School of Engineering Technology

Main Campus, Off Hennur-Bagalur Main Road, Chagalahatti, Bengaluru-562149

MINI PROJECT REPORT

“WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER”

submitted to,
School of Engineering and Technology, CMR University

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology,
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by
ALFIYA KHANUM (USN: 16UG09002)

Under the guidance of,

Prof. SUBRAHMANIYAN,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION,

CMR UNIVERSITY
2018-19
 School of Engineering and Technology, CMR
Main Campus, Off Hennur-Bagalur Main Road, Chagalahatti, Bengaluru-562149

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the mini project titled WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER carried out By Ms
ALFIYA KHANUM (USN:16UG09002) in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor
of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION of CMR University, during
the year 2018-19. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library.
The mini project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.

Name of the Guide Name of the Dean

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Dean

Examiners
Name of the examiners Signature with date
1
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 DECLARATION
I, ALFIYA KHANUM student of School of Engineering and Technology, CMR university,
hereby declare that the dissertation titled “WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER” embodies
the report of my mini project carried out independently by us during fifth semester of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication, under the supervision of Prof.
SUBRAHMANIYAN, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and this
work has been submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the Bachelor of Technology
degree.

We have not submitted the project for the award of any other degree of any other university or
institution.

Date :
Place :
ALFIYA KHANUM (USN: 16UG09002)

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our foremost gratitude to Dr. HARISH, Dean for his constant support.
We express our foremost gratitude to my guide Prof. SUBRAHMANIYA, Dept of Electronics
and Communication, CMR University, Bagalur for his/her inspiration, adroit guidance,
constant supervision, direction and discussions in successful completion of this dissertation.
Our sincere thanks to all teaching and non-Teaching Staff of Department of Electronics and
Communication for all the facilities provided, without which, we could not have progressed
with my work. Thanks to our parents who have been a great source of strength in the completion
of this dissertation.

ALFIYA KHANUM
(USN: 16UG09002)

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 ABSTRACT

Our project is a “WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER”, a commodity of today’s world that is

soon becoming the need of the hour. Hence it was our aim to work on a charger that wasn’t
only a convenient substitute but also an efficient one.
We use the concept of “resonant inductive charging” in our circuit, to increase the distance
of charging and it’s charging efficiency.
We’ve mentioned the limitations and certain specifications of the components used in the
circuit.
We’ve gone on to explain the various applications of wireless power transfer in the different
fields that it’s used in.
We conclude our report with the result and the reference of the the various papers and sites
we referred to.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

DECLARATION .…………………………………………………….……....…………... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………..…….……………ii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………...….iii

TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………..………..………..iv

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………..………….......v

CHAPTER

1. PREAMBLE ………………….……………………………………………………2-3

Introduction ………………………………………..………...…………….…………2
Literature review …………………………..…….………..…………………………3
Objective……………………………………..………….…….………………...……3
Methodology……………………………………………………..……………...……3

2. WORKING OPERATION ……………..………………………………….. 5-10

Explaining Induction………………….. .……………………………………4-6

Explaining Resonance……………………..…………………………………7
Comparison and Conclusion………………………………………………….7-8
Block Diagram Explanation…………………………………………………9-10

3. SPECIFICATION AND LIMITATIONS .………………………………………10-11

Limitations………………………………….…………………………………...…10
Specifications……………………………………………………………………10-11

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 4. RELEVANT RESEARCH .……………………………………...………..11-20

Body Electric - Smitha Rao and J.-C. Chiao………………………………11-14

Cochlear Implant – Hussnain Ali, Talha J. Ahmad, Asim Ajaz,
and Shoab A. Khan………………………………………………………..15-16
Wireless Power Transfer……………………………………………...……16-20

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….…..………….21

CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………………..….22

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………23

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
NO. FIGURES NO.

1. Resonant inductive coupling circuit diagram 3

2. Closely coupled inductive wireless chargers 4

3. Basic system configuration of a Qi wireless charging 5

system.

4. Comparison between a closely-coupled inductive wireless 7

charging system and a loosely-coupled resonant wireless
charging system

5. QI Wireless Charger PCBA Circuit Board 8

6. Wireless power transfer block diagram 8

7. 12

Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants

8. 13

The prototype of a capsule with 3-D coils

9. 13

A comparison of the wireless gastrostimulator prototype

with a neurostimulator
10. Cochlear implant figure 14

11. Implanted hearing device for hearing loss figure 15

12. Wireless power transfer working 18

13. Wireless power transfer circuit 18

14. Wireless parking charging 19

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

CHAPTER 1

PREAMBLE
1.1 Introduction
The technology that allows devices to charge without being plugged in actually turned 130 this
year, and it’s never been more useful. Today, wireless charging technology allows us to cut the
cord with a variety of devices, and eventually, we’ll rarely have to plug-in. Early buyers of the
iPhone X and 8 have been using wireless charging capabilities since September, while many
Samsung and Google phone users have been chilling on charging ports for years. But as you’ve
drifted off to sleep while your phone rests on a Qi, maybe you’ve wondered, how does wireless
charging work? To answer that, we’ll have to go back to 1890s New York City.

Between 1888 and 1906, Nikola Tesla spent most of his time and fortune on a series of projects
to develop the transmission of electrical power without any wires. New York City he had just
installed the world’s first electric power grid in 1886, and it only served the Lower East Side.
Tesla had a far grander vision. He believed wireless power was probable, and he built
something called a “Tesla Tower,” which is a giant coil connected to a 200-feet-high tower
with a ball three feet in diameter. Tesla pumped 300 kilowatts of power into the device, and
the coil resonated at 150 kilohertz. The Tesla coil worked by converting low-voltage alternating
current electricity to very high voltage and increases the frequency. His prototype, which is
enormous and cost him a great deal, worked in his lab. But when it came to functioning on a
grander, outdoor scale, the experiment failed: The power diffused in all directions, and Tesla
had no way of containing it to get the coil to focus its power.
Tesla’s Tesla coil prototype, below, has been on display at the Griffith Observatory since 1937,
and it’s awesome. Watch how it powers the neon sign without any wires or cords. If you can
imagine it, this is what is being done to charge your smartphone wirelessly, but on a much
smaller and quieter scale. Though many other inroads to wireless charging happened in the
following century, none of the other ideas had the strength and power of Tesla’s coil.
In the Tesla coil, that giant, hulking device was several feet from the neon sign it powered. The
sign wasn’t sitting on a “powermat.” But in wireless charging pads, the coils are tiny—only a
few inches in diameter—which limits the distance the power can travel.
In 2006, researchers at MIT, who later formed a startup, WiTricity, were able to prove that they
could transfer electricity at a distance of two meters using the magnetic resonance method.
Though 60 percent of the power was lost during this initial transfer, their experiments enticed
investors like Toyota and robotics companies. Today, WiTricity is still working to make long-
distance wireless charging possible. Thus, the magnetic resonance method remains popular.

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

1.2 Literature Survey

To go ahead with the project and understand it’s working and entire concept, we referred
to a lot of papers that give the basic ideals used in this technology. The concept of Wireless
charging is of such prime importance to the world right now that it’s uses are in major
fields such as biomedical, in body implants and other major functions like charging a car
when it runs out of battery. All the papers that were researched have been elaborately
explained in the last chapter. To give the readers a treasure chest of knowledge that comes
with respect to wireless charging and it’s applications

1.3 Problem statement

The problem statement we started with is basically the issues faced by people when it
comes to charging a phone. When the phone runs out of battery and a person does not have his
or her charger at hand, Wireless charger seems to be the best solution. And there are various
other factors like efficiency, heating up of the charger and the phone, loss of energy and data
that acted as problems while designing the project.

1.4 Objective

The objective in mind was to overcome is the compatibility issues that users face when
it comes to charging a phone with all type of different cords available these days. Along with
giving the users a good charging experience that makes the lives of our end users a little more
“charged with energy”. In the fast paced world, losing connectivity is one of the most
undesirable things and hence through our project we’ve tried to work on these aspects.

1.5 Methodology

The methodology that was used in this project is that of “resonant inductive coupling”.
The whole working principle has been explained in detail to let the readers understand the
working basis of the device. Certain limitation have also been mentioned, that throw light on
the drawbacks and uncertainties of the charger.

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CHAPTER 2

WORKING OPERATION

Wireless charging is starting to become something that manufactures regard as the need of the
day considering the demand that the users create around it. The concept of wireless charging
is simple: a coil energized with an oscillating electromagnetic field induces a current in a
secondary coil in close proximity. Under optimum conditions the process is efficient. But the
bigger question we face is which type of charging would be most effective.

Normally Wireless charging is enabled through three different forms:

 Inductive Charging: Uses electromagnetic waves to transfer energy and charge devices
wirelessly. Inductive charging requires the device to be placed on a conductive charging
pad/equipment, which is directly connected to a wall socket. It is mainly used to charge
small hand-held devices such as, smartphones, PDAs and mobile phones.
 Resonance Charging: Used for charging large devices and equipment such as laptops,
robots, cars and more. It consists of a sending (sender) copper coil and a receiving
(receiver) copper coil at the device end. The sender and receiver must configure the
same electronic magnetic frequency to transfer electrical energy.

In our circuit we use the concept of “resonant inductive coupling”

Resonant inductive coupling circuit diagram

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

Explaining Induction:

The whole concept of wireless charging started by Nikola Tesla and the basic principles was
that an alternating current in a wire loop generated an alternating magnetic field which in turn
induced an alternating current in a nearby secondary coil. If a load were to be attached to the
secondary coil, it could be used charging a battery etc.

Qi Wireless Charging with a wireless energy transfer of up to 5 watt.

Qi [Chinese word for “ENERGY FLOW”] is the universal standard for wireless charging of
battery operated devices like cell phones, iPods, MP3 players and cameras.
The wireless power transfer occurs through electromagnetic induction. With inductive
charging the required power reaches the device not through a traditional cable but
rather wirelessly through the use of electromagnetic fields. The principle is very simple: the Qi
Sender (Charging Station) transfers the required energy to the Qi receiver (the mobile phone).

The Qi specification is based on two types of devices: a base station for charging and the device
to be charged . Base stations typically have a flat surface onto which the user places one or
more mobiles, the mobile must be flat on the base station surface such that the coils are parallel
and the gap between them is less than 10 mm.

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

Basic system configuration of a Qi wireless charging system.

The power transmitter (housed in the base station) includes two main functional units - a power
conversion unit and a communications and control unit. The primary coil is part of the power
conversion unit. The control and communications unit regulates the transferred power to the
level that the power receiver requests.

The Qi specification is for an AC frequency in the primary coil of between 110 and 205 kHz
for the “low power” Qi chargers (up to 5 W) and between 80 and 300 kHz (up to 120 W) for
the “medium power” chargers.

The main advantage of a “closely coupled inductive wireless charging system” is that it has
relatively high efficiency. A system that is carefully designed can transmit 30 to 60 percent of
the power, driving the primary coil to the secondary coil. Because of this relatively high
efficiency, heat build-up is maintained low, allowing the transfer of significant power and
speeding up charging cycles.

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

Explaining Resonance:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), explored ways of improving the efficiency of

wireless charging systems. The institute focused on the fact that magnetic field flux rapidly
falls off as the coils in an inductive wireless charging system are moved apart. Beyond a few
centimeters, the flux becomes so weak that power transfer is as good as null. MIT researchers
realized that a “non-radiating” wireless charging technique was needed to free power transfer
from the inverse square law that governed inductive techniques.

MIT came up with a system that transferred power between coils operating at (identical)
resonant frequencies (determined by the coils’ distributed capacitance, resistance and
inductance). The technique is still “inductive” in that the oscillating magnetic field generated
by the primary coil induces a current in the secondary but it takes advantage of the strong
coupling that occurs between resonant coils – even when separated by tens of centimetres.

The energy “tunnels” from one coil to the other instead of spreading in all directions from the
primary coil. The result is that, although energy still attenuates to some degree with distance,
the primary source of reduction in energy is the Q factor (gain bandwidth) of the coils. The Q
factor can be improved with good design. Also, resonant energy transfer is not dependent on
the coils being in the same orientation. A further advantage of the technology is its ability to
transfer power between a single primary coil and multiple secondary coils.

Comparison and Conclusion

Resonant wireless charging addresses the main drawback of inductive wireless charging; the
requirement to closely couple the coils which demands precise alignment from the user.
Resonant wireless charging has its own drawbacks, though. Chief among these are a relatively
low efficiency due to flux leakage (even at close range a well-designed system might
demonstrate an efficiency of 30 percent at 2 cm, dropping to 15 percent at 75 cm coil separation
(again, depending on where the measurement is made), greater circuit complexity and, because
of the (typically) high operating frequencies, potential electromagnetic interference (EMI)
challenges.

What it boils down to is designers have a choice of two wireless charging technologies.
Inductive wireless charging relies on a relatively low-frequency oscillating field transferring
power between non-resonant but closely coupled coils at medium-to-high power levels with
good efficiency. The technology is relatively simple, is already (primarily in the form of Qi)
incorporated into a good selection of mobile. The downside is the requirement to keep the
charger and the device-under-charge carefully aligned.

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

Inductive wireless charging is a good choice if the requirement is to be able to charge a single
device quickly and efficiently on a dedicated charging mat that incorporates alignment aids or
multiple coils.

Resonant wireless charging relies on a high-frequency oscillating magnetic field transferring

energy between two coils operating at the same resonant frequency. The coils can be loosely
coupled but demand a high Q factor if energy transfer is to be maintained over several centimeters. Several
devices can be charged from a single primary coil. The technology is more complex than inductive and is
less efficient.

Comparison between a closely-coupled inductive wireless charging system and a loosely-coupled resonant
wireless charging system

Hence in our project we decided to combine both the main principles to achieve efficient
charging with greater distance parameter. And so it’s “Resonant Inductive Coupling”.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

QI Wireless Charger PCBA Circuit Board

CONDUCTING COIL
(INDUCTIVE IN NATURE)

LAYERS OF
WOODEN
PIECES

QI CHARGER BOARD

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

The block diagram is basically the set-up of the wireless charger. In our project we make sure
of wooden blocks to make the body of the charger.

There is a wooden base that has the Qi chip that has been inserted into it. There is another layer
of wooden blocks which has the charging pad. All this basically forms the primary part of the
circuit and acts the transmitter side

A phone that is Qi compatible, is to be kept on the charging pad and once the chip is inserted
into a USB port and turned on, the phone acts the secondary part of the circuit that acts as the
receiving side.

Once the resonant inductive couple efficiently takes place, we can see that the phone starts to
charge and that the battery sees an increase in the percentage.

CHAPTER 3

Limitations and Specifications:

LIMITATIONS:

 For a Qi charging board, if your phone is not in contact with the charging pad, you can't
really use your device while it's charging. Above all this, many of the Qi chargers only
allow one device to be charged at a time. Due to these constraints, widespread adoption
outside of mobile phones should continue to be limited.
 Not all phones can be used to charge via a Qi charger board as they aren’t Qi
compatible. Only Qi charger board compatible phones can be used to charge.
 Though the signal transmitted between your smartphone and the charging station is
wireless, it is still necessary to plug the charging station to the wall.
 The process of charging tends to be slower as it cannot reach the same level of
efficiency as traditional charging.

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Tables of specifications:

SPECIFICATIONS:

(i) For QI Charger Board

Input Voltage DC5V

Input Current 2A

Charging Voltage 5V

Charging Current 500-1000mA

Charging Power 10W

Charging Distance 5mm

Conversion ≥75%

Coil material Copper

PCBA size Approx.62*38mm/2.44*1.50in

Coil Diameter Approx.5cm/1.97in

Lead wire length 10cm/3.93in

Weight 22g/0.78oz

Table1.1

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CHAPTER 4

RELEVANT RESEARCH PAPERS

1) BODY ELECTRIC - Smitha Rao and J.-C. Chiao

The electrical properties of biological cells, tissues, and organs studied in

electrophysiology not only provide information about the normal/abnormal
activities of human bodies but also provide a means to directly restore, repair,
replace, or recreate physiological functions in humans to improve quality of life.

For example, cardiac pacemakers, recordings of electric signals spatially and

temporally around the brain and central nervous system, such as
electroencephalography [(EEG), Sensations such as hearing and vision can be
restored by cochlear or retinal implant, Tremors can be controlled with deep brain
stimulation, Chronic pain can be inhibited

 Applications of Electronic Implants

Miniaturized antennas with efficient, high-frequency radio chips not only provide
wireless communication to transduce organ or tissue signals to a receiver outside
the body and receive commands to adjust the implant settings but also allow
continuous monitoring and therapeutic treatment without hindrance to the
patient’s daily life. Chemicals or proteins such as neurotransmitters can be
continuously monitored.

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 Need for Wireless Power Transfer

Currently, a majority of the space in most electronic implants is occupied by

batteries, despite the tremendous progress chargeable battery technologies. If the
capacity is not sufficient, the battery depletes early, which requires frequent
surgeries to replace the implant. Energy harvesting has been proposed from tissue
motions or heartbeats using piezoelectric devices.

RF wireless power transfer technology has been greatly involved in various

industries because of its unique features, such as availability of low-cost
electronics, convenience, portability, and environmental robustness, these
features are make it suitable for medical implants.

Progress has been achieved with wirelessly powered or charged implants for
gastroesophagus reflux monitoring applications, gastrostimulators in the
management of gastroparesis and stomach motility disorders, passive devices for
bladder volume monitoring in incontinence management, cortical implants for
monitoring neural activities, flexible epiretinal implants for stimulation of the
retina, cardiac implants for pacing, and endoscopic capsules for imaging inside
the digestive tract. These applications demonstrate the advantages of wirelessly
powered medical devices

 Certain real time examples

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Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants

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 WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

A comparison of the wireless gastrostimulator prototype with a

neurostimulator that has been FDA approved for stomach pacing

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2) COCHLEAR IMPLANT – Hussnain Ali, Member, IEEE, Talha J. Ahmad, Asim Ajaz, and
Shoab A. Khan

Cochlear implant is one of the most successful prosthetic devices in terms

of performance as well as demand. It’s basically a device which restores
hearing ability of the patients with conductive as well as sensory neural
hearing loss. Speech processing techniques are used in these implants.
Sound is acquired through a microphone which is then processed in a
speech processor. Speech processor is a digital signal processor
programmed with different speech processing strategies. All speech
processing strategies usually split the acquired sound signal into different
frequency bands called channels, before compressing and converting them
into two phase pulses.

Figure 4. Block diagram of a cochlear implant system

The acoustic component, like a hearing aid, amplifies sounds and sends
them via the normal hearing pathway. At the same time, the processor
converts high frequency sounds to digital information which is sent to the
implant under the skin. The implant sends electrical signals down the
electrode into the cochlea, stimulating the nerve fibres. This nerve

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response is sent to the brain, where it is combined with the response from
the amplified sounds from the acoustic component into a perceived
sound.

3) WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

Among the problems in power transfer power losses is one of the major
issues (approximately estimated as26%) . As one of the main reasons is
from the resistance of wires used in grid (from world resource institution
27-40%in India) Nikola Telsa has proposed the method of transmission
through electromagnetic induction
This is termed as wireless power transfer and can be defined as the
transmission of power from a source to electric load without wires .This
is favourable as it is reliable, low maintenance cost , fast ,and used for
short or long ranges etc .The basic working of the power transfer in
wireless method is that two object of the same or similar resonance
frequency and in magnetic resonance at powerfully coupled rule tends to
exchange the energy, while dissipating relatively little energy to the
extraneous off-resonant objects.

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Hardware Requirements of Wireless Power Transfer. The hardware

requirements of wireless power transfer include HF-Transformer, HF-
diodes, rectifier, basic Transistors, Two air filled inductor coils, Voltage
regulator and BLDC fan. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) makes it
possible to supply power through an air gap, without the need for current-
carrying wires. WPT can provide power from an AC source to compatible
batteries or devices without physical connectors or wires. WPT can
recharge mobile phones and tablets, drones, cars, even transportation
equipment. It may even be possible to wirelessly transmit power gathered
by solar-panel.

Project Working

The main concept of this project is to design a device for the concept of
wireless power transfer to eliminate the use conventional copper cables
and also current carrying wires.
This project is built upon using a circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz
to AC 12V, High frequency (HF). The output is fed to a tuned coil
shaping as main of an air core transformer. The minor coil develops a
voltage of HF 12volt. Thus the power transfer can be done by the primary
to the secondary that is divided with 3cm distance. So the transfer could
be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to
run a load.

The advantages of WPT include the following:

• Simple design
• Lower frequency operation
• Low cost
• Practical for short distance

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Wireless Power Transfer Disadvantages

The disadvantages of WPT include the following
• High power loss
• Non-directionality
• Inefficient for longer distances

Where WPT Works

All WPT technologies are currently under active research, much of it
focused on maximizing power transfer efficiency (PDF) and investigating
techniques for magnetic resonant coupling (PDF). In addition to the idea
of walking into a room equipped for WPT and having your devices
charge automatically, much more ambitious projects are in place.
Across the globe, electric buses are becoming the norm; London's iconic
double-decker buses are planning for wireless charging, as are bus
systems in South Korea, Utah, and Germany.
Using WiTricity, invented by MIT scientists, electric cars can be charged
wirelessly, and those cars can wirelessly charge your mobiles! (Using Qi
charging, of course!) This wireless technology is convenient, to be sure,
but it may also charge cars faster than plug-in charging can.

An experimental system for wirelessly powering drones has already been

demonstrated. And as mentioned above, ongoing research and
development is focused on the prospect of supplying some of Earth's
energy needs using WPT in conjunction with space-based solar panels.
WPT works everywhere!

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Figure 5. Wireless power transfer working.

Figure 6. Wireless power transfer circuit

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Wireless charging can be as efficient as a wired charging. Based on the reviewed
literature and collected data, suggests that wireless power transmission could be
feasible. Modern science has now made it possible to use electricity without
having to plug in any wires for charging. In this project, wireless charging of
1050mAh battery has been focused. The circuit for this purpose has been
designed, fabricated, implemented and tested. This circuit consists of a Qi charger
board. Initially, the input current is 2A and the charging current is found to be
500-1000Ma at 5V. It charges 100% battery in 45mins within the range of
5mm.Wireless power transmission has been the subject of many studies in the
past, and will continue to be so in the future. Use the device application it can
wirelessly charge up the batteries which can save power, time, and money in a
long run for the general public.

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CONCLUSION

Wireless power systems are constantly evolving as more and more practical
options for conveniently charging smart phones and other mobile devices. User
experience is the key factor that drives technology development paving the way
for safer and more convenient devices accompanying us in everyday life. This
method provides great advantage to the mobile phone users to carry their mobile
phones anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for charging.

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REFERENCES

 [1] Figure 2: Basic system configuration of a Qi wireless charging system (Image courtesy
of Menno WPC at English Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0, Commons at Wikipedia.org)

 [2] Smitha Rao (smitha@uta.edu) and J.-C. Chiao (jcchiao@uta.edu) are with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, United States.

 [3] Figure 4: Block diagram of a cochlear implant system by by Qian-Jie Fu
Development and Evaluation of the Nurotron 26-Electrode Cochlear Implant System -
Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-functional-block-diagram-of-the-Nurotron-26-
electrode-cochlear-implant_fig2_266397371 [accessed 28 Dec, 2018]

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