimum turbulence.

2. Mark the start and end point of the reach.

3. Drop the object into the stream of your upstream marker.

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

2.2.2. Drive head

2.2.3. Delivery head

2.2.4. Drive Pipe Length

The drive pipe is an important component in a hydram installation. The drive

L = 150 < L/ D< 1000 (Calvert)

Many researchers have indicated that Calvert‟s equation gives better

DESIGN OF A SELF-OPERATING HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP (HYDRAM):

2.2.5. Delivery Pipe Length

2.2.6. Water requirement:

This should be estimated with the reference of the population to be served

Population of Sitio Camachile as of 2016