INSURANCE LAW

PROJECT
TOPIC:

THE ROLE OF
INSURANCE IN THE
AVIATION INDUSTRY

MADE BY:
NIHARIKA SINGH : A11911115077
PRITHVI YADAV : A11911115068
COURSE : B.A.LL.B(H) 2015-2020
SECTION : “F”
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude

and deep regards to my guide Ms. MEENU SHARMA
for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The
blessing, help and guidance given by her time to time
shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on
which I am about to embark.
INTRODUCTION OF INDIAN AVIATION
SECTOR
Aviation Industry in India is one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world. With
the liberalization of the Indian aviation sector, aviation industry in India has undergone a
rapid transformation. From being primarily a government-owned industry, the Indian aviation
industry is now dominated by privately owned full service airlines and low cost carriers.
Private airlines account for around 75% share of the domestic aviation market. Earlier air
travel was a privilege only a few could afford, but today air travel has become much cheaper
and can be afforded by a large number of people.
The origin of Indian civil aviation industry can be traced back to 1912, when the first air
flight between Karachi and Delhi was started by the Indian State Air Services in collaboration
with the UK based Imperial Airways. It was an extension of London-Karachi flight of the
Imperial Airways. In 1932, JRD Tata founded Tata Airline, the first Indian airline. At the
time of independence, nine air transport companies were carrying both air cargo and
passengers. These were Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways, Air service of India, Deccan
Airways, Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways, Orient Airways and Mistry Airways. After
partition Orient Airways shifted to Pakistan.
In early 1948, Government of India established a joint sector company, Air India
International Ltd in collaboration with Air India (earlier Tata Airline) with a capital of Rs 2
crore and a fleet of three Lockheed constellation aircraft. The inaugural flight of Air India
International Ltd took off on June 8, 1948 on the Mumbai-London air route. The Government
nationalized nine airline companies vide the Air Corporations Act, 1953. Accordingly it
established by 1995, several private airlines had ventured into the aviation business and
accounted for more than 10 percent of the domestic air traffic. These included Jet Airways
Sahara, NEPC Airlines, East West Airlines, ModiLuft Airlines, Jagsons Airlines, Continental
Aviation, and Damania Airways. But only Jet Airways and Sahara managed to survive the
competition. Meanwhile, Indian Airlines, which had dominated the Indian air travel industry,
began to lose market share to Jet Airways and Sahara. Today, Indian aviation industry is
dominated by private airlines and these include low cost carriers such as Deccan Airlines,
GoAir, SpiceJet etc, who have made air travel affordable.

HISTORY OF AVIATION INSURANCE

Aviation Insurance was first introduced in the early years of the 20th Century. The first
aviation insurance policy was written by Lloyd's of London in 1911. The company stopped
writing aviation policies in 1912 after bad weather and the resulting crashes at an air meet
caused losses on many of those first policies.
It is believed that the first aviation polices were underwritten by the marine insurance
Underwriting community.
In 1929 the Warsaw convention was signed. The convention was an agreement to establish
terms, conditions and limitations of liability for carriage by air, this was the first recognition
of the airline industry as we know it today.
By 1933 realising that there should be a specialist industry sector the International Union of
Marine Insurance set up an aviation committee, and by 1934 eight European aviation
insurance companies and pools were formally established and the International Union of
Aviation Insurers was born.
The London insurance market is still the largest single centre for aviation insurance. The
market is made up of the traditional Lloyds of London syndicates and numerous other
traditional insurance markets. Throughout the rest of the world there are national markets
established in various countries, this is dependent on the aviation activity within each
country, the US has a large percentage of the world's general aviation fleet and has a large
established market.
No single insurer has the resources to retain a risk the size of a major airline, or even a
substantial proportion of such a risk. The Catastrophic nature of aviation insurance can be
measured in the number of losses that have cost insurers hundreds of millions of dollars
(Aviation accidents and incidents). Most airlines arrange "fleet policies" to cover all aircraft
they own or operate.

RISK COVERED IN AVIATION INSURANCE

There are different types of risk which takes place in aviation insurance and those
risks are covered in aviation insurance they are as follows:
There are mainly two kinds of risks which an aviation insurance company will cover which
has been divided into two parts. They are:
1. Normal Risks
2. Liabilities
These two risks are further divided into various parts which involve various risks and
liabilities they are which is explained in detail later on.

NORMAL RISKS
These risks are those risks which every aviation company in this industry carries it on its back
when it enters into the business. These risks may differ from time to time and situation to
situation. These are
1. Hull Risks
2. Hull War Risks
3. Spares All Risks/ War Risks
4. Hull total Loss Only cover
These risks are those risks which takes place when these takes place when any of these
factors comes into action. Because all the above risks mentioned above are unpredictable and
may occur at any time.

HULL RISKS
The hull "All Risks" policy will usually refer to something like "all risks of physical loss or
damage to the aircraft from any cause except as hereinafter excluded".
Airline hull "All Risks" policies are subject to a standard level of deductible (that is an
uninsured amount borne by the Insured) applicable in the event of partial (non-total) loss.
Currently, this deductible can range from $50,000 in respect of a Twin Otter to $1,000,000 in
respect of a wide-bodied jet aircraft, such as a Boeing 747.
Deductibles too can be reduced by means of a separate "Deductible Insurance" policy. The
Deductible Insurance Policy is effected to reduce the large "All Risks" policy deductibles to a
more manageable level. For example the US$1,000,000 applicable to a Boeing 747 can be
reduced to say US$100,000.
The term "all risks" can be misleading. "All risks of physical loss or damage" does not
include loss of use, delay, or consequential loss. "Grounding" is a good example of
consequential loss. Some years ago when there had been a couple of accidents involving
DC10 Aircraft, the Civil Aviation Authorities throughout the world imposed a "grounding
order" on that type of aircraft.
That order in effect said until certain things had been established and checked out those
aircraft could not fly. The operators of those aircraft were unable to fly them and as a
consequence of that they "lost" the use of them. But the aircraft were not "lost" - it was
known precisely where they were but they could not be used to carry passengers. Such an
eventuality would not be covered by an "all risks" policy because in such circumstances there
is no PHYSICAL loss or damage.
What the policy will cover is the reinstatement of the aircraft to its "pre-loss" condition, if
repairable damage is involved, or some other form of settlement in the event that more
substantial damage is sustained. Exactly what form of settlement will depend on the policy
conditions.
Today, the vast majority of airline hull "all risks" policies are arranged on an "Agreed Value
Basis". This provides that the Insurers agree with the Insured, for the policy period, the value
of the aircraft and as such, in the event of total loss, this Agreed Value is payable in full.
Under an Agreed Value policy the replacement option is deleted.
The hull risks does not cover some risks whish are as follows :
1. Wear, tear and gradual deterioration - in common with most non-marine policies
(which includes aviation insurance) these perils are thought to be a trading expense and not a
peril to be insured.
2. Ingestion damage - caused by stones, grit, dust, sand, ice, etc., which result in
progressive engine deterioration is also regarded as "wear and tear and gradual deterioration",
and as such is excluded. Ingestion damage caused by a single recorded incident (such as
ingestion of a flock of birds) where the engine or engines concerned have to shut down is not
regarded as wear and tear and is covered subject to the applicable policy deductible.
3. Mechanical Breakdown - likewise is thought by aviation insurers to be an operating
expense, but subsequent damage outside the unit concerned is usually covered. However, it is
possible to obtain insurance coverage against mechanical breakdown of engines by way of a
separate policy. This coverage has a high degree of exposure and as a result is relatively
expensive. The majority of airlines do not purchase it probably viewing such exposure as a
part of the "engineering"

HULL WAR RISKS

The hull "All Risks" policy will contain the exclusion of "War and Allied Perils". Generally
speaking, throughout the aviation insurance world, "War and Allied Perils" have a defined
meaning. In the London Aviation Insurance Market the standard exclusion is called the War,
Hi-jacking and Other Perils Exclusion Clause (currently known by its reference - AVN48B
for short) this lists and defines these so-called war and allied perils. It say,
1. War - this includes civil war and war with no formal declaration.
2. The detonation of a weapon
3. Strikes, riots, civil commotions and labour disturbances.
4. Political or terrorist acts.
5. Malicious or sabotage acts.
6. Confiscation, nationalization, requisition and the like by any government.
7. 7.Hijacking or Unlawful exercise to control plane other than crew members of the
flight concerned.
The majority of the excluded "War and Allied Perils", other than the detonation of a nuclear
weapon and a war between the Great Powers (the aviation insurance world identifies these as
the U.S.A., the Russian Federation, China, France and the UK), can normally be covered by
way of a separate "War and Allied Perils" policy. Aircraft deductibles are not normally
applied in respect of losses arising out of "War and Allied Perils".
Other exclusions insurers will usually apply are, as follows:-
1. Confiscation etc. by the "state" of registration (this exclusion can often be deleted in
respect of financial interests - albeit, in some instances at an additional premium charge)
2. Any debt, failure to provide bond or security or any other financial cause under court
order or otherwise;
3. The repossession or attempted repossession of the Aircraft either by any title holder or
arising out of any contractual agreement to which any Insured protected under the policy may
be party;
4. Delay and loss of use. (Although there is often an extension to the policy for a limited
amount for extra expenses necessarily incurred following confiscation or hijacking).
The aircraft hull "War and Allied Perils" policy will cover the aircraft on an "Agreed Value"
basis against physical loss or damage to the aircraft occasioned by any of these perils. This
statement is made carefully and deliberately in order to highlight the essential difference from
a "Political Risks" Insurance.

SPARES ALL RISKS

First of all we must identify what we mean by a "spare" or perhaps - "when is a spare not a
spare" to which a simple answer is "when it is attached". Under most "Hull" policies the word
"Aircraft" means Hulls, machinery, instruments and the entire equipment of the aircraft
(including parts removed but not replaced). Once a part is replaced it is no longer, from an
insurance viewpoint, part of the aircraft. Conversely once a spare part is attached to an
aircraft as a part of that aircraft (not in the hold as cargo or on the wing as an extra pod) it is
no longer a "spare".
If the equipment is insured on the hull "All Risks" policy the automatic transfer of coverage
from "aircraft" to "spare" and vice versa is automatically accomplished.
Having established when a spare is a spare how is it insured as such? Usually in one of two
ways. Either under a "spares" section of a hull policy or by a separate Spares Policy. In either
case the scope of coverage will probably be similar. All Risks whilst on the Ground and in
Transit for a limit of [so much] any one item or sending or any one location. War Risks can
also be covered (in respect of transits), Strikes, Riots, Civil Commotions can be covered in
accordance with standard market clauses. Spares coverage is usually subject to a small
deductible except, however, in respect of ground running of spare engines when the
appropriate Ingestion deductible will be applied. Spares are normally covered on an agreed
value basis - usually their replacement cost (be it new or reconditioned - as is required).
Spares installed on any aircraft are not covered by the Spares Insurance. They become, from
an insurance standpoint, a part of the aircraft upon which they are installed and a part of the
Agreed Value for which it is insured. This becomes particularly important if the parts are
loaned to another airline.

HULL TOTAL LOSS ONLY COVER

This is similar to Hull All Risks cover given above but will respond only to total losses of
aircraft, whether actual, constructive or arranged. This is particularly given for old aircraft
since the old aircraft are heavily depreciated and insured for low sums and premium on such
low sums would result in low premium, which would be inadequate for the partial losses. The
ratio of partial losses to total losses in such old aircraft is distorted.

LIABILITIES
Liabilities are those risks which may arise due to some consequences or some “reasons” the
company has to face. Those “reasons” are as follows
1. Aircraft Liability
2. Excess Liability
3. Aerospace Manufacturers products and Grounding Liability
4. Airport Owners and Operations Liability
5. Product Liability
A liability is a present obligation of the enterprise arising from past events, the settlement of
which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying
economic benefits.
The explanations of all the liabilities are given below :

AIRCRAFT LIABILITY
Here in aircraft liability there are many other liabilities involved which are further divided
into four parts. They are
1. PASSENGER LIABILITY
Coverage for aircraft operators in the event a passenger is injured, killed or disabled during
an accident while aboard an insured aircraft. Aviation policies divided liability coverage into
two parts--general liability (excluding passengers), and passenger liability.
A Passenger Liability policy covers incidents resulting from the transportation of passengers
by land, sea or air and can often be included as part of a aviation insurance policy.
However care must be taken to check that the motor policy wording does not exclude fare-
paying passengers, which is often the case. It is unlikely that an underwriter will be prepared
to cancel or amend the wording of a standard motor vehicle policy.
For this reason Daily Cover policies are specifically for to cater for fare-paying passenger
liability.

2. THIRD PARTY LIABILITY

This program offers 3rd Party Liability insurance coverage for non-commercial operations
only. Pilot and passenger injuries and aircraft physical damage are not covered. This member
benefit program is designed to allow non-commercial pilots the benefits that insurance
coverage can offer.
While pilot and passenger injuries and damage to the aircraft itself are not covered under a
Third Party program, financial responsibilities bodily injury or property damage caused by
the aircraft for which the pilot is found to be legally liable to pay to others is covered.
Additional insured parties such as landowners, municipalities and airports, can also be
covered under this type of policy. Because the possession of Third Party coverage provides
landowners with a Certificate of Insurance showing that coverage is in place, access to more
flying sites are accessible for the operation of your aircraft.
When one engages in recreational activities requiring the use of a vehicle - whether it be land,
water, or air sports related - there are inherent factors that could result in liability issues. No
one wants to enjoy an activity and then have the pleasure of it clouded with possible
situations that would result in liability claims against their hard earned savings. This Third
Party liability insurance for USUA members can help relieve the worry of possible claims
against the pilot should this type of situation occur. Additionally, access to airports, flight
parks, and flying events often require liability coverage. Many states require insurance of this
nature just to operate an airplane of any description. Third party liability coverage is also less
expensive than full coverage, and therefore allows the members (insurance holders) the
opportunity to enjoy the thrill of aviation without the worry of liability concerns or the
expense of high-priced insurance.
The people can be only eligible who are a registered, certificated or licensed pilot are eligible.
Sport Pilot Students who are endorsed to solo are also eligible. Pilot registration can be with
any recognized organization.

3. BAGGAGE LIABILITY
This kind of liability may include various reasons in the happening. They are as follows:
A. Delays
If your bags are delayed, try not to panic. The airlines typically have ways to track them, and
about 98 percent of all misplaced luggage is returned eventually. If your bags are on the next
flight, you could have them within a few hours. If they've been sent to the wrong airport, it
could take a couple of days. Make sure to file your claim immediately at the airport and to
give the attendant a hotel or home phone number and address.
The airlines will typically bring you your luggage when it is found; you will rarely need to
return to the airport to pick it up. Additionally, many airlines will reimburse any unexpected
expenses caused by the loss or delay (keep your receipts!). But be careful here -- the airline
sometimes has the option to deduct any reimbursement or stipend from any subsequent
awards.
Before you leave the airport, be sure you know how to check on your bag's status; some
airlines have an online system while others will provide you with a phone number to call for
updates.
 B. Lost Baggage
If the airline loses your bags, make sure you get a written claim for damages. This may
require a different form than the original "missing luggage" form. This can be done at the
airport or by mail.
On domestic flights, the airline baggage liability is capped at $3,300 per person. On
international trips, the liability limit may vary, as it is governed by various international
treaties, including the Montreal and Warsaw Conventions.
You may need to produce receipts to prove the value of items you had in your suitcase. If you
have them, include copies in any documentation you send to the airline. (Keep in mind that
you will be reimbursed for the depreciated value of your items -- so the airline won't give you
the full $1,000 you paid for that suit you purchased two years ago.) You can purchase "excess
valuation" protection if your checked baggage is worth more than these limits (but before
doing so, make sure the items aren't already covered by your homeowner's or travel insurance
policy).
The airlines typically have a long list of items for which they will not be held responsible;
these include jewelry, money, heirlooms and other valuables. These sorts of items should
always be packed in your carry-on bag.

C. Stolen Baggage
Head directly to the baggage carousel when you get off your flight. Many airlines scan bags
when they're loaded into the baggage claim area and keep records, especially at larger
airports. Once you've left the baggage claim area, your claim is no longer with the airline, but
with the police.

D. Damaged Baggage
Once you've gotten your bags off the carousel, immediately check them for damage or other
signs of tampering or mishandling. Report any damage before leaving the airport; airline
customer service will often want to inspect the bag. Keep in mind that most airlines won't
cover minor wear and tear.

E. Cargo and Mail Damage

EXCESS LIABILITY
Excess liability is all about the refueling and the defueling of the aircraft. Excess liability is
also known as THIRD PARTY WAR RISKS.
AEROSPACE MANUFACTURERS PRODUCTS
AND GROUNDING LIABILITY
MANUFACTURERS PRODUCTS LIABILITIES
This type of insurance is essential for the manufacturer of aircrafts, its components and
related equipment. In addition, it is also necessary for those engaged in selling airplanes, its
parts or fuel, and for individuals who repair and/or maintain the aircrafts.
There are different laws, federal regulations and considerations for commercial airliners
versus small planes.
General aviation refers to aircraft such as small planes that seat less than 20 passengers and
were not engaged at the time of the flight in scheduled passenger-carrying operations. It
includes helicopters, as well. Knowledgeable brokers can assist in the process of identifying
what type of coverage is necessary on a case by case basis.
Coverage
This policy protects parties from claims arising from injury or damage caused by defects in
the products sold or manufactured or from improperly completed operations. Manufacturers,
distributors and sellers can be open to liability even if it is proven that the product was used
improperly. Insurance coverage will cover their legal fees needed for defense against claims
and class action suits.
Statistics
Though air traffic is considered to be a safe means of transportation, accidents do occur.
Some of the more common causes of many of these incidents are faulty equipment and
structural or design problems. Aviation products can cause catastrophic accidents as the
result of relatively minor failures.

GROUNDING LIABILITIES
This may include liabilities as follows :
1. PREMISES-LIABILITY
This basic part of the policy will protect the liability of the operation for the employees while
performing their duties. This would be the fueling operation, and any part of the business
associated with the office and ramp areas. The facility will add to this policy additional parts
to cover the specific needs of each operation.
2. HANGARKEEPERS
The larger operations, you know, like a Bell service center with 8 to 10 beautiful ships in
various stages of maintenance with full pilot training facilities for instance, is almost always
going to have exceptional policies covering their business operations that include what you
do. Their policy will cover any person acting on behalf of the operation in the carrying out of
their duties. This policy will protect you if you should do something unintentional that causes
damage. An example might be in the process of moving a helo in or out of the hangar with a
power tug. If you are watching one side and start the turn too soon and catch the tail boom or
rotor on the hangar door or another helicopter sitting next to the one you are moving, the
damage you cause will be covered by the coverage.Now let’s say you work for a maintenance
only shop with just 1or 2 ships being worked on at any one time. In these difficult economic
times, it is not unheard of for some operations to trim expenses and not purchase the
Hangarkeepers option of the policy. If you are unsure, work up the courage to ask your boss
if you are covered under this part of the policy. Seeing a copy of the declarations page with
the policy effective dates will help reassure you and will operations Hangarkeepers also tell
you if the coverage has been purchased.
3. TRAINING
It is the hope of the insurance underwriters that if you are asked to do something new that you
will have received training ahead of time. If you usually move a Robinson R22 or Schweizer
300 and are now asked to move a multi-million dollar Sikorsky S-61, please be sure you ask
for training or assistance. This same training will apply to any part of the operation you
perform. Even something that seems as simple as fueling or de-fueling must be part of your
training before you perform it by yourself. Underwriters would prefer the operation
participate in NATA’s Safety
4. IN-FLIGHT-HANGARKEEPERS
This coverage is important if you are operating the helicopter in flight. It is not uncommon
for an operation to do a test flight after maintenance has been performed or if avionics have
been installed or changed. Sometimes a problem reported by the owner can only be replicated
while in flight. If you are the one who flies it, be sure you meet all of the pilot requirements
of both the operators’ policy and the helicopter owners’ policy.
In almost every case, an owner will have an aircraft policy that has as part of their pilot
warranty a paragraph that states what qualifications a pilot needs to meet before he can fly as
part of a maintenance flight. There are some operators who believe that the owners’ policy
will cover any damage that results from a loss to the aircraft while flying under this
provision. Remember that the owner has a policy to protect them; not you.

AIRPORTS OWNERS AND OPERATIONS

LIABILITY
AIRPORT OWNERS LIABILITY
The work done by airport employees is considered to involve the greatest level of
professional responsibility. Even smallest errors by airport personnel can result in enormous
casualties and material losses. Therefore it is important for airport owners to insure not only
their property but also third-party liability.
Insurance objects:
The Insured’s liability as an airport owners and/or airport structures that may include:
A. airport terminal, airfield and other infrastructure;
B. fuelling station;
C. air traffic control center.
Insurance risks:
A. liability for causing material damage to third parties;
B. liability for causing damage to life and health of third parties.
Insurance period:
Period specified in the insurance policy – normally one year.
The cost of insurance is influenced by:
- number of take-off and landing operations;
- types of aircraft based at the airport;
- passenger and freight flow volumes;
- structures comprising the airport;
- security measures;
- working conditions of air traffic control center.
Exclusions:
Standard: military risks; risks related to nuclear explosion effects and radiation hazard.
Specific:
- liability to the Insured’s personnel;
- liability for property owned or temporarily possessed by the Insured;
- liability for injuries to persons and property resulting unless such activities have
been agreed on with the Insurer.
Also to mention that airport owner’s liability also includes operations liabilities.

PRODUCT LIABILITY
Product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers,
and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries
those products cause.
Theories of liability
In the United States, the claims most commonly associated with product liability are
negligence, strict liability, breach of warranty, and various consumer protection claims. The
majority of product liability laws are determined at the state level and vary widely from state
to state. Each type of product liability claim requires different elements to be proven to
present a successful claim.
Types of liability
Section 2 of the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability distinguishes between three
major types of product liability claims:
• manufacturing defect,
• design defect,
• a failure to warn (also known as marketing defects).
Manufacturing defects are those that occur in the manufacturing process and usually involve
poor-quality materials or shoddy workmanship. Design defects occur where the product
design is inherently dangerous or useless (and hence defective) no matter how carefully
manufactured. Failure-to-warn defects arise in products that carry inherent nonobvious
dangers which could be mitigated through adequate warnings to the user, and these dangers
are present regardless of how well the product is manufactured and designed for its intended
purpose.

FUTURE OF AVIATION INSURANCE

During the past century, man has realized his dream to fly. The aircraft has been developed
and partially perfected. The aviation industry, as it is known today, has grown into a set of
definable sub-industries based upon usage. Modern-day aircraft range from military to
commercial airlines to the most diverse group, general aviation. As with any technology-
based industry, aviation continues to grow and develop. New uses for aircraft are identified,
better aircraft and avionics are created, and problems are recognized and solved.
Although aviation has come a long way in the last 100 years, it is still a developing industry.
With growth and development come problems that must be solved before an industry can
graduate to the next level. In the United States, aviation is now being confronted with a series
of problems that may take as long to solve as the act of flight itself. As aviation enters the
new millennium, it is these problems with which the aviation insurance industry must deal.
Some are simply growing pains. Others are outside influences for which no simple solution
may exist.

LEGAL CONCERNS
In many cases, changes in other areas of our society have a great influence over aviation. This
is the case with our court system. The trend toward unreasonable verdicts and ridiculous
awards has forced many aircraft owners to create shell corporations to "front" as the
registered owner of their aircraft. Owners today are uncertain as to how much liability
insurance is adequate protection, a situation made far worse by the growing reluctance of
insurance underwriters to offer higher limits of liability protection at any price. The
underwriters explain that it is impossible for any aviation insurance company to predict an
adequate liability premium rating structure when the court decisions are so volatile and
erratic. All aviation insurance companies are heavily reinsured by companies in London and
other foreign markets, and those foreign insurers usually charge passenger liability premiums
for aircraft operated in the United States that are three to five times as much as those paid by
non-U.S. operators.
And so it goes for the owner of general aviation and commercial aviation aircraft in the
United States. Aircraft owners seem to be trapped between inadequate coverage limits, high-
priced liability insurance premiums, and the perils of the U.S. court system.

CAN SMALL AVAITION BUSINESSES SURVIVE

In the future, some sectors of the aviation community may simply cease to exist as a result of
the threat of financial devastation due to lawsuit. We've had a glimpse of this already when
the escalating cost of products liability insurance practically stopped the production of light
aircraft in the mid-1980s. It was only after a change in legislation limiting the time an aircraft
manufacturer could be held responsible for products liability that our industry resumed
production of new light aircraft.
In the future, such sectors of general aviation as the small piston repair shop and the small
flight training school may not be able to afford the increasing insurance premiums and in
some cases may not be able to buy adequate insurance at any price. This may spell the end
for many in these businesses. As of February 2000 at least three aviation insurance
companies have ceased writing small "Instruction and Rental" risks while others have
increased their premiums for this class.
The future may see the small maintenance facility replaced with a new-technology aircraft
requiring far less maintenance. The same style of maintenance used by the military and
airlines -- the remove-and-replace concept -- may become commonplace throughout general
aviation as well. Maintenance problems may be identified by computer and repaired only by
the manufacturer at factory service centers, a practice that is already common in today's bizjet
fleet. "Plug and fly" replacement parts keyed to a computer analysis may decrease cost with
little or no downtime.
All this, of course, is little consolation to owners of existing, older-technology, maintenance-
intensive aircraft. They're not getting any younger ... and neither are we.

AGING FLEET, AGING PILOTS

While aviation is not exactly a mature industry, it is aging. Maybe what we're seeing today is
just the end of a plateau in the overall development of aviation. The average age of both our
pilot population and our fleet (both commercial and general aviation) is increasing. Many
commercial and airline pilots today received their initial training in the military. The World
War II pilots are now in their 70s and 80s, the Korean War pilots are in their late 60s, and the
Vietnam pilots are in their 50s and 60s. One of the most common conversations we have with
our clients and friends concerns how they can extend their insurable years as a pilot. Aviation
is a great hobby for our retirement years.
Aircraft hull and liability insurance for the senior pilot has become such a concern that our
insurance agency has developed a special task force to help deal with this problem. Looking
into the future, as the baby boomers age, our average pilot populations continue to age. As
with automobile drivers, we have found this segment of our industry to be no more likely to
have an accident than the younger group. In fact, they tend to be more cautious, better
trained, and better financed than most underwriters care to admit. Maybe it is because we are
growing older ourselves, but we believe increased awareness at the underwriting level will
soon improve insurance company acceptance and serve to extend the insurable age of the
senior pilot. We can assure you, we are doing everything in our power to influence the
underwriting community in that direction.
Meantime, what can be done to infuse new blood in the cockpit? The industry is currently
suffering from a lack of trained professional pilots. Without the military-trained pilot to help
fill the need for commercial and airline pilots, we must depend solely upon civilian-trained
pilots. This then becomes an economic problem. There is no longer a generous GI Bill to
offset the cost of flight training in an age of escalating costs.
Many of our charter and corporate clients complain of sending a young second-in-command
to school on their aircraft, only to have the airlines snap them up upon completion. The trend
toward younger and younger pilots in the right seat is disturbing whether at the charter,
corporate, or airline level of operation.

SHRINKING FLEET
Primary training costs are increasing for a number of reasons. The high cost of new
replacement training aircraft and inadequate and expensive insurance render the training
sector of aviation vulnerable to lawsuits and financial disaster, and a shortage of qualified
instructors has slowed the flow of new pilots to a trickle. The shortage of career CFIs is due
in part to the low pay scale at most flight schools, whose owners respond that they're just
barely able to stay in business as it is.
The majority of the general aviation aircraft flying today are 15 to 20 years old and older. To
replace a simple single-engine Cessna 172 today would cost in excess of $140,000. A new
twin-engine Beech Baron is in the $1,000,000 range. Of course, used aircraft are always an
option. The obvious problem is that as new replacement aircraft increase in cost, the price of
good used aircraft is forced up as well. Today, there are no bargains. It is often a struggle to
find a used aircraft for sale with no damage history. Couple the normal attrition of our aging
fleet with the high cost of replacement aircraft and it is easy to understand why our overall
general aviation numbers are plummeting.
Again, a look into the future suggests that the majority of primary training will be done in
flight simulators and computerized flight-training devices. As demand increases and
technology advances, the full-motion simulator should become much more affordable and so
realistic the only thing left for the student pilot is the checkride. "Safe and inexpensive" will
become the name of the game.
If you want proof, the military has already adopted this method of training from the combat
tank to aircraft and everything in between, and airline pilots are getting type-rated in new
transport jets without having ever set foot in the actual aircraft.

TREND TOWARDS TUBINES

The current trend for corporate-owned-and-operated aircraft seems to be toward turbine-
powered aircraft. If new Barons sell for "a million bucks" out of the factory and a good used
King Air is also in the $1 million range, the decision is clear to many which is the preferable
aircraft in size, safety and maintenance cost. The myth that a light piston twin is easier to fly
than a turbine-powered aircraft is beginning to be dispelled. Now that the underwriting
community is imposing virtually the same training requirements upon the multi-engine piston
pilot as the turbine operator, there is less advantage in buying the piston-powered aircraft.
Couple the ease of operation of the turboprop and jet aircraft with the comparable cost of
acquisition, and you have an even more compelling argument against the piston engine.
The proof is in the requests our agency receives for insurance quotations. We are seeing
increasing momentum toward turbine and jet aircraft. For years, the corporate flight
department has insisted upon the business jet for comfort and safety. Now, with the
development of the single-pilot jets, there is increased interest from the businessman pilot in
Citation SPs, CitationJets, and other new-generation Williams-engine-powered jets. In our
opinion, this is clearly a look into the future. With the ease of operation and safety and the
decreasing acquisition and operational costs of new-generation turbine aircraft, it is easy to
see what the near future holds for the piston-powered aircraft.

TRANING : BETTER MORE EXPENSIVE

There is no argument among most commercial pilots and aviation insurance underwriters
that full-motion flight simulators should be a part of every training process. You simply
cannot practice the emergency procedures in the aircraft that can be demonstrated in a
simulator. Although not available for every aircraft at this time, more and more underwriters
are requiring simulator-based training at least annually. We get the complaint from many of
our clients that the cost to attend FlightSafety or Simcom is too high. Usually, they do not
take into account the cost of aircraft operation when comparing this with the traditional in-
aircraft flight training.
There is good news ahead, however. There is more competition in the upper-level flight
training area. With increased competition will come improved programs and improved
affordability. There will be more flight simulators available for a wider variety of aircraft. In
the future, we predict there will be full-motion simulator-based training at every level ... yes,
even for primary training. You may see a pilot solo without ever leaving the ground. This is
an insurance underwriter's dream!
WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD ?
We have no idea what can or should be done about the U.S. court system with its
irrational verdicts and out-of-control damage awards. From this standpoint, aircraft owners
and operators will continue to be plagued by high liability insurance premiums and
inadequate limits. We can only hope that society will wake up at some point, change its
attitude toward litigation, and break loose from the hold that attitude has over all of us.
Of course, adversity is the mother of innovation (and invention). With this in mind, the future
is very bright. New methods of training using simulators at all levels will produce more,
better-trained pilots. As these techniques become more available, the costs will continue to
decrease. Some of the new-generation flight simulation software for home PCs is quite
spectacular, and CFIs tell us it offers excellent training value (although the FAA does not yet
recognize this fact). New technology and new production methods may eventually bring
down the cost of new aircraft ownership, and a younger, more efficient fleet will be born. A
modern fleet of this type should be less expensive to repair and with the improved repair
costs, insurance hull premiums will also decline. In addition, these new-age improvements
are producing aircraft that are easier to handle and fly. Safety and comfort seem to be a
priority. As this permeates our fleet, accidents will surely decrease, and insurance premiums
will decline as well.
The advent of the computer is changing the way we live our lives, and the cockpit is no
exception. First seen in our navigational aids with the very affordable GPS, the computer is
revolutionizing the entire look and function of our instrument panels. Tom Chappell,
president of our agency, recently attended the open house of one of our clients to view his
new Lear 45. This new-generation aircraft is truly an awakening. Sitting in the cockpit
wondering just what all the new pretty and colorful screens and dials were, Tom felt as if he
was viewing a piece of equipment from a future epoch. The instrumentation, function and
completeness of the panel were truly a look into the future of general aviation. The way pilots
are trained in the future will be changing -- not just to cut costs, but because the aircraft of the
future are here and are like nothing you have ever seen.

INDIAN GOVERNMENT ON AVIATION

INSURANCE

Indian Aviation Insurance Market Overview 2008 Anant Pawar*

The author is the Vice President & Head – Aviation at Aon Global Insurance Brokers
Pvt. Ltd.
Insurers on aviation growth path Indian Insurers have come a long way in developing the
market capacity for aviation insurance business and as India‟s growth story continues,
Insurers have kept pace with the growing demand from buyers in India. Today the Indian
market is playing a key role in supporting not only buyers in India but also buyers in the sub-
continent, including major support to the SAARC region. As the Indian aviation industry
continues to grow, many new buyers have entered the insurance market with requirement for
different types of products. Apart from traditional airline and aircraft related insurances,
Insurers are now covering different verticals of aviation industry ranging from airports to
aircraft manufacturers with bigger risks appetite. The year 2008 has seen heightened level of
competition amongst both Public and Private Sector Insurance Companies in an attempt to
retain the current market share and to fulfil an ever increasing desire to participate in the
aviation growth story.
This is more so in the General Aviation (generally aircraft with less than 61 seats) segment
where the sum insured limits are within the capacities of many Indian Insurers. General
Aviation buyers in India have enjoyed substantially lower premium payouts in 2008
compared to their world and regional peers, as buyers have bargained hard taking advantage
of the soft market conditions and excess market quite a few buyers have switched their
insurers. On the Airline front, pricing continues to be driven by leading international markets
especially in London, as Indian Insurers continue to off load major risks to international
companies mainly in the European sub continent, with insurance brokers playing a very
important role in the entire process. Market Potential For 2008, Aviations direct premium
income in India is circa INR 3,750 million and this includes buyers from all segments
including airlines, general aviation, aerospace, airports, ground handlers, catering companies
etc but excluding satellite. Over 75% of the total premium comes from the airline segment
with another 23% from General Aviation. A very small portion of 2% is contributed by
airport, ground handlers, catering segment etc. In addition, capacity. In the process, National
Reinsurer, „GIC Re‟ writes substantial international aviation business (mainly by way of
inward reinsurance) coming into the country and gradually other insurers are following suit,
but with caution. Over the last 10 years GIC Re has emerged as one of the largest aviation
reinsurer in the international market and is playing a key role in supporting Indian Insurers.
Currently there are over 200 buyers of aviation insurances in the country who need aviation
products in one form or other. Many new buyers have entered the market in 2008 and the
trend is expected to continue in 2009 albeit at a slow pace. For the airline sector, customer
base and number of aircrafts has increased significantly in the past three years but current
economic situation is taking a toll on its future growth.
When one compares the above limits to 2-3 years back it signifies a jump of over 200%-
250% and majority of the capacity comes from National Reinsurer, GIC Re. New capacity
has entered Indian market especially during 2007, 2008 with Private Insurers buying
reinsurance programmes to support their direct underwriting. At the same time existing
Insurers have expanded their underwriting limits.
It is expected that capacity will be more or less stable during 2009 and as a result dependence
on international market for General Aviation is likely to get reduced, but for large airline
risks reliance on international market is expected to continue.

Claims Scenario
Each Insurer will have its own underwriting experience to show and can vary from its peers
considerably depending on their participation on the policies that has produced losses.
General Aviation claims in 2008 are expected to exceed Rs. 500 million and 2009 has started
on a bad note with claims in first five months exceeding Rs.350 million. As against this, past
10 years average general aviation losses are hovering around Rs.400 million. When we
compare these claim figures against the total general aviation premium in India, one may
come to a conclusion from the insurers perspective that general aviation is profitable over the
last 10 years period. This may not be true for all insurers, especially considering the fact that
10 years average loss figure consists of two or three major losses in each year. Insurers
participating on these losses would have been hit hard. Majority of the losses in the last 10
years are on account of aircraft damages and liability claims forma a very small portion of it.
However, by no means does this give any indication into the future considering the
catastrophic nature of aviation business.

Montreal Convention
The Indian Government ratified “Montreal Convention 1999” in March 2009 and currently it
applies to international travel. There is nothing on record at this stage to show that the revised
liability limits are applicable to domestic sectors. In brief, the Convention has increased
compensation levels for international passengers in the event of death or bodily injury and
damage and delay to the passenger baggage and cargo. While the compensation for death or
bodily injury has increased almost 7 times from the existing levels of approximately USD
20,000 to around USD 140,000, the compensation for damage to the checked baggage has
increased from approximately USD 20 per kg to around USD 1,400 per passenger. The
compensation for damage to cargo has increased from USD 20 per kg approximately to USD
24 per kg. The Warsaw System, which is in force in India by way of Carriage by Air Act,
1972 had allowed four choices of jurisdiction for filing of a claim by the passenger, namely,
place of issue of ticket, principle place of business of the carrier, the place of destination of
the passenger and the place of domicile of the carrier.
Through the Montreal Convention a fifth jurisdiction is added which is the place of domicile
of the passenger, provided the airline has a presence there. Therefore an Indian would be able
to file claim in India even if the journey was undertaken outside India. Liability Limit for
domestic passengers in the event of death or bodily injury continues to be at the old level of
Rs.750,000 for passengers above 12 years of age and Rs.350,000 for below 12 years. As
regards damage and delay to the passenger, baggage compensation is Rs.4,000 per passenger
for hand baggage and Rs.450 per kg for registered baggage. So far, Insurers have responded
very positively by covering their customers based on the revised limits for international travel
and it remains to be seen whether new limits will be applicable for domestic travel as well
and its impact on the liability claims scenario.

Aviation Liability Insurance Limits in India:

Western European countries including countries in the Far East namely Hong Kong,
Singapore have adopted regulations specifying minimum liability insurance limits for aircraft
based on the “maximum take off weight of the aircraft” and “passenger seating capacity”,
however India is yet to adopt any such regulations. Even neighboring countries like Sri Lanka
and Nepal have minimum liability insurance requirements for aircraft and it may not be too
long before India adopts such requirements. While Airlines and Corporate Jet owners are
buying liability limits in line with the international trend, there is no similar trend when it
comes to helicopter operators. Like Airline policies, liability limits on Corporate Jets many
times are driven by financing /purchase agreements; however helicopter operators tend to buy
low limits

AVIATION INSURANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS

IN INDIA- NEW INDIA LIFE ASSURANCE CO.
LTD
In India the one company which provides aviation insurance as a service is New India Life
Assurance Co. LTD
This company provides this service as a commercial product to the aviation sector. Started in
1946 as Aviation Insurance of Air India, company provides professional aviation insurance
advice and solutions to the needs of small aircraft operators as well as scheduled airlines.
The aviation portfolio encompasses following type of covers.
• Hull All Risk Insurance Policy
This policy is suitable for small aircraft operators belonging to flying clubs, companies
engaged in agricultural spraying operations, aircrafts especially designed for VVIPs, business
executives and for those engaged in industrial aids. The policy scope includes all physical
loss or damage sustained by the insured aircraft including total loss, disappearance. All losses
are paid subject to deductibles.
• Spares All Risk Insurance Policy
Covers loss or damage to spares, tools, equipments and supplies owned by the insured or the
property for which the insured is responsible whilst on ground or in transit by land, sea, air
including in own aircraft or whilst on the premises of others for storage only.
• Hull/Spares War Risk Insurance:
Indemnity is provided to the aircraft as well as spares caused by war, invasion, acts of foreign
enemies, hostilities, civil war, rebellion, revolution, resurrection, martial law, strikes, riots,
civil commotion, malicious acts, sabotage.
• Hull Deductible Insurance:
Airlines at times have to bear a proportion of loss due to application of a deductible under All
Risk Policy, which may impose considerable financial difficulty on the insured. Therefore the
operators insure part of their deductibles under this kind of insurance.
• Aviation Personal Accident (crew member) Insurance
This cover is designed to cover insured person against injury, disablement or death arising as
result of an accident that is generally granted on annual basis. The cover operates while
mounting or dismounting from and whilst traveling an aircraft while the aircraft is being used
within the geographical scope as per its permitted usage. This cover can also be on 24 hours
basis. The capital sum insured varies according to the status of the insured or earning capacity
and fixed by the insurers.
• Loss of License Insurance
Operating crews of the aircraft are required to have valid license. License is liable to be
suspended either temporarily or permanently on medical grounds. Consequential financial
loss is covered by the loss of license policy. Cover provided is in respect of incapacity
causing permanent total disablement or temporary total disablement due to bodily injury or
illness.
Besides the aforesaid general aviation policies New India Assurance Company also
provides various other tailor-made insurance as per specific requirements of the insured.
• Claims
In case of claims following are illustrative documents that are generally called for from the
insured :
• Documents in connection with aircraft details
• Documents in connection with flight details
• Documents in connection with the accident
• Certificate of airworthiness/registration
• Crew details
• Maintenance & engineering information
• Operational manual passenger documentation in case of claims

FORMS REGARDING AVIATION INSURANCE

CLAIMS
There are basically three types of forms provided by the company regarding aviation
insurance. They are as follows:
1. Personal Accident Insurance Forms
2. Aircraft/ Aviation Liability Insurance Forms
3. Loss of Flying License Insurance Forms